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  • Articles  (54,214)
  • American Chemical Society  (24,122)
  • Springer  (16,425)
  • Springer Nature  (12,908)
  • American Geophysical Union  (757)
  • American Physical Society (APS)
  • 2020-2024  (3,789)
  • 1940-1944  (50,425)
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  • 1
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    Allometric relationships of ecologically important Antarctic and Arctic zooplankton and fish species (2022)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Bioloy, Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Allometric relationships between body properties of animals are useful for a wide variety of purposes, such as estimation of biomass, growth, population structure, bioenergetic modelling and carbon flux studies. This study summarizes allometric relationships of zooplankton and nekton species that play major roles in polar marine food webs. Measurements were performed on 639 individuals of 15 species sampled during three expeditions in the Southern Ocean (winter and summer) and 2374 individuals of 14 species sampled during three expeditions in the Arctic Ocean (spring and summer). The information provided by this study fills current knowledge gaps on relationships between length and wet/dry mass of understudied animals, such as various gelatinous zooplankton, and of animals from understudied seasons and maturity stages, for example, for the krill Thysanoessa macrura and larval Euphausia superba caught in winter. Comparisons show that there is intra-specific variation in length–mass relationships of several species depending on season, e.g. for the amphipod Themisto libellula. To investigate the potential use of generalized regression models, comparisons between sexes, maturity stages or age classes were performed and are discussed, such as for the several krill species and T. libellula. Regression model comparisons on age classes of the fish E. antarctica were inconclusive about their general use. Other allometric measurements performed on carapaces, eyes, heads, telsons, tails and otoliths provided models that proved to be useful for estimating length or mass in, e.g. diet studies. In some cases, the suitability of these models may depend on species or developmental stages.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 2
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    Skillful long-lead prediction of summertime heavy rainfall in the US Midwest from sea surface salinity (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-07
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(13), (2022): e2022GL098554, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098554.
    Description: Summertime heavy rainfall and its resultant floods are among the most harmful natural hazards in the US Midwest, one of the world's primary crop production areas. However, seasonal forecasts of heavy rain, currently based on preseason sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), remain unsatisfactory. Here, we present evidence that sea surface salinity anomalies (SSSAs) over the tropical western Pacific and subtropical North Atlantic are skillful predictors of summer time heavy rainfall one season ahead. A one standard deviation change in tropical western Pacific SSSA is associated with a 1.8 mm day−1 increase in local precipitation, which excites a teleconnection pattern to extratropical North Pacific. Via extratropical air-sea interaction and long memory of midlatitude SSTA, a wave train favorable for US Midwest heavy rain is induced. Combined with soil moisture feedbacks bridging the springtime North Atlantic salinity, the SSSA-based statistical prediction model improves Midwest heavy rainfall forecasts by 92%, complementing existing SSTA-based frameworks.
    Description: This study is supported by the NSF PREEVENTS program under ICER-1663138 (LL) and ICER-1663704 (RWS and CCU).
    Description: 2023-01-07
    Keywords: Sea surface salinity ; Midwest precipitation ; Heavy rainfall ; Long-lead prediction
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Contributions of different sea-level processes to high-tide flooding along the US coastline (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-14
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(7), (2022): e2021JC018276, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JC018276.
    Description: Coastal communities across the United States (U.S.) are experiencing an increase in the frequency of high-tide flooding (HTF). This increase is mainly due to sea-level rise (SLR), but other factors such as intra- to inter-annual mean sea level variability, tidal anomalies, and non-tidal residuals also contribute to HTF events. Here we introduce a novel decomposition approach to develop and then analyze a new database of different sea-level components. Those components represent processes that act on various timescales to contribute to HTF along the U.S. coastline. We find that the relative importance of components to HTF events strongly varies in space and time. Tidal anomalies contribute the most along the west and northeast coasts, where HTF events mostly occur in winter. Non-tidal residuals are most important along the Gulf of Mexico and mid-Atlantic coasts, where HTF events mostly occur in fall. We also quantify the minimum number of components that were required to cause HTF events in the past and how this number changed over time. The results highlight that at present, due to SLR, fewer components are needed to combine to push water levels above HTF thresholds, but tidal anomalies alone are still not sufficient to reach HTF thresholds in most locations. Finally, we explore how co-variability between different components leads to compounding effects. In some places, positive correlation between sea-level components leads to significantly more HTF events than would be expected if sea-level components were uncorrelated, whereas in other places negative correlation leads to fewer HTF events.
    Description: his work was supported by NASA's Sea Level Change Team award number 80NSSC20K1241. S.L. also acknowledges support by the China Scholarship Council (no. 201904910413) and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China (grant no. 2011YQ120045).
    Description: 2023-01-14
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  • 4
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    Moment magnitude (Mw) from hydrophone records of low energy volcanic quakes (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Earthquake magnitude calibration using hydrophone records has been carried out at Campi Flegrei caldera, an active area close to the highly populated area of Naples city, partly undersea. Definite integrals of the hydrophone records amplitude spectra, between the limits of 1 and 20 Hz, were calculated on a set of small volcano-tectonic earthquakes with moment magnitudes ranging from 1 to 3.3. The coefficients of a linear relationship between the logarithm of these integrals and the magnitude were obtained by linear optimization, thus defining a useful equation to calculate the moment magnitude from the hydrophone record spectra. This method could be easily exported to other volcanic areas, where submerged volcanoes are monitored by networks of hydrophones and seismic sensors on land. The proposed approach allows indeed magnitude measurements of small magnitude earthquakes occurring at sea, thus adding useful information to the seismicity of these volcanoes.〈/jats:p〉
    Description: Published
    Description: 875–882
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 5
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    A Tool to Aid the Navigation in La Spezia Harbour (Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: The knowledge of sea level in harbours is very important to manage port activities (safety of navigation, prevention of ship stranding, optimization of vessel loading, water quality control). In this article we describe the use of a software tool developed to help local authorities and working organizations to optimize navigation and avoid or manage hazardous situations due to sea level changes in port basins. This prototype application, starting from reading data coming from a monitoring station in La Spezia harbour (in North Western Italy), updates dynamically the port bathymetry based on sea level oscillations (measured in the past or real-time, or expected in the near future). Then, it detects potentially dangerous areas for a given ship moving in the basin at a certain time, by means of the idea of “virtual traffic lights”: sea level variations are provided as parameters to the application that performs the updating of the bathymetric map and the subdivision of the harbour in allowed (green)/warning (yellow)/prohibited (red) areas for each ship, based on its draft. The tool can provide a useful support interface to competent authorities to avoid or manage critical situations by detecting hazardous areas for a given vessel at a given time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 89–101
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 6
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    The 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model: Milestones and Lessons Learned (2023)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: The 2020 update of the European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM20) is the most recent seismic hazard model of the Euro-Mediterranean region. It was built upon unified and homogenized datasets including earthquake catalogues, active faults, ground motion recordings and state-of-the-art modelling components, i.e. earthquake rates forecast and regionally variable ground motion characteristic models. ESHM20 replaces the 2013 European Seismic Hazard Model (ESHM13), and it is the first regional model to provide two informative hazard maps for the next update of the European Seismic Design Code (CEN EC8). ESHM20 is also one of the key components of the first publicly available seismic risk model for Europe. This chapter provides a short summary of ESHM20 by highlighting its main features and describing some lessons learned during the model’s development.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-25
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 7
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    Combining earth sciences with archaeology to investigate natural risks related to the cultural heritage of the Marsica region (central Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Methods of Earth Sciences have been employed in archaeological sites of the Marsica region, central Italy, in two different perspectives: to enhance knowledge on past natural events which damaged/destroyed ancient settlements/monuments and to gather data useful/necessary for preservation of the local cultural heritage. Within this wide perspective, the paper deals with (i) recent archaeoseismological investigations at Alba Fucens and other sites of the Fucino Plain which add evidence of sudden building collapse to the already available (archaeoseismological and paleoseismological) data concerning seismicity of fifth-sixth century AD; (ii) archaeological investigations on remains of the Medieval church of San Bartolomeo showing that coseismic damage in 1349 caused the abandonment of part of the building and its (re)use for burials; (iii) evidence of slope instability which caused rapid mass deposition in the lowest sector of ancient Alba Fucens since around the half of the sixth century AD, inhibiting the occupation of the Roman town; (iv) capable faulting potentially affecting the westernmost sector of the huge hydraulic works made by Romans during the first-second century AD to drain former Lake Fucino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 287-318
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology · Active fault · Landslide · Historic earthquake · Cultural heritage · Preservation · Marsica region
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
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    Alkali Metal- and Acid-Catalyzed Interconversion of Goniodomin A with Congeners B and C (2021)
    American Chemical Society
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Natural Products, American Chemical Society, 84(9), pp. 2554-2567, ISSN: 0163-3864
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-13
    Description: Goniodomin A (GDA, 1) is a phycotoxin produced by at least four species of Alexandrium dinoflagellates that are found globally in brackish estuaries and lagoons. It is a linear polyketide with six oxygen heterocyclic rings that is cyclized into a macrocyclic structure via lactone formation. Two of the oxygen heterocycles in 1 comprise a spiro-bis-pyran, whereas goniodomin B (GDB) contains a 2,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane ring system fused to a pyran. When H2O is present, 1 undergoes facile conversion to isomer GDB and to an α,β-unsaturated ketone, goniodomin C (GDC, 7). GDB and GDC can be formed from GDA by cleavage of the spiro-bis-pyran ring system. GDA, but not GDB or GDC, forms a crown ether-type complex with K+. Equilibration of GDA with GDB and GDC is observed in the presence of H+ and of Na+, but the equilibrated mixtures revert to GDA upon addition of K+. Structural differences have been found between the K+ and Na+ complexes. The association of GDA with K+ is strong, while that with Na+ is weak. The K+ complex has a compact, well-defined structure, whereas Na+ complexes are an ill-defined mixture of species. Analyses of in vitro A. monilatum and A. hiranoi cultures indicate that only GDA is present in the cells; GDB and GDC appear to be postharvest transformation products.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    Sensitivity analysis of polar orbiter motion to lunar viscoelastic tidal deformation (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-30
    Description: We investigate the impact of viscoelastic tidal deformation of the Moon on the motion of a polar orbiter. The dissipative effects in the Moon’s interior, i.e., tidal phase lags, are modeled as Fourier series sampled at given frequencies associated with linear combinations of Delaunay arguments, the fundamental parameters describing the lunar motion around the Earth and the Sun. We implement the tidal model to evaluate the temporal lunar gravity field and the induced perturbation on the orbiter. We validate the numerical scheme via a frequency analysis of the perturbed orbital motion. We show that, in the case of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter at a low altitude of less than 200 km, the main lunar tides and hence the potential Love numbers around the monthly and some multiple frequencies are dynamically separable. The omission of those effects in practice introduces a position error at the level of a few decimeters within 10 days.
    Description: Published
    Description: 16
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    The peperino rocks: historical and volcanological overview (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-31
    Description: The name peperino derives from the Italian word pepe (pepper) and has been used in the common language for lithified volcanic deposits characterized by grey to dark grey color and granular texture, resembling that of ground pepper. Among these, the best-known examples are represented by some phreatomagmatic deposits of the Colli Albani Volcanic District, near Rome, and ignimbrite deposits of the Cimini Mountains near Viterbo (Northern Latium), which have been widely employed in artifacts of historical and archaeological interest. In particular, these resistant volcanic rocks have been widely employed by the Etruscans and Romans since the 7 th century BCE to produce sarcophagi and dimension stones, as well as architectural and ornamental elements in central Italy up to the present.
    Description: Published
    Description: 69
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    A kaleidoscope of colours and an unexpected journey (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-04
    Description: The paper is part of a book conceived as a "collection of stories, reflections and advice written by proficient scientists" aimed in particular at younger people and early-career researchers, with the author illustrating her most significant professional experiences. The contribution is structured in four sections: 1) how interest in science has been developed 2) the work done and the personal scientific approach 3) perspectives on science today and tomorrow, 4) advice to much younger colleagues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 277-286
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Keywords: life in research ; natural hazard ; information dissemination ; european charter for researchers ; gender equality ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Evaluation of Surface Layer Stability Functions and Their Extension to First Order Turbulent Closures for Weakly and Strongly Stratified Stable Boundary Layer (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Springer Nature, ISSN: 0006-8314
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-25
    Description: In this study, we utilize a generalization of Monin–Obukhov similarity theory to construct first order turbulent closures for single-column models of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). A set of widely used universal functions for dimensionless gradients is evaluated. Two test cases based on Large-Eddy Simulations (LES) experimental setups are considered – weakly stable ABL (GABLS1; Beare et al. in Bound Layer Meteorol 118(2):247–272,2006), and very strongly stratified ABL (van der Linden et al. in Bound Layer Meteorol 173(2):165–192, 2019). The comparison shows that approximations obtained using a linear dimensionless velocity gradient tend to match the LES data more closely. In particular, the EFB (Energy- and Flux- Budget) closure proposed by Zilitinkevich et al. (Bound Layer Meteorol 146(3):341–373, 2013) has the best performance for the tests considered here. We also test surface layer “bulk formulas” based on these universal functions. The same LES data are utilized for comparison. The setup showcases the behavior of surface scheme, when one assumes that the velocity and temperature profiles in ABL are represented correctly. The advantages and disadvantages of different surface schemes are revealed.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 13
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    Crystal orientation fabric anisotropy causes directional hardening of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 14(1), pp. 2653-2653, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-19
    Description: The dynamic mass loss of ice sheets constitutes one of the biggest uncertainties in projections of ice-sheet evolution. One central, understudied aspect of ice flow is how the bulk orientation of the crystal orientation fabric translates to the mechanical anisotropy of ice. Here we show the spatial distribution of the depth-averaged horizontal anisotropy and corresponding directional flow-enhancement factors covering a large area of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream onset. Our results are based on airborne and ground-based radar surveys, ice-core observations, and numerical ice-flow modelling. They show a strong spatial variability of the horizontal anisotropy and a rapid crystal reorganisation on the order of hundreds of years coinciding with the ice-stream geometry. Compared to isotropic ice, parts of the ice stream are found to be more than one order of magnitude harder for along-flow extension/compression while the shear margins are potentially softened by a factor of two for horizontal-shear deformation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    Comparative analysis of liquefaction susceptibility assessment methods based on the investigation on a pilot site in the greater Lisbon area (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: In Portugal, particularly in the greater Lisbon area, there are widespread alluvial sandy deposits, which need to be carefully assessed in terms of liquefaction susceptibility and risk zonation. For this purpose, a pilot site has been set up, as part of the European H2020 LIQUEFACT project. An extensive database of geological and geotechnical reports was collected and a comprehensive site investigation campaign was carried out, including boreholes with standard penetration (SPT), piezocone penetrometer and seismic dilatometer tests as well as geophysical methods, complemented by undisturbed soil sampling for laboratory characterisation. The assessment of liquefaction susceptibility based on field tests was made using the simplified procedure, considering the factor of safety against liquefaction ( FSliq), which relates the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) with the cyclic stress ratio (CSR). While the computation of the CSR is relatively straightforward, the reliability of the CRR strongly depends on the adopted in situ testing technique. Alternative approaches to liquefaction assessment have been proposed, based on quantitative liquefaction damage indexes, namely the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) and Liquefaction Severity Number. In this paper, the geotechnical field data is integrated in these distinct approaches to liquefaction assessment. A comparative and in-depth analysis of the conventional approach is presented and the inclusion of specific information on soil type, as a means to overcome the observed differences, is discussed particularly for SPT and VS results. The combination of these criteria enabled to clearly identify the most critical layers, in terms of liquefaction potential and severity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 109-138
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 15
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    Massive dolomites in the Messinian evaporitic sequence (Sicily, Italy): multi-analytical characterization and implications for the dolomitization processes (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: A combined geochemical, mineralogical, petrographic and geological approach has allowed to constrain the dolomitization process responsible for the formation of massive dolomitic body within the Messinian evaporitic series. We focused our investigations on an example of massive dolomite body, outcropping over the marginal area of the evaporitic basin in the Peloritani Mountains (NE area of Sicily region, Italy). Field observations allowed recognizing several sedimentary structures, such as erosion surfaces, lenses of conglomerates and ripples highlighting a clastic origin. The petrographic study revealed fne-grained and massive structure, scarce porosity, light to pink color and absence of micro-fossils. The chondritenormalized trace element pattern shows a general enrichment in LREE and depletion in HREE. The isotopic signatures of the studied dolomites (δ18O=– 4.38–1.24‰, V-PDB; δ13C=– 1.48–1.94‰, V-PDB) are comparable with those of type-3 “Calcare di Base” which is the common reference to record the Messinian salinity crisis. The positive co-variant relationship between the δ18O and δ13C values suggests a dolomitization process in the seawater/freshwater mixing zone. The occurrence of the studied dolomites in the evaporitic sequence coupled with the results we gained point towards an origin from “early diagenetic” processes. As a consequence, a model explaining the genetic mechanism for the studied dolomitic rocks can be essentially summarized as: (1) the massive dolostones were originally deposited as evaporitic limestones under rather highsalinity conditions; (2) the dolomitization process occurred in the seawater/freshwater mixing zone that provided Mg-rich fuids over uplifted submarine masses.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 29
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 16
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    Consequences of a Solar Wind Stream Interaction Region on the Low Latitude Ionosphere: Event of 7 October 2015 (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: In this article, we present a study of the perturbations occurring in the Earth’s environment on 7 October 2015. We use a multi-instrument approach, including space and ground observations. In particular, we study the ionospheric conditions at low latitudes. Two ionospheric storms are observed at the low latitude station of Tucumán (26° 51' S, 65° 12' W). We observe a negative ionospheric storm followed by a positive one. These ionospheric perturbations were triggered by two sudden storm commencements (SSCs) of a strong geo-magnetic storm. Preliminary results show that the main mechanism involved in both ionospheric storms is the prompt penetration of electric fields (PPEFs) from the magnetosphere. Furthermore, in the positive storm, disturbed dynamo electric fields are observed acting in combination with the PPEFs. The impact of the solar wind on the Earth’s environment is analyzed using geomagnetic data and proxies, combined with data acquired in the Tucumán Low Latitude Observatory for the Upper Atmosphere. We also investigate the solar and interplanetary drivers of this intense perturbation. We find that, although typically interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are the most geoeffective transient interplanetary events, in this case, a corotating interaction region (CIR) is responsible for these strong perturbations to the geospace.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 173
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ionospheric storm ; Low latitude ionosphere ; Solar wind ; Corotating interaction region
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  • 17
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    Mining questions of ‘what’ and ‘who’: deepening discussions of the seabed for future policy and governance (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Maritime Studies, Springer Nature, 21(3), pp. 327-338, ISSN: 1872-7859
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉In spite of a proliferation of academic and policy-oriented interest in deep sea mining (DSM), this paper argues that two underlying questions remain underexplored. The first relates to 〈jats:italic〉what〈/jats:italic〉 exactly the seabed 〈jats:italic〉is〈/jats:italic〉; the second to 〈jats:italic〉who〈/jats:italic〉 the stakeholders 〈jats:italic〉are〈/jats:italic〉. It is argued that a greater interrogation of how the seabed is defined and understood, and a deeper consideration of how stakeholders are identified and the politics of their inclusion, is crucial to the enactment of policy and planning techniques. Through the analysis of current regulations to govern DSM in both national and international jurisdictions, this paper critically examines these seemingly banal but vital questions in different contexts. It is contended that most regulations are ‘fuzzy’ when it comes to addressing these questions, with the result that different understandings of the seabed and the implications of mining are ignored and that who stakeholders are and how they are defined causes many relevant voices to be unheard. It is argued, therefore, that it is imperative to address these often-overlooked questions directly in order to inform future seabed policy and governance.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 18
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    Principles for transformative ocean governance (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Sustainability, Springer Nature, pp. 1-13, ISSN: 2398-9629
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Description: With a focus on oceans, we collaborated across ecological, social and legal disciplines to respond to the United Nations call for transformation in the ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’. We developed a set of 13 principles that strategically and critically connect transformative ocean research to transformative ocean governance (complementing the UN Decade for Ocean Science). We used a rigorous, iterative and transparent consensus-building approach to define the principles, which can interact in supporting, neutral or sometimes conflicting ways. We recommend that the principles could be applied as a comprehensive set and discuss how to learn from their interactions, particularly those that reveal hidden tensions. The principles can bring and keep together partnerships for innovative ocean action. This action must respond to the many calls to reform current ocean-use practices which are based on economic growth models that have perpetuated inequities and fuelled conflict and environmental decline.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 19
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    The impact of salps (Salpa thompsoni) on the Antarctic krill population (Euphausia superba): an individual-based modelling study (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Ecological Processes, Springer Nature, 12(1), pp. 50-50, ISSN: 2192-1709
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-23
    Description: Krill (Euphausia superba) and salps (Salpa thompsoni) are key macrozooplankton grazers in the Southern Ocean ecosystem. However, due to differing habitat requirements, both species previously exhibited little spatial overlap. With ongoing climate change-induced seawater temperature increase and regional sea ice loss, salps can now extend their spatial distribution into historically krill-dominated areas and increase rapidly due to asexual reproduction when environmental conditions are favorable. Understanding the potential effects on krill is crucial, since krill is a species of exceptional trophic significance in the Southern Ocean food web. Negative impacts on krill could trigger cascading effects on its predators and prey. To address this question, we combined two individual-based models on salps and krill, which describe the whole life cycle of salp individuals and the dynamic energy budget of individual krill. The resulting new model PEKRIS (PErformance of KRIll vs. Salps) simulates a krill population for 100 years under varying chlorophyll-a concentrations in the presence or absence of salps. All of the investigated krill population properties (abundance, mean length, and yearly egg production) were significantly impacted by the presence of salps. On the other hand, salp density was not impacted if krill were present. The medians of krill population properties deviated during variable maximum chlorophyll-a density per year when salps were introduced by − 99.9% (− 234 individuals per 1000 m3) for krill density, − 100% (− 22,062 eggs per 1000 m3) for krill eggs and − 0.9% (− 0.3 mm) for mean length of krill. If both species compete for the same food resource in a closed space, salps seem to inhibit krill populations. Further simulation studies should investigate whether this effect prevails if different phytoplankton sizes and consumption preferences of krill are implemented. Furthermore, direct predation of the two species or consumption of krill fecal pellets by salps could change the impact size of the food competition.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Metagenome-assembled genomes reveal greatly expanded taxonomic and functional diversification of the abundant marine Roseobacter RCA cluster (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Microbiome, Springer Nature, ISSN: 2049-2618
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-25
    Description: Background The RCA (Roseobacter clade affiliated) cluster belongs to the family Roseobacteracea and represents a major Roseobacter lineage in temperate to polar oceans. Despite its prevalence and abundance, only a few genomes and one described species, Planktomarina temperata, exist. To gain more insights into our limited understanding of this cluster and its taxonomic and functional diversity and biogeography, we screened metagenomic datasets from the global oceans and reconstructed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAG) affiliated to this cluster. Results The total of 82 MAGs, plus five genomes of isolates, reveal an unexpected diversity and novel insights into the genomic features, the functional diversity, and greatly refined biogeographic patterns of the RCA cluster. This cluster is subdivided into three genera: Planktomarina, Pseudoplanktomarina, and the most deeply branching Candidatus Paraplanktomarina. Six of the eight Planktomarina species have larger genome sizes (2.44–3.12 Mbp) and higher G + C contents (46.36–53.70%) than the four Pseudoplanktomarina species (2.26–2.72 Mbp, 42.22–43.72 G + C%). Cand. Paraplanktomarina is represented only by one species with a genome size of 2.40 Mbp and a G + C content of 45.85%. Three novel species of the genera Planktomarina and Pseudoplanktomarina are validly described according to the SeqCode nomenclature for prokaryotic genomes. Aerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis (AAP) is encoded in three Planktomarina species. Unexpectedly, proteorhodopsin (PR) is encoded in the other Planktomarina and all Pseudoplanktomarina species, suggesting that this light-driven proton pump is the most important mode of acquiring complementary energy of the RCA cluster. The Pseudoplanktomarina species exhibit differences in functional traits compared to Planktomarina species and adaptations to more resource-limited conditions. An assessment of the global biogeography of the different species greatly expands the range of occurrence and shows that the different species exhibit distinct biogeographic patterns. They partially reflect the genomic features of the species. Conclusions Our detailed MAG-based analyses shed new light on the diversification, environmental adaptation, and global biogeography of a major lineage of pelagic bacteria. The taxonomic delineation and validation by the SeqCode nomenclature of prominent genera and species of the RCA cluster may be a promising way for a refined taxonomic identification of major prokaryotic lineages and sublineages in marine and other prokaryotic communities assessed by metagenomics approaches.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Critical Drift in a Neuro-Inspired Adaptive Network (2023)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    In:  EPIC3Physical Review Letters, American Physical Society (APS), 130(18), pp. 188401-188401, ISSN: 0031-9007
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: It has been postulated that the brain operates in a self-organized critical state that brings multiple benefits, such as optimal sensitivity to input. Thus far, self-organized criticality has typically been depicted as a one-dimensional process, where one parameter is tuned to a critical value. However, the number of adjustable parameters in the brain is vast, and hence critical states can be expected to occupy a high-dimensional manifold inside a high-dimensional parameter space. Here, we show that adaptation rules inspired by homeostatic plasticity drive a neuro-inspired network to drift on a critical manifold, where the system is poised between inactivity and persistent activity. During the drift, global network parameters continue to change while the system remains at criticality.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Master stability functions for metacommunities with two types of habitats (2022)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    In:  EPIC3Physical Review E, American Physical Society (APS), 105(4), pp. 044310-044310, ISSN: 2470-0045
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-05
    Description: Current questions in ecology revolve around instabilities in the dynamics on spatial networks and particularly the effect of node heterogeneity. We extend the master stability function formalism to inhomogeneous biregular networks having two types of spatial nodes. Notably, this class of systems also allows the investigation of certain types of dynamics on higher-order networks. Combined with the generalized modeling approach to study the linear stability of steady states, this is a powerful tool to numerically asses the stability of large ensembles of systems. We analyze the stability of ecological metacommunities with two distinct types of habitats analytically and numerically in order to identify several sets of conditions under which the dynamics can become stabilized by dispersal. Our analytical approach allows general insights into stabilizing and destabilizing effects in metapopulations. Specifically, we identify self-regulation and negative feedback loops between source and sink populations as stabilizing mechanisms and we show that maladaptive dispersal may be stable under certain conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Polar meiofauna – Antipoles or Parallels? (2023)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Springer, pp. 285-328, ISBN: 978-3-031-21622-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: At opposite ends of our world lie the poles. In the North, the Arctic, an ocean surrounded by coasts; in the South, the Antarctic continent surrounded by an ocean that separates it from the nearest landmasses. At first glance, the poles could not be more dissimilar owing to their contrasting location, geography, and tectonic and evolutionary history. The amplitude and types of ice cover, though differing between the poles, are influenced by the same climatic, atmospheric, and hydrodynamic processes that affect the entire Earth. Freshwater influx into their coastal areas too—beyond the effects of glaciological changes and dynamics such as glacier melt and increasing meltwater discharges—is different: in contrast to the Arctic, the Antarctic continent and sub-Antarctic islands lack major rivers. However, their latitudinal range and low temperatures, ice shelves, icebergs, sea ice, impacts from tidewater and land-based glaciers, significant seasonal variation in light intensity and, hence, primary productivity, offer parallel environments for organisms that have adapted to such conditions. Although we know much about the similarities and differences from an environmental perspective, there are still many unknowns about how benthic communities, especially the meiobenthos, from both regions compare. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the contrasts and parallels between Arctic and Antarctic meiobenthos and place it into context of their extreme habitats. Following a brief account of Arctic and Antarctic evolution and the historical study of their faunas, we (i) compare how extreme polar conditions affect meiofauna across four main habitats: polar coastal areas and fjords, continental shelves and ice shelves, the deep sea, and sea ice, and we (ii) discuss the implications of climate change on meiofauna in these habitats. Reflecting on (i) and (ii) allowed us to identify frontiers for future research of polar meiofauna, which we put forward in the concluding sections of this chapter.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Origin of Seismicity in Italy as a Clue for Seismic Hazard (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-22
    Description: ItalianseismicityisgeneratedbytheongoingsubductionoftheEuro- pean lithosphere beneath the Alps, and the Adriatic lithosphere beneath the Apen- nines. The two belts are extremely different due to their opposite polarity relative to the inferred underlying ‘eastward’ mantle flow. Contractional tectonics is con- centrated in low topography areas, whereas extensional tectonics and the larger magnitude seismicity due to normal faulting is preferentially located along the Apennines ridge, where the brittle crustal layer is thicker and the lithostatic load is maximum. Seismicity is the result of dissipation of energy along passive faults but stored mostly in crustal volumes located in the hangingwall of the faults. The 2–5 mm/yr deformation in all Italian tectonic settings prevents the occurrence of great earthquakes (Mw 8) that rather occur in other areas of the world where deformation rates are at least one order of magnitude faster. The maximum event so far recorded in Italy is Mw 7.3, 1693 southeast Sicily. InSAR data nowadays provide a precise definition of the epicentral area of an earthquake, which can be several hundred km2. The epicentral area is defined as the ‘active’ domain where the hangingwall is moving along the fault and it is contemporaneously crossed by the seismic waves radiated by the fault plane due to the friction in it. Within the active domain occur the strongest coseismic shaking, both vertical and horizontal. The vertical coseismic motion allows the horizontal shaking to be much more effective.
    Description: Published
    Description: 168-180
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Keywords: Italian geodynamics ; Elastoquakes ; Graviquakes ; Vertical motion ; Epicentral areas ; Active domain ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Seismotectonics of Southern Calabria Terrane (South Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Seismic data of earthquakes recorded during the last 40 years in southern Calabria have been compared with geological data in order to obtain a seismotectonic picture of the area. We sought for any possible correlation between the main regional tectonic st ructures, the distribution of earthquake hypocentres and the focal mechanism of earthquakes with magnitude (Ml)≥3. Studies of historical and recent seismicity and analysis of geological stru ctures allowed to define the main shear strips on a regional scale. More than 2600 earthquakes with 1.5 ≤ Ml ≤ 4.5 have been considered. The focal mechanisms of earthquakes with Ml≥3 have been compared with the kinematics of known faults and used to give insight on the current active stress field. From the analysis carried out it was possible to expand the cognitive framework regarding the activity of the main tectonic structures present in the area. This study also served to identify areas of high seismicity which do not correspond to any evidence of tectonic structures on the surface, and areas where recognized tectonic structures have not shown any seismicity during the la st decades. These cases could be the subject of future investigation in order to correctly assess the se ismic hazard in Calabria. This task is important in the context of seismic hazard evaluation and mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3148-3162
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Calabria, smicity, tectonics, earthquakes
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    Big volcano science: needs and perspectives (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Volcano science has been deeply developing during last decades, from a branch of descriptive natural sciences to a highly multi-disciplinary, technologically advanced, quantitative sector of the geosciences. While the progress has been continuous and substantial, the volcanological community still lacks big scientific endeavors comparable in size and objectives to many that characterize other scientific fields. Examples include large infrastructures such as the LHC in Geneva for sub-atomic particle physics or the Hubble telescope for astrophysics, as well as deeply coordinated, highly funded, decadal projects such as the Human Genome Project for life sciences. Here we argue that a similar big science approach will increasingly concern volcano science, and briefly describe three examples of developments in volcanology requiring such an approach, and that we believe will characterize the current decade (2020–2030): the Krafla Magma Testbed initiative; the development of a Global Volcano Simulator; and the emerging relevance of big data in volcano science.
    Description: Published
    Description: 20
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Bridges to Global Ethics: Geoethics at the Confluence of Humanities and Sciences (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: This book contributes to the current discussion on geoethics and global ethics within the geoscience and humanities communities. It provides new content and insights into developing convergent human actions in response to global anthropogenic changes, based on perspectives that make it possible to combine geoscience knowledge with humanities and social sciences approaches. Selected authors present their reflections, findings and insights regarding the vision of geoethics (ethics of responsibility towards the Earth) as global ethics from philosophical, humanities and social sciences perspectives. In addition, they discuss ethical frameworks from diverse cultural traditions, searching for points of intersection with geoethics. The goal: for global environmental problems to be managed via multi-perspective approaches that can more effectively accommodate complexity. Combining the strengths of the geosciences, humanities and social sciences can pave the way for a paradigm shift in how human societies develop adaptive, sustainable responses to environmental changes and societal inequalities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Anthropogenic Global Changes ; Earth system ; Human-Environment Relations ; Ethical framework ; Society ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Introduction to the Book “Bridges to Global Ethics” (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: This book wants to enrich the current discussion on geoethics and global ethics within the geoscience and humanities communities, providing new contents and insights elaborated by scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-3
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Global ethics ; Geosciences ; Humanities ; Earth system ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Geoethics for Redefining Human-Earth System Nexus (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: The globalized society is held together by an intricate system of human relationships. This system constitutes a planetary architecture characterized by (a) a complex technological structure, (b) the homogenization of cultural forms and economic systems, (c) growing social, political and economic inequalities. Faced with planetary systemic perturbations (such as pandemics and wars), the globalized society shows criticalities, but also strengths, despite it is still too vulnerable to anthropogenic environmental changes. These changes modify the physical–chemical-biological characteristics of the Earth system and therefore represent a great threat to human communities, more serious than the pandemic threat from SARS-CoV-2, perhaps equal to the threat of a nuclear war, since it is the habitability of the planet by humanity and many other living species to be in danger. In order to promptly address the dangers of the anthropogenic changes underway, a closer and more structured international cooperation between states is needed. There are no alternatives. But this goal today appears increasingly difficult and distant due to the international geopolitical instability triggered by the war in Ukraine. In fact, only, human communities that share ethical principles and values on which to base new forms of relationship between human beings and the Earth system are able to face the planetary ecological crisis and build a possible future on Earth. In this perspective, geoethics is proposed as global ethics of a complex world, founded on the principles of dignity, freedom and responsibility and aimed at the renewal of the human-Earth System nexus and the realization of an ecological humanism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5-23
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Earth system ; Anthropogenic global changes ; Ecological humanism ; Global ethics ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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    Seismic imaging of Dante’s Domes oceanic core complex from streamer waveform inversion and reverse time migration (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2021JB023814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jb023814.
    Description: Early arrival traveltime tomography and full waveform inversion were conducted on downward continued streamer seismic data at Dante's Domes oceanic core complex (OCC), providing unprecedented details of shallow P wave velocity structure. Together with reverse time migration images, seafloor morphology, in situ geological samples, magnetic and gravity data, the seismic constraints are used to infer the lithological distribution along the seismic profiles. Based on the striking similarity in velocity structure beneath the corrugated domes with other OCCs and drilling results from Atlantis Massif, we confidently reconfirmed the Southern Dome as dominantly gabbroic rocks, and the Northern Dome as serpentinized peridotites. A series of isolated gabbroic bodies embedded in the diabase and basaltic layers is observed in the breakaway zone, suggesting that the initiation of Dante's Domes OCC occurred over a long period during which there were several failed attempts to form a long-lived detachment fault. This early development of the OCC probably occurred under a regime of alternating magma starvation and magma replenishment. The predominantly gabbroic section, beneath the Southern Dome and extending to termination, indicates the OCC has been created with relatively high magma flux. We also imaged distinct shallow subseafloor reflections which are also termed as D reflectors underneath the corrugated domes. The location of the D reflectors is similar to those in the Atlantis Massif, with depths well correlated with the top of exhumed gabbroic bodies and the discontinuities in the D reflectors between gabbroic bodies. Our findings contribute to the understanding of processes controlling the OCCs initiation and evolution at slow spreading ridges.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91858207), Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (GML2019ZD0205), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021B1515020023). M. X. acknowledges support from Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China (2018FY100505), Guangdong NSF research team project (2017A030312002), K. C. Wong Education Foundation (GJTD-2018-13), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y4SL021001, QYZDY-SSWDQC005, 133244KYSB20180029, 131551KYSB20200021, and ISEE2021PY03). J. P. C. acknowledges support from the Independent Research and Development Program at WHOI.
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    Spatial variability of movement, structure, and formation of Warm Core Rings in the Northwest Atlantic Slope Sea (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(8),(2022): e2022JC018737, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018737.
    Description: Gulf Stream Warm Core Rings (WCRs) have important influences on the New England Shelf and marine ecosystems. A 10-year (2011–2020) WCR dataset that tracks weekly WCR locations and surface areas is used here to identify the rings' path and characterize their movement between 55 and 75°W. The WCR dataset reveals a very narrow band between 66 and 71°W along which rings travel almost due west along ∼39°N across isobaths – the “Ring Corridor.” Then, west of the corridor, the mean path turns southwestward, paralleling the shelfbreak. The average ring translation speed along the mean path is 5.9 cm s−1. Long-lived rings (lifespan 〉150 days) tend to occupy the region west of the New England Seamount Chain (NESC) whereas short-lived rings (lifespan 〈150 days) tend to be more broadly distributed. WCR vertical structures, analyzed using available Argo float profiles indicate that rings that are formed to the west of the NESC have shallower thermoclines than those formed to the east. This tendency may be due to different WCR formation processes that are observed to occur along different sections of the Gulf Stream. WCRs formed to the east of the NESC tend to form from a pinch-off mechanism incorporating cores of Sargasso Sea water and a perimeter of Gulf Stream water. WCRs that form to the west of the NESC, form from a process called an aneurysm. WCRs formed through aneurysms comprise water mostly from the northern half of the Gulf Stream and are smaller than the classic pinch-off rings.
    Description: AS and AG are grateful for financial support from NOAA (NA11NOS0120038), NSF (OCE-1851242 and OCE-2123283), SMAST, and UMass Dartmouth. GG was supported by NSF under grant OCE-1657853. MA was supported by NSF under grant OCE-2122726 and by ONR under grant N00014-22-1-2112.
    Keywords: Gulf Stream ; Warm core rings ; Trajectories ; Eddies ; Aneurysm ; Ring formation
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    Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biasi, J., Asimow, P., Horton, F., & Boyes, X. Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2021GC010172, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010172.
    Description: High-temperature melting in mantle plumes produces voluminous eruptions that are often temporally coincident with mass extinctions. Paleocene Baffin Island lavas—products of early Iceland mantle plume activity—are exceptionally well characterized geochemically but have poorly constrained stratigraphy, geochronology, and eruptive tempos. To provide better geologic context, we measured seven stratigraphic sections of the volcanic deposits and collected paleomagnetic data from 38 sites in the lavas and underlying Cretaceous sediments (Quqaluit Fm.). The average paleomagnetic pole from this study does not overlap with the expected pole for a stable North American locality at 60 Ma, yet the data have sufficient dispersion to average out secular variation. After ruling out other possibilities, we find that the picrites were probably erupted during a polarity transition, over less than 5 kyr. If so, the average eruption interval was ∼67 years per flow for the thickest sequence of exposed lavas. We also calculate that the flood basalts had a minimum total volume of ∼176 km3 (excluding submerged lavas in Baffin Bay). This implies a minimum eruption rate of ∼0.035 km3 yr−1, which is similar to rates found in West Greenland lavas but less than rates found in larger flood basalts. Despite this, the Baffin and West Greenland lavas temporally correlate with the “End C27n event” (a period of ∼2°C global warming) and may be its underlying cause.
    Description: his work was supported by the National Science Foundation (award #1911699 to F. Horton and award #2052963 to J. Biasi), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research, a National Geographic Society grant (#CP4-144R-18), and internal funding from the Caltech Geological and Planetary Sciences Division.
    Keywords: Baffin island ; North Atlantic ; Flood basalt ; Paleomagnetism ; Volcanology ; Secular variation
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    Skinny kelp (Saccharina angustissima) provides valuable genetics for the biomass improvement of farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Li, Y., Umanzor, S., Ng, C., Huang, M., Marty-Rivera, M., Bailey, D., Aydlett, M., Jannink, J.-L., Lindell, S., & Yarish, C. Skinny kelp (Saccharina angustissima) provides valuable genetics for the biomass improvement of farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima). Journal of Applied Phycology, 34, (2022): 2551–2563, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02811-1.
    Description: Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) is one of the most widely cultivated brown marine macroalgae species in the North Atlantic and the eastern North Pacific Oceans. To meet the expanding demands of the sugar kelp mariculture industry, selecting and breeding sugar kelp that is best suited to offshore farm environments is becoming necessary. To that end, a multi-year, multi-institutional breeding program was established by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) Macroalgae Research Inspiring Novel Energy Resources (MARINER) program. Hybrid sporophytes were generated using 203 unique gametophyte cultures derived from wild-collected Saccharina spp. for two seasons of farm trials (2019–2020 and 2020–2021). The wild sporophytes were collected from 10 different locations within the Gulf of Maine (USA) region, including both sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) and the skinny kelp species (Saccharina angustissima). We harvested 232 common farm plots during these two seasons with available data. We found that farmed kelp plots with skinny kelp as parents had an average increased yield over the mean (wet weight 2.48 ± 0.90 kg m−1 and dry weight 0.32 ± 0.10 kg m−1) in both growing seasons. We also found that blade length positively correlated with biomass in skinny kelp x sugar kelp crosses or pure sugar kelp crosses. The skinny x sugar progenies had significantly longer and narrower blades than the pure sugar kelp progenies in both seasons. Overall, these findings suggest that sugar x skinny kelp crosses provide improved yield compared to pure sugar kelp crosses.
    Description: Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, ARPAe MARINER project contract number DE-AR0000915 and DE-AR0000911.
    Keywords: Saccharina latissima ; Saccharina angustissima ; Morphological trait ; Biomass ; Seaweed aquaculture
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    Comparison Between Two Methodologies for Assessing Historical Earthquake Parameters and Their Impact on Seismicity Rates in the Western Alps (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: We investigate the differences in seismicity rate estimates from two historical earthquake catalogues obtained with two methodologies (Boxer and QUake-MD) calibrated on a common dataset of macroseismic intensities and calibration events. The two methodologies were then applied to a test data set of historical earthquakes covering the France, Italy and Switzerland Alpine region. Differences between the resulting magnitude estimates and instrumental magnitudes show a standard deviation of 0.4 for both methodologies, with a mean residual of 0.01 for Boxer and − 0.04 for Quake-MD. A systematic difference in magnitude estimates between the two methodologies that correlates with the depth estimated by Quake-MD has been observed. This is attributed to the difference in the treatment of the depth parameter between Boxer and QUake-MD. Nevertheless, differences in magnitude estimates between the two methodologies show a mean residual of 0.006 and a standard deviation of 0.35 resulting in seismicity rates that are not significantly different considering the associated uncertainties. Such results made us believe that the European community could gain in the reduction of epistemic uncertainties associated with the estimate of historical earthquake parameters by agreeing on a common macroseismic and calibration dataset across borders. These efforts should be strongly encouraged. On the other hand, we show that even in the ideal conditions of this benchmark (same calibration events and same macroseismic intensity dataset), methodological differences can lead to systematic differences in magnitude estimates. It is therefore paramount to explore different methodologies for a more realistic quantification of the epistemic uncertainties in estimates of maximum magnitudes and seismic activity rates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 569–586
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Carbonation of serpentinite in creeping faults of California (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(15), (2022): e2022GL099185, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099185.
    Description: Several large strike slip faults in central and northern California accommodate plate motions through aseismic creep. Although there is no consensus regarding the underlying cause of aseismic creep, aqueous fluids and mechanically weak, velocity-strengthening minerals appear to play a central role. This study integrates field observations and thermodynamic modeling to examine possible relationships between the occurrence of serpentinite, silica-carbonate rock, and CO2-rich aqueous fluids in creeping faults of California. Our models predict that carbonation of serpentinite leads to the formation of talc and magnesite, followed by silica-carbonate rock. While abundant exposures of silica-carbonate rock indicate complete carbonation, serpentinite-hosted CO2-rich spring fluids are strongly supersaturated with talc at elevated temperatures. Hence, carbonation of serpentinite is likely ongoing in parts of the San Andres Fault system and operates in conjunction with other modes of talc formation that may further enhance the potential for aseismic creep, thereby limiting the potential for large earthquakes.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants NSF-EAR-1220280 to F. K. and J. L., NSF-EAR-1219908 to D. G., and NSF-OCE-2001728 to J. L.
    Keywords: Mineral carbonation ; Serpentinite ; Talc ; CO2 ; Aseismic creep ; San Andreas Fault
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    Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15) (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marsay, C. M., Landing, W. M., Umstead, D., Till, C. P., Freiberger, R., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Lanning, N. T., Shiller, A. M., Hatta, M., Chmiel, R., Saito, M., & Buck, C. S. Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15). Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007416. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007416.
    Description: Atmospheric deposition represents a major input for micronutrient trace elements (TEs) to the surface ocean and is often quantified indirectly through measurements of aerosol TE concentrations. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) dominates aerosol mass concentration over much of the global ocean, but few studies have assessed its contribution to aerosol TE loading, which could result in overestimates of “new” TE inputs. Low-mineral aerosol concentrations measured during the U.S. GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15; 152°W, 56°N to 20°S), along with concurrent towfish sampling of surface seawater, provided an opportunity to investigate this aspect of TE biogeochemical cycling. Central Pacific Ocean surface seawater Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations were combined with aerosol Na data to calculate a “recycled” SSA contribution to aerosol TE loading. Only vanadium was calculated to have a SSA contribution averaging 〉1% along the transect (mean of 1.5%). We derive scaling factors from previous studies on TE enrichments in the sea surface microlayer and in freshly produced SSA to assess the broader potential for SSA contributions to aerosol TE loading. Maximum applied scaling factors suggest that SSA could contribute significantly to the aerosol loading of some elements (notably V, Cu, and Pb), while for others (e.g., Fe and Al), SSA contributions largely remained 〈1%. Our study highlights that a lack of focused measurements of TEs in SSA limits our ability to quantify this component of marine aerosol loading and the associated potential for overestimating new TE inputs from atmospheric deposition.
    Description: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) grants OCE-1756103 to C. S. Buck, OCE-1756104 to W. M. Landing, OCE-1737024 to A.M. Shiller, OCE-1736906 to M. Hatta, OCE-1736875 to C. P. Till, OCE-1737167 to J. N. Fitzsimmons, and OCE-1736599 to M. Saito. In addition, N. T. Lanning was supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program award 1746932.
    Keywords: Aerosols ; Trace elements ; GEOTRACES ; Sea spray aerosol ; Pacific Ocean
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    Using misorientation and weighted burgers vector statistics to understand intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation at high temperatures (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2022JB024497, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024497.
    Description: During plastic deformation, strain weakening can be achieved, in part, via strain energy reduction associated with intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation. Grain boundaries (in 2D) are segments between triple junctions, that connect to encircle grains; every boundary segment in the encircling loop has a high (〉10°) misorientation angle. Intragranular boundaries terminate within grains or dissect grains, usually containing boundary segments with a low (〈10°) misorientation angle. We analyze electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data from ice deformed at −30°C (Th≈ 0.9). Misorientation and weighted Burgers vector (WBV) statistics are calculated along planar intragranular boundaries. Misorientation angles change markedly along each intragranular boundary, linking low- (〈10°) and high-angle (10–38°) segments that exhibit distinct misorientation axes and WBV directions. We suggest that these boundaries might be produced by the growth and intersection of individual intragranular boundary segments comprising dislocations with distinct slip systems. There is a fundamental difference between misorientation axis distributions of intragranular boundaries (misorientation axes mostly confined to ice basal plane) and grain boundaries (no preferred misorientation axis). These observations suggest during progressive subgrain rotation, intragranular boundaries remain crystallographically controlled up to large misorientation angles (〉〉10°). In contrast, the apparent lack of crystallographic control for grain boundaries suggests misorientation axes become randomized, likely due to the activation of additional mechanisms (such as grain boundary sliding) after grain boundary formation, linking boundary segments to encircle a grain. Our findings on ice intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation may apply more broadly to other rock-forming minerals (e.g., olivine, quartz).
    Description: This work was supported by a NASA fund (Grant No. NNX15AM69G) to David L. Goldsby and two Marsden Funds of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Grant Nos. UOO1116, UOO052) to David J. Prior. Sheng Fan was supported by the University of Otago doctoral scholarship, the Antarctica New Zealand doctoral scholarship, a research grant from New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment through the Antarctic Science Platform (ANTA1801) (Grant No. ASP-023-03), and a New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute (NZARI) Early Career Researcher Seed Grant (Grant No. NZARI 2020-1-5). Open access publishing facilitated by University of Otago, as part of the Wiley – University of Otago agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.
    Keywords: High temperature deformation ; Misorientation ; Weighted Burgers vector ; Intragranular boundary ; Grain boundary ; Boundary geometry
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    Local spatial log-Gaussian Cox processes for seismic data (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-24
    Description: In this paper, we propose the use of advanced and flexible statistical models to describe the spatial displacement of earthquake data. The paper aims to account for the external geological information in the description of complex seismic point processes, through the estimation of models with space varying parameters. A local version of the Log-Gaussian Cox processes (LGCP) is introduced and applied for the first time, exploiting the inferential tools in Baddeley (Spat Stat 22:261–295, 2017), estimating the model by the local Palm likelihood. We provide methods and approaches accounting for the interaction among points, typically described by LGCP models through the estimation of the covariance parameters of the Gaussian Random Field, that in this local version are allowed to vary in space, providing a more realistic description of the clustering feature of seismic events. Furthermore, we contribute to the framework of diagnostics, outlining suitable methods for the local context and proposing a new step-wise approach addressing the particular case of multiple covariates. Overall, we show that local models provide good inferential results and could serve as the basis for future spatio-temporal local model developments, peculiar for the description of the complex seismic phenomenon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 633–671
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A new picking algorithm based on the variance piecewise constant models (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-24
    Description: In this paper, we propose a novel picking algorithm for the automatic P- and S-waves onset time determination. Our algorithm is based on the variance piecewise constant models of the earthquake waveforms. The effectiveness and robustness of our picking algorithm are tested both on synthetic seismograms and real data. We simulate seismic events with different magnitudes (between 2 and 5) recorded at different epicentral distances (between 10 and 250 km). For the application to real data, we analyse waveforms from the seismic sequence of L’Aquila (Italy), in 2009. The obtained results are compared with those obtained by the application of the classic STA/LTA picking algorithm. Although the two algorithms lead to similar results in the simulated scenarios, the proposed algorithm results in greater flexibility and automation capacity, as shown in the real data analysis. Indeed, our proposed algorithm does not require testing and optimization phases, resulting potentially very useful in earthquakes routine analysis for novel seismic networks or in regions whose earthquakes characteristics are unknown.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2101-2113
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A new approach to construct 3-D crustal shear-wave velocity models: method description and application to the Central Alps (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We develop a new inversion approach to construct a 3-D structural and shear-wave velocity model of the crust based on teleseismic P-to-S converted waves. The proposed approach does not require local earthquakes such as body wave tomography, nor a large aperture seismic network such as ambient noise tomography, but a three-component station network with spacing similar to the expected crustal thickness. The main features of the new method are: (1) a novel model parametrization with 3-D mesh nodes that are fixed in the horizontal directions but can flexibly vary vertically; (2) the implementation of both sharp velocity changes across discontinuities and smooth gradients; (3) an accurate ray propagator that respects Snell’s law in 3-D at any interface geometry. Model parameters are inverted using a stochastic method composed of simulated annealing followed by a pattern search algorithm. The first application is carried out over the Central Alps, where long-standing permanent and the temporary AlpArray Seismic Network stations provide an ideal coverage. For this study we invert 4 independent parameters, which are the Moho discontinuity depth, the Conrad discontinuity depth, the P-velocity change at the Conrad and the average Vp/Vs of the crust. The 3-D inversion results clearly image the roots of the Alpine orogen, including the Ivrea Geophysical Body. The lower crust's thickness appears fairly constant. Average crustal Vp/Vs ratios are relatively higher beneath the orogen, and a low-Vp/Vs area in the northern foreland seems to correlate with lower crustal earthquakes, which can be related to mechanical differences in rock properties, probably inherited. Our results are in agreement with those found by 3-D ambient noise tomography, though our method inherently performs better at localizing discontinuities. Future developments of this technique can incorporate joint inversions, as well as more efficient parameter space exploration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 529 - 562
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Computational seismology ; Receiver functions  ; Inverse theory ; Crustal imaging ; Central Alps ; 05.01. Computational geophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
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    The lifecycle of volcanic ash: advances and ongoing challenges (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Explosive volcanic eruptions can produce vast amounts of volcanic ash made up mainly of fragments of magmatic glass, country rock and minerals 〈 2 mm in size. Ash particles forming from magma fragmentation are generated by several processes when brittle response accommodates (local) deformation stress that exceeds the capability of the bulk material to respond by viscous flow. These processes span a wide range of temperatures, can occur inside or outside the volcanic edifice and can involve all melt compositions. Ash is then dispersed by volcanic and atmospheric processes over large distances and can have global distributions. Explosive eruptions have repeatedly drawn focus to studying volcanic ash. The continued occurrence of such eruptions worldwide and their widespread impacts motivates the study of the chemical and physical processes involved in the lifecycle of volcanic ash (e.g. magma fragmentation, particle aggregation), as well as the immediate to long-term effects (e.g. water and air pollution, soil fertilization) and consequences (e.g. environmental, economic, social) associated with ashfall. In this perspectives article, we reflect on the progress made over the last two decades in understanding (1) volcanic ash generation; (2) dispersion, sedimentation and erosion; and (3) impacts on the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and modern infrastructure. Finally, we discuss open questions and future challenges.
    Description: Published
    Description: 51
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Underwater Noise Pollution in Venice (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We illustrate the implementation and results of a field experiment, consisting of recording continuous signal from a hydrophone 3 m deep in the Venetian lagoon. We simultaneously recorded audio signal through a microphone placed on a nearby pier. We investigate the potential of this simple instrumental setup to explore the small touristic boat traffic contribution to the underwater noise. The ultimate goal of our work is to contribute to quantifying underwater noise pollution due to motorboat passages and its impact on the ecosystem. Efforts such as ours should help to identify measures that could diminish noise pollution, focusing specifically on the aspects that are most disruptive to underwater life. After this preliminary test, more work can be planned, involving the deployment of a larger network of similar instruments around the lagoon. At this point, we can conclude that (i) our instruments are sensitive enough to detect motorboats and identify some of their characteristics; (ii) the area of interest is characterized by a large (approx. 20 dB) day/night difference in ambient noise; and (iii) the historic center of Venice and its immediate surroundings are particularly noisy, in comparison to other similarly studied locations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 221
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cultural noise ; Motorboat noise ; Underwater noise ; Venice historic center ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 05.06. Methods
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    Hydrogeochemical characterization of the alluvial aquifer of Catania Plain, Sicily (South Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: A hydrogeochemical study was carried out on the shallow Catania Plain alluvial aquifer, in eastern Sicily to reconstruct its hydrogeological structure, the meteoric recharge and to assess the infuence of human activities on groundwater. To characterize the geochemistry of the shallow aquifer, two sampling campaigns were carried out, August–October 2004 and April–May 2005 in 47 sites distributed throughout the plain. The samples were collected and analyzed for physical–chemical parameters and major ions, as well as stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2 H). Alluvial deposits with heterogeneous grain sizes constitute the aquifer. Varying conditions of vertical and horizontal permeability lead to the presence of a multilayered aquifer with diferent conditions of confnement and partial interconnection among layers. The sampled waters were separated into four groups of diferent compositions due to the water–rock interaction with the diferent lithologies present in and around the study area. Maps of electrical conductivity and sulfate show a systematic control of land use, in correspondence with the biggest farms. High sulfate concentration is due to both the natural interaction between local meteoric waters and Etna’s plume and the mixing with groundwater coming from the area where evaporitic rocks of the Gessoso Solffera formation are present. In addition, anthropogenic contamination cannot be ruled out. A rain gauge network, consisting of 3 sites located at diferent altitudes, was installed to collect rain waters to determine isotopic data (δ2 H and δ18O) and to measure the monthly rainfall amount. Based on the isotopic composition of sampled waters, it has been established that beyond the direct meteoric recharge, the recharging areas are in the North (Mt. Etna) and the South (Hyblean Plateau).
    Description: Published
    Description: 144
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrochemistry ; Stable isotopes ; Hydrogeology ; Catania plain
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  • 44
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    Geophysical and geochemical multi-method investigations for reconstructing subsurfaces, alluvial sedimentology, and structural geology (Tiber valley, Rome) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-23
    Description: Geophysical and geochemical methods were applied to detect the subsurface setting of an Upper Pleistocene-Holocene fluvial incised-valley where a travertine body intercalates between alluvial deposits of the Tiber river (central Italy), at Prima Porta (close to Rome). This study allowed us to provide more information regarding the local stratigraphic architecture and structural features, as a reference analogue to similar settings: i.e., hard (stiff) lithic travertines buried below fine and loose alluvial plain covers. Two Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles, interpreted and calibrated using previously collected litho-stratigraphic data from a borehole, identified a massive body, with a relatively high resistivity that correlates with the 21 travertine deposit of Prima Porta. In addition to ERT, ambient noise measurements, processed with the HVSR technique and 2D array, and seismic refraction tomography were carried out; HVSR data were highly consistent with ERT results and allowed to discriminate between the travertine body and the silty-sand channels and overbank deposits, which were attributed to the Tiber river’s evolution during Upper Pleistocene-Holocene. Finally, the presence of cracks/fractures could be inferred, as suggested by slight polarisation effects recorded in the HVSR results and soil-gas anomalies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 197–216
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 45
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    Inferences on the magmatic plumbing system at Stromboli volcano (Italy) from trace element geochemistry of matrix glasses and minerals in different types of explosive eruptions (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: Stromboli (Italy) is a basaltic volcano characterized by persistent, mild strombolian activity, occasionally interrupted by lava effusion and more violent explosive events, named major explosions and paroxysms depending on their intensity and magnitude. The normal activity is fed by a shallow and degassed highly porphyritic (HP) shoshonitic basalt carrying about 50 vol.% crystals settled in a shoshonitic glassy matrix ( K2O 〉 3.8 wt.%). The more energetic explosions erupt a deep, volatile-rich, low-porphyritic (LP) magma with 〈 10 vol.% crystals in a shoshonitic basaltic glassy matrix ( K2O 〈 2.4 wt.%). Products with intermediate glass composition are also found in the more violent explosive events. In this study, we present a new data set of major and trace element contents in matrix glasses and minerals performed in products from different types of explosive activity that occurred at Stromboli between 1998 and 2020. This large data set is used to put constraints on the evolution and architecture of the intermediate plumbing system, where the transformation from LP to HP occurs. Results indicate that, compared to paroxysms, the glassy matrices of the LP pumices from major explosions are richer in incompatible trace elements (and K2O wt.%) due to 〈 15 wt.% fractionation of clinopyroxene and olivine. This points to a chemical zoning of the deep reservoir and suggests that major explosions are fed by magmas residing in its upper part. Among the major explosions, the homogeneous intermediate glasses in the products from the 19 July 2020 event originate from the interplay of mixing and crystal fractionation processes. The crystallization of euhedral microphenocrysts of An-rich plagioclase suggests that batches of magma can pond and crystallize for few days (〈 11) at the base of the intermediate zone of the plumbing system, at pressure coinciding with the entering of plagioclase into the system (〈 100 MPa). As a relevant point for understanding the pre- and syn-eruptive magma dynamics, data indicate a positive correlation between the magnitude of the explosions and the depth of the supply magma.
    Description: Published
    Description: 96
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans (2023)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth’s energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth’s climate system. In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum. According to IAP/CAS data, the 0–2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules); and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins (the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier–fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022, implying continued amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Regional OHC and salinity changes in 2022 were dominated by a strong La Niña event. Global upper-ocean stratification continued its increasing trend and was among the top seven in 2022
    Description: Published
    Description: 963–974
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: climate change, ocean warming, ocean heat content, stratification
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    Exploiting the legacy of N.N. Ambraseys: known and unknown earthquakes in the Anatolian area (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: N.N. Ambraseys left us a wealth of papers and volumes on a number of topics; many of them concern the historical earth- quake investigation. One of the last works is the 2009 volume (Ambraseys in Earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East: a multidisciplinary study of 2000 years of seismicity, Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 2009), where he summarizes the results of more than thirty years of investigation through archives and libraries, covering earthquakes of a large area, from Albania to Caucasus. For each earthquake, a short summary of the main effects is supplied, together with the list of the sources used. Such information is intended as material for assessing location and size of the earthquakes, task that the author accomplished only in a very preliminary way for a few earthquakes, only. In addition to exhaustive descriptions of the most known earthquakes and the relevant historical sources, the volume contains information on a large number of earthquakes, so far unknown to the current earthquake catalogues. This paper intends to represent a homage to his immense work, partially showing the potential of his volume. We briefly present here some case histories, including the preliminary location and size of the earthquakes – known and unknown—around Anatolia. We add some examples of how he was able to prove that some alleged earthquakes are actually to be considered as fake or very doubtful. We also present the damage information supplied for some known and unknown earthquakes, and how they can be used for assessing location and size of them.
    Description: Published
    Description: 555–568
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: earthquakes ; Anatolia ; Historical seismology ; 04.06. Seismology
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    Seismic glitchness at Sos Enattos site: impact on intermediate black hole binaries detection efficiency (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-04
    Description: Third-generation gravitational wave observatories will extend the lower frequency limit of the observation band toward 2 Hz, where new sources of gravitational waves, in particular intermediate-mass black holes (IMBH), will be detected. In this frequency region, seismic noise will play an important role, mainly through the so-called Newtonian noise, i.e., the gravity-mediated coupling between ground motion and test mass displacements. The signal lifetime of such sources in the detector is of the order of tens of seconds. In order to determine whether a candidate site to host the Einstein Telescope observatory is particularly suitable to observe such sources, it is necessary to estimate the probability distributions that, in the characteristic time scale of the signal, the sensitivity of the detector is not perturbed by Newtonian noise. In this paper, a first analysis is presented, focused on the Sos Enattos site (Sardinia, Italy), a candidate to host the Einstein Telescope. Starting from a long data set of seismic noise, this distribution is evaluated considering both the presently designed triangular ET configuration and also the classical ”L” configuration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 511
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: gravitation waves ; site characterization ; Einstein Telescope ; 04.06. Seismology
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    Assessing the impact of an updated spatial correlation model of ground motion parameters on the italian shakemap (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: This study develops a new spatial correlation model for Italy using the most up-to-date and densest dataset of accelerometer and velocimeter records available. The objective is to estimate the average correlation length and assess its impact on the prediction accuracy of the Italian Shakemap compared to the global model (Loth and Baker, 2013–LB13) adopted in the default configuration of the program. We compute the spatial covariance structure using a geostatistical approach based on traditional variography applied to standardized residuals within the events of a reference ground motion model (ITA10). We observe spatial clusters of the correlation lengths and a wide variability over the Italian territory linked to the profound heterogeneity of the geological and geomorphological context. The obtained estimates are then implemented within the LB13 co-regionalization model in place of the default values while assuming the same cross-correlation coefficients among spectral parameters. Although our results are quite consistent with previous models calibrated for Italy, we find that the inclusion of the new correlation lengths in the Shakemap predictions, assessed through a leave-one-out cross-validation technique, results in a non-appreciable improvement over the global model, thus indicating that the adopted approach is not able to resolve the regional features and the corresponding spatial correlation with reference to individual scenarios. These findings may suggest the need to move towards nonergodic models in the Shakemap computing to better capture the spatial variability or to determine different co-regionalisation matrices more suitable for the regional applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1847–1873
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 50
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    Multivariate statistical analysis of site effect indicators for the Montereale and Capitignano area (AQ) following the seismic sequence in central Italy (2016–2017) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: This study investigates site effects for developing predictive models of site response, for both research purposes and future geognostic applications, by using a statistical analysis method to define possible correlations between different kinds of seismological and geological data. The test area is the intermontane Montereale basin (Abruzzo region, Italy), which was investigated for site effects studies and microzonation purposes because it has been affected by the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence. The available geological and geophysical information include geological profiles, thickness and geometry of the sedimentary infilling, shear-wave velocity profiles, downhole and borehole data. Seismological analysis (such as earthquake and noise spectral ratios, duration lengthening of seismic signals) has been performed to retrieve parameters useful for seismic response. A GIS database has been created to better manage all this information, by georeferencing all the measurement points and results. Finally, Factor Analysis multivariate technique was used to evaluate the most important site effect indicators, in terms of correlation between the involved parameters, and to deduce how the geological context influences their behavior. The performed analysis highlighted the statistical variability of the strong motion, that depends on the position inside the basin, over the Holocene deposits, and on the edges, at the limit between different lithologies. Moreover, some of the correlations between geological and geophysical indicators are strongly coherent with the basin geological features.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1875–1901
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Site effects ; Spectral ratio ; Seismic noise ; Montereale
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Geoethics to Face Natural Risks by Improving Societal Resilience (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: Risks determined by natural phenomena cannot be cancelled entirely but can be reduced by minimizing their destructive effects. At present, scientists can predict, though with a certain degree of uncertainty, the onset and the evolution over time of most natural events. Scientific progress provides societies with advanced tools and methods to defend people, such as predictive models, monitoring instruments, early warning systems, and safe building standards. Nevertheless, the defence against natural risks should consider the ethical and social aspects involved in a risk scenario: this is fundamental to help the human community recover after a disaster and support science to identify possible solutions for an acceptable living with natural phenomena. Geoethics promotes the reflection on values that should guide human interaction with the territory and the associated and interlinked individual and collective responsibilities. Geoethics discusses issues and practices in natural risk management and fosters geoeducation and risk communication as a means to improve societal resilience.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-8
    Description: Terceira Island, Azores (Portugal)
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Keywords: geoethics ; natural risks ; prevention ; resilience ; geoeducation ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 52
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    From Multi-Hazard to Multi-Risk at Mount Etna: Approaches and Strategies of the PANACEA Project (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-04
    Description: The management of multiple hazards simultaneously impacting on a territory is a challenge for effective risk mitigation. This is particularly true on active volcanoes like Mt. Etna, characterized by effusive and explosive eruptions, often coupled with an intense seismic activity. This work aims at presenting the approach of the PANACEA project on the treatment of multi-hazards in terms of risk, which requires a common definition of the exposed elements and their vulnerability. Another aspect emerging from the recent and historical volcanic crises at Etna, is the occurrence of cascading effects and the problem of assessing their short-term interactions. Here we present a risk model taking into account a set of sequences of hazardous events which may result from a volcano unrest to possible impacts to some infrastructural elements. The outcomes of the project are intended to be a significant step towards a more comprehensive resilience to volcanic disasters, leading to a more safe society.
    Description: Published
    Description: 37-40
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: volcanic eruptions ; earthquakes ; cascading hazards ; vulnerability ; damage ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Historical explosive activity of Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field (Antarctica) revealed by englacial tephra deposits (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-05
    Description: Five tephra layers named BRH1 to 5 were sampled in an ice cliff located on the north-eastern flank of Mount Melbourne (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica). The texture, componentry, mineralogy, and major and trace element compositions of glass shards have been used to characterize these layers. These properties suggest that they are primary fall deposits produced from discrete eruptions that experienced varying degrees of magma/water interaction. The major and trace element glass shard analyses on single glass shards indicate that Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field is the source of these tephra layers and the geochemical diversity highlights that the eruptions were fed by compositionally diverse melts that are interpreted to be from a complex magma system with a mafic melt remobilizing more evolved trachy-andesitic to trachytic magma pockets. Geochemical compositions, along with textural and mineralogical data, have allowed correlations between two of the englacial tephra and distal cryptotephra from Mount Melbourne, recovered within a marine sediment core in the Edisto Inlet (~ 280 km northeast of Mount Melbourne), and constrain the age of these englacial tephra layers to between the third and the fourth century CE. This work provides new evidence of the intense historical explosive activity of the Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field and better constrains the rates of volcanism in northern Victoria Land. These data grant new clues on the eruptive dynamics and tephra dispersal, and considerably expand the geochemical (major and trace elements) dataset available for the Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field. In the future, this will facilitate the precise identification of tephra layers from this volcanic source and will help define the temporal and spatial correlation between Antarctic records using tephra layers. Finally, this work also yields new valuable time-stratigraphic marker horizons for future dating, synchronization, and correlations of different palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic records across large regions of Antarctica.
    Description: Published
    Description: 39
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Health impact of natural gas emission at Cava dei Selci residential zone (metropolitan city of Rome, Italy) (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: Natural gas hazard was assessed at Cava dei Selci, a residential neighbourhood of Marino (Rome) by a joint study of gas emissions and related health problems. Here a densely urbanized zone with 4000 residents surrounds a dangerous natural gas discharge where, along the years, dozens of animals were killed by the gas. Gas originates from Colli Albani volcano and consists mostly of CO2 with ~1 vol.% of H2S. In recent years, several gas-related accidents occurred in the urbanized zone (gas blowouts and road collapses). Some houses were evacuated because of hazardous indoor air gas concentration. Gas hazard was assessed by soil CO2 flux and concentration surveys and indoor and outdoor air CO2 and H2S concentration measurements. Open fields and house gardens release a high quantity of CO2 (32.23 tonnes*day-1). Inside most houses, CO2 air concentration exceeds 0.1 vol.%, the acceptable long-term exposure range. In several houses both CO2 and H2S exceed the IDLH level (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health). An epidemiological cohort study was carried out on the residents of two Cava dei Selci zones with high (ZoneA) and medium (ZoneB) gas hazard exposure, using the rest of Marino as reference zone. We found excess mortality and Emergency Room Visits (ERV) related to high exposure to CO2 and H2S; in particular , an increased risk of mortality and ERV for diseases of central nervous system (HR 1.57, 95% CI 0.76-3.25 and HR 5.82, 95% CI 1.27-26.56 respectively) was found among men living in Zone A.
    Description: Published
    Description: 707–729
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cava dei Selci (Rome) · Gas hazard assessment ; Soil CO2 flux surveys ; Indoor concentration of CO2 and H2S ; Gas-related health problems ; Epidemiologic study on mortality and ERV ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 55
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    Magma reservoir growth and ground deformation preceding the 79 CE Plinian eruption of Vesuvius (2023)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-03
    Description: The 79 CE eruption of Vesuvius is the first documented Plinian eruption, also famous for the archaeological ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Although much is known regarding the eruption dynamics and magma reservoir, little is known about the reservoir shape and growth, and related ground deformation. Numerical modelling by Finite Element Method was carried out, aimed at simulating the reservoir growth and ground deformation with respect to the reservoir shape (prolate, spherical, oblate) and magma overpressure. The modelling was tuned with volcanological, petrological and paleoenvironmental ground deformation con straints. Results indicate that the highest magma overpressure is achieved considering a prolate reservoir, making it as the most likely shape that led to eruption. Similar deformations but lower overpressures are obtained considering spherical and oblate reservoirs. These results demonstrate that ground deformation may not be indicative of eruption probability, style/size, and this has direct implications on surveillance at active explosive volcanoes
    Description: Published
    Description: 211
    Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Pompeii eruption ; ground deformation ; surveillance ; magma reservoir
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Omnipresent authigenic calcite distorts Arctic radiocarbon chronology (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 4(1), pp. 136-136, ISSN: 2662-4435
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-06
    Description: As calcareous foraminifera precipitate their shells from the surrounding water mass, they are the basis of most marine radiocarbon chronologies and paleo-proxies. Nevertheless, post-mortem alteration of shells, especially addition of authigenic calcite, impact proxy records. In the Arctic Ocean, authigenic calcite overgrowth on foraminifera has been attributed to hydrocarbon release, with a single report on 13C-enriched authigenic calcite, indicating a different carbon source. Here, we use comparative radiocarbon, carbon and oxygen isotope measurements to show that this 13C-enriched authigenic calcite impacts a large proportion of Holocene and the majority of last glacial planktonic foraminifera in the Arctic Basin. This authigenic precipitated calcite is 14C-depleted, so overgrowth results in invariably older 14C-ages. We show that, in comparison with published data, the true chronology of Arctic basin sediments can deviate by more than 10,000 years in critical parts of the last deglaciation and that stable oxygen and carbon isotopes, as likely all calcite-based proxy-records are affected with potential implications for paleoclimate models.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Trends and variability in the ocean carbon sink (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 4(2), pp. 119-134, ISSN: 2662-138X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-04
    Description: The ocean has absorbed 25 ± 2% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the early 1960s to the late 2010s, with rates more than tripling over this period and with a mean uptake of –2.7 ± 0.3 Pg C year–1 for the period 1990 through 2019. This growth of the ocean sink matches expectations based on the increase in atmospheric CO2, but research has shown that the sink is more variable than long assumed. In this Review, we discuss trends and variations in the ocean carbon sink. The sink stagnated during the 1990s with rates hovering around –2 Pg C year–1, but strengthened again after approximately 2000, taking up around –3 Pg C year–1 for 2010–2019. The most conspicuous changes in uptake occurred in the high latitudes, especially the Southern Ocean. These variations are caused by changes in weather and climate, but a volcanic eruption-induced reduction in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate and the associated global cooling contributed as well. Understanding the variability of the ocean carbon sink is crucial for policy making and projecting its future evolution, especially in the context of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change stocktaking activities and the deployment of CO2 removal methods. This goal will require a global-level effort to sustain and expand the current observational networks and to better integrate these observations with models.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Complex Systems Methods Characterizing Nonlinear Processes in the Near-Earth Electromagnetic Environment: Recent Advances and Open Challenges (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-06
    Description: Learning from successful applications of methods originating in statistical mechanics, com- plex systems science, or information theory in one scientific field (e.g., atmospheric physics or climatology) can provide important insights or conceptual ideas for other areas (e.g., space sciences) or even stimulate new research questions and approaches. For instance, quantification and attribution of dynamical complexity in output time series of nonlinear dynamical systems is a key challenge across scientific disciplines. Especially in the field of space physics, an early and accurate detection of characteristic dissimilarity between nor- mal and abnormal states (e.g., pre-storm activity vs. magnetic storms) has the potential to vastly improve space weather diagnosis and, consequently, the mitigation of space weather hazards. This review provides a systematic overview on existing nonlinear dynamical systems- based methodologies along with key results of their previous applications in a space physics context, which particularly illustrates how complementary modern complex systems ap- proaches have recently shaped our understanding of nonlinear magnetospheric variability. The rising number of corresponding studies demonstrates that the multiplicity of nonlin- ear time series analysis methods developed during the last decades offers great potentials for uncovering relevant yet complex processes interlinking different geospace subsystems, variables and spatiotemporal scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 38
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Exploring the Signature of the Apollo Medicane in the Central Mediterranean Sea Through Multi-source Data Analysis: Satellites, Radar HF, Marine Buoys, and Seismic Data in October 2021 (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In the last decades, the frequency of extreme weather and marine events has drastically increased. During the last week of October 2021 an intense Mediterranean hurricane (Medicane), named Apollo, affected many countries on the Mediterranean coasts. Eight people died as a consequence of the floodings from the cyclone in the countries of Tunisia, Algeria, Malta, and Italy. A preliminary search for possible signatures of the Apollo Medicane by meteorological satellite, radar HF, marine buoy, and seismic data is performed. This was done in a framework of an international collaboration between Italian and Maltese partners for the monitoring of the sea state in scenarios of climate change. The experimental results confirm, at this preliminary stage, the possibility and the usefulness of jointly looking at such phenomena with multiple aims of retrieving a more robust characterization, having a backup alternative in case a primary monitoring network gets failure, and pathing the way to heuristic and data-driven analytical and predictive approaches to Medicanes issues.
    Description: Published
    Description: Athens, Greece
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Keywords: Apollo Medicane ; Seismic Noise ; Marine Buoy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 60
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    Hydrothermal signature on episodic deflation/inflation ground tilt at Aso Volcano (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-07
    Description: Ground deformation in volcanic areas induced by geothermal fluid circulation can reveal useful information about the dynamical processes occurring in the subsurface hydrothermal system. In the present work, we investigate tiltmeter time-series recorded at Aso Volcano during 2011–2016, a time interval during which different phases of volcanic activity occurred. We performed polarization analysis of the data and identified peculiar long-lasting (hours) transients, defined as Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses. The transients were further characterized in terms of waveform cross-correlation, particle tilt pattern, energy, and time distributions. The analyses indicate that such signals, which appear like deflation–inflation (DI) events, are associated with a Poissonian process whose underlying dynamics evolves over time always driven by a Poissonian mechanism. The obtained results have been interpreted in light of the available geophysical, geochemical and volcanological information. In this framework, the Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses may be ascribed to the depressurization/pressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system according to a fault-valve mechanism, which was active with different efficiency throughout eruptive and inter-eruptive phases.
    Description: Published
    Description: 132
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aso Volcano ; Tiltmeter data ; Polarization analysis ; Clusters ; Inflation ; Deflation ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 61
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    Graph neural networks for multivariate time series regression with application to seismic data (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Machine learning, with its advances in deep learning has shown great potential in analyzing time series. In many scenarios, however, additional information that can potentially improve the predictions is available. This is crucial for data that arise from e. g., sensor networks that contain information about sensor locations. Then, such spatial information can be exploited by modeling it via graph structures, along with the sequential (time series) information. Recent advances in adapting deep learning to graphs have shown potential in various tasks. However, these methods have not been adapted for time series tasks to a great extent. Most attempts have essentially consolidated around time series forecasting with small sequence lengths. Generally, these architectures are not well suited for regression or classification tasks where the value to be predicted is not strictly depending on the most recent values, but rather on the whole length of the time series. We propose TISER-GCN, a novel graph neural network architecture for processing, in particular, these long time series in a multivariate regression task. Our proposed model is tested on two seismic datasets containing earthquake waveforms, where the goal is to predict maximum intensity measurements of ground shaking at each seismic station. Our findings demonstrate promising results of our approach—with an average MSE reduction of 16.3%—compared to the best performing baselines. In addition, our approach matches the baseline scores by needing only half the input size. The results are discussed in depth with an additional ablation study.
    Description: Interreg North-West Europe program (Interreg NWE), project Di-Plast - Digital Circular Economy for the Plastics Industry (NWE729). INGV Pianeta Dinamico 2021 Tema 8 SOME (CUP D53J1900017001) funded by Italian Ministry of University and Research “Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese, legge 145/2018.
    Description: Published
    Description: 317–332
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Graph neural networks ; Time series ; Sensors ; Convolutional neural networks ; Regression ; Earthquake ground motion ; Seismic network ; 04.06. Seismology
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    The Museum of the Osservatorio Vesuviano: inviting the public to explore the geoheritage of the world’s first volcano observatory (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: The Osservatorio Vesuviano (OV) is the oldest volcano observatory in the world having been founded in 1841 by the King of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand II of Bourbon. The historical building, located on the western slope of Vesuvius, hosts a museum with important collections of remarkable scientifc, historical and artistic value, including pioneering instruments, rocks and minerals, photos and flms of Vesuvius’ eruptions and many other memorabilia. Visitors discover this heritage through perma nent exhibitions, and a multimedia path, across the history of Vesuvius and the origin of volcano monitoring. The museum lies within the protected area of Vesuvius National Park, established in 1995. The park’s network of trails allows visitors to enjoy the geodiversity of Somma-Vesuvius, whose activity has been intertwined with that of humans from Bronze Age to modern times, as testifed by many important archaeological sites around the volcano, the most famous among them being Pompeii and Herculaneum. The “Grand Tour” was the cultural journey undertaken in the eighteenth century by European intellectuals, in which Italy was an essential destination; we consider the Museum of the OV an essential stop in a modern “Vesuvius Grand Tour”, a journey through the geological and archaeological heritage of Vesuvius territory. Since 2001, the OV is the Naples section of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofsica e Vulcanologia (INGV), which is primarily tasked with monitoring the three active volcanoes of the Neapolitan area—Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia—through an advanced surveillance network
    Description: Published
    Description: 45
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Osservatorio Vesuviano ; Geoheritage ; Volcano observatory ; Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A fractional approach to study the pure-temporal Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) process for earthquakes modeling (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In statistical seismology, the Epidemic Type Aftershocks Sequence (ETAS) model is a branching process used world-wide to forecast earthquake intensity rates and reproduce many statistical features observed in seismicity catalogs. In this paper, we describe a fractional differential equation that governs the earthquake intensity rate of the pure temporal ETAS model by using the Caputo fractional derivative and we solve it analytically. We highlight that the tools and special functions of fractional calculus simplify the classical methods employed to obtain the intensity rate and let us describe the change of solution decay for large times.We also apply and discuss the theoretical results to the Japanese catalog in the period 1965-2003.
    Description: Published
    Description: 461-479
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 05.05. Mathematical geophysics
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    The influence of volcano topographic changes on infrasound amplitude: lava fountains at Mt. Etna in 2021 (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Infrasound signals are used to investigate and monitor active volcanoes during eruptive and degassing activity. Infrasound amplitude information has been used to estimate eruptive parameters such as plume height, magma discharge rate, and lava fountain height. Active volcanoes are characterized by pronounced topography and, during eruptive activity, the topography can change rapidly, affecting the observed infrasound amplitudes. While the interaction of infrasonic signals with topography has been widely investigated over the past decade, there has been limited work on the impact of changing topography on the infrasonic amplitudes. In this work, the infrasonic signals accompanying 57 lava fountain paroxysms at Mt. Etna (Italy) during 2021 were analyzed. In particular, the temporal and spatial variations of the infrasound amplitudes were investigated. During 2021, significant changes in the topography around the most active crater (the South East Crater) took place and were reconstructed in detail using high resolution imagery from unoccupied aerial system surveys. Through analysis of the observed infrasound signals and numerical simulations of the acoustic wavefield, we demonstrate that the observed spatial and temporal variation in the infrasound signal amplitudes can largely be explained by the combined effects of changes in the location of the acoustic source and changes in the near-vent topography, together with source acoustic amplitude variations. This work demonstrates the importance of accurate source locations and high-resolution topographic information, particularly in the near-vent region where the topography is most likely to change rapidly and illustrates that changing topography should be considered when interpreting local infrasound observations over long time scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 54
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 65
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    Characterization of trace elements in thermal and mineral waters of Greece (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Natural thermal and mineral waters are widely distributed along the Hellenic region and are related to the geodynamic regime of the country. The diverse lithological and tectonic settings they are found in reflect the great variability in their chemical and isotopic composition. The current study presents 276 (published and unpublished) trace element water data and discusses the sources and processes affecting the water by taking into consideration the framework of their geographic distribution. The dataset is divided in groups using temperature- and pH-related criteria. Results yield a wide range of concentrations, often related to the solubility properties of the individual elements and the factors impacting them (i.e. temperature, acidity, redox conditions and salinity). Many elements (e.g. alkalis, Ti, Sr, As and Tl) present a good correlation with temperature, which is in cases impacted by water rock interactions, while others (e.g. Be, Al, Cu, Se, Cd) exhibit either no relation or an inverse correlation with T possibly because they become oversaturated at higher temperatures in solid phases. A moderately constant inverse correlation is noticed for the vast majority of trace elements and pH, whereas no relationship between trace element concentrations and Eh was found. Seawater contamination and water-rock interaction seem to be the main natural processes that influence both salinity and elemental content. All in all, Greek thermomineral waters exceed occasionally the accepted limits representing in such cases serious harm to the environment and probably indirectly (through the water cycle) to human health.
    Description: Published
    Description: 78376–78393
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Greece ; Hydrogeochemistry ; Mineral waters ; Natural contaminants ; Trace elements ; Water-rock interaction ; Thermal waters ; 03.04. Chemical and biological
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Fault displacement hazard estimation at lifeline–fault crossings: A simplified approach for engineering applications (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Lifelines, such as pipelines, roads, and tunnels, are critical infrastructure and when crossing active tectonic faults, a reliable estimation of the fault displacement in case of an earthquake is required. The first and simplest approach is to use empirical fault scaling relations to compute the design fault displacement, but this may result in an unknown level of safety. Thus, the probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis (PFDHA) is the appropriate tool to assess the fault displacement hazard within a performance-based framework. Based upon an established PFDHA model, we present a simplified approach for engineering applications focusing on the lifeline–fault crossing along with appropriate simplifications and assumptions to extend its applicability to numerous faults. The aim is to provide a structure-independent approach of PFDHA that can be used when a site-specific study is not required, not possible (e.g., absence of recent sediments for dating past events), or too cumbersome, e.g., for lifeline route selection. Additionally, an in-depth investigation is presented on the key parameters, such as maximum earthquake magnitude, fault length, recurrence rate of all earthquakes above a minimum magnitude, and lifeline-fault crossing site, and how they affect the hazard level. This approach will be the basis for deriving hazard-consistent expressions to approximate fault displacement for use within the Eurocodes. The latter is intended to serve as a compromise between hazard-agnostic fault scaling relations and a comprehensive PFDHA, which requires detailed calculations and site-specific seismological data.
    Description: Open access funding provided by HEAL-Link Greece. The current work has been undertaken as part of the Horizon 2020 Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance in Europe (SERA, Grant Agreement No. 730900). The first and the third author have received partial funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme “METIS-Seismic Risk Assessment for Nuclear Safety” under Grant Agreement No. 945121. Also, the financial support provided by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Faculty Members & Researchers”, Project "TwinCity—Climate-Aware Risk and Resilience Assessment of Urban Areas under Multiple Environmental Stressors via Multi-Tiered Digital City Twinning ", (Number: 2515) is gratefully acknowledged.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4821–4849
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: PFDHA ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.04. Geology
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    Lateral Variations of P-Wave Velocity from Deep Borehole Data in the Southern Apennines, Italy (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: We have selected 28 deep wells in the Southern Apennine area, most of which are located along and around the Val d’Agri Basin. The Southern Apennines, one of the most seismically active regions of the Italian peninsula, is a NE-verging fold-andthrust belt characterised by the Meso–Cenozoic Apulia carbonate duplex system overlain by a thick column of Apennine carbonate platform and Lagonegro basin units. These units are unconformably covered by Neogene siliciclastic successions. Among the many Quaternary tectonic basins in the area, the Val d’Agri Basin is the most important intramontane depression, and is bordered by a * NW–SE-trending active fault system that represents one of the main seismogenic structures of the region. Moreover, the Val d’Agri Basin is the largest onshore oil field basin in Europe. In this context, we have analysed sonic log records from 28 deep wells and compared them with the corresponding stratigraphy and the other geophysical logs. We have obtained detailed measurements of the P-wave velocity (Vp) for each well from 0 to * 6 km depth, and found important lateral variations of Vp over very small distances. From these values, we have retrieved the densities of the main units crossed by the wells and the range of the overburden gradient in this area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1925–1944
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: deep boreholes ; sonic log ; Vp value ; crustal structure ; Southern Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Lessons from April 6, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake to enhance microzoning studies in near-field urban areas (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-13
    Description: This study focuses on two weak points of the present procedure to carry out microzoning study in near-field areas: (1) the Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), commonly used in the reference seismic hazard (RSH) assessment; (2) the ambient noise measurements to define the natural frequency of the near surface soils and the bedrock depth. The limitations of these approaches will be discussed throughout the paper based on the worldwide and Italian experiences performed after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake and then confirmed by the most recent 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake and the 2016–17 Central Italy seismic sequence. The critical issues faced are (A) the high variability of peak ground acceleration (PGA) values within the first 20–30 km far from the source which are not robustly interpolated by the GMPEs,(B) at the level 1 microzoning activity, the soil seismic response under strong motion shaking is characterized by microtremors’ horizontal to vertical spectral ratios (HVSR) according to Nakamura’s method. This latter technique is commonly applied not being fully compliant with the rules fixed by European scientists in 2004, after a 3-year project named Site EffectS assessment using AMbient Excitations (SESAME). Hereinafter, some “best practices” from recent Italian and International experiences of seismic hazard estimation and microzonation studies are reported in order to put forward two proposals: (a) to formulate site-specific GMPEs in near-field areas in terms of PGA and (b) to record microtremor measurements following accurately the SESAME advice in order to get robust and repeatable HVSR values and to limit their use to those geological contests that are actually horizontally layered.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 11
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake ; site effects ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
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    The contribution of Geomatics to increase safety and security in ports (2021)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: In this paper, the advantages achievable from the use of two prototype systems that are being developed to increase safety and security in ports are shown. Both systems start by monitoring environmental parameters in harbors, and then process data acquired. The first system has been conceived to be helpful to port communities (port authorities, pilots) to optimize harbor waterside management (ship’s navigation and cargo, dock performances, boat moorings, refloating of stranded ships, water quality control). By monitoring and processing sea level and atmospheric pressure in port areas, it can help port communities, e.g., to choose the best time when a ship with a certain draft can enter or leave a harbor, or to plan the best route inside the basin for that vessel (port safety). The second system, instead, has been designed for port protection purposes: by monitoring and processing the Earth’s magnetic field below the sea surface in harbors (where the natural field is disturbed by a high artificial component), it is able to detect the possible presence of intruders (e.g., divers) swimming underwater in prohibited areas (port security). Here, the results of monitoring and processing activities of the two systems performed in Livorno and La Spezia harbors are shown (Italy). The processing procedures and the graphical interfaces of the systems are based on applications under development by the research team the author belongs to, by using C# and C++ languages; Matlab environment has been employed for simulations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 647–658
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Assessing flank instability of Stromboli volcano (Italy) by reappraising the 30 December 2002 tsunamigenic landslides (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Bearing in mind the destructive potential of tsunamis induced by volcanic landslides, the tsunamigenic event occurring at Stromboli volcano in Italy on 30 December 2002 has been reexamined here, by means of visible images and slope stability analysis. This was one of the few examples in the world of a flank collapse occurring at a volcano that was directly observed. We present the results of stability analyses, together with a sequence of photos collected from a helicopter a few minutes before the collapse. The result of this study is that the sequence of landslides triggering the 2002 Stromboli tsunami can be defined as the final stage of a lateral magma intrusion that exerted a high thrust at high altitude, destabilizing the entire slope. This study allows a more complete understanding of the event that took place on Stromboli on 30 December 2002. Furthermore, the approach used here, if appropriately modified, can be used in other contexts, contributing to the understanding of the condition that leads to tsunamigenic landslides
    Description: Open access funding provided by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. This research was funded by the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile”, through the UniFi-DPC 2019–2021 agreement (Scientific Responsibility: N.C.). The contents of this paper represent the authors’ ideas and do not necessarily correspond to the official opinion and policies of the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile”. This research was also funded by the Project FIRST-ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano: Timing, eruptive style, size, intensity, and duration, INGV-Progetto Strategico Dipartimento Vulcani 2019 (Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.). The SSAP software research and development was funded by CONACYT (Mexico): Proyectos Ciencia Basica: CB-2016/286764.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1363–1380
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tsunamigenic landslides ; Stromboli volcano ; Aeolian Archipelago ; Limit equilibrium methods ; Slope stability analysis ; Volcano slope instability ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    CRISP: an archive for the site characterization of permanent Italian seismic stations (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-11
    Description: Set of data and metadata that characterize a site hosting a seismic station
    Description: In this paper we describe an advanced database for the site characterization of seismic stations, named “CRISP—Caratterizzazione della RIsposta sismica dei Siti Permanenti della rete sismica” (http:// crisp. ingv. it, quoted with https:// doi. org/ 10. 13127/ crisp), designed for the Italian National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale, RSN, operated by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia). For each site, CRISP collects easily accessible station information, such as position, type(s) of instrumentation, instrument housing, thematic map(s) and descriptive attributes (e.g., geological characteristics, etc.), seismic analysis of recordings, and available geophysical investigations (shear-wave velocity [VS] profile, non-linear decay curve). The archive also provides key proxy indicators derived from the available data, such as the time-averaged shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m from the surface ( VS30) and site and topographic classes according to the different seismic codes. Standardized procedures have been applied as motivated by the need for a homogenous set of information for all the stations. According to European Plate Observing System infrastructural objectives for the standardization of seismological data, CRISP is integrated into pre-existing INGV instrument infrastructures, shares content with the Italian Accelerometric Archive, and complies map information about the stations, as well as local geology, through web services managed by Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. The design of the CRISP archive allows the database to be continually updated and expanded whenever new data are available from the scientific community, such as the ones related to new seismic stations, map information, geophysical surveys, and seismological analyses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2415 - 2439
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Site effects ; Site characterization ; Permanent seismic station ; Italian National Seismic Network ; Database ; 04.06. Seismology
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    On their way to the north: larval performance of Hemigrapsus sanguineus invasive to the European coast—a comparison with the native European population of Carcinus maenas (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Biological Invasions, Springer Nature, pp. 1-18, ISSN: 1387-3547
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Description: The Asian shore crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus has become invasive in North Europe and it co-occurs and competes with the native European shore crab Carcinus maenas. Both species develop through a feeding and dispersive larval phase characterised by several zoeal and a settling megalopa stage. Larvae of marine crabs are vulnerable to food limitation and warming has the potential to exacerbate the negative effects of food limitation on survival and growth. We quantified the combined effects of temperature and food limitation on larval performance (survival and growth) of H. sanguineus and we compared our results with those reported on performance of C. maenas larvae, under the same experimental design and methodology. Larvae from four females of H. sanguineus collected on Helgoland (North Sea) were experimentally reared from hatching to megalopa, at four temperatures (range 15–24 °C) and two food conditions (permanent vs. daily limited access to food). Larval survival of H. sanguineus was low at 15 °C and increased with temperature, in contrast to the high survival reported for C. maenas larvae in the range 15–24 °C. Food limitation reduced survival and body mass of H. sanguineus larvae at all temperatures, but without evidence of the exacerbating effect caused by high temperatures and reported for C. maenas. By contrast, high temperature (24 °C) mitigated the negative effect of food limitation on body mass on H. sanguineus larvae. Advantages of H. sanguineus over C. maenas appear especially under the increased temperatures expected from climate change.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Publisher Correction: Carbon dioxide sink in the Arctic Ocean from cross-shelf transport of dense Barents Sea water (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Springer Nature, 16(2), pp. 189-189, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: In the version of this article initially published, author Cora Hörstmann was wrongly listed with a second affiliation with the Department of Ecoscience–Applied Marine Ecology and Modelling, Aarhus University rather than the Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), Marseille, France. Furthermore, references 83–97, now found in the Supplementary Tables caption, were wrongly cited in the Data Availability section. The errors have been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 74
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    Carbon dioxide sink in the Arctic Ocean from cross-shelf transport of dense Barents Sea water (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Springer Nature, 16(1), pp. 82-88, ISSN: 1752-0894
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Large amounts of atmospheric carbon can be exported and retained in the deep sea on millennial time scales, buffering global warming. However, while the Barents Sea is one of the most biologically productive areas of the Arctic Ocean, carbon retention times were thought to be short. Here we present observations, complemented by numerical model simulations, that revealed a deep and widespread lateral injection of approximately 2.33 kt C d−1 from the Barents Sea shelf to some 1,200 m of the Nansen Basin, driven by Barents Sea Bottom Water transport. With increasing distance from the outflow region, the plume expanded and penetrated into even deeper waters and the sediment. The seasonally fluctuating but continuous injection increases the carbon sequestration of the Barents Sea by 1/3 and feeds the deep sea community of the Nansen Basin. Our findings combined with those from other outflow regions of carbon-rich polar dense waters highlight the importance of lateral injection as a global carbon sink. Resolving uncertainties around negative feedbacks of global warming due to sea ice decline will necessitate observation of changes in bottom water formation and biological productivity at a resolution high enough to quantify future deep carbon injection.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Uniquely low stable iron isotopic signatures in deep marine sediments caused by Rayleigh distillation (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Springer Nature, 13(1), pp. 10281-, ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-03
    Description: Dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) is suggested to be one of the earliest forms of microbial respiration. It plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron in modern and ancient sediments. Since microbial iron cycling is typically accompanied by iron isotope fractionation, stable iron isotopes are used as tracer for biological activity. Here we present iron isotope data for dissolved and sequentially extracted sedimentary iron pools from deep and hot subseafloor sediments retrieved in the Nankai Trough off Japan. Dissolved iron (Fe(II)aq) is isotopically light throughout the ferruginous sediment interval but some samples have exceptionally light isotope values. Such light values have never been reported in natural marine environments and cannot be solely attributed to DIR. We show that the light isotope values are best explained by a Rayleigh distillation model where Fe(II)aq is continuously removed from the pore water by adsorption onto iron (oxyhydr)oxide surfaces. While the microbially mediated Fe(II)aq release has ceased due to an increase in temperature beyond the threshold of mesophilic microorganisms, the abiotic adsorptive Fe(II)aq removal continued, leading to uniquely light isotope values. These findings have important implications for the interpretation of dissolved iron isotope data especially in deep subseafloor sediments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Publisher Correction: Biodiversity, environmental drivers, and sustainability of the global deep-sea sponge microbiome (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 13(1), pp. 6546-6546, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-25
    Description: The original version of the Description of Additional Supplementary Files associated with this Article contained errors in the legends of Supplementary Data 5–8 and omitted legends for the Source Data. The HTML has been updated to include a corrected version of the Description of Additional Supplementary Files; the original incorrect version of this file can be found as Supplementary Information associated with this Correction.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Satellite-observed strong subtropical ocean warming as an early signature of global warming (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Communications Earth & Environment, Springer Nature, 4(1), 10 p., pp. 1-10, ISSN: 2662-4435
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-02
    Description: Satellite observations covering the last four decades reveal an ocean warming pattern resembling the negative phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. This pattern has therefore been widely interpreted as a manifestation of natural climate variability. Here, we re-examine the observed warming pattern and find that the predominant warming over the subtropical oceans, while mild warming or even cooling over the subpolar ocean, is dynamically consistent with the convergence and divergence of surface water. By comparison of observations, paleo-reconstructions, and model simulations, we propose that the observed warming pattern is likely a short-term transient response to the increased CO2 forcing, which only emerges during the early stage of anthropogenic warming. On centennial to millennial timescales, the subpolar ocean warming is expected to exceed the temporally dominant warming of the subtropical ocean. This delayed but amplified subpolar ocean warming has the potential to reshape the ocean-atmosphere circulation and threaten the stability of marine-terminating ice sheets.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 78
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    Reply to: No evidence of worsening Arctic springtime ozone losses over the 21st century (2023)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 14(1), 4 p., pp. 1-4, ISSN: 2041-1723
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-12
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The effects of astronomically forced climate change on hemipelagic carbonate sedimentation in a tectonically active setting: the Albian Mioño Formation in Castro Urdiales (Cantabria, N Spain) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-06
    Description: The early Eocene paleoclimate record provides one of the best analogues for today’s 9 global warming. In order to reconstruct the evolution of the early Eocene paleoclimate and understand how environmental feedback mechanisms acted on it, an accurate time framework is necessary. In this regard, the astronomically calibrated time scale (ATS) provides the highest possible resolution, but models beyond 40-50 Ma are not fully resolved and actual geological data are incomplete. With the aim of filling this gap, the expanded lower Ypresian Arnakatxa section studied herein offered a potentially valuable orbitally paced geological record. This outcrop displays a well-defined arrangement of strata in couplets and bundles. The spectral analyses of colour data series showed the dominance of two main periodicities, which were related to orbital forcing on sedimentation by precession (20 kyr) and short (100 kyr) eccentricity cycles. Despite not being represented in the spectrograms, the influence of long (405 kyr) eccentricity on sedimentation was also deduced. Moreover, the disruption of the orbital signal in the upper half of the Arnakatxa section correlates with a very long (2.4 Myr) eccentricity node centred at ~54.6 Ma, which could also have caused the amplification of the orbital signal related to obliquity (41 kyr). Taking everything into account, the cyclostratigraphic analyses carried out in Arnakatxa resulted in a precessional scale orbital chronology for the time interval between 55.805 and 54.435 Ma (duration of 1.37 Myr). Thus, the Arnakatxa succession could be reliably correlated with Atlantic ODP records, which are the main reference for Ypresian astrochronology, at precessional scale. Furthermore, the results from Arnakatxa also help to identify the astronomical solutions that better match actual geological data, contributing to the construction of a definitive Ypresian ATS. In this regard, the Arnakatxa results are not a good fit for solutions La10a, La10d, La11 and ZB18, but match well with the previously thought to be less reliable solutions La10b and La10c.
    Description: Published
    Description: 405–423
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 80
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    TRACE ELEMENTS IN HIGH INCIDENCE AREAS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: A ROLE OF VOLCANOGENIC ASHES? (2023)
    Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-07
    Description: Objective: To study the blood levels of selected trace elements (TE) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients living in high-incidence cluster areas in the Etna volcano region. Methods: MS patients living in the province of Catania have been retrospectively enrolled among those followed by the Neurologic Clinic of the AOU Policlinico “G. Rodolico-San Marco” who had the disease onset between 2005 and 2020.Aserumsample was used for the determination of TE levels (As,Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Se, Zn). All the analyses have been conducted with an ICPMS with the standard addition technique, previous digestion of the samples with nitric acid. MS patients living the high incidence clusters were frequency matched with MS patients living outside the clusters. Comparisons of TE across the groups were conducted using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: A total of 86 (48 women; 55.8%) MS patients was recruited, with a mean age of 41.6±13.1 years, a mean disease duration of 2.0±2.6 years and a mean Expanded Disability Status Scale of 2.3±1.7. Of these patients, 40 belonged to high incidence clusters and 46 were outside the clusters. No differences were found in demographic characteristics between the groups. Concerning TE, we found a significant higher concentration of Mn in incluster patients (6.7±16.6 μg/L vs 2.5±5.9 μg/L). Discussion: Several environmental factors may modulate the pathogenesis of the disease, and among them TE play an important role. Our findings suggest that Manganese, which has several toxic effects, might contribute to the higher incidence of MS previously observed in a cluster of communalities in the south-eastern flank of the Etna volcano, where volcanic ashes rich in TE usually fall due to the prevailing winds. Conclusions: Exposition to high levels of Mn could be a cofactor in the pathogenesis of MS.
    Description: Published
    Description: Milano
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Keywords: Multiple Sclerosis ; Mt. Etna ; 05. General
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Monitoring volcanic activity through combined measurements of CO2 efflux and (222Rn) and (220Rn) in soil gas: an application to Mt. Etna (Italy) (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-07
    Description: We present measurements of soil CO2 effluxes combined with soil (222Rn) and (220Rn) from two high-degassing areas on the lower flanks of Mt. Etna volcano (ZE-SV on the E flank and PAT on the SW flank). Measurements were conducted periodically from June 2006 to January 2009 in the ZE-SV area and January 2007 to January 2009 in the PAT area. The results showed significant variations in discharge activity and style. Log values of (220Rn)/(222Rn) and CO2 efflux generally follow a negative correlation, herein parameterized as the Soil Gas Disequilibrium Index (SGDI). Deviations of the SGDI from this negative correlation provide insight into variance of localized and shallow system conditions, namely rock fracturing, residual magma degassing, and near surface interactions between magmatic gases and groundwater. Statistical analysis highlighted signal anomalies, both negative and positive, that were modeled according to the physical properties and the modes of transport for each of the SGDI gas components. The revealed anomalies show correspondence with episodes of magma ascent and eruption, thereby demonstrating the potential of using the SGDI as another instrument for forecasting volcanic activity. An important strength of the SGDI, compared to other magma gas proxies like CO2 or SO2, is that the very short and very different half-lives of 222Rn (t1/2 = 3.85 days) and 220Rn (t1/2 = 55 seconds) provide unique information on the timescales of soil gas transport. Coupling the SGDI with other pre-eruptive proxies enhances the volcanological community’s response capabilities, which is critical for effective hazard mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 167-202
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Keywords: Soil gases ; radon ; carbon dioxide ; volcano monitoring ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    EPOS: Using Metadata in Geoscience (2023)
    Springer | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-07
    Description: One of the key aspects of the approaching data-intensive science era is integration of data through interoperability of systems providing data products or visualisation and processing services. Far from being simple, interoperability requires robust and scalable e-infrastructures capable of supporting it. In this work we present the case of EPOS, a project for data integration in the field of Earth Sciences. We describe the design of its e-infrastructure and show its main characteristics. One of the main elements enabling the system to integrate data, data products and services is the metadata catalog b
    Description: Published
    Description: 170–184
    Description: 4IT. Banche dati
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Relative timing of off‐axis volcanism from sediment thickness estimates on the 8°20’N seamount chain, East Pacific Rise (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-16
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Fabbrizzi, A., Parnell‐Turner, R., Gregg, P., Fornari, D., Perfit, M., Wanless, V., & Anderson, M. Relative timing of off‐axis volcanism from sediment thickness estimates on the 8°20’N seamount chain, East Pacific Rise. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2022GC010335, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gc010335.
    Description: Volcanic seamount chains on the flanks of mid-ocean ridges record variability in magmatic processes associated with mantle melting over several millions of years. However, the relative timing of magmatism on individual seamounts along a chain can be difficult to estimate without in situ sampling and is further hampered by Ar40/Ar39 dating limitations. The 8°20’N seamount chain extends ∼170 km west from the fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR), north of and parallel to the western Siqueiros fracture zone. Here, we use multibeam bathymetric data to investigate relationships between abyssal hill formation and seamount volcanism, transform fault slip, and tectonic rotation. Near-bottom compressed high-intensity radiated pulse, bathymetric, and sidescan sonar data collected with the autonomous underwater vehicle Sentry are used to test the hypothesis that seamount volcanism is age-progressive along the seamount chain. Although sediment on seamount flanks is likely to be reworked by gravitational mass-wasting and current activity, bathymetric relief and Sentry vehicle heading analysis suggest that sedimentary accumulations on seamount summits are likely to be relatively pristine. Sediment thickness on the seamounts' summits does not increase linearly with nominal crustal age, as would be predicted if seamounts were constructed proximal to the EPR axis and then aged as the lithosphere cooled and subsided away from the ridge. The thickest sediments are found at the center of the chain, implying the most ancient volcanism there, rather than on seamounts furthest from the EPR. The nonlinear sediment thickness along the 8°20’N seamounts suggests that volcanism can persist off-axis for several million years.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation awards OCE-1356610, OCE-1356822, OCE-1357150, OCE-1754419, OCE-1834797, OCE-2001314, and OCE-2001331.
    Keywords: Off-axis seamounts ; East Pacific Rise ; Sediment thickness ; Seafloor morphology ; Autonomous underwater vehicle ; Eruption history
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 84
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    Low-volume magmatism linked to flank deformation on Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos Archipelago, using cosmogenic He-3 exposure and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of fault scarps and lavas (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-16
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Schwartz, D. M., Harpp, K., Kurz, M. D., Wilson, E., & Van Kirk, R. Low-volume magmatism linked to flank deformation on Isla Santa Cruz, Galapagos Archipelago, using cosmogenic He-3 exposure and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating of fault scarps and lavas. Bulletin of Volcanology, 84(9),(2022): 82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-022-01575-3.
    Description: Isla Santa Cruz is a volcanic island located in the central Galápagos Archipelago. The island’s northern and southern flanks are deformed by E–W-trending normal faults not observed on the younger Galápagos shields, and Santa Cruz lacks the large summit calderas that characterize those structures. To construct a chronology of volcanism and deformation on Santa Cruz, we employ 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of lavas and 3He exposure dating of fault scarps from across the island. The combination of Ar–Ar dating with in situ-produced cosmogenic exposure age data provides a powerful tool to evaluate fault chronologies. The 40Ar/39Ar ages indicate that the island has been volcanically active since at least 1.62 ± 0.030 Ma (2SD). Volcanism deposited lavas over the entire island until ~ 200 ka, when it became focused along an E–W-trending summit vent system; all dated lavas 〈 200 ka were emplaced on the southern flank. Structural observations suggest that the island has experienced two major faulting episodes. Crosscutting relationships of lavas indicate that north flank faults formed after 1.16 ± 0.070 Ma, but likely before 416 ± 36 ka, whereas the faults on the southern flank of the island initiated between 201 ± 37 and 32.6 ± 4.6 ka, based on 3He exposure dating of fault surfaces. The data are consistent with a model wherein the northeastern faults are associated with regional extension owing to the young volcano’s location closer to the Galápagos Spreading Center at the time. The second phase of volcanism is contemporaneous with the formation of the southern faults. The expression of this younger, low-volume volcanic phase was likely related to the elongate island morphology established during earlier deformation. The complex feedback between tectonic and volcanic processes responsible for southward spreading along the southern flank likely generated persistent E-W-oriented magmatic intrusions. The formation of the Galápagos Transform Fault and sea-level fluctuations may be the primary causes of eruptive and deformational episodes on Santa Cruz.
    Description: This work was funded by NSF grants EAR-1347731 and OCE-0926491 to K. Harpp. The Noble Gas Geochemistry Lab at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution is funded by NSF grants from OCE, and OPP-2048351.
    Keywords: Basalt ; Hotspot ; Ocean island ; Structure ; Volcano
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  • 85
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    Chemistry in earthquake: the active chemical role of liquid and supercritical waters in microfracturing at depth (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-27
    Description: The role of water in the nucleation process of an earthquake and its contribution to the mainshock is ascertained by many models in its physical part, as a factor capable of altering the balance of pressures and thus influencing the effective pressure. Assuming that water is present at depth, starting from the observation of its molecular structure at various crustal pressure and temperature conditions, the present paper analyses water’s chemical role in relation with the rock matrix, and its response during microfracturing. The creation of a network of new void spaces produces a decrease of the water pressure. Water may respond at molecular scale differently, depending on its aggregation state. Effectively depressurisation has a limited influence on the liquid water, only if it does not cause the transition to the vapour phase. Conversely, depressurisation causes an instantaneous variation in the intermolecular structure of supercritical water (SCW). Specifically, the nearly total disappearance of its ionic characteristics: that means the severe drop of solubility constants. At the same time, the already low viscosity decreases too: SCW intrudes easily into new fissures. When the microcracks tend to close, SCW reacquires adequate ionic characteristics for the rise in density (isothermal pressurisation); hence, an intense water rock interaction starts with freshly opened surfaces. This process influences actively the subcritical crack growth too, again with differences between liquid and SCW: last one participates only when reacquires density. Summarising, it is likely that water plays a fundamental and active role in determining the rock weakening, once earthquake preparation process begin with the development of microcracks are forming, perhaps playing an active role in determining the main rupture. With different modalities according to its aggregation state.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1205–1221
    Description: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Earthquake chemistry ; Water molecular structure ; Preseismic scenario ; Rock weakening ; L’Aquila earthquake example
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 86
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    Generation and evolution of the oceanic lithosphere in the North Atlantic (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-25
    Description: Half a century ago, our view of the Earth shifted from that of a Planet with fixed continents and ancient stable ocean basins to one with wandering continents and young, active ocean basins, reviving Wegener’s Continental Drift that had rested dormant for years. The lithosphere is the external, mostly solid and relatively rigid layer of the Earth, with thickness and composition different below the oceans and within the continents. We will review the processes leading to the generation and evolution of the Earth’s lithosphere that lies beneath the oceans. We will discuss how the oceanic lithosphere is generated along mid-ocean ridges due to upwelling of convecting hot mantle. We will consider in particular lithosphere generation occurring along the northern Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR) from Iceland to the equator, including the formation of transform offsets. We will then focus on the Vema fracture zone at 10°–11° N, where a ~ 300 km long uplifted and exposed sliver of lithosphere allows to reconstruct the evolution of lithosphere generation at a segment of the MAR from 25 million years ago to the Present. This axial ridge segment formed 50 million years ago, and reaches today 80 km in length. The degree of melting of the subridge mantle increased from 16 million years ago to today, although with some oscillations. The mantle presently upwelling beneath the MAR becomes colder and/or less fertile going from Iceland to the Equator, with “waves” of hot/fertile mantle migrating southwards from the Azores plume. Scientific revolutions seem to occur periodically in the history of Science; we wonder when the next revolution will take place in the Earth Science, and to what extent our present views will have to be modified
    Description: Published
    Description: 587–659
    Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Size-differentiated export flux in different dynamical regimes in the ocean (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35(3), (2021): e2020GB006764, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GB006764
    Description: Export of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) is mainly driven by gravitational sinking. Thus, traditionally, it is thought that larger, faster-sinking particles make up most of the POC export flux. However, this need not be the case for particles whose sinking speeds are comparable to the vertical velocities of a dynamic flow field that can influence the descent rate of particles. Particles with different settling speeds are released in two process-oriented model simulations of an upper ocean eddying flow in the Northeast Pacific to evaluate the impact of (1) ocean dynamics on the respective contribution of the different sinking-velocity classes to POC export, and (2) the particle number size-spectrum slope. The analysis reveals that the leading export mechanism changes from gravitationally driven to advectively driven as submesoscale dynamics become more active in the region. The vertical velocity associated with submesoscale dynamics enhances the contribution of slower-sinking particles to POC export flux by a factor ranging from 3 to 10, especially where the relative abundance of small particles is large (i.e., steep particle size-spectrum slope). Remineralization generally decreases the total amount of biomass exported, but its impact is weaker in dynamical regimes where submesoscale dynamics are present and export is advectively driven. In an advectively driven export regime, remineralization processes counter-intuitively enhance the role of slower-sinking particles to the point where these slower-sinking velocity classes dominate the export, therefore challenging the traditional paradigm for POC export. This study demonstrates that slow-sinking particles can be a significant contribution, and at times, even dominate the export flux.
    Description: The work was funded by NASA grant NNX16AR48 G, to complement the EXport Processes in the global Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) program.
    Description: 2021-08-17
    Keywords: Export ; Flux ; Particulate organic carbon ; Sinking rates ; Submeso-scales ; Vertical velocities
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 88
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    The influence of ocean topography on the upwelling of carbon in the Southern Ocean (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-17
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 48(19), (2021): e2021GL095088, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL095088.
    Description: The physical circulation of the Southern Ocean sets the surface concentration and thus air-sea exchange of CO2. However, we have a limited understanding of the three-dimensional circulation that brings deep carbon-rich waters to the surface. Here, we introduce and analyze a novel high-resolution ocean model simulation with active biogeochemistry and online Lagrangian particle tracking. We focus our attention on a subset of particles with high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that originate below 1,000 m and eventually upwell into the near-surface layer (upper 200 m). We find that 71% of the DIC-enriched water upwelling across 1,000 m is concentrated near topographic features, which occupy just 33% of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Once particles upwell to the near-surface layer, they exhibit relatively uniform pCO2 levels and DIC decorrelation timescales, regardless of their origin. Our results show that Southern Ocean bathymetry plays a key role in delivering carbon-rich waters to the surface.
    Description: Riley X. Brady was supported by the Department of Energy's Computational Science Graduate Fellowship (DE-FG02-97ER25308), and particularly benefited from the fellowship's summer practicum at Los Alamos National Lab. Nicole S. Lovenduski and Riley X. Brady were further supported by the U.S. Department of Energy Biological and Environmental Research program (DE-SC0022243) and by the National Science Foundation (NSF-PLR 1543457; NSF-OCE 1924636; NSF-OCE 1752724; NSF-OCE 1558225). Mathew E. Maltrud and Phillip J. Wolfram were supported as part of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) project, funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research. This research used resources provided by the Los Alamos National Laboratory Institutional Computing Program, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract No. 89233218CNA000001.
    Keywords: Southern Ocean ; Carbon cycle ; Upwelling ; Lagrangian modeling ; Ocean biogeochemistry ; Climate modeling
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  • 89
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    Daily transcriptomes of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus during the summer solstice at high Arctic latitudes (2020)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Data, Springer Nature
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The zooplankter Calanus finmarchicus is a member of the so-called “Calanus Complex”, a group of copepods that constitutes a key element of the Arctic polar marine ecosystem, providing a crucial link between primary production and higher trophic levels. Climate change induces the shift of C. finmarchicus to higher latitudes with currently unknown impacts on its endogenous timing. Here we generated a daily transcriptome of C. finmarchicus at two high Arctic stations, during the more extreme time of Midnight Sun, the summer solstice. While the southern station (74.5 °N) was sea ice-free, the northern one (82.5 °N) was sea ice-covered. The mRNAs of the 42 samples have been sequenced with an average of 126 ± 5 million reads (mean ± SE) per sample, and aligned to the reference transcriptome. We detail the quality assessment of the datasets and the complete annotation procedure, providing the possibility to investigate daily gene expression of this ecologically important species at high Arctic latitudes, and to compare gene expression according to latitude and sea ice-coverage.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 90
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    Krill and salp faecal pellets contribute equally to the carbon flux at the Antarctic Peninsula (2021)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Nature Communications, Springer Nature, 12, pp. 7168
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Krill and salps are important for carbon flux in the Southern Ocean, but the extent of their contribution and the consequences of shifts in dominance from krill to salps remain unclear. We present a direct comparison of the contribution of krill and salp faecal pellets (FP) to vertical carbon flux at the Antarctic Peninsula using a combination of sediment traps, FP production, carbon content, microbial degradation, and krill and salp abundances. Salps produce 4-fold more FP carbon than krill, but the FP from both species contribute equally to the carbon flux at 300 m, accounting for 75% of total carbon. Krill FP are exported to 72% to 300 m, while 80% of salp FP are retained in the mixed layer due to fragmentation. Thus, declining krill abundances could lead to decreased carbon flux, indicating that the Antarctic Peninsula could become a less efficient carbon sink for anthropogenic CO2 in future.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 91
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    Submarine groundwater discharge in the northern Bohai Sea, China: Implications for coastal carbon budgets and buffering capacity (2022)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-20
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 127(8), (2022): e2022JG006810, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jg006810.
    Description: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) has been widely recognized as an important source of dissolved nutrients in coastal waters and affects nutrient biogeochemistry. In contrast, little information is available on SGD impacts on coastal carbon budgets. Here, we assessed the SGD and associated carbon (dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC] and total alkalinity [TA]) fluxes in Liaodong Bay (the largest bay of the Bohai Sea, China) and discussed their border implications for coastal DIC budget and buffering capacity. Based on 223Ra and 228Ra mass balance models, the SGD flux was estimated to be (0.92–1.43) × 109 m3 d−1. SGD was the largest contributor of DIC, accounting for 55%–77% of the total DIC sources. The low ratio (〈1) of SGD-derived TA to DIC fluxes and negative correlation between radium isotopes and pH in seawater implied that SGD would potentially reduce seawater pH in Liaodong Bay. Combining the groundwater carbon data in Liaodong Bay with literature data, we found that the SGD-derived DIC flux off China was 4–9 times greater than those from rivers. By analyzing the TA/DIC ratios in groundwater along the Chinese coast and related carbon fluxes, SGD was thought to partially reduce the CO2 buffer capacity in receiving seawater. These results obtained at the bay scale and national scale suggest that SGD is a significant component of carbon budget and may play a critical role in modulating coastal buffering capacity and atmospheric CO2 sequestration.
    Description: his research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42130703, 42007170) and the Science, Technology and Innovation Commission of Shenzhen (Grant No. 20200925174525002.
    Description: 2023-01-20
    Keywords: Submarine groundwater discharge ; Radium isotopes ; Dissolved inorganic carbon ; Total alkalinity ; Carbon budgets ; Buffering capacity
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  • 92
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    MOSAiC-ACA and AFLUX - Arctic airborne campaigns characterizing the exit area of MOSAiC (2022)
    Springer Nature
    In:  EPIC3Scientific data, Springer Nature, 9, pp. 1-19, ISSN: 2052-4463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-25
    Description: Two airborne field campaigns focusing on observations of Arctic mixed-phase clouds and boundary layer processes and their role with respect to Arctic amplification have been carried out in spring 2019 and late summer 2020 over the Fram Strait northwest of Svalbard. The latter campaign was closely connected to the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. Comprehensive datasets of the cloudy Arctic atmosphere have been collected by operating remote sensing instruments, in-situ probes, instruments for the measurement of turbulent fluxes of energy and momentum, and dropsondes on board the AWI research aircraft Polar 5. In total, 24 flights with 111 flight hours have been performed over open ocean, the marginal sea ice zone, and sea ice. The datasets follow documented methods and quality assurance and are suited for studies on Arctic mixedphase clouds and their transformation processes, for studies with a focus on Arctic boundary layer processes, and for satellite validation applications. All datasets are freely available via the world data center PANGAEA.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 93
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    Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Nanodevices Based on Fe3O4 Coated by Megluminic Ligands for the Adsorption of Metal Anions from Water (2023)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: The uptake ability toward arsenic(V), chromium(VI), and boron(III) ions of ad hoc functionalized magnetic nanostructured devices has been investigated. To this purpose, ligands based on meglumine have been synthesized and used to coat magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) obtained by the co-precipitation methodology. The as-prepared hybrid material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Moreover, its magnetic hysteresis properties were measured to evaluate its magnetic properties, and the adsorption kinetics and isothermal models were applied to discern between the different adsorption phenomena. Specifically, the better fitting was observed by the Langmuir isotherm model for all metal ions tested, highlighting a higher uptake in arsenic (28.2 mg/g), chromium (12.3 mg/g), and boron (23.7 mg/g) sorption values if compared with other magnetic nanostructured materials. After adsorption, an external magnetic stimulus can be used to efficiently remove nanomaterials from the water. Finally the nanomaterial can be reused up to five cycles and regenerated for another three cycles.
    Description: Published
    Description: 10775–10788
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 94
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    Variability of Ionospheric Plasma: Results from the ESA Swarm Mission (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: Swarm is the first European Space Agency (ESA) constellation mission for Earth Observation. Three identical Swarm satellites were launched into near-polar orbits on 22 November 2013. Each satellite hosts a range of instruments, including a Langmuir probe, GPS receivers, and magnetometers, from which the ionospheric plasma can be sampled and current systems inferred. In March 2018, the CASSIOPE/e-POP mission was formally integrated into the Swarm mission through ESA’s Earthnet Third Party Mission Programme. Collectively the instruments on the Swarm satellites enable detailed studies of ionospheric plasma, together with the variability of this plasma in space and in time. This allows the driving processes to be determined and understood. The purpose of this paper is to review ionospheric results from the first seven years of the Swarm mission and to discuss scientific challenges for future work in this field.
    Description: Published
    Description: 52
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 95
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    Probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment at an active but under-monitored volcano: Ceboruco, Mexico (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: A probabilistic volcanic hazard assessment (PVHA) for Ceboruco volcano (Mexico) is reported using PyBetVH, an e-tool based on the Bayesian Event Tree (BET) methodology. Like many volcanoes, Ceboruco is under-monitored. Despite several eruptions in the late Holocene and efforts by several university and government groups to create and sustain a monitoring network, this active volcano is monitored intermittently rather than continuously by dedicated groups. With no consistent monitoring data available, we look at the geology and the eruptive history to inform prior models used in the PVHA. We estimate the probability of a magmatic eruption within the next time window (1 year) of ~ 0.002. We show how the BET creates higher probabilities in the absence of monitoring data, which if available would better inform the prior distribution. That is, there is a cost in terms of higher probabilities and higher uncertainties for having not yet developed a sustained volcano monitoring network. Next, three scenarios are developed for magmatic eruptions: i) small magnitude (effusive/explosive), ii) medium magnitude (Vulcanian/sub-Plinian) and iii) large magnitude (Plinian). These scenarios are inferred from the Holocene history of the volcano, with their related hazardous phenomena: ballistics, tephra fallout, pyroclastic density currents, lahars and lava flows. We present absolute probability maps (unconditional in terms of eruption size and vent location) for a magmatic eruption at Ceboruco volcano. With PyBetVH we estimate and visualize the uncertainties associated with each probability map. Our intent is that probability maps and uncertainties will be useful to local authorities who need to understand the hazard when considering the development of long-term urban and land-use planning and short-term crisis management strategies, and to the scientific community in their efforts to sustain monitoring of this active volcano.
    Description: Published
    Description: 11
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
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  • 96
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    Real-time tephra-fallout accumulation rates and grain-size distributions using ASHER (ASH collector and sizER) disdrometers (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-16
    Description: ASHER, a new sensor for the characterization of tephra fallout in real time, was designed and developed for easy field deployment during volcanic eruptions. It can provide information on the accumulation rate of tephra fallout in real time as well as grain-size and settling velocity of falling particles. Particle detection is achieved with a laser barrier, with size and settling velocity being calculated from the amplitude and duration of obscuration peaks. The sampling rate (31,500 Hz), laser thickness (0.5 mm) and operation (ON/OFF state and dual acquisition mode) are adapted to minimize the noise level and allow detection of particles as small as ~100 μm. Additional measurements of weight and level of accumulated material within a removable collector allow broadening of the ASHER operation to accumulation rate from 10−2 to 103 g m-2s-1. Detailed calibration tests were performed in laboratory conditions on single grains of known shape and density along with a high-speed camera to test the capability to measure grain size and terminal velocity, and during two field campaigns at Stromboli and Etna volcanoes to test the operation in the field. Long-term field deployment has shown that combining the optical barrier with an automatic collector allows for a better characterization of tephra fallout, providing an estimate of density, and, therefore, it optimizes sensor operation and minimizes false alerts. Moreover, the low power requirements and onboard processing allows to operate the sensor remotely and solely on solar power in a remote location. Although technical improvements in sensor sensitivity and processing are still possible, the results presented suggest that ground sensors for real-time detection and analysis of tephra could potentially contribute to understanding the dynamics of explosive eruptions and could be successfully integrated into monitoring systems of active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 107611
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    A long-term charge/discharge cycle at Mt. Etna volcano revealed through absolute gravity and GPS measurements (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-17
    Description: We present results of repeated absolute gravity and GPS measurements, carried out at Mt. Etna volcano between 2009 and 2018. Absolute gravity measurements are rarely performed along arrays of stations on active volcanoes and, through our unprecedented dataset, we highlight the possibilities of this method to track underground mass changes over long time-scales. Analysis of the residual absolute gravity data and ground deformation reveals a cycle of gravity increase and uplift during 2009 to 2011, followed by gravity decrease and subsidence during 2011 to 2014. Data inversion points to a common mass and pressure source, lying beneath the summit area of the volcano, at depth of ~ 5 kmb.s.l. The bulk volume change inferred by the inversion of the deformation data can account for only a small portion of the mass change needed to explain the correspondent gravity variations.We propose that the observed relationship between gravity and vertical deformation was mostly due to the compressibility of the magma in the inferred reservoir, which, in turn, was enhanced by the presence of exsolved gas. Overall, the gravity and deformation data we present reveal a cycle of magma recharge (2009–2011) and discharge (2011–2014) to/from the inferred storage zone. During the recharge phase only degassing occurred from the summit craters of Mt. Etna. During the following phase of discharge, the magma lost from the reservoir at ~ 5 km b.s.l. fed the exceptional phase of volcanic activity during 2011–2014, when tens of lava fountaining episodes took place.
    Description: Published
    Description: 101
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    CleverRiver: an open source and free Google Colab toolkit for deep-learning river-flow models (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: In a period in which climate change is signifcantly varying rainfall regimes and their intensity all over the world, river-fow prediction is a major concern of geosciences. In recent years there has been an increase in the use of deep-learning models for river-fow prediction. However, in this feld we can observe two main issues: i) many case studies use similar (or the same) strategies without sharing the codes, and ii) the application of these techniques requires good computer knowledge. This work proposes to employ a Google Colab notebook called CleverRiver, which allows the application of deep-learning for river-fow predictions. CleverRiver is a dynamic software that can be upgraded and modifed not only by the authors but also by the users. The main advantages of CleverRiver are the following: the software is not limited by the client hardware, operating systems, etc.; the code is open-source; the toolkit is integrated with user-friendly interfaces; updated releases with new architectures, data management, and model parameters will be progressively uploaded. The software consists of three sections: the frst one enables to train the models by means of some architectures, parameters, and data; the second section allows to create predictions by using the trained models; the third section allows to send feedback and to share experiences with the authors, providing a fux of precious information able to improve scientifc research.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1119–1130
    Description: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 99
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    Retrieving a “Weather Balloon” from the last Ice Age (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Seltzer, A. M., & Tyne, R. L. Retrieving a “Weather Balloon” from the last Ice Age. AGU Advances, 3(4), (2022): e2022AV000747, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022AV000747.
    Description: “How cold was the last ice age?” is a question that paleoclimate scientists have been trying to answer for decades. Constraining the magnitude of climate change since the Last Glacial Maximum (∼20,000 years ago) can help improve our understanding of Earth's climate sensitivity and, therefore enhance our ability to predict future change (Tierney et al., 2020). Of course, there is no single answer to this question: there is spatial structure to LGM temperature change that is linked to fundamental climate system properties and processes. Consequently, paleoclimate scientists have focused on variations of this question, like “What was the latitudinal gradient of LGM temperature change?” (Chiang et al., 2003), “What was the land-sea contrast?” (Rind & Peteet, 1985) or “What was the change in ocean heat content?” (Bereiter et al., 2018). These questions inform large-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation, the intensity of the water cycle, and planetary energy balance; the answers to these questions come from proxies like planktic and benthic foraminifera, speleothems, ice cores, pollen records, ancient groundwater, lake sediments, and glacial moraines, to name a few. In short, the paleoclimate community has developed a proxy “tool kit” equipped to map changes across the Earth's surface and into the ocean interior; but, until now, no “tool” existed for the upper atmosphere.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    Sediments in sea ice drive the Canada Basin surface Mn maximum: insights from an Arctic Mn Ocean model (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-28
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007320, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007320.
    Description: Biogeochemical cycles in the Arctic Ocean are sensitive to the transport of materials from continental shelves into central basins by sea ice. However, it is difficult to assess the net effect of this supply mechanism due to the spatial heterogeneity of sea ice content. Manganese (Mn) is a micronutrient and tracer which integrates source fluctuations in space and time while retaining seasonal variability. The Arctic Ocean surface Mn maximum is attributed to freshwater, but studies struggle to distinguish sea ice and river contributions. Informed by observations from 2009 IPY and 2015 Canadian GEOTRACES cruises, we developed a three-dimensional dissolved Mn model within a 1/12° coupled ocean-ice model centered on the Canada Basin and the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA). Simulations from 2002 to 2019 indicate that annually, 87%–93% of Mn contributed to the Canada Basin upper ocean is released by sea ice, while rivers, although locally significant, contribute only 2.2%–8.5%. Downstream, sea ice provides 34% of Mn transported from Parry Channel into Baffin Bay. While rivers are often considered the main source of Mn, our findings suggest that in the Canada Basin they are less important than sea ice. However, within the shelf-dominated CAA, both rivers and sediment resuspension are important. Climate-induced disruption of the transpolar drift may reduce the Canada Basin Mn maximum and supply downstream. Other micronutrients found in sediments, such as Fe, may be similarly affected. These results highlight the vulnerability of the biogeochemical supply mechanisms in the Arctic Ocean and the subpolar seas to climatic changes.
    Description: This work was funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Climate Change and Atmospheric Research Grant: GEOTRACES (RGPCC 433848-12) and VITALS (RGPCC 433898), an NSERC Discovery Grant (RGPIN-2016-03865) to SEA, and by the University of British Columbia through a four year fellowship to BR. Computing resources were provided by Compute Canada (RRG 2648 RAC 2019, RRG 2969 RAC 2020, and RRG 1541 RAC 2021).
    Keywords: GEOTRACES ; Arctic Ocean ; Trace elements ; Canadian Arctic Archipelago ; Ocean modeling ; Micronutrients
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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