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  • 1
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    Genetic future for Florida panthers (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedrick, Phil -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 24;330(6012):1744; author reply 1744. doi: 10.1126/science.330.6012.1744-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Florida ; Inbreeding ; Male ; Population Density ; Puma/*genetics/physiology ; Reproduction ; Texas
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    The social sense: susceptibility to others' beliefs in human infants and adults (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-06
    Description: Human social interactions crucially depend on the ability to represent other agents' beliefs even when these contradict our own beliefs, leading to the potentially complex problem of simultaneously holding two conflicting representations in mind. Here, we show that adults and 7-month-olds automatically encode others' beliefs, and that, surprisingly, others' beliefs have similar effects as the participants' own beliefs. In a visual object detection task, participants' beliefs and the beliefs of an agent (whose beliefs were irrelevant to performing the task) both modulated adults' reaction times and infants' looking times. Moreover, the agent's beliefs influenced participants' behavior even after the agent had left the scene, suggesting that participants computed the agent's beliefs online and sustained them, possibly for future predictions about the agent's behavior. Hence, the mere presence of an agent automatically triggers powerful processes of belief computation that may be part of a "social sense" crucial to human societies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kovacs, Agnes Melinda -- Teglas, Erno -- Endress, Ansgar Denis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Dec 24;330(6012):1830-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1190792.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1132 Budapest, Hungary. agneskovacs@mtapi.hu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21205671" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Culture ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Reaction Time ; *Social Perception ; *Theory of Mind ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Fatty acids identified in the Burmese python promote beneficial cardiac growth (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-29
    Description: Burmese pythons display a marked increase in heart mass after a large meal. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of this physiological heart growth with the goal of applying this knowledge to the mammalian heart. We found that heart growth in pythons is characterized by myocyte hypertrophy in the absence of cell proliferation and by activation of physiological signal transduction pathways. Despite high levels of circulating lipids, the postprandial python heart does not accumulate triglycerides or fatty acids. Instead, there is robust activation of pathways of fatty acid transport and oxidation combined with increased expression and activity of superoxide dismutase, a cardioprotective enzyme. We also identified a combination of fatty acids in python plasma that promotes physiological heart growth when injected into either pythons or mice.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383835/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3383835/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Riquelme, Cecilia A -- Magida, Jason A -- Harrison, Brooke C -- Wall, Christopher E -- Marr, Thomas G -- Secor, Stephen M -- Leinwand, Leslie A -- 5K01AR055676/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- HL050560/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- K01 AR055676/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):528-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1210558.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22034436" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Biological Transport ; Boidae/anatomy & histology/genetics/*physiology ; Cardiomegaly ; Cell Size ; Fasting ; Fatty Acids/blood/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated/blood/pharmacology ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Heart/anatomy & histology/drug effects/*growth & development ; Male ; Myocardium/metabolism/pathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology ; Myristic Acids/blood/pharmacology ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Palmitic Acid/blood/pharmacology ; Postprandial Period ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Triglycerides/blood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
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    Demography. China's population growing slowly, changing fast (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hvistendahl, Mara -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 6;332(6030):650-1. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6030.650.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Distribution ; Birth Rate/trends ; Censuses ; China ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Population Growth ; Sex Ratio ; Urban Population/statistics & numerical data/trends
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Perceived predation risk reduces the number of offspring songbirds produce per year (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Predator effects on prey demography have traditionally been ascribed solely to direct killing in studies of population ecology and wildlife management. Predators also affect the prey's perception of predation risk, but this has not been thought to meaningfully affect prey demography. We isolated the effects of perceived predation risk in a free-living population of song sparrows by actively eliminating direct predation and used playbacks of predator calls and sounds to manipulate perceived risk. We found that the perception of predation risk alone reduced the number of offspring produced per year by 40%. Our results suggest that the perception of predation risk is itself powerful enough to affect wildlife population dynamics, and should thus be given greater consideration in vertebrate conservation and management.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zanette, Liana Y -- White, Aija F -- Allen, Marek C -- Clinchy, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1398-401. doi: 10.1126/science.1210908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada. lzanette@uwo.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fear ; Female ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; Oviposition ; Perception ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Reproduction ; Risk ; Seasons ; Sparrows/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal
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  • 6
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    9 billion? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Leslie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):540-3. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6042.540.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Birth Rate ; Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Male ; Parity ; *Population Growth ; Pregnancy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Following the crowd: brain substrates of long-term memory conformity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-02
    Description: Human memory is strikingly susceptible to social influences, yet we know little about the underlying mechanisms. We examined how socially induced memory errors are generated in the brain by studying the memory of individuals exposed to recollections of others. Participants exhibited a strong tendency to conform to erroneous recollections of the group, producing both long-lasting and temporary errors, even when their initial memory was strong and accurate. Functional brain imaging revealed that social influence modified the neuronal representation of memory. Specifically, a particular brain signature of enhanced amygdala activity and enhanced amygdala-hippocampus connectivity predicted long-lasting but not temporary memory alterations. Our findings reveal how social manipulation can alter memory and extend the known functions of the amygdala to encompass socially mediated memory distortions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284232/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284232/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edelson, Micah -- Sharot, Tali -- Dolan, Raymond J -- Dudai, Yadin -- 078865/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):108-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1203557.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel. micah.edelson@weizmann.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719681" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Amygdala/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; *Group Processes ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Mental Recall ; Social Behavior ; *Social Conformity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Sleep and synaptic homeostasis: structural evidence in Drosophila (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-28
    Description: The functions of sleep remain elusive, but a strong link exists between sleep need and neuronal plasticity. We tested the hypothesis that plastic processes during wake lead to a net increase in synaptic strength and sleep is necessary for synaptic renormalization. We found that, in three Drosophila neuronal circuits, synapse size or number increases after a few hours of wake and decreases only if flies are allowed to sleep. A richer wake experience resulted in both larger synaptic growth and greater sleep need. Finally, we demonstrate that the gene Fmr1 (fragile X mental retardation 1) plays an important role in sleep-dependent synaptic renormalization.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128387/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3128387/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bushey, Daniel -- Tononi, Giulio -- Cirelli, Chiara -- DP1 OD000579/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD000579-05/OD/NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-01A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-03/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM075315-05S1/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 24;332(6037):1576-81. doi: 10.1126/science.1202839.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53719, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700878" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dendrites/physiology/ultrastructure ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein/*genetics/physiology ; *Homeostasis ; Male ; Mushroom Bodies/cytology/physiology ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/physiology ; Neuropeptides/genetics/metabolism ; Sleep/*physiology ; Sleep Deprivation ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 9
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    Association of TALS developmental disorder with defect in minor splicing component U4atac snRNA (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: The spliceosome, a ribonucleoprotein complex that includes proteins and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs), catalyzes RNA splicing through intron excision and exon ligation to produce mature messenger RNAs, which, in turn serve as templates for protein translation. We identified four point mutations in the U4atac snRNA component of the minor spliceosome in patients with brain and bone malformations and unexplained postnatal death [microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 1 (MOPD 1) or Taybi-Linder syndrome (TALS); Mendelian Inheritance in Man ID no. 210710]. Expression of a subgroup of genes, possibly linked to the disease phenotype, and minor intron splicing were affected in cell lines derived from TALS patients. Our findings demonstrate a crucial role of the minor spliceosome component U4atac snRNA in early human development and postnatal survival.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edery, Patrick -- Marcaillou, Charles -- Sahbatou, Mourad -- Labalme, Audrey -- Chastang, Joelle -- Touraine, Renaud -- Tubacher, Emmanuel -- Senni, Faiza -- Bober, Michael B -- Nampoothiri, Sheela -- Jouk, Pierre-Simon -- Steichen, Elisabeth -- Berland, Siren -- Toutain, Annick -- Wise, Carol A -- Sanlaville, Damien -- Rousseau, Francis -- Clerget-Darpoux, Francoise -- Leutenegger, Anne-Louise -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):240-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1202205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Cytogenetique Constitutionnelle, Bron, F-69677, France. patrick.edery@chu-lyon.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Pairing ; Cell Line ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics ; Dwarfism/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Fetal Growth Retardation/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Infant ; Introns ; Inverted Repeat Sequences ; Male ; Microcephaly/genetics/metabolism ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Osteochondrodysplasias/genetics/metabolism ; Pedigree ; *Point Mutation ; RNA Splice Sites ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Spliceosomes/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Predicting a human gut microbiota's response to diet in gnotobiotic mice (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-21
    Description: The interrelationships between our diets and the structure and operations of our gut microbial communities are poorly understood. A model community of 10 sequenced human gut bacteria was introduced into gnotobiotic mice, and changes in species abundance and microbial gene expression were measured in response to randomized perturbations of four defined ingredients in the host diet. From the responses, we developed a statistical model that predicted over 60% of the variation in species abundance evoked by diet perturbations, and we were able to identify which factors in the diet best explained changes seen for each community member. The approach is generally applicable, as shown by a follow-up study involving diets containing various mixtures of pureed human baby foods.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303606/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3303606/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Faith, Jeremiah J -- McNulty, Nathan P -- Rey, Federico E -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- DK30292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK70977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977-08/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK030292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R37 DK030292-31/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):101-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1206025. Epub 2011 May 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21596954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteroides/genetics/physiology ; Biomass ; Caseins/administration & dosage ; Desulfovibrio/genetics/physiology ; *Diet ; Dietary Carbohydrates/administration & dosage ; Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage ; Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage ; Dietary Sucrose/administration & dosage ; Escherichia coli/genetics/physiology ; Feces/*microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Germ-Free Life ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*physiology ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/genetics/*physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Linear Models ; Male ; *Metagenome ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Models, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    Anthropology. The deep social structure of humankind (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapais, Bernard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 11;331(6022):1276-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1203281.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. bernard.chapais@umontreal.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cooperative Behavior ; *Cultural Evolution ; *Family ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pair Bond ; Pan paniscus ; Pan troglodytes ; *Population Groups ; *Residence Characteristics ; *Social Behavior
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  • 12
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    Early tagging of cortical networks is required for the formation of enduring associative memory (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-19
    Description: Although formation and stabilization of long-lasting associative memories are thought to require time-dependent coordinated hippocampal-cortical interactions, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we present evidence that neurons in the rat cortex must undergo a "tagging process" upon encoding to ensure the progressive hippocampal-driven rewiring of cortical networks that support remote memory storage. This process was AMPA- and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent, information-specific, and capable of modulating remote memory persistence by affecting the temporal dynamics of hippocampal-cortical interactions. Post-learning reinforcement of the tagging process via time-limited epigenetic modifications resulted in improved remote memory retrieval. Thus, early tagging of cortical networks is a crucial neurobiological process for remote memory formation whose functional properties fit the requirements imposed by the extended time scale of systems-level memory consolidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lesburgueres, Edith -- Gobbo, Oliviero L -- Alaux-Cantin, Stephanie -- Hambucken, Anne -- Trifilieff, Pierre -- Bontempi, Bruno -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):924-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1196164.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut des Maladies Neurodegeneratives, CNRS UMR 5293, Universites Bordeaux 1 et 2, Talence, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Epigenesis, Genetic ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Food Preferences ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Histones/metabolism ; Learning ; Male ; *Memory, Long-Term ; Neural Pathways ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Odors ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 13
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    Experimental evidence supports a sex-specific selective sieve in mitochondrial genome evolution (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-14
    Description: Mitochondria are maternally transmitted; hence, their genome can only make a direct and adaptive response to selection through females, whereas males represent an evolutionary dead end. In theory, this creates a sex-specific selective sieve, enabling deleterious mutations to accumulate in mitochondrial genomes if they exert male-specific effects. We tested this hypothesis, expressing five mitochondrial variants alongside a standard nuclear genome in Drosophila melanogaster, and found striking sexual asymmetry in patterns of nuclear gene expression. Mitochondrial polymorphism had few effects on nuclear gene expression in females but major effects in males, modifying nearly 10% of transcripts. These were mostly male-biased in expression, with enrichment hotspots in the testes and accessory glands. Our results suggest an evolutionary mechanism that results in mitochondrial genomes harboring male-specific mutation loads.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Innocenti, Paolo -- Morrow, Edward H -- Dowling, Damian K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 13;332(6031):845-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1201157.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvagen 18-D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fertility ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Fitness ; *Genome, Insect ; *Genome, Mitochondrial ; Male ; *Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Characteristics ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    AIDS: let science inform policy (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fauci, Anthony S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):13. doi: 10.1126/science.1209751.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719646" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug ; therapy/economics/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research ; Female ; Global Health ; Health Expenditures ; *Health Policy/economics ; Humans ; Male ; Pandemics/prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    The growth factor progranulin binds to TNF receptors and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis in mice (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: The growth factor progranulin (PGRN) has been implicated in embryonic development, tissue repair, tumorigenesis, and inflammation, but its receptors remain unidentified. We report that PGRN bound directly to tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) and disturbed the TNFalpha-TNFR interaction. PGRN-deficient mice were susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis, and administration of PGRN reversed inflammatory arthritis. Atsttrin, an engineered protein composed of three PGRN fragments, exhibited selective TNFR binding. PGRN and Atsttrin prevented inflammation in multiple arthritis mouse models and inhibited TNFalpha-activated intracellular signaling. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PGRN is a ligand of TNFR, an antagonist of TNFalpha signaling, and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis in mice. They also suggest new potential therapeutic interventions for various TNFalpha-mediated pathologies and conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104397/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104397/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Wei -- Lu, Yi -- Tian, Qing-Yun -- Zhang, Yan -- Guo, Feng-Jin -- Liu, Guang-Yi -- Syed, Nabeel Muzaffar -- Lai, Yongjie -- Lin, Edward Alan -- Kong, Li -- Su, Jeffrey -- Yin, Fangfang -- Ding, Ai-Hao -- Zanin-Zhorov, Alexandra -- Dustin, Michael L -- Tao, Jian -- Craft, Joseph -- Yin, Zhinan -- Feng, Jian Q -- Abramson, Steven B -- Yu, Xiu-Ping -- Liu, Chuan-ju -- AI43542/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AR040072/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR050620/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR053210/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- GM061710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030165/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI030165-20/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061710/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM061710-08/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):478-84. doi: 10.1126/science.1199214. Epub 2011 Mar 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393509" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Experimental/*drug therapy/*immunology/pathology/physiopathology ; Cartilage, Articular/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/therapeutic use ; Ligands ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology/physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*metabolism ; Young Adult
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    Acetylcholine-synthesizing T cells relay neural signals in a vagus nerve circuit (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-17
    Description: Neural circuits regulate cytokine production to prevent potentially damaging inflammation. A prototypical vagus nerve circuit, the inflammatory reflex, inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in spleen by a mechanism requiring acetylcholine signaling through the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expressed on cytokine-producing macrophages. Nerve fibers in spleen lack the enzymatic machinery necessary for acetylcholine production; therefore, how does this neural circuit terminate in cholinergic signaling? We identified an acetylcholine-producing, memory phenotype T cell population in mice that is integral to the inflammatory reflex. These acetylcholine-producing T cells are required for inhibition of cytokine production by vagus nerve stimulation. Thus, action potentials originating in the vagus nerve regulate T cells, which in turn produce the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, required to control innate immune responses.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548937/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4548937/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosas-Ballina, Mauricio -- Olofsson, Peder S -- Ochani, Mahendar -- Valdes-Ferrer, Sergio I -- Levine, Yaakov A -- Reardon, Colin -- Tusche, Michael W -- Pavlov, Valentin A -- Andersson, Ulf -- Chavan, Sangeeta -- Mak, Tak W -- Tracey, Kevin J -- R01 GM057226/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 7;334(6052):98-101. doi: 10.1126/science.1209985. Epub 2011 Sep 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/*biosynthesis ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/*metabolism ; Choline O-Acetyltransferase/metabolism ; Cholinergic Agents/metabolism ; Female ; *Immunity, Innate ; Immunologic Memory ; Inflammation ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; *Neuroimmunomodulation ; Norepinephrine/pharmacology ; Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Spleen/immunology/innervation/metabolism ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood ; Vagus Nerve/*physiology ; Vagus Nerve Stimulation ; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor
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    Ecology. The world through a bat's ear (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fenton, M Brock -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):528-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1209933.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada. bfenton@uwo.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Communication ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Chiroptera/*physiology ; *Echolocation ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Flowers ; Insects ; Male ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology ; Plant Nectar ; Sensation ; Sound
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    Cancer. Priming cancer cells for death (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Reed, John C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1075-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1215568.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. jreed@sanfordburnham.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*therapeutic use ; *Apoptosis ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mitochondria/*physiology ; Neoplasms/*drug therapy/*physiopathology
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    Cell biology. Are telomere tests ready for prime time? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Mitch -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):414-5. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6028.414.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; *Chronic Disease ; *Cytological Techniques ; Diagnostic Services ; *Disease Susceptibility ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Life Style ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Telomere/*physiology/*ultrastructure
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  • 20
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    Integrating what and when across the primate medial temporal lobe (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-06
    Description: Episodic memory or memory for the detailed events in our lives is critically dependent on structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL). A fundamental component of episodic memory is memory for the temporal order of items within an episode. To understand the contribution of individual MTL structures to temporal-order memory, we recorded single-unit activity and local field potential from three MTL areas (hippocampus and entorhinal and perirhinal cortex) and visual area TE as monkeys performed a temporal-order memory task. Hippocampus provided incremental timing signals from one item presentation to the next, whereas perirhinal cortex signaled the conjunction of items and their relative temporal order. Thus, perirhinal cortex appeared to integrate timing information from hippocampus with item information from visual sensory area TE.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naya, Yuji -- Suzuki, Wendy A -- R01 MH058847/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH086563/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 5;333(6043):773-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1206773.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003, USA. yujin@cns.nyu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21817056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Entorhinal Cortex/*physiology ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; *Mental Recall ; Neurons/*physiology ; Principal Component Analysis ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time
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    Science breakthroughs (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1604. doi: 10.1126/science.1217831.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Female ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Male
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  • 22
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    Editorial expression of concern (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 21;334(6054):310. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6054.310-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cytokines/*metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; *Inflammation ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/*enzymology ; Male ; Neutrophils/*enzymology ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/*metabolism ; Sepsis/*immunology ; Shock, Septic/*immunology
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  • 23
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    Pure reasoning in 12-month-old infants as probabilistic inference (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-28
    Description: Many organisms can predict future events from the statistics of past experience, but humans also excel at making predictions by pure reasoning: integrating multiple sources of information, guided by abstract knowledge, to form rational expectations about novel situations, never directly experienced. Here, we show that this reasoning is surprisingly rich, powerful, and coherent even in preverbal infants. When 12-month-old infants view complex displays of multiple moving objects, they form time-varying expectations about future events that are a systematic and rational function of several stimulus variables. Infants' looking times are consistent with a Bayesian ideal observer embodying abstract principles of object motion. The model explains infants' statistical expectations and classic qualitative findings about object cognition in younger babies, not originally viewed as probabilistic inferences.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teglas, Erno -- Vul, Edward -- Girotto, Vittorio -- Gonzalez, Michel -- Tenenbaum, Joshua B -- Bonatti, Luca L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 27;332(6033):1054-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1196404.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cognitive Development Centre, Central European University, H-1015 Budapest, Hungary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bayes Theorem ; Child Development ; *Cognition ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Monte Carlo Method ; *Probability ; Visual Perception
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    Editorial expression of concern (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alberts, Bruce -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):760. doi: 10.1126/science.1216027. Epub 2011 Nov 1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22045832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Psychological ; *Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Prejudice ; *Stereotyping
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    India's demographic change: opportunities and challenges (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: This paper discusses emerging demographic patterns and its opportunities and challenges for India. It investigates the specificities in the demographic transition in terms of various demographic parameters and the lack of homogeneity in the transition across states in the country. It presents some opportunities that can arise from having demographic changes, particularly the demographic dividend and interstate migration to overcome labor shortage in some parts. At the same time, there are serious challenges in the form of enhancing human capital development, addressing the issue of skewed sex ratio, and the possible rise in social and political unrest and conflict.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉James, K S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):576-80. doi: 10.1126/science.1207969.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Population Research Centre, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore 560072, India. james@isec.ac.in〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Birth Rate ; *Demography ; Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; India ; Male ; Mortality ; *Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Sex Ratio
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    Development. Inheriting maternal mtDNA (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518432/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3518432/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levine, Beth -- Elazar, Zvulun -- R01 CA109618/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1069-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1215480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Autophagy Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Microbiology, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9113, USA. beth.levine@utsouthwestern.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22116870" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Autophagy ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*embryology ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*physiology ; Female ; *Fertilization ; Male ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Phagosomes/*physiology ; Spermatozoa/*ultrastructure
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 27
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    Deep human genealogies reveal a selective advantage to be on an expanding wave front (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: Since their origin, human populations have colonized the whole planet, but the demographic processes governing range expansions are mostly unknown. We analyzed the genealogy of more than one million individuals resulting from a range expansion in Quebec between 1686 and 1960 and reconstructed the spatial dynamics of the expansion. We find that a majority of the present Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean population can be traced back to ancestors having lived directly on or close to the wave front. Ancestors located on the front contributed significantly more to the current gene pool than those from the range core, likely due to a 20% larger effective fertility of women on the wave front. This fitness component is heritable on the wave front and not in the core, implying that this life-history trait evolves during range expansions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moreau, Claudia -- Bherer, Claude -- Vezina, Helene -- Jomphe, Michele -- Labuda, Damian -- Excoffier, Laurent -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1148-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1212880. Epub 2011 Nov 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre de Recherche, Hopital Sainte-Justine, Universite de Montreal, 3175 Cote Sainte-Catherine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22052972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Demography ; Emigration and Immigration ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Fertility ; *Gene Pool ; Genes ; *Genetic Fitness ; Humans ; Male ; Marriage ; *Pedigree ; *Population Dynamics ; Quebec ; Registries ; Reproduction ; *Selection, Genetic
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    Behavioral ecology. Why do parrots talk? Venezuelan site offers clues (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 22;333(6041):398-400. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6041.398.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Imitative Behavior ; Learning ; Male ; Nesting Behavior ; *Parrots ; Venezuela ; *Vocalization, Animal
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    Nest inheritance is the missing source of direct fitness in a primitively eusocial insect (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: Animals that cooperate with nonrelatives represent a challenge to inclusive fitness theory, unless cooperative behavior is shown to provide direct fitness benefits. Inheritance of breeding resources could provide such benefits, but this route to cooperation has been little investigated in the social insects. We show that nest inheritance can explain the presence of unrelated helpers in a classic social insect model, the primitively eusocial wasp Polistes dominulus. We found that subordinate helpers produced more direct offspring than lone breeders, some while still subordinate but most after inheriting the dominant position. Thus, while indirect fitness obtained through helping relatives has been the dominant paradigm for understanding eusociality in insects, direct fitness is vital to explain cooperation in P. dominulus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leadbeater, Ellouise -- Carruthers, Jonathan M -- Green, Jonathan P -- Rosser, Neil S -- Field, Jeremy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):874-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1205140.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. ellouise.leadbeater@ioz.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836014" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; *Genetic Fitness ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Nesting Behavior ; Reproduction ; *Social Behavior ; Wasps/genetics/*physiology
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    Aberrant overexpression of satellite repeats in pancreatic and other epithelial cancers (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-15
    Description: Satellite repeats in heterochromatin are transcribed into noncoding RNAs that have been linked to gene silencing and maintenance of chromosomal integrity. Using digital gene expression analysis, we showed that these transcripts are greatly overexpressed in mouse and human epithelial cancers. In 8 of 10 mouse pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs), pericentromeric satellites accounted for a mean 12% (range 1 to 50%) of all cellular transcripts, a mean 40-fold increase over that in normal tissue. In 15 of 15 human PDACs, alpha satellite transcripts were most abundant and HSATII transcripts were highly specific for cancer. Similar patterns were observed in cancers of the lung, kidney, ovary, colon, and prostate. Derepression of satellite transcripts correlated with overexpression of the long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE-1) retrotransposon and with aberrant expression of neuroendocrine-associated genes proximal to LINE-1 insertions. The overexpression of satellite transcripts in cancer may reflect global alterations in heterochromatin silencing and could potentially be useful as a biomarker for cancer detection.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3701432/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3701432/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ting, David T -- Lipson, Doron -- Paul, Suchismita -- Brannigan, Brian W -- Akhavanfard, Sara -- Coffman, Erik J -- Contino, Gianmarco -- Deshpande, Vikram -- Iafrate, A John -- Letovsky, Stan -- Rivera, Miguel N -- Bardeesy, Nabeel -- Maheswaran, Shyamala -- Haber, Daniel A -- CA129933/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- L30 CA142210/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA117969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA129933/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 4;331(6017):593-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1200801. Epub 2011 Jan 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21233348" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinoma in Situ/genetics/pathology ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics/pathology ; Colonic Neoplasms/genetics/pathology ; DNA Methylation ; DNA, Neoplasm/genetics ; DNA, Satellite/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Heterochromatin/chemistry/genetics ; Humans ; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Lung Neoplasms/genetics/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Neurosecretory Systems/metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics/pathology ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics/pathology ; RNA, Neoplasm/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Hibernation in black bears: independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-19
    Description: Black bears hibernate for 5 to 7 months a year and, during this time, do not eat, drink, urinate, or defecate. We measured metabolic rate and body temperature in hibernating black bears and found that they suppress metabolism to 25% of basal rates while regulating body temperature from 30 degrees to 36 degrees C, in multiday cycles. Heart rates were reduced from 55 to as few as 9 beats per minute, with profound sinus arrhythmia. After returning to normal body temperature and emerging from dens, bears maintained a reduced metabolic rate for up to 3 weeks. The pronounced reduction and delayed recovery of metabolic rate in hibernating bears suggest that the majority of metabolic suppression during hibernation is independent of lowered body temperature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Toien, Oivind -- Blake, John -- Edgar, Dale M -- Grahn, Dennis A -- Heller, H Craig -- Barnes, Brian M -- HD-00973/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):906-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1199435.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. otoien@alaska.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; *Body Temperature ; *Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Heart Rate ; *Hibernation ; Humans ; Male ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Time Factors ; Ursidae/metabolism/*physiology
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    Evolution. Mother tongue and Y chromosomes (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forster, Peter -- Renfrew, Colin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1390-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1205331.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Murray Edwards College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0DF, UK. pf223@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Americas ; Asia ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/*genetics ; Continental Population Groups/*genetics ; *Cultural Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Emigration and Immigration ; Europe ; Female ; Humans ; India ; *Language ; Male ; Pacific Islands ; Sex Characteristics
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    An activating mutation of AKT2 and human hypoglycemia (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-08
    Description: Pathological fasting hypoglycemia in humans is usually explained by excessive circulating insulin or insulin-like molecules or by inborn errors of metabolism impairing liver glucose production. We studied three unrelated children with unexplained, recurrent, and severe fasting hypoglycemia and asymmetrical growth. All were found to carry the same de novo mutation, p.Glu17Lys, in the serine/threonine kinase AKT2, in two cases as heterozygotes and in one case in mosaic form. In heterologous cells, the mutant AKT2 was constitutively recruited to the plasma membrane, leading to insulin-independent activation of downstream signaling. Thus, systemic metabolic disease can result from constitutive, cell-autonomous activation of signaling pathways normally controlled by insulin.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204221/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3204221/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hussain, K -- Challis, B -- Rocha, N -- Payne, F -- Minic, M -- Thompson, A -- Daly, A -- Scott, C -- Harris, J -- Smillie, B J L -- Savage, D B -- Ramaswami, U -- De Lonlay, P -- O'Rahilly, S -- Barroso, I -- Semple, R K -- 077016/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077016/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 078986/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 078986/Z/06/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 080952/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 080952/Z/06/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091551/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 091551/Z/10/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 095515/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0502115/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 28;334(6055):474. doi: 10.1126/science.1210878. Epub 2011 Oct 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London WC1N 1EH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21979934" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Child ; Female ; Growth ; HeLa Cells ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/*genetics/*metabolism ; Insulin/blood/metabolism ; Male ; Mosaicism ; *Mutation ; Pedigree ; Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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    Replication in field biology: the case of the frog-eating bat (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-07
    Description: Studies conducted in the field offer unique opportunities to observe nature, but achieving true replication under natural conditions is challenging. As demonstrated by the discovery of frog eating by a charismatic bat, biology conducted in the field generally follows an interesting progression that includes discovery, demonstration, experimentation, and verification.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ryan, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 2;334(6060):1229-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1214532.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA. mryan@mail.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22144615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura ; *Biology ; Chiroptera ; Feeding Behavior ; Male ; *Observation ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Research Design ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Vocalization, Animal
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    Neural mechanisms for the coordination of duet singing in wrens (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: Plain-tailed wrens (Pheugopedius euophrys) cooperate to produce a duet song in which males and females rapidly alternate singing syllables. We examined how sensory information from each wren is used to coordinate singing between individuals for the production of this cooperative behavior. Previous findings in nonduetting songbird species suggest that premotor circuits should encode each bird's own contribution to the duet. In contrast, we find that both male and female wrens encode the combined cooperative output of the pair of birds. Further, behavior and neurophysiology show that both sexes coordinate the timing of their singing based on feedback from the partner and suggest that females may lead the duet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fortune, Eric S -- Rodriguez, Carlos -- Li, David -- Ball, Gregory F -- Coleman, Melissa J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):666-70. doi: 10.1126/science.1209867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. eric.fortune@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Male ; Neurons/*physiology ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology
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    Family planning: looking beyond access (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ryerson, William N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 11;331(6022):1265; author reply 1265. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6022.1265-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Contraception ; *Family Planning Services ; Female ; *Health Communication ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Male
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    Epigenetic licensing of germline gene expression by maternal RNA in C. elegans (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-03
    Description: RNA can act as a regulator of gene expression with roles in transposon silencing, antiviral defense, and cell fate determination. Here, we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans a maternal transcript of the sex-determining gene fem-1 is required to license expression of a wild-type fem-1 allele in the zygotic germ line. Females homozygous for fem-1 deletions produce heterozygous offspring exhibiting germline feminization, reduced fem-1 activity, and transcript accumulation. Injection of fem-1 RNA incapable of encoding a protein into the maternal germ line rescues this defect in the progeny. The defect in zygotic fem-1 expression is heritable, suggesting that the gene is subject to epigenetic silencing that is prevented by maternal fem-1 transcripts. This mechanism may contribute to protecting the identity and integrity of the germ line.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Cheryl L -- Spence, Andrew M -- Canadian Institutes of Health Research/Canada -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 2;333(6047):1311-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1208178.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21885785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*genetics/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Epigenesis, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Silencing ; Germ Cells/*metabolism ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Male ; Phenotype ; RNA, Helminth/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Sex Determination Processes/*genetics ; Spermatogenesis
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    Psychology. Happy people live longer (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frey, Bruno S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 4;331(6017):542-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1201060.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK. bruno.frey@econ.uzh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21292959" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Emotions ; Female ; *Happiness ; Health ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male
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    Retrovirology. More negative data for link between mouse virus and human disease (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 11;331(6022):1253-4. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6022.1253.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21393520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/*virology ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Prostatic Neoplasms/*virology ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Transplantation, Heterologous ; *Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/genetics/physiology
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    Virology. False positive (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1694-701. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6050.1694.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood/virology ; DNA Contamination ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/metabolism ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/*virology ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Prostatic Neoplasms/virology ; Publishing ; Retroviridae Infections/*virology ; Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus/classification/*isolation & ; purification
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    Cardiac myosin activation: a potential therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-19
    Description: Decreased cardiac contractility is a central feature of systolic heart failure. Existing drugs increase cardiac contractility indirectly through signaling cascades but are limited by their mechanism-related adverse effects. To avoid these limitations, we previously developed omecamtiv mecarbil, a small-molecule, direct activator of cardiac myosin. Here, we show that it binds to the myosin catalytic domain and operates by an allosteric mechanism to increase the transition rate of myosin into the strongly actin-bound force-generating state. Paradoxically, it inhibits adenosine 5'-triphosphate turnover in the absence of actin, which suggests that it stabilizes an actin-bound conformation of myosin. In animal models, omecamtiv mecarbil increases cardiac function by increasing the duration of ejection without changing the rates of contraction. Cardiac myosin activation may provide a new therapeutic approach for systolic heart failure.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090309/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4090309/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malik, Fady I -- Hartman, James J -- Elias, Kathleen A -- Morgan, Bradley P -- Rodriguez, Hector -- Brejc, Katjusa -- Anderson, Robert L -- Sueoka, Sandra H -- Lee, Kenneth H -- Finer, Jeffrey T -- Sakowicz, Roman -- Baliga, Ramesh -- Cox, David R -- Garard, Marc -- Godinez, Guillermo -- Kawas, Raja -- Kraynack, Erica -- Lenzi, David -- Lu, Pu Ping -- Muci, Alexander -- Niu, Congrong -- Qian, Xiangping -- Pierce, Daniel W -- Pokrovskii, Maria -- Suehiro, Ion -- Sylvester, Sheila -- Tochimoto, Todd -- Valdez, Corey -- Wang, Wenyue -- Katori, Tatsuo -- Kass, David A -- Shen, You-Tang -- Vatner, Stephen F -- Morgans, David J -- 1-R43-HL-66647-1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL106511/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R43 HL066647/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 18;331(6023):1439-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1200113.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Preclinical Research and Development, Cytokinetics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. fmalik@cytokinetics.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21415352" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism ; Actins/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology ; Allosteric Regulation ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cardiac Myosins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cardiac Output/drug effects ; Dogs ; Female ; Heart Failure, Systolic/*drug therapy/physiopathology ; Isoproterenol/pharmacology ; Male ; Myocardial Contraction/*drug effects ; Myocytes, Cardiac/*drug effects/physiology ; Phosphates/metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms/chemistry/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urea/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Ventricular Function, Left/drug effects
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    Regional snapshots (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):555-7. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6042.555.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: China ; *Demography ; Female ; Germany ; Humans ; India ; Male ; Mexico ; Thailand ; Uganda
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    Behavior. Empathy and the laws of affect (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Panksepp, Jaak -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1358-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1216480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Animal Well-Being, Department of Comparative Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA. jpanksepp@vetmed.wsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Empathy ; Female ; Male ; *Social Behavior ; *Stress, Psychological
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    Different B cell populations mediate early and late memory during an endogenous immune response (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-12
    Description: Memory B cells formed in response to microbial antigens provide immunity to later infections; however, the inability to detect rare endogenous antigen-specific cells limits current understanding of this process. Using an antigen-based technique to enrich these cells, we found that immunization with a model protein generated B memory cells that expressed isotype-switched immunoglobulins (swIg) or retained IgM. The more numerous IgM(+) cells were longer lived than the swIg(+) cells. However, swIg(+) memory cells dominated the secondary response because of the capacity to become activated in the presence of neutralizing serum immunoglobulin. Thus, we propose that memory relies on swIg(+) cells until they disappear and serum immunoglobulin falls to a low level, in which case memory resides with durable IgM(+) reserves.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3993090/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3993090/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pape, Kathryn A -- Taylor, Justin J -- Maul, Robert W -- Gearhart, Patricia J -- Jenkins, Marc K -- F32 AI091033/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI036914/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI039614/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37 AI027998/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009138/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 4;331(6021):1203-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1201730. Epub 2011 Feb 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens/immunology ; Antigens, CD38/analysis ; B-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Cell Survival ; Female ; Germinal Center/cytology/immunology ; Immunization ; *Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Immunoglobulin M/genetics/*immunology ; *Immunologic Memory ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Phycocyanin/immunology ; Phycoerythrin/immunology ; Spleen/cytology/immunology
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    Behavior. Sympathy for the CEO (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sapolsky, Robert M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):293-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1209620.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA. sapolsky@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Dominance-Subordination ; Feces/chemistry ; *Hierarchy, Social ; Hydrocortisone/analysis ; Kenya ; Male ; Papio/*physiology/*psychology ; *Social Dominance ; *Stress, Psychological ; Testosterone/analysis
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    Schema-dependent gene activation and memory encoding in neocortex (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-09
    Description: When new learning occurs against the background of established prior knowledge, relevant new information can be assimilated into a schema and thereby expand the knowledge base. An animal model of this important component of memory consolidation reveals that systems memory consolidation can be very fast. In experiments with rats, we found that the hippocampal-dependent learning of new paired associates is associated with a striking up-regulation of immediate early genes in the prelimbic region of the medial prefrontal cortex, and that pharmacological interventions targeted at that area can prevent both new learning and the recall of remotely and even recently consolidated information. These findings challenge the concept of distinct fast (hippocampal) and slow (cortical) learning systems, and shed new light on the neural mechanisms of memory assimilation into schemas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tse, Dorothy -- Takeuchi, Tomonori -- Kakeyama, Masaki -- Kajii, Yasushi -- Okuno, Hiroyuki -- Tohyama, Chiharu -- Bito, Haruhiko -- Morris, Richard G M -- G0700447/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):891-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1205274. Epub 2011 Jul 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cues ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics ; Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics ; *Genes, Immediate-Early ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Learning ; Male ; *Memory ; *Mental Recall ; Neocortex/*physiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Up-Regulation
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    K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-02-12
    Description: Endocrine tumors such as aldosterone-producing adrenal adenomas (APAs), a cause of severe hypertension, feature constitutive hormone production and unrestrained cell proliferation; the mechanisms linking these events are unknown. We identify two recurrent somatic mutations in and near the selectivity filter of the potassium (K(+)) channel KCNJ5 that are present in 8 of 22 human APAs studied. Both produce increased sodium (Na(+)) conductance and cell depolarization, which in adrenal glomerulosa cells produces calcium (Ca(2+)) entry, the signal for aldosterone production and cell proliferation. Similarly, we identify an inherited KCNJ5 mutation that produces increased Na(+) conductance in a Mendelian form of severe aldosteronism and massive bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. These findings explain pathogenesis in a subset of patients with severe hypertension and implicate loss of K(+) channel selectivity in constitutive cell proliferation and hormone production.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371087/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371087/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Choi, Murim -- Scholl, Ute I -- Yue, Peng -- Bjorklund, Peyman -- Zhao, Bixiao -- Nelson-Williams, Carol -- Ji, Weizhen -- Cho, Yoonsang -- Patel, Aniruddh -- Men, Clara J -- Lolis, Elias -- Wisgerhof, Max V -- Geller, David S -- Mane, Shrikant -- Hellman, Per -- Westin, Gunnar -- Akerstrom, Goran -- Wang, Wenhui -- Carling, Tobias -- Lifton, Richard P -- DK54983/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K01 AR060300/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007205/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):768-72. doi: 10.1126/science.1198785.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21311022" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Adrenal Glands/pathology ; Adrenocortical Adenoma/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Aldosterone/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; Female ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium ; Channels/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperaldosteronism/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Mutant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Mutation ; Potassium/metabolism ; Protein Multimerization ; Sodium/metabolism ; Zona Glomerulosa/metabolism/pathology
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    Sequential synaptic excitation and inhibition shape readiness discharge for voluntary behavior (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-04-16
    Description: How do animals initiate voluntary behavior? A key phenomenon in neuroscience is the readiness or preparatory neural activity in specific regions of the animal brain. The neurons and synaptic mechanisms mediating this activity are unknown. We found that the readiness discharge is shaped by sequential synaptic excitation and inhibition in the brain of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). The readiness discharge neurons extended axon collaterals that appeared to activate recurring local interneurons. Therefore, we propose that the readiness discharge is formed by sequential synaptic events within the brain without feedback signals from downstream ganglia. The circuit involved is suited for signal processing for self-generated voluntary initiation of behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kagaya, Katsushi -- Takahata, Masakazu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 15;332(6027):365-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1202244.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan. kagaya@sci.hokudai.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21493864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Astacoidea/*physiology ; Axons/physiology ; Brain/physiology ; Electromyography ; Female ; Ganglia, Invertebrate/physiology ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Locomotion/*physiology ; Male ; Membrane Potentials ; Motor Activity/*physiology ; Muscles/physiology ; Neural Inhibition ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology
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    Degradation of paternal mitochondria by fertilization-triggered autophagy in C. elegans embryos (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-15
    Description: The mitochondrial genome is believed to be maternally inherited in many eukaryotes. Sperm-derived paternal mitochondria enter the oocyte cytoplasm upon fertilization and then normally disappear during early embryogenesis. However, the mechanism responsible for this clearance has been unknown. Here, we show that autophagy, which delivers cytosolic components to lysosomes for degradation, is required for the elimination of paternal mitochondria in Caenorhabditis elegans. Immediately after fertilization, sperm-derived components trigger the localized induction of autophagy around sperm mitochondria. Autophagosomes engulf paternal mitochondria, resulting in their lysosomal degradation during early embryogenesis. In autophagy-defective zygotes, paternal mitochondria and their genome remain even in the first larval stage. Thus, fertilization-triggered autophagy is required for selective degradation of paternal mitochondria and thereby maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sato, Miyuki -- Sato, Ken -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 25;334(6059):1141-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1210333. Epub 2011 Oct 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21998252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Autophagy ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*embryology/genetics/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; DNA, Helminth/analysis/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/analysis/genetics ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*physiology ; Embryonic Development ; *Fertilization ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; Hermaphroditic Organisms ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Male ; Mitochondria/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Oocytes/physiology ; Phagosomes/*physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Spermatozoa/ultrastructure ; Ubiquitination
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    Medicine. The genetics of primary aldosteronism (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Funder, John W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):685-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1202887.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia. john.funder@princehenrys.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/*genetics/physiopathology ; Adrenal Glands/pathology ; Adrenocortical Adenoma/*genetics/physiopathology ; Aldosterone/*metabolism ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels/*genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Hyperaldosteronism/*genetics/physiopathology ; Hyperplasia ; Hypertension/physiopathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation
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    An egg-adult association, gender, and reproduction in pterosaurs (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-22
    Description: A sexually mature individual of Darwinopterus preserved together with an egg from the Jurassic of China provides direct evidence of gender in pterosaurs and insights into the reproductive biology of these extinct fliers. This new find and several other examples of Darwinopterus demonstrate that males of this pterosaur had a relatively small pelvis and a large cranial crest, whereas females had a relatively large pelvis and no crest. The ratio of egg mass to adult mass is relatively low, as in extant reptiles, and is comparable to values for squamates. A parchment-like eggshell points to burial and significant uptake of water after oviposition. This evidence for low parental investment contradicts the widespread assumption that reproduction in pterosaurs was like that of birds and shows that it was essentially like that of reptiles.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lu, Junchang -- Unwin, David M -- Deeming, D Charles -- Jin, Xingsheng -- Liu, Yongqing -- Ji, Qiang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 21;331(6015):321-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1197323.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China. lujc2008@126.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252343" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; China ; Egg Shell ; Female ; *Fossils ; Male ; Oviposition ; *Ovum ; Pelvis/anatomy & histology ; Phylogeny ; *Reproduction ; Reptiles/*anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Sex Characteristics
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    Aeroelastic flutter produces hummingbird feather songs (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: During courtship flights, males of some hummingbird species produce diverse sounds with tail feathers of varying shapes. We show that these sounds are produced by air flowing past a feather, causing it to aeroelastically flutter and generate flutter-induced sound. Scanning laser doppler vibrometery and high-speed video of individual feathers of different sizes and shapes in a wind tunnel revealed multiple vibratory modes that produce a range of acoustic frequencies and harmonic structures. Neighboring feathers can be aerodynamically coupled and flutter either at the same frequency, resulting in sympathetic vibrations that increase loudness, or at different frequencies, resulting in audible interaction frequencies. Aeroelastic flutter is intrinsic to stiff airfoils such as feathers and thus explains tonal sounds that are common in bird flight.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, Christopher J -- Elias, Damian O -- Prum, Richard O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1430-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1205222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Post Office Box 208105, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Birds/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Feathers/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Female ; Flight, Animal ; Male ; Mating Preference, Animal ; Movement ; *Sound ; Tail/physiology ; Vibration ; Wind
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    Selective attention from voluntary control of neurons in prefrontal cortex (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-28
    Description: Animals can learn to voluntarily control neuronal activity within various brain areas through operant conditioning, but the relevance of that control to cognitive functions is unknown. We found that rhesus monkeys can control the activity of neurons within the frontal eye field (FEF), an oculomotor area of the prefrontal cortex. However, operantly driven FEF activity was primarily associated with selective visual attention, and not oculomotor preparation. Attentional effects were untrained and were observed both behaviorally and neurophysiologically. Furthermore, selective attention correlated with voluntary, but not spontaneous, fluctuations in FEF activity. Our results reveal a specific association of voluntarily driven neuronal activity with "top-down" attention and suggest a basis for the use of neurofeedback training to treat disorders of attention.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371378/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3371378/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schafer, Robert J -- Moore, Tirin -- EY14924/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- F31MH078490/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY014924/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 24;332(6037):1568-71. doi: 10.1126/science.1199892. Epub 2011 May 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Attention ; Conditioning, Operant ; Macaca mulatta ; Male ; Neurofeedback ; Neurons/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/cytology/*physiology ; Saccades ; *Visual Perception
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    Does family planning bring down fertility? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):548-9. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6042.548.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Birth Rate ; Contraception/*utilization ; Developing Countries ; *Family Characteristics ; *Family Planning Services ; Female ; Humans ; Male
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    Differences between tight and loose cultures: a 33-nation study (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-28
    Description: With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gelfand, Michele J -- Raver, Jana L -- Nishii, Lisa -- Leslie, Lisa M -- Lun, Janetta -- Lim, Beng Chong -- Duan, Lili -- Almaliach, Assaf -- Ang, Soon -- Arnadottir, Jakobina -- Aycan, Zeynep -- Boehnke, Klaus -- Boski, Pawel -- Cabecinhas, Rosa -- Chan, Darius -- Chhokar, Jagdeep -- D'Amato, Alessia -- Ferrer, Montse -- Fischlmayr, Iris C -- Fischer, Ronald -- Fulop, Marta -- Georgas, James -- Kashima, Emiko S -- Kashima, Yoshishima -- Kim, Kibum -- Lempereur, Alain -- Marquez, Patricia -- Othman, Rozhan -- Overlaet, Bert -- Panagiotopoulou, Penny -- Peltzer, Karl -- Perez-Florizno, Lorena R -- Ponomarenko, Larisa -- Realo, Anu -- Schei, Vidar -- Schmitt, Manfred -- Smith, Peter B -- Soomro, Nazar -- Szabo, Erna -- Taveesin, Nalinee -- Toyama, Midori -- Van de Vliert, Evert -- Vohra, Naharika -- Ward, Colleen -- Yamaguchi, Susumu -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 27;332(6033):1100-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1197754.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. mgelfand@psyc.umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21617077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Behavior ; *Cross-Cultural Comparison ; *Cultural Characteristics ; Female ; Government ; Humans ; Male ; Permissiveness ; Political Systems ; Population Density ; *Social Behavior ; *Social Conformity ; Social Control, Formal ; *Social Values ; Young Adult
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    Linking context with reward: a functional circuit from hippocampal CA3 to ventral tegmental area (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: Reward-motivated behavior is strongly influenced by the learned significance of contextual stimuli in the environment. However, the neural pathways that mediate context-reward relations are not well understood. We have identified a circuit from area CA3 of dorsal hippocampus to ventral tegmental area (VTA) that uses lateral septum (LS) as a relay. Theta frequency stimulation of CA3 excited VTA dopamine (DA) neurons and inhibited non-DA neurons. DA neuron excitation was likely mediated by disinhibition because local antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors blocked responses to CA3 stimulation. Inactivating components of the CA3-LS-VTA pathway blocked evoked responses in VTA and also reinstatement of cocaine-seeking by contextual stimuli. This transsynaptic link between hippocampus and VTA appears to be an important substrate by which environmental context regulates goal-directed behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150711/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150711/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luo, Alice H -- Tahsili-Fahadan, Pouya -- Wise, Roy A -- Lupica, Carl R -- Aston-Jones, Gary -- F31-MH071093/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R37 DA006214/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R37-DA006214/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR029882/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- ZIA DA000471-07/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):353-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1204622.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Behavioral Neuroscience Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. alice_luo@hotmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764750" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain Mapping ; CA3 Region, Hippocampal/*physiology ; Cocaine/administration & dosage ; Dopamine/physiology ; Drug-Seeking Behavior ; Electric Stimulation ; GABA Agonists/pharmacology ; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Male ; Models, Neurological ; Neural Inhibition ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; *Reward ; Self Administration ; Septal Nuclei/*physiology ; Theta Rhythm ; Ventral Tegmental Area/*physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/administration & dosage/physiology
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    Human tears contain a chemosignal (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: Emotional tearing is a poorly understood behavior that is considered uniquely human. In mice, tears serve as a chemosignal. We therefore hypothesized that human tears may similarly serve a chemosignaling function. We found that merely sniffing negative-emotion-related odorless tears obtained from women donors induced reductions in sexual appeal attributed by men to pictures of women's faces. Moreover, after sniffing such tears, men experienced reduced self-rated sexual arousal, reduced physiological measures of arousal, and reduced levels of testosterone. Finally, functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that sniffing women's tears selectively reduced activity in brain substrates of sexual arousal in men.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gelstein, Shani -- Yeshurun, Yaara -- Rozenkrantz, Liron -- Shushan, Sagit -- Frumin, Idan -- Roth, Yehudah -- Sobel, Noam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 14;331(6014):226-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1198331. Epub 2011 Jan 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Affect ; *Arousal ; Brain/*physiology ; Double-Blind Method ; *Emotions ; Face ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Odors ; Pheromones, Human/*analysis ; Saliva/chemistry ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sexual Behavior ; Smell ; Tears/*chemistry ; Temporal Lobe/physiology ; Testosterone/*analysis ; Young Adult
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    Global invasion history of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: The fire ant Solenopsis invicta is a significant pest that was inadvertently introduced into the southern United States almost a century ago and more recently into California and other regions of the world. An assessment of genetic variation at a diverse set of molecular markers in 2144 fire ant colonies from 75 geographic sites worldwide revealed that at least nine separate introductions of S. invicta have occurred into newly invaded areas and that the main southern U.S. population is probably the source of all but one of these introductions. The sole exception involves a putative serial invasion from the southern United States to California to Taiwan. These results illustrate in stark fashion a severe negative consequence of an increasingly massive and interconnected global trade and travel system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ascunce, Marina S -- Yang, Chin-Cheng -- Oakey, Jane -- Calcaterra, Luis -- Wu, Wen-Jer -- Shih, Cheng-Jen -- Goudet, Jerome -- Ross, Kenneth G -- Shoemaker, DeWayne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 25;331(6020):1066-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1198734.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉USDA-ARS Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600/1700 Southwest 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ants/genetics ; Asia ; Australia ; Bayes Theorem ; Commerce ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Introduced Species ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Population Dynamics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; South America ; Travel ; United States
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    Global human capital: integrating education and population (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: Almost universally, women with higher levels of education have fewer children. Better education is associated with lower mortality, better health, and different migration patterns. Hence, the global population outlook depends greatly on further progress in education, particularly of young women. By 2050, the highest and lowest education scenarios--assuming identical education-specific fertility rates--result in world population sizes of 8.9 and 10.0 billion, respectively. Better education also matters for human development, including health, economic growth, and democracy. Existing methods of multi-state demography can quantitatively integrate education into standard demographic analysis, thus adding the "quality" dimension.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lutz, Wolfgang -- KC, Samir -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):587-92. doi: 10.1126/science.1206964.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital, Vienna A1090, Austria. lutz@iiasa.ac.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Age Distribution ; Birth Rate ; Developed Countries ; *Economic Development ; *Educational Status ; Female ; Forecasting ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Male ; Mortality ; *Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; *Quality of Life ; Sex Distribution
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    Life at the top: rank and stress in wild male baboons (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: In social hierarchies, dominant individuals experience reproductive and health benefits, but the costs of social dominance remain a topic of debate. Prevailing hypotheses predict that higher-ranking males experience higher testosterone and glucocorticoid (stress hormone) levels than lower-ranking males when hierarchies are unstable but not otherwise. In this long-term study of rank-related stress in a natural population of savannah baboons (Papio cynocephalus), high-ranking males had higher testosterone and lower glucocorticoid levels than other males, regardless of hierarchy stability. The singular exception was for the highest-ranking (alpha) males, who exhibited both high testosterone and high glucocorticoid levels. In particular, alpha males exhibited much higher stress hormone levels than second-ranking (beta) males, suggesting that being at the very top may be more costly than previously thought.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433837/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3433837/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gesquiere, Laurence R -- Learn, Niki H -- Simao, M Carolina M -- Onyango, Patrick O -- Alberts, Susan C -- Altmann, Jeanne -- P01 AG031719/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P30 AG024361/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG034513/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01-AG034513/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R03 MH065294/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R03 MH65294/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R24 HD047879/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):357-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1207120.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. lgesquie@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Dominance-Subordination ; Feces/chemistry ; Female ; Glucocorticoids/analysis ; *Hierarchy, Social ; Kenya ; Male ; Papio cynocephalus/*physiology/*psychology ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Dominance ; *Stress, Psychological ; Testosterone/analysis
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    12th International Congress of Human Genetics. X-tra diversity for Africans (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):582-3. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6056.582-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; *Chromosomes, Human, X ; Female ; Gene Dosage ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Male ; Pilot Projects ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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    Sociology. Experimenting with buddies (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Leij, Marco J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 2;334(6060):1220-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1214836.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Nonlinear Dynamics in Economics and Finance, University of Amsterdam, 1018 XE Amsterdam, Netherlands. m.j.vanderleij@uva.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22144610" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Diet Records ; Female ; *Health Behavior ; Humans ; *Internet ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; *Obesity ; *Social Networking ; *Social Support
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    12th International Congress of Human Genetics. Life on the fertile frontier (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):582. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6056.582-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Birth Rate ; Canada ; *Emigrants and Immigrants ; Emigration and Immigration/*history ; Female ; Gravidity ; History, 17th Century ; History, 18th Century ; Humans ; Male ; Quebec
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    Development. Determining sexual identity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Doren, Mark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):829-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1210282.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. vandoren@jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila/embryology/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Gametogenesis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Germ Cells/*physiology ; Gonads/*cytology/embryology ; Humans ; Male ; RNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Sex Chromosomes ; *Sex Determination Processes
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    Effects of working-memory training on striatal dopamine release (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-06
    Description: Updating of working memory has been associated with striato-frontal brain regions and phasic dopaminergic neurotransmission. We assessed raclopride binding to striatal dopamine (DA) D2 receptors during a letter-updating task and a control condition before and after 5 weeks of updating training. Results showed that updating affected DA activity before training and that training further increased striatal DA release during updating. These findings highlight the pivotal role of transient neural processes associated with D2 receptor activity in working memory.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Backman, Lars -- Nyberg, Lars -- Soveri, Anna -- Johansson, Jarkko -- Andersson, Micael -- Dahlin, Erika -- Neely, Anna S -- Virta, Jere -- Laine, Matti -- Rinne, Juha O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 5;333(6043):718. doi: 10.1126/science.1204978.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. lars.backman.1@ki.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21817043" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; *Memory, Short-Term ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Raclopride/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/*metabolism ; Young Adult
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    Paleoanthropology. Skeletons present an exquisite paleo-puzzle (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1370-2. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6048.1370. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hand/anatomy & histology ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Male ; Pelvic Bones/anatomy & histology ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Neuroscience. Synaptic switch and social status (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maroteaux, Matthieu -- Mameli, Manuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 4;334(6056):608-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1214713.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM UMR-S 839, Institut du Fer a Moulin, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, F75005 Paris.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22053035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Hierarchy, Social ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/*physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Effects of creating order from chaos (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vaughan, William -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 24;332(6037):1501-2; author reply 1502-3. doi: 10.1126/science.332.6037.1501-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Prejudice ; Research Design ; *Stereotyping
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human evolutionary genetics. Genes confirm Europeans' blow to Native Americans (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1335. doi: 10.1126/science.334.6061.1335.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158793" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Emigration and Immigration/history ; European Continental Ancestry Group/history ; Female ; Genome, Mitochondrial ; History, 15th Century ; History, Ancient ; History, Medieval ; Humans ; Indians, North American/genetics/*history/statistics & numerical data ; Male ; Population Density ; Population Dynamics/*history
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Distinct properties of the XY pseudoautosomal region crucial for male meiosis (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-19
    Description: Meiosis requires that each chromosome find its homologous partner and undergo at least one crossover. X-Y chromosome segregation hinges on efficient crossing-over in a very small region of homology, the pseudoautosomal region (PAR). We find that mouse PAR DNA occupies unusually long chromosome axes, potentially as shorter chromatin loops, predicted to promote double-strand break (DSB) formation. Most PARs show delayed appearance of RAD51/DMC1 foci, which mark DSB ends, and all PARs undergo delayed DSB-mediated homologous pairing. Analysis of Spo11beta isoform-specific transgenic mice revealed that late RAD51/DMC1 foci in the PAR are genetically distinct from both early PAR foci and global foci and that late PAR foci promote efficient X-Y pairing, recombination, and male fertility. Our findings uncover specific mechanisms that surmount the unique challenges of X-Y recombination.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151169/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3151169/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kauppi, Liisa -- Barchi, Marco -- Baudat, Frederic -- Romanienko, Peter J -- Keeney, Scott -- Jasin, Maria -- R01 HD040916/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD040916-01/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD040916-10/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):916-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1195774.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21330546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Chromatin/chemistry/metabolism ; *Chromosome Pairing ; Chromosome Segregation ; *Crossing Over, Genetic ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; Endodeoxyribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Protein Isoforms ; Rad51 Recombinase/metabolism ; X Chromosome/*physiology ; Y Chromosome/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Oxytocin selectively gates fear responses through distinct outputs from the central amygdala (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-02
    Description: Central amygdala (CeA) projections to hypothalamic and brain stem nuclei regulate the behavioral and physiological expression of fear, but it is unknown whether these different aspects of the fear response can be separately regulated by the CeA. We combined fluorescent retrograde tracing of CeA projections to nuclei that modulate fear-related freezing or cardiovascular responses with in vitro electrophysiological recordings and with in vivo monitoring of related behavioral and physiological parameters. CeA projections emerged from separate neuronal populations with different electrophysiological characteristics and different response properties to oxytocin. In vivo, oxytocin decreased freezing responses in fear-conditioned rats without affecting the cardiovascular response. Thus, neuropeptidergic signaling can modulate the CeA outputs through separate neuronal circuits and thereby individually steer the various aspects of the fear response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Viviani, Daniele -- Charlet, Alexandre -- van den Burg, Erwin -- Robinet, Camille -- Hurni, Nicolas -- Abatis, Marios -- Magara, Fulvio -- Stoop, Ron -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 1;333(6038):104-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1201043.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21719680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amygdala/*physiology ; Animals ; Bombesin/pharmacology ; Brain Stem/*physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Fear/*physiology ; Female ; GABA-A Receptor Agonists/pharmacology ; Heart Rate/drug effects ; Hypothalamus/*physiology ; Male ; Muscimol/pharmacology ; Neural Inhibition ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Oxytocin/agonists/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Periaqueductal Gray/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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    AIDS research. Complexity surrounds HIV prevention advances (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 22;333(6041):393. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6041.393.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21778370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*administration & dosage/economics ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage/*analogs & derivatives/economics ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Costs ; Emtricitabine, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Drug Combination ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Male ; Medication Adherence ; Organophosphorus Compounds/*administration & dosage/economics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Are more people necessarily a problem? (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):544-6. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6042.544.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Economic Development ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Kenya ; Male ; *Population Density ; *Population Growth
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human sperm binding is mediated by the sialyl-Lewis(x) oligosaccharide on the zona pellucida (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: Human fertilization begins when spermatozoa bind to the extracellular matrix coating of the oocyte, known as the zona pellucida (ZP). One spermatozoan then penetrates this matrix and fuses with the egg cell, generating a zygote. Although carbohydrate sequences on the ZP have been implicated in sperm binding, the nature of the ligand was unknown. Here, ultrasensitive mass spectrometric analyses revealed that the sialyl-Lewis(x) sequence [NeuAcalpha2-3Galbeta1-4(Fucalpha1-3)GlcNAc], a well-known selectin ligand, is the most abundant terminal sequence on the N- and O-glycans of human ZP. Sperm-ZP binding was largely inhibited by glycoconjugates terminated with sialyl-Lewis(x) sequences or by antibodies directed against this sequence. Thus, the sialyl-Lewis(x) sequence represents the major carbohydrate ligand for human sperm-egg binding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pang, Poh-Choo -- Chiu, Philip C N -- Lee, Cheuk-Lun -- Chang, Lan-Yi -- Panico, Maria -- Morris, Howard R -- Haslam, Stuart M -- Khoo, Kay-Hooi -- Clark, Gary F -- Yeung, William S B -- Dell, Anne -- BBF0083091/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1761-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1207438. Epub 2011 Aug 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852454" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies/immunology ; Carbohydrate Conformation ; Carbohydrate Sequence ; Egg Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Female ; Fucose/chemistry ; Glycoconjugates/metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Oligosaccharides/chemistry/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*metabolism ; Selectins/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; *Sperm-Ovum Interactions ; Spermatozoa/*metabolism ; Zona Pellucida/chemistry/*metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Empathy and pro-social behavior in rats (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: Whereas human pro-social behavior is often driven by empathic concern for another, it is unclear whether nonprimate mammals experience a similar motivational state. To test for empathically motivated pro-social behavior in rodents, we placed a free rat in an arena with a cagemate trapped in a restrainer. After several sessions, the free rat learned to intentionally and quickly open the restrainer and free the cagemate. Rats did not open empty or object-containing restrainers. They freed cagemates even when social contact was prevented. When liberating a cagemate was pitted against chocolate contained within a second restrainer, rats opened both restrainers and typically shared the chocolate. Thus, rats behave pro-socially in response to a conspecific's distress, providing strong evidence for biological roots of empathically motivated helping behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760221/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760221/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ben-Ami Bartal, Inbal -- Decety, Jean -- Mason, Peggy -- DA022429/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA022978/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA022978/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R21 DA022429/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1427-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1210789.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cooperative Behavior ; *Empathy ; Female ; Helping Behavior ; Male ; Motivation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Restraint, Physical ; *Social Behavior ; *Stress, Psychological
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    Normalization for sparse encoding of odors by a wide-field interneuron (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-10
    Description: Sparse coding presents practical advantages for sensory representations and memory storage. In the insect olfactory system, the representation of general odors is dense in the antennal lobes but sparse in the mushroom bodies, only one synapse downstream. In locusts, this transformation relies on the oscillatory structure of antennal lobe output, feed-forward inhibitory circuits, intrinsic properties of mushroom body neurons, and connectivity between antennal lobe and mushroom bodies. Here we show the existence of a normalizing negative-feedback loop within the mushroom body to maintain sparse output over a wide range of input conditions. This loop consists of an identifiable "giant" nonspiking inhibitory interneuron with ubiquitous connectivity and graded release properties.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3242050/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3242050/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Papadopoulou, Maria -- Cassenaer, Stijn -- Nowotny, Thomas -- Laurent, Gilles -- BB/F005113/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 6;332(6030):721-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1201835.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, Computation and Neural Systems Program, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21551062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Arthropod Antennae/cytology/*physiology ; Axons/physiology ; Dendrites/physiology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Feedback, Sensory ; Female ; Grasshoppers/cytology/*physiology ; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Male ; Mushroom Bodies/cytology/*physiology ; Neural Inhibition ; *Odors ; Olfactory Pathways/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Raptor nest decorations are a reliable threat against conspecifics (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-22
    Description: Individual quality is often signaled by phenotypic flags, such as bright plumage patches in birds. Extended phenotype signals can similarly show quality, but in these cases the signals are external to the individual, often taking the form of objects scavenged from the environment. Through multiple manipulative experiments, we showed that objects used for nest decoration by a territorial raptor, the black kite (Milvus migrans), act as reliable threats to conspecifics, revealing the viability, territory quality, and conflict dominance of the signaler. Our results suggest that animal-built structures may serve as signaling devices much more frequently than currently recognized.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sergio, F -- Blas, J -- Blanco, G -- Tanferna, A -- Lopez, L -- Lemus, J A -- Hiraldo, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 21;331(6015):327-30. doi: 10.1126/science.1199422.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Conservation Biology, Estacion Biologica de Donana, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), C/ Americo Vespucio, 41092 Seville, Spain. fsergio@ebd.csic.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21252345" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression ; Aging ; *Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Breeding ; *Falconiformes/physiology ; Female ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Predatory Behavior ; Social Dominance ; *Territoriality
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    HIV/AIDS. ARVs as HIV prevention: a tough road to wide impact (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shelton, James D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 23;334(6063):1645-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1212353.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bureau for Global Health, Washington, DC 20523, USA. jshelton@usaid.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22194560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Serodiagnosis ; Administration, Oral ; Anti-HIV Agents/administration & dosage/adverse effects/economics/*therapeutic ; use ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Epidemics/prevention & control ; Female ; HIV/drug effects/physiology ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control/transmission/virology ; Humans ; Male ; Medication Adherence ; Risk-Taking ; Sexual Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Role for piRNAs and noncoding RNA in de novo DNA methylation of the imprinted mouse Rasgrf1 locus (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-05-14
    Description: Genomic imprinting causes parental origin-specific monoallelic gene expression through differential DNA methylation established in the parental germ line. However, the mechanisms underlying how specific sequences are selectively methylated are not fully understood. We have found that the components of the PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway are required for de novo methylation of the differentially methylated region (DMR) of the imprinted mouse Rasgrf1 locus, but not other paternally imprinted loci. A retrotransposon sequence within a noncoding RNA spanning the DMR was targeted by piRNAs generated from a different locus. A direct repeat in the DMR, which is required for the methylation and imprinting of Rasgrf1, served as a promoter for this RNA. We propose a model in which piRNAs and a target RNA direct the sequence-specific methylation of Rasgrf1.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368507/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368507/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Toshiaki -- Tomizawa, Shin-ichi -- Mitsuya, Kohzoh -- Totoki, Yasushi -- Yamamoto, Yasuhiro -- Kuramochi-Miyagawa, Satomi -- Iida, Naoko -- Hoki, Yuko -- Murphy, Patrick J -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Gotoh, Kengo -- Hiura, Hitoshi -- Arima, Takahiro -- Fujiyama, Asao -- Sado, Takashi -- Shibata, Tatsuhiro -- Nakano, Toru -- Lin, Haifan -- Ichiyanagi, Kenji -- Soloway, Paul D -- Sasaki, Hiroyuki -- R01 CA098597/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 May 13;332(6031):848-52. doi: 10.1126/science.1203919.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Human Genetics and Department of Integrated Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan. toshwatatoshiakiwatanabe@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21566194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Argonaute Proteins ; *DNA Methylation ; *Genomic Imprinting ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Mutation ; Phospholipase D/genetics/metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics/metabolism ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Retroelements ; Spermatogonia/metabolism ; Testis/embryology/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; ras-GRF1/*genetics
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    Attention but not awareness modulates the BOLD signal in the human V1 during binocular suppression (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-11-15
    Description: Although recent psychophysical studies indicate that visual awareness and top-down attention are two distinct processes, it is not clear how they are neurally dissociated in the visual system. Using a two-by-two factorial functional magnetic resonance imaging design with binocular suppression, we found that the visibility or invisibility of a visual target led to only nonsignificant blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) effects in the human primary visual cortex (V1). Directing attention toward and away from the target had much larger and robust effects across all study participants. The difference in the lower-level limit of BOLD activation between attention and awareness illustrates dissociated neural correlates of the two processes. Our results agree with previously reported V1 BOLD effects on attention, while they invite a reconsideration of the functional role of V1 in visual awareness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watanabe, Masataka -- Cheng, Kang -- Murayama, Yusuke -- Ueno, Kenichi -- Asamizuya, Takeshi -- Tanaka, Keiji -- Logothetis, Nikos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Nov 11;334(6057):829-31. doi: 10.1126/science.1203161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. watanabe@tuebingen.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22076381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Attention ; *Awareness ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Oxygen/blood ; Photic Stimulation ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Perception/*physiology ; Young Adult
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    Enhancement of consolidated long-term memory by overexpression of protein kinase Mzeta in the neocortex (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-03-10
    Description: Memories are more easily disrupted than improved. Many agents can impair memories during encoding and consolidation. In contrast, the armamentarium of potential memory enhancers is so far rather modest. Moreover, the effect of the latter appears to be limited to enhancing new memories during encoding and the initial period of cellular consolidation, which can last from a few minutes to hours after learning. Here, we report that overexpression in the rat neocortex of the protein kinase C isozyme protein kinase Mzeta (PKMzeta) enhances long-term memory, whereas a dominant negative PKMzeta disrupts memory, even long after memory has been formed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shema, Reut -- Haramati, Sharon -- Ron, Shiri -- Hazvi, Shoshi -- Chen, Alon -- Sacktor, Todd Charlton -- Dudai, Yadin -- MH57068/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH53576/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Mar 4;331(6021):1207-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1200215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21385716" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Gene Expression ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Isoenzymes/genetics/metabolism ; Lentivirus/genetics ; Male ; *Memory, Long-Term ; Mutant Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neocortex/*metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Protein Kinase C/*genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar
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    Human genome 10th anniversary. Probing pronghorn mating preferences (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 25;331(6020):1009. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6020.1009.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antelopes/*genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; *Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Pre-Clovis mastodon hunting 13,800 years ago at the Manis site, Washington (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-10-25
    Description: The tip of a projectile point made of mastodon bone is embedded in a rib of a single disarticulated mastodon at the Manis site in the state of Washington. Radiocarbon dating and DNA analysis show that the rib is associated with the other remains and dates to 13,800 years ago. Thus, osseous projectile points, common to the Beringian Upper Paleolithic and Clovis, were made and used during pre-Clovis times in North America. The Manis site, combined with evidence of mammoth hunting at sites in Wisconsin, provides evidence that people were hunting proboscideans at least two millennia before Clovis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Waters, Michael R -- Stafford, Thomas W Jr -- McDonald, H Gregory -- Gustafson, Carl -- Rasmussen, Morten -- Cappellini, Enrico -- Olsen, Jesper V -- Szklarczyk, Damian -- Jensen, Lars Juhl -- Gilbert, M Thomas P -- Willerslev, Eske -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Oct 21;334(6054):351-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1207663.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of the First Americans, Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, 4352 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4352, USA. mwaters@tamu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22021854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Archaeology ; Bone and Bones ; Geologic Sediments ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; *Mastodons ; Radiometric Dating ; Time ; Washington ; Weapons/*history
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    Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta2 subunits in the medial prefrontal cortex control attention (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: More than one-third of all people are estimated to experience mild to severe cognitive impairment as they age. Acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the brain diminish with aging, and nicotinic ACh receptor (nAChR) stimulation is known to enhance cognitive performance. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in a range of cognitive functions and is thought to mediate attentional focus. We found that mice carrying nAChR beta2-subunit deletions have impaired attention performance. Efficient lentiviral vector-mediated reexpression of functional beta2-subunit-containing nAChRs in PFC neurons of the prelimbic area (PrL) completely restored the attentional deficit but did not affect impulsive and motivational behavior. Our findings show that beta2-subunit expression in the PrL PFC is sufficient for endogenous nAChR-mediated cholinergic regulation of attentional performance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guillem, Karine -- Bloem, Bernard -- Poorthuis, Rogier B -- Loos, Maarten -- Smit, August B -- Maskos, Uwe -- Spijker, Sabine -- Mansvelder, Huibert D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 12;333(6044):888-91. doi: 10.1126/science.1207079.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/metabolism ; Animals ; *Attention ; Behavior, Animal ; *Cognition ; Gene Deletion ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motivation ; Neurons/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Reaction Time ; Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics/*metabolism ; Transduction, Genetic
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    No mystery about the polio outbreak (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crawford, Colin L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):674. doi: 10.1126/science.331.6018.674-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21310985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Congo/epidemiology ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Vaccination ; Poliomyelitis/*epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control ; Poliovirus Vaccines ; Young Adult
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    Perceptual learning incepted by decoded fMRI neurofeedback without stimulus presentation (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-12-14
    Description: It is controversial whether the adult primate early visual cortex is sufficiently plastic to cause visual perceptual learning (VPL). The controversy occurs partially because most VPL studies have examined correlations between behavioral and neural activity changes rather than cause-and-effect relationships. With an online-feedback method that uses decoded functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals, we induced activity patterns only in early visual cortex corresponding to an orientation without stimulus presentation or participants' awareness of what was to be learned. The induced activation caused VPL specific to the orientation. These results suggest that early visual areas are so plastic that mere inductions of activity patterns are sufficient to cause VPL. This technique can induce plasticity in a highly selective manner, potentially leading to powerful training and rehabilitative protocols.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297423/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3297423/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shibata, Kazuhisa -- Watanabe, Takeo -- Sasaki, Yuka -- Kawato, Mitsuo -- R01 AG031941/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG031941-04/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-04A2/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-05/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-06/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-07/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY015980-08/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH091801/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Dec 9;334(6061):1413-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1212003.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Keihanna Science City, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22158821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurofeedback ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Size Perception ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; *Visual Perception ; Young Adult
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    A partial pelvis of Australopithecus sediba (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: The fossil record of the hominin pelvis reflects important evolutionary changes in locomotion and parturition. The partial pelves of two individuals of Australopithecus sediba were reconstructed from previously reported finds and new material. These remains share some features with australopiths, such as large biacetabular diameter, small sacral and coxal joints, and long pubic rami. The specimens also share derived features with Homo, including more vertically oriented and sigmoid-shaped iliac blades, greater robusticity of the iliac body, sinusoidal anterior iliac borders, shortened ischia, and more superiorly oriented pubic rami. These derived features appear in a species with a small adult brain size, suggesting that the birthing of larger-brained babies was not driving the evolution of the pelvis at this time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kibii, Job M -- Churchill, Steven E -- Schmid, Peter -- Carlson, Kristian J -- Reed, Nichelle D -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1407-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1202521. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Ilium/anatomy & histology ; Ischium/anatomy & histology ; Locomotion ; Male ; Parturition ; Pelvic Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Pelvis/*anatomy & histology ; Pubic Bone/anatomy & histology ; Sacrum/anatomy & histology ; South Africa
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    Adult neural function requires MeCP2 (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-06-04
    Description: Rett syndrome (RTT) is a postnatal neurological disorder caused by mutations in MECP2, encoding the epigenetic regulator methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2). The onset of RTT symptoms during early life together with findings suggesting neurodevelopmental abnormalities in RTT and mouse models of RTT raised the question of whether maintaining MeCP2 function exclusively during early life might protect against disease. We show by using an inducible model of RTT that deletion of Mecp2 in adult mice recapitulates the germline knock-out phenotype, underscoring the ongoing role of MeCP2 in adult neurological function. Moreover, unlike the effects of other epigenetic instructions programmed during early life, the effects of early MeCP2 function are lost soon after its deletion. These findings suggest that therapies for RTT must be maintained throughout life.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150190/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3150190/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGraw, Christopher M -- Samaco, Rodney C -- Zoghbi, Huda Y -- F31-NS073317/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- HD024064/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS057819/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD024064/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30 HD024064-22/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS057819/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS057819-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- T32-NS043124/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 8;333(6039):186. doi: 10.1126/science.1206593. Epub 2011 Jun 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Learning ; Male ; Memory ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; *Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Rett Syndrome/genetics/*physiopathology
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    16-month-olds rationally infer causes of failed actions (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-28
    Description: Sixteen-month-old infants (N = 83) rationally used sparse data about the distribution of outcomes among agents and objects to solve a fundamental inference problem: deciding whether event outcomes are due to themselves or the world. When infants experienced failed outcomes, their causal attributions affected whether they sought help or explored.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gweon, Hyowon -- Schulz, Laura -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 24;332(6037):1524. doi: 10.1126/science.1204493.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. hyora@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Infant ; *Infant Behavior ; *Learning ; Male ; *Mental Processes ; *Problem Solving
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    Increased structure and active learning reduce the achievement gap in introductory biology (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-06-04
    Description: Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics instructors have been charged with improving the performance and retention of students from diverse backgrounds. To date, programs that close the achievement gap between students from disadvantaged versus nondisadvantaged educational backgrounds have required extensive extramural funding. We show that a highly structured course design, based on daily and weekly practice with problem-solving, data analysis, and other higher-order cognitive skills, improved the performance of all students in a college-level introductory biology class and reduced the achievement gap between disadvantaged and nondisadvantaged students--without increased expenditures. These results support the Carnegie Hall hypothesis: Intensive practice, via active-learning exercises, has a disproportionate benefit for capable but poorly prepared students.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haak, David C -- HilleRisLambers, Janneke -- Pitre, Emile -- Freeman, Scott -- 52003841/Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jun 3;332(6034):1213-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1204820.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Box 351800, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Achievement ; Biology/*education ; Curriculum ; Educational Measurement ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; Minority Groups ; Models, Educational ; *Problem-Based Learning ; *Students ; Teaching/*methods ; Universities ; Washington
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    Developmental plasticity in sexual roles of butterfly species drives mutual sexual ornamentation (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-01-08
    Description: Current explanations for why sexual ornaments are found in both sexes include genetic correlation, same sex competition, and mutual mate choice. In this study, we report developmental plasticity in mating behavior as induced by temperature during development in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana. Males and females reciprocally change their sexual roles depending on their larval rearing temperatures. This switch is correlated with a change in mating benefits to females and costs to males. The discrete seasonal environments, wet season and dry season, are known to produce the two developmental forms and as a consequence impose alternating, symmetrical patterns of sexual selection, one season on male ornaments, the following season on female ornaments. Thus, reciprocal selection through time may result in mutual sexual ornamentation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prudic, Kathleen L -- Jeon, Cheonha -- Cao, Hui -- Monteiro, Antonia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jan 7;331(6013):73-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1197114.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA. Kathleen.prudic@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21212355" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Butterflies/growth & development/*physiology ; Copulation ; Female ; Larva/growth & development ; Longevity ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; Oviposition ; Pigmentation ; Seasons ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Spermatogonia/cytology ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Wings, Animal/*anatomy & histology/growth & development
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    Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-20
    Description: To be successful takes creativity, flexibility, self-control, and discipline. Central to all those are executive functions, including mentally playing with ideas, giving a considered rather than an impulsive response, and staying focused. Diverse activities have been shown to improve children's executive functions: computerized training, noncomputerized games, aerobics, martial arts, yoga, mindfulness, and school curricula. All successful programs involve repeated practice and progressively increase the challenge to executive functions. Children with worse executive functions benefit most from these activities; thus, early executive-function training may avert widening achievement gaps later. To improve executive functions, focusing narrowly on them may not be as effective as also addressing emotional and social development (as do curricula that improve executive functions) and physical development (shown by positive effects of aerobics, martial arts, and yoga).〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159917/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159917/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Diamond, Adele -- Lee, Kathleen -- DA19685/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH 071893/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019685/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 DA019685-20/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH071893/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH071893-05/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):959-64. doi: 10.1126/science.1204529.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of British Columbia and Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC V6T 2A1, Canada. adele.diamond@ubc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Child, Preschool ; Computers ; Curriculum ; Emotions ; *Executive Function ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Martial Arts/education ; Memory, Short-Term
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Human voice recognition depends on language ability (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-30
    Description: The ability to recognize people by their voice is an important social behavior. Individuals differ in how they pronounce words, and listeners may take advantage of language-specific knowledge of speech phonology to facilitate recognizing voices. Impaired phonological processing is characteristic of dyslexia and thought to be a basis for difficulty in learning to read. We tested voice-recognition abilities of dyslexic and control listeners for voices speaking listeners' native language or an unfamiliar language. Individuals with dyslexia exhibited impaired voice-recognition abilities compared with controls only for voices speaking their native language. These results demonstrate the importance of linguistic representations for voice recognition. Humans appear to identify voices by making comparisons between talkers' pronunciations of words and listeners' stored abstract representations of the sounds in those words.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242590/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242590/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perrachione, Tyler K -- Del Tufo, Stephanie N -- Gabrieli, John D E -- UL1 RR025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1RR025758/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 29;333(6042):595. doi: 10.1126/science.1207327.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. tkp@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798942" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Dyslexia/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; *Language ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Physiological ; *Phonetics ; Speech Perception ; *Voice ; Young Adult
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Education. The pseudoscience of single-sex schooling (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-09-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halpern, Diane F -- Eliot, Lise -- Bigler, Rebecca S -- Fabes, Richard A -- Hanish, Laura D -- Hyde, Janet -- Liben, Lynn S -- Martin, Carol Lynn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1706-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1205031.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA 91711, USA. diane.halpern@cmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21940879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Child ; Education/*methods/*standards ; Female ; Humans ; *Learning ; Male ; Prejudice ; *Sex Characteristics ; Stereotyping
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Promoting the Middle East peace process by changing beliefs about group malleability (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-27
    Description: Four studies showed that beliefs about whether groups have a malleable versus fixed nature affected intergroup attitudes and willingness to compromise for peace. Using a nationwide sample (N = 500) of Israeli Jews, the first study showed that a belief that groups were malleable predicted positive attitudes toward Palestinians, which in turn predicted willingness to compromise. In the remaining three studies, experimentally inducing malleable versus fixed beliefs about groups among Israeli Jews (N = 76), Palestinian citizens of Israel (N = 59), and Palestinians in the West Bank (N = 53)--without mentioning the adversary--led to more positive attitudes toward the outgroup and, in turn, increased willingness to compromise for peace.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halperin, Eran -- Russell, Alexandra G -- Trzesniewski, Kali H -- Gross, James J -- Dweck, Carol S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1767-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1202925. Epub 2011 Aug 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lauder School of Government, Diplomacy and Strategy, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya 46150, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Arabs ; *Attitude ; *Consensus ; *Culture ; Female ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; Israel ; *Jews/psychology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Middle East ; *Negotiating
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Google effects on memory: cognitive consequences of having information at our fingertips (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: The advent of the Internet, with sophisticated algorithmic search engines, has made accessing information as easy as lifting a finger. No longer do we have to make costly efforts to find the things we want. We can "Google" the old classmate, find articles online, or look up the actor who was on the tip of our tongue. The results of four studies suggest that when faced with difficult questions, people are primed to think about computers and that when people expect to have future access to information, they have lower rates of recall of the information itself and enhanced recall instead for where to access it. The Internet has become a primary form of external or transactive memory, where information is stored collectively outside ourselves.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sparrow, Betsy -- Liu, Jenny -- Wegner, Daniel M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Aug 5;333(6043):776-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1207745. Epub 2011 Jul 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027, USA. sparrow@psych.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764755" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cognition ; Computers ; Cues ; Female ; Humans ; *Information Storage and Retrieval ; *Internet ; Male ; *Memory ; *Mental Recall ; Reaction Time ; *Search Engine ; Stroop Test
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans with inborn errors of interleukin-17 immunity (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-26
    Description: Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis disease (CMCD) is characterized by recurrent or persistent infections of the skin, nails, and oral and genital mucosae caused by Candida albicans and, to a lesser extent, Staphylococcus aureus, in patients with no other infectious or autoimmune manifestations. We report two genetic etiologies of CMCD: autosomal recessive deficiency in the cytokine receptor, interleukin-17 receptor A (IL-17RA), and autosomal dominant deficiency of the cytokine interleukin-17F (IL-17F). IL-17RA deficiency is complete, abolishing cellular responses to IL-17A and IL-17F homo- and heterodimers. By contrast, IL-17F deficiency is partial, with mutant IL-17F-containing homo- and heterodimers displaying impaired, but not abolished, activity. These experiments of nature indicate that human IL-17A and IL-17F are essential for mucocutaneous immunity against C. albicans, but otherwise largely redundant.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3070042/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3070042/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Puel, Anne -- Cypowyj, Sophie -- Bustamante, Jacinta -- Wright, Jill F -- Liu, Luyan -- Lim, Hye Kyung -- Migaud, Melanie -- Israel, Laura -- Chrabieh, Maya -- Audry, Magali -- Gumbleton, Matthew -- Toulon, Antoine -- Bodemer, Christine -- El-Baghdadi, Jamila -- Whitters, Matthew -- Paradis, Theresa -- Brooks, Jonathan -- Collins, Mary -- Wolfman, Neil M -- Al-Muhsen, Saleh -- Galicchio, Miguel -- Abel, Laurent -- Picard, Capucine -- Casanova, Jean-Laurent -- 5UL1RR024143-04/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024143/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- UL1 RR024143-04/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 1;332(6025):65-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1200439. Epub 2011 Feb 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, U980, and University Paris Descartes, Necker Medical School, 75015 Paris, France. anne.puel@inserm.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21350122" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Candida albicans ; Candidiasis, Chronic Mucocutaneous/*genetics/*immunology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Genes, Dominant ; Genes, Recessive ; Humans ; Interleukin-17/*immunology ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pedigree ; Receptors, Interleukin-17/genetics ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Th17 Cells/immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Education. Preschool matters (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Melhuish, Edward C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Jul 15;333(6040):299-300. doi: 10.1126/science.1209459.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Birkbeck, University of London, London, WC1B 3RA UK. e.melhuish@bbk.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chicago ; Child, Preschool ; *Early Intervention (Education) ; *Education ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Male ; Social Class
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Coping with chaos: how disordered contexts promote stereotyping and discrimination (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-09
    Description: Being the victim of discrimination can have serious negative health- and quality-of-life-related consequences. Yet, could being discriminated against depend on such seemingly trivial matters as garbage on the streets? In this study, we show, in two field experiments, that disordered contexts (such as litter or a broken-up sidewalk and an abandoned bicycle) indeed promote stereotyping and discrimination in real-world situations and, in three lab experiments, that it is a heightened need for structure that mediates these effects (number of subjects: between 40 and 70 per experiment). These findings considerably advance our knowledge of the impact of the physical environment on stereotyping and discrimination and have clear policy implications: Diagnose environmental disorder early and intervene immediately.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stapel, Diederik A -- Lindenberg, Siegwart -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 8;332(6026):251-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1201068.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Tilburg Institute for Behavioral Economics Research, Tilburg University, Post Office Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. d.a.stapel@uvt.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21474762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Psychological ; Adult ; *Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Prejudice ; *Stereotyping ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Editor's note (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-10-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bradford, Monica -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 30;333(6051):1824. doi: 10.1126/science.333.6051.1824-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21960608" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Demography ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Population Density ; *Population Dynamics ; *Population Growth
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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