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  • Haplorhini
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (323)
  • 2000-2004  (222)
  • 1975-1979  (101)
  • 1940-1944
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (323)
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  • 1
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    A synthetic conjugate polysaccharide vaccine against Haemophilus influenzae type b (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: Glycoconjugate vaccines provide effective prophylaxis against bacterial infections. To date, however, no commercial vaccine has been available in which the key carbohydrate antigens are produced synthetically. We describe the large-scale synthesis, pharmaceutical development, and clinical evaluation of a conjugate vaccine composed of a synthetic capsular polysaccharide antigen of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). The vaccine was evaluated in clinical trials in Cuba and showed long-term protective antibody titers that compared favorably to licensed products prepared with the Hib polysaccharide extracted from bacteria. This demonstrates that access to synthetic complex carbohydrate-based vaccines is feasible and provides a basis for further development of similar approaches for other human pathogens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verez-Bencomo, V -- Fernandez-Santana, V -- Hardy, Eugenio -- Toledo, Maria E -- Rodriguez, Maria C -- Heynngnezz, Lazaro -- Rodriguez, Arlene -- Baly, Alberto -- Herrera, Luis -- Izquierdo, Mabel -- Villar, Annette -- Valdes, Yury -- Cosme, Karelia -- Deler, Mercedes L -- Montane, Manuel -- Garcia, Ernesto -- Ramos, Alexis -- Aguilar, Aristides -- Medina, Ernesto -- Torano, Gilda -- Sosa, Ivan -- Hernandez, Ibis -- Martinez, Raydel -- Muzachio, Alexis -- Carmenates, Ania -- Costa, Lourdes -- Cardoso, Felix -- Campa, Concepcion -- Diaz, Manuel -- Roy, Rene -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):522-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Synthetic Antigens, Facultad de Quimica, Universidad de la Habana, Ciudad Habana, Cuba, 10400. vicente@fq.uh.cu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273395" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis/blood ; Child, Preschool ; Double-Blind Method ; Glycoconjugates/immunology ; Haemophilus Vaccines/administration & dosage/*chemical synthesis/*immunology ; Haemophilus influenzae type b/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Immunoglobulin G/blood ; Infant ; Polysaccharides/*chemical synthesis/*immunology/isolation & purification ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*immunology/isolation & purification ; Tetanus Toxoid/immunology ; Vaccines, Conjugate/administration & dosage/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Separate neural systems value immediate and delayed monetary rewards (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: When humans are offered the choice between rewards available at different points in time, the relative values of the options are discounted according to their expected delays until delivery. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined the neural correlates of time discounting while subjects made a series of choices between monetary reward options that varied by delay to delivery. We demonstrate that two separate systems are involved in such decisions. Parts of the limbic system associated with the midbrain dopamine system, including paralimbic cortex, are preferentially activated by decisions involving immediately available rewards. In contrast, regions of the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex are engaged uniformly by intertemporal choices irrespective of delay. Furthermore, the relative engagement of the two systems is directly associated with subjects' choices, with greater relative fronto-parietal activity when subjects choose longer term options.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McClure, Samuel M -- Laibson, David I -- Loewenstein, George -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- AG05842/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH065214/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH132804/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):503-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. smcclure@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486304" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Basal Ganglia/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Decision Making ; Dopamine/physiology ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Limbic System/*physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Reward ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Functional anatomy of the attentional modulation of time estimation (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-06
    Description: Attention modulates our subjective perception of time. The less we attend to an event's duration, the shorter it seems to last. Attention to time or color stimulus attributes was modulated parametrically in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Linear increases in task performance were accompanied by corresponding increases in brain activity. Increasing attention to time selectively increased activity in a corticostriatal network, including pre-supplementary motor area and right frontal operculum. Increasing attention to color selectively increased activity in area V4. By identifying areas whose activity was specifically modulated by attention to time, we have defined the core neuroanatomical substrates of timing behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coull, Jennifer T -- Vidal, Franck -- Nazarian, Bruno -- Macar, Francoise -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 5;303(5663):1506-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Neurobiologie de la Cognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 31 Chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France. jcoull@lnf.cnrs-mrs.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; *Attention ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Color Perception ; Cues ; Frontal Lobe/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Occipital Lobe/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Task Performance and Analysis ; *Time Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Hematotoxicity in workers exposed to low levels of benzene (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Benzene is known to have toxic effects on the blood and bone marrow, but its impact at levels below the U.S. occupational standard of 1 part per million (ppm) remains uncertain. In a study of 250 workers exposed to benzene, white blood cell and platelet counts were significantly lower than in 140 controls, even for exposure below 1 ppm in air. Progenitor cell colony formation significantly declined with increasing benzene exposure and was more sensitive to the effects of benzene than was the number of mature blood cells. Two genetic variants in key metabolizing enzymes, myeloperoxidase and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, influenced susceptibility to benzene hematotoxicity. Thus, hematotoxicity from exposure to benzene occurred at air levels of 1 ppm or less and may be particularly evident among genetically susceptible subpopulations.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1256034/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1256034/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lan, Qing -- Zhang, Luoping -- Li, Guilan -- Vermeulen, Roel -- Weinberg, Rona S -- Dosemeci, Mustafa -- Rappaport, Stephen M -- Shen, Min -- Alter, Blanche P -- Wu, Yongji -- Kopp, William -- Waidyanatha, Suramya -- Rabkin, Charles -- Guo, Weihong -- Chanock, Stephen -- Hayes, Richard B -- Linet, Martha -- Kim, Sungkyoon -- Yin, Songnian -- Rothman, Nathaniel -- Smith, Martyn T -- P30ES01896/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P30ES10126/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42 ES004705/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42ES04705/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- P42ES05948/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01ES06721/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1774-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Air Pollutants, Occupational/*toxicity ; Benzene/*toxicity ; Blood Platelets/*drug effects ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1/genetics ; Female ; Genotype ; Hematopoiesis/drug effects ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*drug effects ; Hemoglobins/analysis ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure/*adverse effects ; Leukocyte Count ; Leukocytes/*drug effects ; Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects ; Male ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; NAD(P)H Dehydrogenase (Quinone)/genetics ; Occupational Exposure/*adverse effects ; Peroxidase/genetics ; Platelet Count ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Mutations in a human ROBO gene disrupt hindbrain axon pathway crossing and morphogenesis (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-24
    Description: The mechanisms controlling axon guidance are of fundamental importance in understanding brain development. Growing corticospinal and somatosensory axons cross the midline in the medulla to reach their targets and thus form the basis of contralateral motor control and sensory input. The motor and sensory projections appeared uncrossed in patients with horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis (HGPPS). In patients affected with HGPPS, we identified mutations in the ROBO3 gene, which shares homology with roundabout genes important in axon guidance in developing Drosophila, zebrafish, and mouse. Like its murine homolog Rig1/Robo3, but unlike other Robo proteins, ROBO3 is required for hindbrain axon midline crossing.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618874/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1618874/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jen, Joanna C -- Chan, Wai-Man -- Bosley, Thomas M -- Wan, Jijun -- Carr, Janai R -- Rub, Udo -- Shattuck, David -- Salamon, Georges -- Kudo, Lili C -- Ou, Jing -- Lin, Doris D M -- Salih, Mustafa A M -- Kansu, Tulay -- Al Dhalaan, Hesham -- Al Zayed, Zayed -- MacDonald, David B -- Stigsby, Bent -- Plaitakis, Andreas -- Dretakis, Emmanuel K -- Gottlob, Irene -- Pieh, Christina -- Traboulsi, Elias I -- Wang, Qing -- Wang, Lejin -- Andrews, Caroline -- Yamada, Koki -- Demer, Joseph L -- Karim, Shaheen -- Alger, Jeffry R -- Geschwind, Daniel H -- Deller, Thomas -- Sicotte, Nancy L -- Nelson, Stanley F -- Baloh, Robert W -- Engle, Elizabeth C -- DC00162/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC05524/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- EY12498/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY13583/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY15298/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY15311/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH60233/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY008313/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY008313-14/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL066251/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1509-13. Epub 2004 Apr 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. jjen@ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15105459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Axons/*physiology ; Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Genetic Linkage ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Medulla Oblongata/growth & development/pathology ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Neural Pathways ; Ophthalmoplegia/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rhombencephalon/*growth & development/pathology ; Scoliosis/*genetics/pathology/physiopathology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Syndrome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
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    A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: the day reconstruction method (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM) assesses how people spend their time and how they experience the various activities and settings of their lives, combining features of time-budget measurement and experience sampling. Participants systematically reconstruct their activities and experiences of the preceding day with procedures designed to reduce recall biases. The DRM's utility is shown by documenting close correspondences between the DRM reports of 909 employed women and established results from experience sampling. An analysis of the hedonic treadmill shows the DRM's potential for well-being research.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kahneman, Daniel -- Krueger, Alan B -- Schkade, David A -- Schwarz, Norbert -- Stone, Arthur A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 3;306(5702):1776-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Woodrow Wilson School and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15576620" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Activities of Daily Living ; Adult ; Affect ; Data Collection/*methods ; Exercise ; Female ; Friends ; *Human Activities ; Humans ; Income ; Interpersonal Relations ; Leisure Activities ; *Life Change Events ; Marital Status ; *Personal Satisfaction ; Personality ; *Quality of Life ; Records as Topic ; Sleep ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Work
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: Our ability to have an experience of another's pain is characteristic of empathy. Using functional imaging, we assessed brain activity while volunteers experienced a painful stimulus and compared it to that elicited when they observed a signal indicating that their loved one--present in the same room--was receiving a similar pain stimulus. Bilateral anterior insula (AI), rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), brainstem, and cerebellum were activated when subjects received pain and also by a signal that a loved one experienced pain. AI and ACC activation correlated with individual empathy scores. Activity in the posterior insula/secondary somatosensory cortex, the sensorimotor cortex (SI/MI), and the caudal ACC was specific to receiving pain. Thus, a neural response in AI and rostral ACC, activated in common for "self" and "other" conditions, suggests that the neural substrate for empathic experience does not involve the entire "pain matrix." We conclude that only that part of the pain network associated with its affective qualities, but not its sensory qualities, mediates empathy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, Tania -- Seymour, Ben -- O'Doherty, John -- Kaube, Holger -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Frith, Chris D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 20;303(5661):1157-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College of London, 12 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR London, UK. t.singer@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976305" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Brain Stem/physiology ; Cerebellum/physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cues ; Electroshock ; *Empathy ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus/physiology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; *Pain ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Glycobiology. Synthetic vaccine is a sweet victory for Cuban science (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):460.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis ; Biotechnology ; Child ; Cuba ; Glycoconjugates/immunology ; *Haemophilus Vaccines/chemical synthesis/immunology ; Haemophilus influenzae type b/*immunology ; Humans ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial/*immunology ; Tetanus Toxoid/immunology ; *Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Neuroscience. Monkey see, monkey think about doing (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, Ingrid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 9;305(5681):162-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15247444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arm/physiology ; Cues ; Goals ; Haplorhini ; *Intention ; Motivation ; *Movement ; Neurons/*physiology ; Paralysis/physiopathology/psychology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Prostheses and Implants ; Reward ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    A cluster of metabolic defects caused by mutation in a mitochondrial tRNA (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-23
    Description: Hypertension and dyslipidemia are risk factors for atherosclerosis and occur together more often than expected by chance. Although this clustering suggests shared causation, unifying factors remain unknown. We describe a large kindred with a syndrome including hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hypomagnesemia. Each phenotype is transmitted on the maternal lineage with a pattern indicating mitochondrial inheritance. Analysis of the mitochondrial genome of the maternal lineage identified a homoplasmic mutation substituting cytidine for uridine immediately 5' to the mitochondrial transfer RNA(Ile) anticodon. Uridine at this position is nearly invariate among transfer RNAs because of its role in stabilizing the anticodon loop. Given the known loss of mitochondrial function with aging, these findings may have implications for the common clustering of these metabolic disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033655/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033655/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, Frederick H -- Hariri, Ali -- Farhi, Anita -- Zhao, Hongyu -- Petersen, Kitt Falk -- Toka, Hakan R -- Nelson-Williams, Carol -- Raja, Khalid M -- Kashgarian, Michael -- Shulman, Gerald I -- Scheinman, Steven J -- Lifton, Richard P -- MO1 RR-00125/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P50 HL-55007/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-03/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-49230/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK049230/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1190-4. Epub 2004 Oct 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15498972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aging ; Anticodon ; Body Mass Index ; Cluster Analysis ; Cytidine ; *Extrachromosomal Inheritance ; Female ; Humans ; Hypercholesterolemia/*genetics/physiopathology ; Hypertension/*genetics/physiopathology ; Magnesium/*blood/urine ; Male ; Metabolic Syndrome X/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Mitochondria/*genetics/metabolism ; Mitochondria, Muscle/metabolism/pathology ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology ; *Mutation ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; RNA/genetics ; RNA, Transfer, Ile/*genetics ; Syndrome ; Thymidine ; Uridine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Intersubject synchronization of cortical activity during natural vision (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-03-16
    Description: To what extent do all brains work alike during natural conditions? We explored this question by letting five subjects freely view half an hour of a popular movie while undergoing functional brain imaging. Applying an unbiased analysis in which spatiotemporal activity patterns in one brain were used to "model" activity in another brain, we found a striking level of voxel-by-voxel synchronization between individuals, not only in primary and secondary visual and auditory areas but also in association cortices. The results reveal a surprising tendency of individual brains to "tick collectively" during natural vision. The intersubject synchronization consisted of a widespread cortical activation pattern correlated with emotionally arousing scenes and regionally selective components. The characteristics of these activations were revealed with the use of an open-ended "reverse-correlation" approach, which inverts the conventional analysis by letting the brain signals themselves "pick up" the optimal stimuli for each specialized cortical area.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hasson, Uri -- Nir, Yuval -- Levy, Ifat -- Fuhrmann, Galit -- Malach, Rafael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 12;303(5664):1634-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15016991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; Auditory Cortex/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/*physiology ; Emotions ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motion Pictures as Topic ; Occipital Lobe/physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; *Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Anterior cingulate conflict monitoring and adjustments in control (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-14
    Description: Conflict monitoring by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been posited to signal a need for greater cognitive control, producing neural and behavioral adjustments. However, the very occurrence of behavioral adjustments after conflict has been questioned, along with suggestions that there is no direct evidence of ACC conflict-related activity predicting subsequent neural or behavioral adjustments in control. Using the Stroop color-naming task and controlling for repetition effects, we demonstrate that ACC conflict-related activity predicts both greater prefrontal cortex activity and adjustments in behavior, supporting a role of ACC conflict monitoring in the engagement of cognitive control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerns, John G -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- MacDonald, Angus W 3rd -- Cho, Raymond Y -- Stenger, V Andrew -- Carter, Cameron S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 13;303(5660):1023-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14963333" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; *Conflict (Psychology) ; Cues ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Reaction Time
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    Neural systems underlying the suppression of unwanted memories (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-13
    Description: Over a century ago, Freud proposed that unwanted memories can be excluded from awareness, a process called repression. It is unknown, however, how repression occurs in the brain. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the neural systems involved in keeping unwanted memories out of awareness. Controlling unwanted memories was associated with increased dorsolateral prefrontal activation, reduced hippocampal activation, and impaired retention of those memories. Both prefrontal cortical and right hippocampal activations predicted the magnitude of forgetting. These results confirm the existence of an active forgetting process and establish a neurobiological model for guiding inquiry into motivated forgetting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, Michael C -- Ochsner, Kevin N -- Kuhl, Brice -- Cooper, Jeffrey -- Robertson, Elaine -- Gabrieli, Susan W -- Glover, Gary H -- Gabrieli, John D E -- MH59940/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH62126/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 9;303(5655):232-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA. mcanders@darkwing.uoregon.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14716015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Female ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Memory ; Mental Recall ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Repression, Psychology ; Retention (Psychology) ; Temporal Lobe/physiology
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  • 14
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    Population-level HIV declines and behavioral risk avoidance in Uganda (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: Uganda provides the clearest example that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is preventable if populations are mobilized to avoid risk. Despite limited resources, Uganda has shown a 70% decline in HIV prevalence since the early 1990s, linked to a 60% reduction in casual sex. The response in Uganda appears to be distinctively associated with communication about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) through social networks. Despite substantial condom use and promotion of biomedical approaches, other African countries have shown neither similar behavioral responses nor HIV prevalence declines of the same scale. The Ugandan success is equivalent to a vaccine of 80% effectiveness. Its replication will require changes in global HIV/AIDS intervention policies and their evaluation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stoneburner, Rand L -- Low-Beer, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):714-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Population Health Evaluation Unit, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. randstoneburner@netzero.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118157" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Condoms ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Health Education ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Incidence ; Information Dissemination ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Prevalence ; *Risk Reduction Behavior ; Sexual Abstinence ; *Sexual Behavior ; Social Support ; Uganda/epidemiology
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    Infectious diseases. Second lab accident fuels fears about SARS (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 2;303(5654):26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14704402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Containment of Biohazards ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Laboratory Infection/prevention & control/*transmission ; Male ; *Medical Laboratory Personnel ; *SARS Virus ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/prevention & control/*transmission ; Taiwan ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Dissociable roles of ventral and dorsal striatum in instrumental conditioning (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-04-17
    Description: Instrumental conditioning studies how animals and humans choose actions appropriate to the affective structure of an environment. According to recent reinforcement learning models, two distinct components are involved: a "critic," which learns to predict future reward, and an "actor," which maintains information about the rewarding outcomes of actions to enable better ones to be chosen more frequently. We scanned human participants with functional magnetic resonance imaging while they engaged in instrumental conditioning. Our results suggest partly dissociable contributions of the ventral and dorsal striatum, with the former corresponding to the critic and the latter corresponding to the actor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Doherty, John -- Dayan, Peter -- Schultz, Johannes -- Deichmann, Ralf -- Friston, Karl -- Dolan, Raymond J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):452-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK. j.odoherty@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15087550" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Basal Ganglia/*physiology ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology ; Conditioning, Classical ; *Conditioning, Operant ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nucleus Accumbens/*physiology ; Probability ; Putamen/*physiology ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward
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    Inflammatory exposure and historical changes in human life-spans (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-18
    Description: Most explanations of the increase in life expectancy at older ages over history emphasize the importance of medical and public health factors of a particular historical period. We propose that the reduction in lifetime exposure to infectious diseases and other sources of inflammation--a cohort mechanism--has also made an important contribution to the historical decline in old-age mortality. Analysis of birth cohorts across the life-span since 1751 in Sweden reveals strong associations between early-age mortality and subsequent mortality in the same cohorts. We propose that a "cohort morbidity phenotype" represents inflammatory processes that persist from early age into adult life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finch, Caleb E -- Crimmins, Eileen M -- AG05142/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG13499/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG14751/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG17265/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 17;305(5691):1736-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Andrus Gerontology Center and Departments of Biological Sciencesand of Sociology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA. cefinch@usc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15375259" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Infant ; *Infection/epidemiology ; *Inflammation/epidemiology ; *Life Expectancy ; Longevity ; Morbidity ; *Mortality ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Time Factors
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    Medicine. Microbicide shuts the door on HIV (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):387.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Intravaginal ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; *CCR5 Receptor Antagonists ; Chemokine CCL5/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use ; Female ; HIV/drug effects ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/transmission ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Male ; Receptors, CCR5/metabolism ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control/transmission ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/drug effects ; Vagina/virology
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  • 19
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    Computational constraints on syntactic processing in a nonhuman primate (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-01-17
    Description: The capacity to generate a limitless range of meaningful expressions from a finite set of elements differentiates human language from other animal communication systems. Rule systems capable of generating an infinite set of outputs ("grammars") vary in generative power. The weakest possess only local organizational principles, with regularities limited to neighboring units. We used a familiarization/discrimination paradigm to demonstrate that monkeys can spontaneously master such grammars. However, human language entails more sophisticated grammars, incorporating hierarchical structure. Monkeys tested with the same methods, syllables, and sequence lengths were unable to master a grammar at this higher, "phrase structure grammar" level.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fitch, W Tecumseh -- Hauser, Marc D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jan 16;303(5656):377-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Psychology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AJ, Scotland. wtsf@st-andrews.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14726592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; Intelligence ; *Language ; *Learning ; *Linguistics ; Male ; Memory ; *Saguinus ; Speech
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    AIDS research. Potent HIV blocker identified in monkeys (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1275.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Capsid/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Genes, Viral ; Genetic Engineering ; HIV/genetics/*physiology ; HIV Infections ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Transcription, Genetic ; Virus Replication
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  • 21
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    Contextually evoked object-specific responses in human visual cortex (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-04-03
    Description: Human visual recognition processes are remarkably robust and can function effectively even under highly degraded viewing conditions. Contextual information may play a critical role in such circumstances. Here, we provide neurophysiological evidence that contextual cues can elicit object-specific neural responses, which have hitherto been believed to be based on intrinsic cues alone. Specifically, we find that the "fusiform face area" (FFA) maintains its selectivity for faces without regard to whether the faces are defined intrinsically or contextually. This finding further elucidates the role of the FFA and reveals neural correlates of contextual processing in the service of robust object recognition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cox, David -- Meyers, Ethan -- Sinha, Pawan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 2;304(5667):115-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15001712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Cues ; *Face ; Female ; *Form Perception ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
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    American Society of Human Genetics meeting. Ural farmers got milk gene first? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1284-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550640" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Emigration and Immigration ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Lactase/*genetics ; Lactose/*metabolism ; Milk ; Mutation ; Russia
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    Exact and approximate arithmetic in an Amazonian indigene group (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-10-16
    Description: Is calculation possible without language? Or is the human ability for arithmetic dependent on the language faculty? To clarify the relation between language and arithmetic, we studied numerical cognition in speakers of Munduruku, an Amazonian language with a very small lexicon of number words. Although the Munduruku lack words for numbers beyond 5, they are able to compare and add large approximate numbers that are far beyond their naming range. However, they fail in exact arithmetic with numbers larger than 4 or 5. Our results imply a distinction between a nonverbal system of number approximation and a language-based counting system for exact number and arithmetic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pica, Pierre -- Lemer, Cathy -- Izard, Veronique -- Dehaene, Stanislas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):499-503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite Mixte de Recherche 7023 "Formal Structures of Language," CNRS and Paris VIII University, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486303" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brazil ; Child ; *Cognition ; Culture ; Humans ; *Indians, South American ; *Language ; *Mathematics ; *Vocabulary
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    Neuroscience. Matchmaking (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daw, Nathaniel D -- Dayan, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1753-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; *Choice Behavior ; Decision Making ; Dopamine/physiology ; Eye Movements ; Haplorhini ; Learning ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Probability ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward
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  • 25
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    The neural basis of altruistic punishment (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-08-31
    Description: Many people voluntarily incur costs to punish violations of social norms. Evolutionary models and empirical evidence indicate that such altruistic punishment has been a decisive force in the evolution of human cooperation. We used H2 15O positron emission tomography to examine the neural basis for altruistic punishment of defectors in an economic exchange. Subjects could punish defection either symbolically or effectively. Symbolic punishment did not reduce the defector's economic payoff, whereas effective punishment did reduce the payoff. We scanned the subjects' brains while they learned about the defector's abuse of trust and determined the punishment. Effective punishment, as compared with symbolic punishment, activated the dorsal striatum, which has been implicated in the processing of rewards that accrue as a result of goal-directed actions. Moreover, subjects with stronger activations in the dorsal striatum were willing to incur greater costs in order to punish. Our findings support the hypothesis that people derive satisfaction from punishing norm violations and that the activation in the dorsal striatum reflects the anticipated satisfaction from punishing defectors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Quervain, Dominique J-F -- Fischbacher, Urs -- Treyer, Valerie -- Schellhammer, Melanie -- Schnyder, Ulrich -- Buck, Alfred -- Fehr, Ernst -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 27;305(5688):1254-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8029 Zurich, Switzerland. quervain@bli.unizh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15333831" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Altruism ; Brain Mapping ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Corpus Striatum/*physiology/radionuclide imaging ; *Emotions ; Frontal Lobe/physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Male ; *Personal Satisfaction ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology/radionuclide imaging ; *Punishment ; Reward ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Thalamus/physiology/radionuclide imaging ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
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    Biotechnology. Why are people hostile to biotechnologies? (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-06-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bucchi, Massimiano -- Neresini, Federico -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 18;304(5678):1749.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali, Universita di Trento, via Verdi 26, 38100 Trento, Italy. mbucchi@soc.unitn.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15205516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Attitude ; *Biotechnology ; Consumer Participation ; European Union ; Government ; Humans ; Italy ; Mass Media ; Middle Aged ; Organisms, Genetically Modified ; *Public Opinion ; Science ; Surveys and Questionnaires
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    Biomonitoring. A snapshot of the U.S. chemical burden (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 25;304(5679):1893.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15218120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Body Burden ; Child ; DDT/blood ; Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene/blood ; *Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Lead/*blood ; Pesticides/*analysis ; *Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; United States
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    Breast cancer risks for BRCA1/2 carriers (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Easton, Douglas F -- Hopper, John L -- Thomas, Duncan C -- Antoniou, Antonis -- Pharoah, Paul D P -- Whittemore, Alice S -- Haile, Robert W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2187-91; author reply 2187-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15622557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/*genetics ; Female ; *Genes, BRCA1 ; *Genes, BRCA2 ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Jews/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Penetrance ; Risk ; Selection Bias
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Stem cell research. Advocates keep pot boiling as Bush plans new centers (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-07-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 23;305(5683):461.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15273368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Biological Specimen Banks/economics ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Organism ; *Embryo Research/economics ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Children creating core properties of language: evidence from an emerging sign language in Nicaragua (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-09-18
    Description: A new sign language has been created by deaf Nicaraguans over the past 25 years, providing an opportunity to observe the inception of universal hallmarks of language. We found that in their initial creation of the language, children analyzed complex events into basic elements and sequenced these elements into hierarchically structured expressions according to principles not observed in gestures accompanying speech in the surrounding language. Successive cohorts of learners extended this procedure, transforming Nicaraguan signing from its early gestural form into a linguistic system. We propose that this early segmentation and recombination reflect mechanisms with which children learn, and thereby perpetuate, language. Thus, children naturally possess learning abilities capable of giving language its fundamental structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Senghas, Ann -- Kita, Sotaro -- Ozyurek, Asli -- R01 DC00491/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC005407/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 DC05407/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 17;305(5691):1779-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Barnard College of Columbia University, 3009 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA. annie@alum.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15375269" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Deafness ; Gestures ; Humans ; *Learning ; Linguistics ; Movement ; Nicaragua ; *Sign Language
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    Multiple rare alleles contribute to low plasma levels of HDL cholesterol (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Heritable variation in complex traits is generally considered to be conferred by common DNA sequence polymorphisms. We tested whether rare DNA sequence variants collectively contribute to variation in plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). We sequenced three candidate genes (ABCA1, APOA1, and LCAT) that cause Mendelian forms of low HDL-C levels in individuals from a population-based study. Nonsynonymous sequence variants were significantly more common (16% versus 2%) in individuals with low HDL-C (〈fifth percentile) than in those with high HDL-C (〉95th percentile). Similar findings were obtained in an independent population, and biochemical studies indicated that most sequence variants in the low HDL-C group were functionally important. Thus, rare alleles with major phenotypic effects contribute significantly to low plasma HDL-C levels in the general population.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jonathan C -- Kiss, Robert S -- Pertsemlidis, Alexander -- Marcel, Yves L -- McPherson, Ruth -- Hobbs, Helen H -- HL53917/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- UO1-HL66880/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):869-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Donald W. Reynolds Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center and McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA. jonathan.cohen@utsouthwestern.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1 ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Adult ; African Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Aged ; *Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Apolipoprotein A-I/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Cholesterol, HDL/*blood ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phosphatidylcholine-Sterol O-Acyltransferase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable
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    Medicine. Sperm-targeting vaccine blocks male fertility in monkeys (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 12;306(5699):1117.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15539575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/blood ; *Contraception, Immunologic ; Female ; Haplorhini ; Immunization, Secondary ; Male ; Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory ; Proteins/*immunology ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; *Vaccines, Contraceptive
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    From heofonum to heavens (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Feb 27;303(5662):1326-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14988551" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Computer Simulation ; Cultural Evolution ; History, 16th Century ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Language ; *Linguistics/history ; Multilingualism ; *Vocabulary
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    A family with severe insulin resistance and diabetes due to a mutation in AKT2 (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-05-29
    Description: Inherited defects in signaling pathways downstream of the insulin receptor have long been suggested to contribute to human type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here we describe a mutation in the gene encoding the protein kinase AKT2/PKBbeta in a family that shows autosomal dominant inheritance of severe insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Expression of the mutant kinase in cultured cells disrupted insulin signaling to metabolic end points and inhibited the function of coexpressed, wild-type AKT. These findings demonstrate the central importance of AKT signaling to insulin sensitivity in humans.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258004/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2258004/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉George, Stella -- Rochford, Justin J -- Wolfrum, Christian -- Gray, Sarah L -- Schinner, Sven -- Wilson, Jenny C -- Soos, Maria A -- Murgatroyd, Peter R -- Williams, Rachel M -- Acerini, Carlo L -- Dunger, David B -- Barford, David -- Umpleby, A Margot -- Wareham, Nicholas J -- Davies, Huw Alban -- Schafer, Alan J -- Stoffel, Markus -- O'Rahilly, Stephen -- Barroso, Ines -- 078986/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 28;304(5675):1325-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15166380" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Adipocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Adult ; Aged ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/*genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3-beta ; Humans ; Hyperinsulinism/genetics/metabolism ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Resistance/*genetics ; Lipid Metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation, Missense ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Pedigree ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors
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    Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition generates proliferative human islet precursor cells (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-27
    Description: Insulin-expressing beta cells, found in pancreatic islets, are capable of generating more beta cells even in the adult. We show that fibroblast-like cells derived from adult human islets donated postmortem proliferate readily in vitro. These mesenchymal-type cells, which exhibit no hormone expression, can then be induced to differentiate into hormone-expressing islet-like cell aggregates, which reestablishes the epithelial character typical of islet cells. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and messenger RNA measurements in single cells and cell populations establish the transition of epithelial cells within islets to mesenchymal cells in culture and then to insulin-expressing epithelial cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gershengorn, Marvin C -- Hardikar, Anandwardhan A -- Wei, Chiju -- Geras-Raaka, Elizabeth -- Marcus-Samuels, Bernice -- Raaka, Bruce M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 24;306(5705):2261-4. Epub 2004 Nov 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Clinical Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8029, USA. marving@intra.niddk.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15564314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; C-Peptide/biosynthesis/genetics ; Cell Aggregation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Cell Proliferation ; Cell Shape ; Cells, Cultured ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Culture Media, Serum-Free ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; In Situ Hybridization ; Insulin/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Islets of Langerhans/*cytology/metabolism ; Keratins/genetics/metabolism ; Mesoderm/*cytology ; Middle Aged ; Proinsulin/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Vimentin/biosynthesis/genetics
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    Numerical cognition without words: evidence from Amazonia (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-08-21
    Description: Members of the Piraha tribe use a "one-two-many" system of counting. I ask whether speakers of this innumerate language can appreciate larger numerosities without the benefit of words to encode them. This addresses the classic Whorfian question about whether language can determine thought. Results of numerical tasks with varying cognitive demands show that numerical cognition is clearly affected by the lack of a counting system in the language. Performance with quantities greater than three was remarkably poor, but showed a constant coefficient of variation, which is suggestive of an analog estimation process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gordon, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Oct 15;306(5695):496-9. Epub 2004 Aug 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Columbia University, 525 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA. pgordon@tc.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15319490" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Brazil ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; *Indians, South American ; *Language ; Linguistics ; Male ; *Mathematics ; Thinking ; *Vocabulary
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    Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-12-18
    Description: The amygdala was more responsive to fearful (larger) eye whites than to happy (smaller) eye whites presented in a masking paradigm that mitigated subjects' awareness of their presence and aberrant nature. These data demonstrate that the amygdala is responsive to elements of.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whalen, Paul J -- Kagan, Jerome -- Cook, Robert G -- Davis, F Caroline -- Kim, Hackjin -- Polis, Sara -- McLaren, Donald G -- Somerville, Leah H -- McLean, Ashly A -- Maxwell, Jeffrey S -- Johnstone, Tom -- 01866/PHS HHS/ -- 069315/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Dec 17;306(5704):2061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, W. M. Keck Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. pwhalen@wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15604401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amygdala/*physiology ; *Facial Expression ; *Fear ; Female ; Happiness ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Perceptual Masking ; *Sclera
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    Integration of word meaning and world knowledge in language comprehension (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-03-20
    Description: Although the sentences that we hear or read have meaning, this does not necessarily mean that they are also true. Relatively little is known about the critical brain structures for, and the relative time course of, establishing the meaning and truth of linguistic expressions. We present electroencephalogram data that show the rapid parallel integration of both semantic and world knowledge during the interpretation of a sentence. Data from functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that the left inferior prefrontal cortex is involved in the integration of both meaning and world knowledge. Finally, oscillatory brain responses indicate that the brain keeps a record of what makes a sentence hard to interpret.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagoort, Peter -- Hald, Lea -- Bastiaansen, Marcel -- Petersson, Karl Magnus -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 16;304(5669):438-41. Epub 2004 Mar 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉F.C. Donders Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands. peter.hagoort@fcdonders.kun.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031438" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; *Comprehension ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Female ; Humans ; *Knowledge ; *Language ; *Linguistics ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Semantics
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    The involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex in the experience of regret (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-05-25
    Description: Facing the consequence of a decision we made can trigger emotions like satisfaction, relief, or regret, which reflect our assessment of what was gained as compared to what would have been gained by making a different decision. These emotions are mediated by a cognitive process known as counterfactual thinking. By manipulating a simple gambling task, we characterized a subject's choices in terms of their anticipated and actual emotional impact. Normal subjects reported emotional responses consistent with counterfactual thinking; they chose to minimize future regret and learned from their emotional experience. Patients with orbitofrontal cortical lesions, however, did not report regret or anticipate negative consequences of their choices. The orbitofrontal cortex has a fundamental role in mediating the experience of regret.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Camille, Nathalie -- Coricelli, Giorgio -- Sallet, Jerome -- Pradat-Diehl, Pascale -- Duhamel, Jean-Rene -- Sirigu, Angela -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 May 21;304(5674):1167-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut des Sciences Cognitives, CNRS, 67, Boulevard Pinel 69675 Bron, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15155951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Diseases/physiopathology/psychology ; Choice Behavior ; Decision Making ; *Emotions ; Feedback, Psychological ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Galvanic Skin Response ; Gambling ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Psychological ; *Thinking
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    Vaccines. Rotavirus vaccines' second chance (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Leslie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Sep 24;305(5692):1890-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15448237" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Cattle ; Child, Preschool ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Diarrhea/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Diarrhea, Infantile/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Drug Approval ; Drug Industry ; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology ; Global Health ; Humans ; Infant ; Intussusception/chemically induced ; Rotavirus Infections/*prevention & control ; *Rotavirus Vaccines/adverse effects ; *Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects ; Vaccines, Synthetic
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    Infectious diseases. Mounting lab accidents raise SARS fears (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-05-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Apr 30;304(5671):659-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15118129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; China/epidemiology ; Containment of Biohazards ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Humans ; Laboratory Infection/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Male ; Quarantine ; *Research Personnel ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission
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    Acidic mammalian chitinase in asthmatic Th2 inflammation and IL-13 pathway activation (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-06-12
    Description: Chitin is a surface component of parasites and insects, and chitinases are induced in lower life forms during infections with these agents. Although chitin itself does not exist in humans, chitinases are present in the human genome. We show here that acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is induced via a T helper-2 (Th2)-specific, interleukin-13 (IL-13)-mediated pathway in epithelial cells and macrophages in an aeroallergen asthma model and expressed in exaggerated quantities in human asthma. AMCase neutralization ameliorated Th2 inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, in part by inhibiting IL-13 pathway activation and chemokine induction. AMCase may thus be an important mediator of IL-13-induced responses in Th2-dominated disorders such as asthma.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Zhou -- Zheng, Tao -- Homer, Robert J -- Kim, Yoon-Keun -- Chen, Ning Yuan -- Cohn, Lauren -- Hamid, Qutayba -- Elias, Jack A -- P50-HL-56/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL-074095/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL-61904/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL-64242/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HL-66571/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jun 11;304(5677):1678-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, TAC S-441, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15192232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Allergens ; Animals ; Asthma/*enzymology/immunology ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry ; Chemokines/metabolism ; Chitin/metabolism ; Chitinase/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/enzymology ; Female ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Immune Sera ; Interleukin-13/*metabolism ; Interleukins/genetics/metabolism ; Lung/*enzymology/immunology ; Macrophages, Alveolar/enzymology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Transgenic ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Respiratory Mucosa/enzymology ; Th2 Cells/*immunology ; Up-Regulation
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    HLA and NK cell inhibitory receptor genes in resolving hepatitis C virus infection (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-07
    Description: Natural killer (NK) cells provide a central defense against viral infection by using inhibitory and activation receptors for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules as a means of controlling their activity. We show that genes encoding the inhibitory NK cell receptor KIR2DL3 and its human leukocyte antigen C group 1 (HLA-C1) ligand directly influence resolution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. This effect was observed in Caucasians and African Americans with expected low infectious doses of HCV but not in those with high-dose exposure, in whom the innate immune response is likely overwhelmed. The data strongly suggest that inhibitory NK cell interactions are important in determining antiviral immunity and that diminished inhibitory responses confer protection against HCV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Khakoo, Salim I -- Thio, Chloe L -- Martin, Maureen P -- Brooks, Collin R -- Gao, Xiaojiang -- Astemborski, Jacquie -- Cheng, Jie -- Goedert, James J -- Vlahov, David -- Hilgartner, Margaret -- Cox, Steven -- Little, Ann-Margeret -- Alexander, Graeme J -- Cramp, Matthew E -- O'Brien, Stephen J -- Rosenberg, William M C -- Thomas, David L -- Carrington, Mary -- DA00441/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA04334/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA13324/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- N01-CO-12400/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- N01-CP-01004/CP/NCI NIH HHS/ -- N01-CP-33002/CP/NCI NIH HHS/ -- N01-HD-4-3200/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 6;305(5685):872-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Liver Group, Division of Infection, Inflammation, and Repair, Southampton University, Southampton 5016 6YD, UK. sik@soton.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15297676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; African Americans/genetics ; Alleles ; Blood Transfusion ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; European Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Female ; HLA-C Antigens/*genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Hepacivirus/immunology/physiology ; Hepatitis C/genetics/*immunology/transmission/virology ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology ; Ligands ; Male ; Receptors, Immunologic/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, KIR ; Receptors, KIR2DL1 ; Receptors, KIR2DL3 ; Regression Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    AIDS vaccines. The first shot in a highly targeted strategy (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-11-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Nov 19;306(5700):1276-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines ; Animals ; *Biomedical Research/economics/organization & administration ; Contracts ; Financing, Government ; HIV Infections/*immunology/prevention & control ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience. Crime, culpability, and the adolescent brain (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beckman, Mary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Jul 30;305(5684):596-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15286340" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; *Adolescent Behavior ; *Adolescent Development ; Adult ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/physiology ; Capital Punishment/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Child ; *Crime/legislation & jurisprudence ; Decision Making ; Emotions ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Myelin Sheath/physiology ; Neural Pathways ; Risk-Taking ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mechanisms of hair graying: incomplete melanocyte stem cell maintenance in the niche (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-25
    Description: Hair graying is the most obvious sign of aging in humans, yet its mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we used melanocyte-tagged transgenic mice and aging human hair follicles to demonstrate that hair graying is caused by defective self-maintenance of melanocyte stem cells. This process is accelerated dramatically with Bcl2 deficiency, which causes selective apoptosis of melanocyte stem cells, but not of differentiated melanocytes, within the niche at their entry into the dormant state. Furthermore, physiologic aging of melanocyte stem cells was associated with ectopic pigmentation or differentiation within the niche, a process accelerated by mutation of the melanocyte master transcriptional regulator Mitf.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nishimura, Emi K -- Granter, Scott R -- Fisher, David E -- AR43369/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Feb 4;307(5710):720-4. Epub 2004 Dec 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Melanoma Program in Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. emi_k_nishimura@yahoo.co.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Shape ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Hair Color ; Hair Follicle/cytology/*physiology ; Humans ; Melanins/biosynthesis ; Melanocytes/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor ; Middle Aged ; Morphogenesis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Stem Cells/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Vibrissae/cytology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Disrupted timing of discontinuous but not continuous movements by cerebellar lesions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: Patients with cerebellar damage are known to exhibit deficits in the temporal control of movements. We report that these deficits are restricted to discontinuous movements. Cerebellar patients exhibited no deficit in temporal variability when producing continuous, rhythmic movements. We hypothesize that the temporal properties of continuous movements are emergent and reflect the operation of other control parameters not associated with the cerebellum. In contrast, discontinuous movements require an explicit representation of the temporal goal, a function of the cerebellum. The requirement for explicit temporal representation provides a parsimonious account of cerebellar involvement in a range of tasks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, Rebecca M C -- Zelaznik, Howard N -- Diedrichsen, Jorn -- Ivry, Richard B -- NS17778/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30256/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS40813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall #1650, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rspencer@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cerebellar Diseases/*physiopathology ; Cerebellum/physiology/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motor Activity ; Movement ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Lateralized cognitive processes and lateralized task control in the human brain (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: The principles underlying human hemispheric specialization are poorly understood. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of letter and visuospatial decision tasks with identical word stimuli to address two unresolved problems. First, hemispheric specialization depended on the nature of the task rather than on the nature of the stimulus. Second, analysis of frontal candidate regions for cognitive control showed increased coupling between left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left inferior frontal gyrus during letter decisions, whereas right ACC showed enhanced coupling with right parietal areas during visuospatial decisions. Cognitive control is thus localized in the same hemisphere as task execution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephan, Klaas E -- Marshall, John C -- Friston, Karl J -- Rowe, James B -- Ritzl, Afra -- Zilles, Karl -- Fink, Gereon R -- 077029/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):384-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Medicine (IME), Research Centre Julich, 52425 Julich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; Functional Laterality ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; *Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Space Perception ; Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butte, Nancy F -- Ellis, Kenneth J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 1;301(5633):598; author reply 598.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. nbutte@bcm.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Diet ; *Energy Intake ; *Energy Metabolism ; *Exercise ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Life Style ; *Obesity/epidemiology/prevention & control ; United States/epidemiology ; *Weight Gain
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Infectious disease. An avian flu jumps to people (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuethrich, Bernice -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1504.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Birds/virology ; Chickens/virology ; Child ; China/epidemiology ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology/*virology ; Influenza, Human/*virology ; Male ; Virulence ; World Health Organization
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    The ironic politics of obesity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nestle, Marion -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):781.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574583" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; *Diet ; *Food Industry ; Humans ; Marketing ; *Nutrition Policy ; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; *Obesity/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Politics ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Optical imaging of a tactile illusion in area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: In the tactile funneling illusion, the simultaneous presentation of brief stimuli at multiple points on the skin produces a single focal sensation at the center of the stimulus pattern even when no physical stimulus occurs at that site. Consistent with the funneling percept, we show with optical imaging in area 3b of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) that simultaneous stimulation of two fingertips produces a single focal cortical activation between the single fingertip activation regions. Thus, in contrast to traditional views of the body map, topographic representation in the SI reflects the perceived rather than the physical location of peripheral stimulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Li M -- Friedman, Robert M -- Roe, Anna W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):881-5. Epub 2003 Sep 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Electrophysiology ; Female ; Fingers ; Humans ; Illusions/*physiology ; Male ; Perception/*physiology ; Physical Stimulation ; Saimiri ; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology ; Touch/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Infectious diseases. Deferring competition, global net closes in on SARS (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):224-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/diagnosis/epidemiology/*virology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Metapneumovirus/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Publishing ; SARS Virus/drug effects/immunology/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis/epidemiology/*virology ; World Health Organization
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    Psychopharmacology. The medication merry-go-round (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Kathryn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1646-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637713" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aging ; Animals ; Brain/pathology ; Child ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Clinical Trials, Phase IV as Topic ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Drug Labeling ; Drug Utilization ; Humans ; Legislation, Drug ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mental Disorders/*drug therapy/pathology ; Patents as Topic ; *Psychopharmacology ; Psychotropic Drugs/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    The "big picture" in obesity research (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Muhlhausler, Beverly -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 16;300(5622):1091-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12750500" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Birth Weight ; Child ; Humans ; Obesity/*embryology
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    Neuroscience. Brain model puts most sophisticated regions front and center (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, Laura -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1133.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cognition ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; *Mental Processes ; *Models, Neurological ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Infectious diseases. Singapore lab faulted in SARS case (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1824.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Containment of Biohazards/*standards ; Humans ; Laboratories/*standards ; Laboratory Infection/*transmission ; Male ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/*transmission ; Singapore
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    Albert Osterhaus profile. The virus collector (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 23;300(5623):1228-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12764171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Haplorhini ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/classification/pathogenicity ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/epidemiology/virology ; SARS Virus/classification/isolation & purification/*pathogenicity ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/virology ; Virology/history ; Virus Diseases/history/veterinary/*virology ; *Viruses
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Neuroscience. Predicting future rewards (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Richmond, Barry J -- Liu, Zheng -- Shidara, Munetaka -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):179-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. bjr@nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Decision Making ; *Goals ; Haplorhini ; *Learning ; Memory/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Reward
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Nutrition. The vitamin D deficit (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 12;302(5652):1886-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; African Americans ; Aged ; Aging ; Breast Feeding ; Calcium/blood ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Nutrition Policy ; Nutritional Requirements ; Rickets/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Risk Factors ; Sunlight ; United States/epidemiology ; Vitamin D/*administration & dosage/biosynthesis/blood ; Vitamin D Deficiency/complications/*epidemiology/prevention & control
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    Stem cells: still here, still waiting (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):865.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Cell Culture Techniques ; *Cell Line ; Cloning, Organism ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; Mice ; Politics ; Public Policy ; *Stem Cells ; United States
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    Spying on the brain, one neuron at a time (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Greg -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):78-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677054" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Lasers ; Learning ; Mice ; Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Vibrissae/physiology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: In a prospective-longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort, we tested why stressful experiences lead to depression in some people but not in others. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter (5-HT T) gene was found to moderate the influence of stressful life events on depression. Individuals with one or two copies of the short allele of the 5-HT T promoter polymorphism exhibited more depressive symptoms, diagnosable depression, and suicidality in relation to stressful life events than individuals homozygous for the long allele. This epidemiological study thus provides evidence of a gene-by-environment interaction, in which an individual's response to environmental insults is moderated by his or her genetic makeup.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Caspi, Avshalom -- Sugden, Karen -- Moffitt, Terrie E -- Taylor, Alan -- Craig, Ian W -- Harrington, HonaLee -- McClay, Joseph -- Mill, Jonathan -- Martin, Judy -- Braithwaite, Antony -- Poulton, Richie -- MH45070/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH49414/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):386-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, PO80 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Alleles ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Child ; Child Abuse ; Depression/etiology/*genetics ; Depressive Disorder/etiology/*genetics ; Disease Susceptibility ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*genetics ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Monoamine Oxidase/genetics ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Probability ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Stress, Psychological/*genetics ; Suicide, Attempted
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: The obesity epidemic shows no signs of abating. There is an urgent need to push back against the environmental forces that are producing gradual weight gain in the population. Using data from national surveys, we estimate that affecting energy balance by 100 kilocalories per day (by a combination of reductions in energy intake and increases in physical activity) could prevent weight gain in most of the population. This can be achieved by small changes in behavior, such as 15 minutes per day of walking or eating a few less bites at each meal. Having a specific behavioral target for the prevention of weight gain may be key to arresting the obesity epidemic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hill, James O -- Wyatt, Holly R -- Reed, George W -- Peters, John C -- DK42549/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK48520/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):853-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Human Nutrition, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA. james.hill@uchsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; *Energy Intake ; *Energy Metabolism ; Exercise ; Feeding Behavior ; *Health Behavior ; Humans ; Life Style ; Motor Activity ; Obesity/complications/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Physical Exertion ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; United States/epidemiology ; Walking ; Weight Gain
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Neuroscience. To see is to attend (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yantis, Steven -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):54-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. yantis@jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Attention ; Brain Mapping ; Electrophysiology ; Haplorhini ; Neurons/physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Saccades ; *Vision, Ocular ; Visual Fields ; *Visual Perception
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    The neural basis of economic decision-making in the Ultimatum Game (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: The nascent field of neuroeconomics seeks to ground economic decision making in the biological substrate of the brain. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of Ultimatum Game players to investigate neural substrates of cognitive and emotional processes involved in economic decision-making. In this game, two players split a sum of money;one player proposes a division and the other can accept or reject this. We scanned players as they responded to fair and unfair proposals. Unfair offers elicited activity in brain areas related to both emotion (anterior insula) and cognition (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). Further, significantly heightened activity in anterior insula for rejected unfair offers suggests an important role for emotions in decision-making.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanfey, Alan G -- Rilling, James K -- Aronson, Jessica A -- Nystrom, Leigh E -- Cohen, Jonathan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 13;300(5626):1755-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Brain, Mind and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805551" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Behavior ; Brain/*physiology ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Cognition ; *Decision Making ; *Economics ; *Emotions ; Female ; Game Theory ; *Games, Experimental ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology
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    Infectious diseases. Early indications point to lab infection in new SARS case (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1642-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500944" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Humans ; *Laboratory Infection ; Male ; Quarantine ; *Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis/transmission ; Singapore
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    COMT val158met genotype affects mu-opioid neurotransmitter responses to a pain stressor (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-22
    Description: Responses to pain and other stressors are regulated by interactions between multiple brain areas and neurochemical systems. We examined the influence of a common functional genetic polymorphism affecting the metabolism of catecholamines on the modulation of responses to sustained pain in humans. Individuals homozygous for the met158 allele of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphism (val158met) showed diminished regional mu-opioid system responses to pain compared with heterozygotes. These effects were accompanied by higher sensory and affective ratings of pain and a more negative internal affective state. Opposite effects were observed in val158 homozygotes. The COMT val158met polymorphism thus influences the human experience of pain and may underlie interindividual differences in the adaptation and responses to pain and other stressful stimuli.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zubieta, Jon-Kar -- Heitzeg, Mary M -- Smith, Yolanda R -- Bueller, Joshua A -- Xu, Ke -- Xu, Yanjun -- Koeppe, Robert A -- Stohler, Christian S -- Goldman, David -- R01 DE 12059/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- R01 DE 12743/DE/NIDCR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 21;299(5610):1240-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0720, USA. zubieta@umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Affect ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Brain Mapping ; Catechol O-Methyltransferase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Cerebellum/metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Female ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neural Pathways ; *Pain ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Thalamus/metabolism
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    Chernobyl: an overlooked aspect? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baverstock, Keith -- Williams, Dillwyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):44.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12512509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Lung/radiation effects ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/*etiology ; *Power Plants ; *Radiation Dosage ; Radiation Injuries/*etiology ; *Radioactive Hazard Release ; Thyroid Gland/radiation effects ; Thyroid Neoplasms/etiology ; Ukraine ; Whole-Body Irradiation
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    Imperceptible stimuli and sensory processing impediment (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Blankenburg, Felix -- Taskin, Birol -- Ruben, Jan -- Moosmann, Matthias -- Ritter, Petra -- Curio, Gabriel -- Villringer, Arno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1864.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Charite, Humboldt- University, Schumannstrasse 20-21, 10117 Berlin, Germany. felix.blankenburg@charite.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649475" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Electric Stimulation ; Humans ; Interneurons/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Oxygen/blood ; Sensory Thresholds ; Signal Detection, Psychological ; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology ; *Subliminal Stimulation
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    Evidence for selective advantage of pathogenic FGFR2 mutations in the male germ line (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-02
    Description: Observed mutation rates in humans appear higher in male than female gametes and often increase with paternal age. This bias, usually attributed to the accumulation of replication errors or inefficient repair processes, has been difficult to study directly. Here, we describe a sensitive method to quantify substitutions at nucleotide 755 of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) gene in sperm. Although substitution levels increase with age, we show that even high levels originate from infrequent mutational events. We propose that these FGFR2 mutations, although harmful to embryonic development, are paradoxically enriched because they confer a selective advantage to the spermatogonial cells in which they arise.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goriely, Anne -- McVean, Gilean A T -- Rojmyr, Maria -- Ingemarsson, Bjorn -- Wilkie, Andrew O M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 1;301(5633):643-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrocephalosyndactylia/*genetics ; Adult ; Aged ; Aging ; Amino Acid Substitution ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; Female ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Ligands ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Statistical ; *Mutation ; *Paternal Age ; Point Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2 ; Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sex Characteristics ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/*physiology ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; Stem Cells/physiology
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    Neuroscience. Gambling on dopamine (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shizgal, Peter -- Arvanitogiannis, Andreas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1856-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada. shizgal@csbn.concordia.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649473" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention ; Conditioning, Classical ; Dopamine/*physiology ; Gambling ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Learning ; Mesencephalon/cytology/*physiology ; Models, Psychological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Probability ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Risk-Taking ; *Uncertainty
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    Encoding predictive reward value in human amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: Adaptive behavior is optimized in organisms that maintain flexible representations of the value of sensory-predictive cues. To identify central representations of predictive reward value in humans, we used reinforcer devaluation while measuring neural activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We presented two arbitrary visual stimuli, both before and after olfactory devaluation, in a paradigm of appetitive conditioning. In amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex, responses evoked by a predictive target stimulus were decreased after devaluation, whereas responses to the nondevalued stimulus were maintained. Thus, differential activity in amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex encodes the current value of reward representations accessible to predictive cues.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gottfried, Jay A -- O'Doherty, John -- Dolan, Raymond J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1104-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Functional Imaging Laboratory, Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. j.gottfried@fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12934011" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amygdala/*physiology ; *Association Learning ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Conditioning, Classical ; Cues ; Food ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Humans ; Hunger ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Motivation ; Odors ; Olfactory Pathways ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; *Reward ; Satiation
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    Gene therapy. RAC hears a plea for resuming trials, despite cancer risk (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 14;299(5609):991.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586909" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Advisory Committees ; Child ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; DNA, Recombinant ; France ; Genetic Diseases, X-Linked/therapy ; Genetic Therapy/*adverse effects ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Leukemia, T-Cell/*etiology ; Male ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Retroviridae/genetics ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/therapy ; United States
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    Myanmar: the politics of prevalence (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1652-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology ; Adult ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Myanmar/epidemiology ; *Politics ; Population Surveillance ; Prevalence ; Sentinel Surveillance
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    Clinical research. A setback and an advance on the AIDS vaccine front (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):28-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; Adenoviridae/genetics/immunology ; Animals ; Canarypox virus/genetics/immunology ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; HIV Antibodies/blood ; HIV Infections/immunology/prevention & control/virology ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Immunization, Secondary ; Male ; Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage/immunology
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    Neuronal correlates of goal-based motor selection in the prefrontal cortex (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: Choosing an action that leads to a desired goal requires an understanding of the linkages between actions and their outcomes. We investigated neural mechanisms of such goal-based action selection. We trained monkeys on a task in which the relation between visual cues, action types, and reward conditions changed regularly, such that the monkeys selected their actions based on anticipated reward conditions. A significant number of neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex were activated, after cue presentation and before motor execution, only by particular action-reward combinations. This prefrontal activity is likely to underlie goal-based action selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsumoto, Kenji -- Suzuki, Wataru -- Tanaka, Keiji -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):229-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cognitive Brain Mapping Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. matsumot@postman.riken.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855813" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Decision Making ; *Goals ; Haplorhini ; *Learning ; Memory/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; *Reward
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Balancing selection at the prion protein gene consistent with prehistoric kurulike epidemics (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: Kuru is an acquired prion disease largely restricted to the Fore linguistic group of the Papua New Guinea Highlands, which was transmitted during endocannibalistic feasts. Heterozygosity for a common polymorphism in the human prion protein gene (PRNP) confers relative resistance to prion diseases. Elderly survivors of the kuru epidemic, who had multiple exposures at mortuary feasts, are, in marked contrast to younger unexposed Fore, predominantly PRNP 129 heterozygotes. Kuru imposed strong balancing selection on the Fore, essentially eliminating PRNP 129 homozygotes. Worldwide PRNP haplotype diversity and coding allele frequencies suggest that strong balancing selection at this locus occurred during the evolution of modern humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mead, Simon -- Stumpf, Michael P H -- Whitfield, Jerome -- Beck, Jonathan A -- Poulter, Mark -- Campbell, Tracy -- Uphill, James B -- Goldstein, David -- Alpers, Michael -- Fisher, Elizabeth M C -- Collinge, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):640-3. Epub 2003 Apr 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Research Council Prion Unit, and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Cannibalism ; Child ; Codon ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob Syndrome/genetics ; Disease Outbreaks/*history ; Ethnic Groups/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Heterozygote ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; History, Ancient ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Kuru/epidemiology/genetics/*history/transmission ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Methionine/genetics ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Papua New Guinea/epidemiology ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; PrPC Proteins/*genetics ; *Selection, Genetic ; Valine/genetics
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    Using microbicides to fight the spread of HIV (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Potts, M -- Short, R V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):431.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702859" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Intravaginal ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Citrus ; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic ; use ; Developing Countries ; Estrogens/*administration & dosage/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Female ; HIV/*drug effects ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control/*transmission ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Spermatocidal Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 80
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    Inhibited and uninhibited infants "grown up": adult amygdalar response to novelty (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: Infants with an inhibited temperament tend to develop into children who avoid people, objects, and situations that are novel or unfamiliar, whereas uninhibited children spontaneously approach novel persons, objects, and situations. Behavioral and physiological features of these two temperamental categories are moderately stable from infancy into early adolescence and have been hypothesized to be due, in part, to variation in amygdalar responses to novelty. We found that adults who had been categorized in the second year of life as inhibited, compared with those previously categorized as uninhibited, showed greater functional MRI signal response within the amygdala to novel versus familiar faces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schwartz, Carl E -- Wright, Christopher I -- Shin, Lisa M -- Kagan, Jerome -- Rauch, Scott L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1952-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Psychopathology Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Harvard Medical School, 13th Street, Building 149, CNY-9, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. carl_schwartz@hms.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amygdala/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; *Inhibition (Psychology) ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; *Temperament
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cambodia: can a drug provide some protection? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1660-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/*analogs & derivatives/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Cambodia ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention & control ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Male ; *Organophosphonates ; Organophosphorus Compounds/*therapeutic use ; Prostitution ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Tenofovir
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    SARS outbreak. Modelers struggle to grasp epidemic's potential scope (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):558-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; China/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Genome, Viral ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Patient Isolation ; Quarantine ; SARS Virus/genetics/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis/*epidemiology/*transmission/virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 83
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    Mitochondrial dysfunction in the elderly: possible role in insulin resistance (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-05-17
    Description: Insulin resistance is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in the elderly. To investigate how insulin resistance arises, we studied healthy, lean, elderly and young participants matched for lean body mass and fat mass. Elderly study participants were markedly insulin-resistant as compared with young controls, and this resistance was attributable to reduced insulin-stimulated muscle glucose metabolism. These changes were associated with increased fat accumulation in muscle and liver tissue assessed by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and with a approximately 40% reduction in mitochondrial oxidative and phosphorylation activity, as assessed by in vivo 13C/31P NMR spectroscopy. These data support the hypothesis that an age-associated decline in mitochondrial function contributes to insulin resistance in the elderly.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004429/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004429/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petersen, Kitt Falk -- Befroy, Douglas -- Dufour, Sylvie -- Dziura, James -- Ariyan, Charlotte -- Rothman, Douglas L -- DiPietro, Loretta -- Cline, Gary W -- Shulman, Gerald I -- K-23 DK-02347/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K23 DK002734/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K23 DK002734-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- M01 RR-00125/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK-45735/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P60 AG-10469/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG-09872/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG023686-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK-49230/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 16;300(5622):1140-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12750520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging/metabolism ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Body Mass Index ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; *Insulin Resistance ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Diseases/blood/*complications/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen Consumption ; Phosphorylation ; Triglycerides/*metabolism
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    Clinical trials. Diabetes' brave new world (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1862-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Child ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/*drug therapy/genetics/immunology/*prevention & control ; Disease Progression ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Insulin/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Islets of Langerhans/immunology ; Muromonab-CD3/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Niacinamide/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Peptides/therapeutic use ; Risk Factors ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Twin Studies as Topic ; United States
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  • 85
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    The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) subserves cognitive control: the ability to coordinate thoughts or actions in relation with internal goals. Its functional architecture, however, remains poorly understood. Using brain imaging in humans, we showed that the lateral PFC is organized as a cascade of executive processes from premotor to anterior PFC regions that control behavior according to stimuli, the present perceptual context, and the temporal episode in which stimuli occur, respectively. The results support an unified modular model of cognitive control that describes the overall functional organization of the human lateral PFC and has basic methodological and theoretical implications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koechlin, Etienne -- Ody, Chrystele -- Kouneiher, Frederique -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1181-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Sante et de Recherche Medicale, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 9, quai St Bernard, 75005 Paris, France. koechlin@ccr.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; Cues ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory ; *Mental Processes ; *Models, Neurological ; Photic Stimulation ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 86
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    MDMA ("ecstasy") and neurotoxicity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mithoefer, Michael -- Jerome, Lisa -- Doblin, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1504-5; author reply 1504-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791964" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*drug effects/metabolism ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Hallucinogens/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*toxicity ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/administration & dosage/adverse ; effects/*toxicity ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurons/*drug effects/metabolism ; Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced
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  • 87
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    Pharmacological modulation of perceptual learning and associated cortical reorganization (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: The pharmacological basis of perceptual learning and associated cortical reorganizations remains elusive. We induced perceptual learning by Hebbian coactivation of the skin of the tip of the right index finger in humans. Under placebo, tactile two-point discrimination was improved on the coactivated but not on the left index finger. This augmentation was blocked by an N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor blocker, but doubled by amphetamine. No drug effects were found on the left index finger. The individual amount of cortical reorganization as assessed by mapping of somatosensory evoked potentials was linearly correlated with the pharmacological modulation of discrimination thresholds, implying that perceptual learning and associated cortical changes are controlled by basic mechanisms known to mediate and modulate synaptic plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dinse, Hubert R -- Ragert, Patrick -- Pleger, Burkhard -- Schwenkreis, Peter -- Tegenthoff, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):91-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Neuroinformatics, Department of Theoretical Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. hubert.dinse@neuroinformatik.ruhr-uni-bochum.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843392" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amphetamine/*pharmacology ; Brain Mapping ; Discrimination Learning/*drug effects ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory/*drug effects ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects ; Male ; Memantine/*pharmacology ; Middle Aged ; Neuronal Plasticity/drug effects ; Perception/*drug effects ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors/physiology ; Somatosensory Cortex/drug effects/*physiology ; Touch/drug effects
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    The genetics of adult-onset neuropsychiatric disease: complexities and conundra? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Genetic factors play a major role in the etiology of adult-onset neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Several highly penetrant genes have been cloned for rare, autosomal-dominant, early-onset forms of neurodegenerative diseases. These genes have provided important insights into the mechanisms of these diseases (often altering neuronal protein processing). However, the genes associated with inherited susceptibility to late-onset neurodegenerative diseases, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder appear to have smaller effects and are likely to interact with each other (and with nongenetic factors) to modulate susceptibility and/or disease phenotype. Several strategies have recently been applied to address this complexity, leading to the identification of a number of candidate susceptibility loci/genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, James L -- Farrer, Lindsay A -- Andreasen, Nancy C -- Mayeux, Richard -- St George-Hyslop, Peter -- AG07232/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG15473/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH31593/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH40856/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH43271/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P30-AG95004/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG09029/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- U01-AG17173/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):822-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H9, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Bipolar Disorder/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Dementia/genetics ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Genetic Linkage ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/*genetics ; Middle Aged ; *Multifactorial Inheritance ; Neuregulin-1/genetics ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/*genetics ; Phenotype ; Schizophrenia/genetics
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    A genomic view of the human-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: The human gut is colonized with a vast community of indigenous microorganisms that help shape our biology. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of the Gram-negative anaerobe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a dominant member of our normal distal intestinal microbiota. Its 4779-member proteome includes an elaborate apparatus for acquiring and hydrolyzing otherwise indigestible dietary polysaccharides and an associated environment-sensing system consisting of a large repertoire of extracytoplasmic function sigma factors and one- and two-component signal transduction systems. These and other expanded paralogous groups shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying symbiotic host-bacterial relationships in our intestine.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Jian -- Bjursell, Magnus K -- Himrod, Jason -- Deng, Su -- Carmichael, Lynn K -- Chiang, Herbert C -- Hooper, Lora V -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- DK30292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2074-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Bacteroides/*genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Carbohydrate Metabolism ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Interspersed Repetitive Sequences ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Polysaccharides/metabolism ; Proteome ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sigma Factor/genetics/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; *Symbiosis
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  • 90
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    Future brightening for depression treatments (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):810-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593164" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/*therapeutic use ; Brain/physiopathology ; Child ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/antagonists & inhibitors ; Depression/drug therapy/physiopathology/*therapy ; Depressive Disorder/drug therapy/physiopathology/*therapy ; Dopamine Agents/therapeutic use ; Electric Stimulation Therapy ; Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Humans ; Magnetics ; Neurons/physiology ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Psychotherapy ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors ; Stress, Psychological/drug therapy/physiopathology ; Substance P/antagonists & inhibitors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 91
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    Behavioral genetics. Getting the short end of the allele (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):291-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Alleles ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*genetics ; Child ; Child Abuse ; Depression/etiology/*genetics ; Depressive Disorder/etiology/*genetics ; Disease Susceptibility ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*genetics ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Probability ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Stress, Psychological/*genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    KCNQ1 gain-of-function mutation in familial atrial fibrillation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia whose molecular etiology is poorly understood. We studied a family with hereditary persistent AF and identified the causative mutation (S140G) in the KCNQ1 (KvLQT1) gene on chromosome 11p15.5. The KCNQ1 gene encodes the pore-forming alpha subunit of the cardiac I(Ks) channel (KCNQ1/KCNE1), the KCNQ1/KCNE2 and the KCNQ1/KCNE3 potassium channels. Functional analysis of the S140G mutant revealed a gain-of-function effect on the KCNQ1/KCNE1 and the KCNQ1/KCNE2 currents, which contrasts with the dominant negative or loss-of-function effects of the KCNQ1 mutations previously identified in patients with long QT syndrome. Thus, the S140G mutation is likely to initiate and maintain AF by reducing action potential duration and effective refractory period in atrial myocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Yi-Han -- Xu, Shi-Jie -- Bendahhou, Said -- Wang, Xiao-Liang -- Wang, Ying -- Xu, Wen-Yuan -- Jin, Hong-Wei -- Sun, Hao -- Su, Xiao-Yan -- Zhuang, Qi-Nan -- Yang, Yi-Qing -- Li, Yue-Bin -- Liu, Yi -- Xu, Hong-Ju -- Li, Xiao-Fei -- Ma, Ning -- Mou, Chun-Ping -- Chen, Zhu -- Barhanin, Jacques -- Huang, Wei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):251-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, and Institute of Medical Genetics, Tongji University, 399 Xin Cun Road, Shanghai 200065, People's Republic of China. drchen@public7.sta.net.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Atrial Fibrillation/*genetics/physiopathology ; COS Cells ; Child ; China ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics ; Electrocardiography ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Heart Atria/physiopathology ; Heart Ventricles/physiopathology ; Humans ; KCNQ Potassium Channels ; KCNQ1 Potassium Channel ; Lod Score ; Long QT Syndrome/genetics/physiopathology ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; *Mutation, Missense ; Myocytes, Cardiac/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pedigree ; Potassium Channels/*genetics/physiology ; *Potassium Channels, Voltage-Gated
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Primate origins meeting. New fossils and a glimpse of evolution (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moffat, Anne Simon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):613-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Color Perception ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Fossils ; Haplorhini ; Male ; Plant Leaves ; *Primates/anatomy & histology ; Skeleton
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Infectious disease. Siberia's deadly stalker emerges from the shadows (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):642-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/epidemiology ; Encephalomyelitis/ethnology/*etiology/pathology/virology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Herpesviridae/immunology/isolation & purification ; Herpesviridae Infections/ethnology/pathology/virology ; Humans ; Male ; Population Surveillance ; Rural Health ; Siberia/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/ethnology/pathology/virology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma caused by mutations in optineurin (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-09
    Description: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) affects 33 million individuals worldwide and is a leading cause of blindness. In a study of 54 families with autosomal dominantly inherited adult-onset POAG, we identified the causative gene on chromosome 10p14 and designated it OPTN (for "optineurin"). Sequence alterations in OPTN were found in 16.7% of families with hereditary POAG, including individuals with normal intraocular pressure. The OPTN gene codes for a conserved 66-kilodalton protein of unknown function that has been implicated in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling pathway and that interacts with diverse proteins including Huntingtin, Ras-associated protein RAB8, and transcription factor IIIA. Optineurin is expressed in trabecular meshwork, nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, retina, and brain, and we speculate that it plays a neuroprotective role.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rezaie, Tayebeh -- Child, Anne -- Hitchings, Roger -- Brice, Glen -- Miller, Lauri -- Coca-Prados, Miguel -- Heon, Elise -- Krupin, Theodore -- Ritch, Robert -- Kreutzer, Donald -- Crick, R Pitts -- Sarfarazi, Mansoor -- EY-09947/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1077-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Ophthalmic Genetics Laboratory, Surgical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Brain/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics ; Ciliary Body/metabolism ; Exons ; Eye Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*genetics ; Golgi Apparatus/chemistry ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; *Mutation, Missense ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Ocular Hypertension/genetics ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Retina/metabolism ; Trabecular Meshwork/metabolism ; *Transcription Factor TFIIIA ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 96
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    Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: A critical issue in developmental cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which the functional neuroanatomy underlying task performance differs in adults and children. Direct comparisons of brain activation in the left frontal and extrastriate cortex were made in adults and children (aged 7 to 10 years) performing single-word processing tasks with visual presentation; differences were found in circumscribed frontal and extrastriate regions. Conceivably, these differences could be attributable exclusively to performance discrepancies; alternatively, maturational differences in functional neuroanatomy could exist despite similar performance. Some of the brain regions examined showed differences attributable to age independent of performance, suggesting that maturation of the pattern of regional activations for these tasks is incomplete at age 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schlaggar, Bradley L -- Brown, Timothy T -- Lugar, Heather M -- Visscher, Kristina M -- Miezin, Francis M -- Petersen, Steven E -- NS32979/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS51281/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS55582/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1476-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. schlaggarb@neuro.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aging ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Child ; Cognition ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Humans ; *Language ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Mental Processes
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The cortical topography of tonal structures underlying Western music (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: Western tonal music relies on a formal geometric structure that determines distance relationships within a harmonic or tonal space. In functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments, we identified an area in the rostromedial prefrontal cortex that tracks activation in tonal space. Different voxels in this area exhibited selectivity for different keys. Within the same set of consistently activated voxels, the topography of tonality selectivity rearranged itself across scanning sessions. The tonality structure was thus maintained as a dynamic topography in cortical areas known to be at a nexus of cognitive, affective, and mnemonic processing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Janata, Petr -- Birk, Jeffrey L -- Van Horn, John D -- Leman, Marc -- Tillmann, Barbara -- Bharucha, Jamshed J -- P50 NS17778-18/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2167-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth Brain Imaging Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. petr.janata@dartmouth.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Auditory Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Auditory Perception ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory ; Mental Processes ; Middle Aged ; Models, Neurological ; *Music ; Nerve Net/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Pitch Perception ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology
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  • 98
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    The ecology of genetically modified mosquitoes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: Ecological and population biology issues constitute serious challenges to the application of genetically modified mosquitos (GMM) for disease control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, Thomas W -- Takken, Willem -- Knols, Bart G J -- Boete, Christophe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):117-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. twscott@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aedes/*genetics/physiology/virology ; Animals ; Anopheles/*genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Child ; Dengue/prevention & control/transmission ; Ecology ; Environment ; Genetics, Population ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*genetics/parasitology/physiology/virology ; Insecticides ; Malaria/prevention & control/transmission ; *Organisms, Genetically Modified ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Density ; Reproduction ; Transformation, Genetic ; Transgenes
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    Infectious diseases. Candidate drug breaks down malaria's walls (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, Gary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1207-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antimalarials/*pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Choline/metabolism ; Erythrocytes/metabolism/*parasitology ; Haplorhini ; Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy/parasitology ; Membrane Transport Modulators ; Membrane Transport Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Plasmodium falciparum/*drug effects/growth & development/metabolism ; Pyrrolidines/*pharmacology/therapeutic use
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Is face processing species-specific during the first year of life? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Between 6 and 10 months of age, the infant's ability to discriminate among native speech sounds improves, whereas the same ability to discriminate among foreign speech sounds decreases. Our study aimed to determine whether this perceptual narrowing is unique to language or might also apply to face processing. We tested discrimination of human and monkey faces by 6-month-olds, 9-month-olds, and adults, using the visual paired-comparison procedure. Only the youngest group showed discrimination between individuals of both species; older infants and adults only showed evidence of discrimination of their own species. These results suggest that the "perceptual narrowing" phenomenon may represent a more general change in neural networks involved in early cognition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pascalis, Olivier -- de Haan, Michelle -- Nelson, Charles A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1321-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK. o.pascalis@sheffield.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Aging ; Animals ; Evoked Potentials ; *Face ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Macaca fascicularis ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; Species Specificity ; Speech Perception
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