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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2016-05-12
    Description: Lightwave-driven quasiparticle collisions on a subcycle timescale Nature 533, 7602 (2016). doi:10.1038/nature17958 Authors: F. Langer, M. Hohenleutner, C. P. Schmid, C. Poellmann, P. Nagler, T. Korn, C. Schüller, M. S. Sherwin, U. Huttner, J. T. Steiner, S. W. Koch, M. Kira & R. Huber Ever since Ernest Rutherford scattered α-particles from gold foils, collision experiments have revealed insights into atoms, nuclei and elementary particles. In solids, many-body correlations lead to characteristic resonances—called quasiparticles—such as excitons, dropletons, polarons and Cooper pairs. The structure and dynamics of quasiparticles are important because they define macroscopic phenomena such as Mott insulating states, spontaneous spin- and charge-order, and high-temperature superconductivity. However, the extremely short lifetimes of these entities make practical implementations of a suitable collider challenging. Here we exploit lightwave-driven charge transport, the foundation of attosecond science, to explore ultrafast quasiparticle collisions directly in the time domain: a femtosecond optical pulse creates excitonic electron–hole pairs in the layered dichalcogenide tungsten diselenide while a strong terahertz field accelerates and collides the electrons with the holes. The underlying dynamics of the wave packets, including collision, pair annihilation, quantum interference and dephasing, are detected as light emission in high-order spectral sidebands of the optical excitation. A full quantum theory explains our observations microscopically. This approach enables collision experiments with various complex quasiparticles and suggests a promising new way of generating sub-femtosecond pulses.
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2016-02-20
    Description: Regional ecosystem productivity is highly sensitive to inter-annual climate variability, both within and outside the primary carbon uptake period. However, Earth system models lack sufficient spatial scales and ecosystem processes to resolve how these processes may change in a warming climate. Here, we show, how for the European Alps, mid-latitude Atlantic ocean winter circulation anomalies drive high-altitude summer forest and grassland productivity, through feedbacks among orographic wind circulation patterns, snowfall, winter and spring temperatures, and vegetation activity. Therefore, to understand future global climate change influence to regional ecosystem productivity, Earth systems models need to focus on improvements towards topographic downscaling of changes in regional atmospheric circulation patterns and to lagged responses in vegetation dynamics to non-growing season climate anomalies.
    Print ISSN: 1748-9318
    Electronic ISSN: 1748-9326
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-11-23
    Description: Immune suppressive activities exerted by regulatory T-cell subsets have several specific functions, including self-tolerance and regulation of adaptive immune reactions, and their dysfunction can lead to autoimmune diseases and contribute to AIDS and cancer. Two functionally distinct regulatory T-cell subsets are currently identified in peripheral tissues: thymus-developed natural T regulatory cells (nTregs) controlling self-tolerance and antiinflammatory IL-10–secreting type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) derived from Ag-stimulated T cells, which regulate inflammation-dependent adaptive immunity and minimize immunopathology. We establish herein that cell contact-mediated nTreg regulatory function is inhibited by inflammation, especially in the presence of the complement C3b receptor (CD46). Instead, as with other T-cell subsets, the latter inflammatory conditions of stimulation skew nTreg differentiation to Tr1 cells secreting IL-10, an effect potentiated by IFN-α. The clinical relevance of these findings was verified in a study of 152 lupus patients, in which we showed that lupus nTreg dysfunction is not due to intrinsic defects but is rather induced by C3b stimulation of CD46 and IFN-α and that these immune components of inflammation are directly associated with active lupus. These results provide a rationale for using anti–IFN-α Ab immunotherapy in lupus patients.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2011-03-23
    Description: Author(s): J. Feikes, M. von Hartrott, M. Ries, P. Schmid, G. Wüstefeld, A. Hoehl, R. Klein, R. Müller, and G. Ulm The Metrology Light Source is a recently constructed 630 MeV electron storage ring, operating as a synchrotron radiation source for the THz to extreme UV spectral range. It is the first storage ring optimized for generating intense, broadband, coherent THz radiation, based on a bunch shortening mod... [Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 14, 030705] Published Tue Mar 22, 2011
    Keywords: Synchrotron Radiation and Free-Electron Lasers
    Electronic ISSN: 1098-4402
    Topics: Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-11-10
    Description: Parasites do not always harm their hosts because the immune system keeps an infection at bay. Ironically, the cost of using immune defenses could itself reduce host fitness. This indirect cost of parasitism is often not visible because of compensatory resource intake. Here, workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, were challenged with lipopolysaccharides and micro-latex beads to induce their immune system under starvation (i.e., not allowing compensatory intake). Compared with controls, survival of induced workers was significantly reduced (by 50 to 70%).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moret, Y -- Schmid-Hempel, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 10;290(5494):1166-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Experimental Ecology, ETH-Zentrum, NW, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. moret@eco.umnw.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11073456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bees/*immunology/physiology ; Food ; Hemolymph/immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; Latex ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology ; Microspheres
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-01-13
    Description: The c-myc protooncogene in mouse embryos was shown by RNA in situ hybridization to be preferentially expressed in tissues of endodermal and mesodermal origin. Most organs developing from the ectoderm, such as skin, brain, and spinal cord, displayed low levels of c-myc RNA. The thymus represented the only hematopoietic organ with high c-myc expression. In organs and structures strongly hybridizing to c-myc probes, for example the fetal part of the placenta, gut, liver, kidney, pancreas, submandibular glands, enamel organs of the molars, and skeletal cartilage, the level of expression depended on the stage of development. Expression was observed to be correlated with proliferation, particularly during expansion and folding of partially differentiated epithelial cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmid, P -- Schulz, W A -- Hameister, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Jan 13;243(4888):226-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Abteilung Klinische Genetik, Universitat Ulm, Federal Republic of Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2911736" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Embryo, Mammalian/*physiology ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Mice ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Organ Specificity ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; RNA Probes ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: The fossil record of the hominin pelvis reflects important evolutionary changes in locomotion and parturition. The partial pelves of two individuals of Australopithecus sediba were reconstructed from previously reported finds and new material. These remains share some features with australopiths, such as large biacetabular diameter, small sacral and coxal joints, and long pubic rami. The specimens also share derived features with Homo, including more vertically oriented and sigmoid-shaped iliac blades, greater robusticity of the iliac body, sinusoidal anterior iliac borders, shortened ischia, and more superiorly oriented pubic rami. These derived features appear in a species with a small adult brain size, suggesting that the birthing of larger-brained babies was not driving the evolution of the pelvis at this time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kibii, Job M -- Churchill, Steven E -- Schmid, Peter -- Carlson, Kristian J -- Reed, Nichelle D -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1407-11. doi: 10.1126/science.1202521. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Human Evolution, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, South Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Ilium/anatomy & histology ; Ischium/anatomy & histology ; Locomotion ; Male ; Parturition ; Pelvic Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Pelvis/*anatomy & histology ; Pubic Bone/anatomy & histology ; Sacrum/anatomy & histology ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2011-09-10
    Description: Hand bones from a single individual with a clear taxonomic affiliation are scarce in the hominin fossil record, which has hampered understanding the evolution of manipulative abilities in hominins. Here we describe and analyze a nearly complete wrist and hand of an adult female [Malapa Hominin 2 (MH2)] Australopithecus sediba from Malapa, South Africa (1.977 million years ago). The hand presents a suite of Australopithecus-like features, such as a strong flexor apparatus associated with arboreal locomotion, and Homo-like features, such as a long thumb and short fingers associated with precision gripping and possibly stone tool production. Comparisons to other fossil hominins suggest that there were at least two distinct hand morphotypes around the Plio-Pleistocene transition. The MH2 fossils suggest that Au. sediba may represent a basal condition associated with early stone tool use and production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kivell, Tracy L -- Kibii, Job M -- Churchill, Steven E -- Schmid, Peter -- Berger, Lee R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 9;333(6048):1411-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1202625. Epub 2011 Sep 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, Leipzig 04103, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21903806" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Carpal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Finger Phalanges/anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Hand/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Hand Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Metacarpal Bones/anatomy & histology ; Motor Activity ; South Africa ; Thumb/anatomy & histology ; Tool Use Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: The dissociation of methane on a nickel catalyst is a key step in steam reforming of natural gas for hydrogen production. Despite substantial effort in both experiment and theory, there is still no atomic-scale description of this important gas-surface reaction. We report quantum state-resolved studies, using pulsed laser and molecular beam techniques, of vibrationally excited methane reacting on the nickel (100) surface. For doubly deuterated methane (CD2H2), we observed that the reaction probability with two quanta of excitation in one C-H bond was greater (by as much as a factor of 5) than with one quantum in each of two C-H bonds. These results clearly exclude the possibility of statistical models correctly describing the mechanism of this process and attest to the importance of full-dimensional calculations of the reaction dynamics.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beck, Rainer D -- Maroni, Plinio -- Papageorgopoulos, Dimitrios C -- Dang, Tung T -- Schmid, Mathieu P -- Rizzo, Thomas R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):98-100.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire Chimie Physique Moleculaire, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. rainer.beck@epfl.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-03-25
    Description: Arising from M. A. Nowak, C. E. Tarnita & E. O. Wilson 466, 1057-1062 (2010); Nowak et al. reply. Nowak et al. argue that inclusive fitness theory has been of little value in explaining the natural world, and that it has led to negligible progress in explaining the evolution of eusociality. However, we believe that their arguments are based upon a misunderstanding of evolutionary theory and a misrepresentation of the empirical literature. We will focus our comments on three general issues.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836173/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836173/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abbot, Patrick -- Abe, Jun -- Alcock, John -- Alizon, Samuel -- Alpedrinha, Joao A C -- Andersson, Malte -- Andre, Jean-Baptiste -- van Baalen, Minus -- Balloux, Francois -- Balshine, Sigal -- Barton, Nick -- Beukeboom, Leo W -- Biernaskie, Jay M -- Bilde, Trine -- Borgia, Gerald -- Breed, Michael -- Brown, Sam -- Bshary, Redouan -- Buckling, Angus -- Burley, Nancy T -- Burton-Chellew, Max N -- Cant, Michael A -- Chapuisat, Michel -- Charnov, Eric L -- Clutton-Brock, Tim -- Cockburn, Andrew -- Cole, Blaine J -- Colegrave, Nick -- Cosmides, Leda -- Couzin, Iain D -- Coyne, Jerry A -- Creel, Scott -- Crespi, Bernard -- Curry, Robert L -- Dall, Sasha R X -- Day, Troy -- Dickinson, Janis L -- Dugatkin, Lee Alan -- El Mouden, Claire -- Emlen, Stephen T -- Evans, Jay -- Ferriere, Regis -- Field, Jeremy -- Foitzik, Susanne -- Foster, Kevin -- Foster, William A -- Fox, Charles W -- Gadau, Juergen -- Gandon, Sylvain -- Gardner, Andy -- Gardner, Michael G -- Getty, Thomas -- Goodisman, Michael A D -- Grafen, Alan -- Grosberg, Rick -- Grozinger, Christina M -- Gouyon, Pierre-Henri -- Gwynne, Darryl -- Harvey, Paul H -- Hatchwell, Ben J -- Heinze, Jurgen -- Helantera, Heikki -- Helms, Ken R -- Hill, Kim -- Jiricny, Natalie -- Johnstone, Rufus A -- Kacelnik, Alex -- Kiers, E Toby -- Kokko, Hanna -- Komdeur, Jan -- Korb, Judith -- Kronauer, Daniel -- Kummerli, Rolf -- Lehmann, Laurent -- Linksvayer, Timothy A -- Lion, Sebastien -- Lyon, Bruce -- Marshall, James A R -- McElreath, Richard -- Michalakis, Yannis -- Michod, Richard E -- Mock, Douglas -- Monnin, Thibaud -- Montgomerie, Robert -- Moore, Allen J -- Mueller, Ulrich G -- Noe, Ronald -- Okasha, Samir -- Pamilo, Pekka -- Parker, Geoff A -- Pedersen, Jes S -- Pen, Ido -- Pfennig, David -- Queller, David C -- Rankin, Daniel J -- Reece, Sarah E -- Reeve, Hudson K -- Reuter, Max -- Roberts, Gilbert -- Robson, Simon K A -- Roze, Denis -- Rousset, Francois -- Rueppell, Olav -- Sachs, Joel L -- Santorelli, Lorenzo -- Schmid-Hempel, Paul -- Schwarz, Michael P -- Scott-Phillips, Tom -- Shellmann-Sherman, Janet -- Sherman, Paul W -- Shuker, David M -- Smith, Jeff -- Spagna, Joseph C -- Strassmann, Beverly -- Suarez, Andrew V -- Sundstrom, Liselotte -- Taborsky, Michael -- Taylor, Peter -- Thompson, Graham -- Tooby, John -- Tsutsui, Neil D -- Tsuji, Kazuki -- Turillazzi, Stefano -- Ubeda, Francisco -- Vargo, Edward L -- Voelkl, Bernard -- Wenseleers, Tom -- West, Stuart A -- West-Eberhard, Mary Jane -- Westneat, David F -- Wiernasz, Diane C -- Wild, Geoff -- Wrangham, Richard -- Young, Andrew J -- Zeh, David W -- Zeh, Jeanne A -- Zink, Andrew -- BB/H022716/1/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Mar 24;471(7339):E1-4; author reply E9-10. doi: 10.1038/nature09831.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21430721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altruism ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Game Theory ; *Genetic Fitness ; Genetics, Population ; Heredity ; Humans ; Male ; *Models, Biological ; Phenotype ; Reproducibility of Results ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex Ratio
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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