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  • AERODYNAMICS  (3,367)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (2,497)
  • 1975-1979  (4,490)
  • 1970-1974  (1,372)
  • 1925-1929  (2)
Collection
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Years
Year
  • 1
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    DSN energy data base preliminary design (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-01
    Description: The design and implementation of a computerized data base created to support the DSN Energy Conservation Project with data relating to energy use at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex are described. The results of development work to date, are presented along with work currently in progress or in the planning stage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 167-181
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  • 2
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    Executive summary of Aircraft Icing Specialists Workshop (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: In a period of escalating development costs for new aircraft, there is growing interest in a renewed and coordinated icing research effort to achieve an updating or modernization of each aspect of the technological issues that are involved. This includes the data base, analysis methods, test techniques, and test facilities.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Aircraft Icing; p 1-16
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  • 3
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    Safety hazard of aircraft icing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The problem of aircraft icing is reported as well as the type of aircraft affected, the pilots involved, and an identification of the areas where reduction in icing accidents are readily accomplished.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 21-27
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  • 4
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    Potential prediction needs in support of energy systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The relationship between emerging energy systems and the natural environment is discussed, including selected examples to show that energy systems are tied to global solar terrestrial processess. The interdependence of resources, technology, and environmental impact is considered in terms of needed geophysical, atmospheric, and solar terrestrial data inputs. The need for long term basic research on the solar terrestrial system is emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 198-202
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  • 5
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    Civil Helicopter icing problems (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The ice capabilities of rotary wing aircraft are examined. Recommendations are given to improve the inadequacies of the weather forecasts pertaining to ice, and to adopt a low maintenance anti-ice system.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 29-30
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  • 6
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    Overview of helicopter ice protection system developments (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Helicopter ice protection design criteria was developed and technological shortcoming in meeting helicopter mission requirements is that of helicopter rotor blade ice protection. Airframe components are protected using existing technology while the rotor blade protected using the cyclic electrothermal deicing concept.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 39-65
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  • 7
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    A review of the icing situation from the standpoint of general aviation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: An overview of the present situation in the field of aircraft icing with respect to certification and operation of nontransport category airplanes is given. Problems of definition and inconsistencies are pointed out. Problems in the forecasting and measurement of icing intensities are discussed. The present regulatory environment is examined with respect to its applicability and appropriateness to nontransport airplanes.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 31-38
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  • 8
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    Icing of aircraft Some remarks with an historical slant from a cloud physicist (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Three areas of interest are commented on: cloud physics, nowcasting, and instrumentation. A comparison is made of what was done 30 years ago to what might be done in light of developments in related areas of cloud physics, weather modification and instrumentation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Aircraft Icing; p 17-19
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  • 9
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    Numerical solution for perpendicular sonic hydrogen injection into a ducted supersonic airstream (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This note discusses a computer program being developed to study the flow field near opposing perpendicular fuel injectors in scramjets. The MacCormack time-split, finite difference relaxation technique was used to solve the full two-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations along with energy and species equations. By using this technique, a program was developed to consider the turbulent nonreacting flow of hydrogen and air in a rectangular duct. A damping term, proportional to the second derivative of pressure and temperature, was used to produce a stable solution behind the hydrogen jet in the neighborhood of the recompression shock. A case using actual conditions encountered in current scramjet design was analyzed, with results agreeing qualitatively with experimental observations.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; May 1979
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  • 10
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    A device model for the tandem junction solar cell (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A conceptual device model has been developed to explain operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) when back contacts only are used. Operation and parameters of the cell are explained by transistor action. Experimental observations are presented which confirm that current is collected for carrier generation in the front uncontacted n(plus) region. The model should be useful as a guideline to optimize the TJC by application of transistor design principles.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Sept
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  • 11
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    The importance of surface recombination and energy-bandgap narrowing in p-n-junction silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental data demonstrating the sensitivity of open-circuit voltage to front-surface conditions are presented for a variety of p-n-junction silicon solar cells. Analytical models accounting for the data are defined and supported by additional experiments. The models and the data imply that a) surface recombination significantly limits the open-circuit voltage (and the short-circuit current) of typical silicon cells, and b) energy-bandgap narrowing is important in the manifestation of these limitations. The models suggest modifications in both the structural design and the fabrication processing of the cells that would result in substantial improvements in cell performance. The benefits of one such modification - the addition of a thin thermal silicon-dioxide layer on the front surface - are indicated experimentally.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Sept
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  • 12
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    Evaluation of models to predict insolation on tilted surfaces (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An empirical study was performed to evaluate the validity of various insolation models which employ either an isotropic or an anisotropic distribution approximation for sky light when predicting insolation on tilted surfaces. Data sets of measured hourly insolation values were obtained over a 6-month period using pyranometers which received diffuse and total solar radiation on a horizontal plane and total radiation on surfaces tilted toward the equator at 37 degrees and 60 degrees angles above the horizon. Data on the horizontal surfaces were used in the insolation models to predict insolation on the tilted surface; comparisons of measured vs calculated insolation on the tilted surface were examined to test the validity of the sky light approximations. It was found that the Liu-Jordan isotropic distribution model provides a good fit to empirical data under overcast skies but underestimates the amount of solar radiation incident on tilted surfaces under clear and partly cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 23; 2, 19; 1979
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  • 13
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    A simple theory of back-surface-field /BSF/ solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An earlier calculation of the I-V characteristics of solar cells contains a mistake. The current generated by light within the depletion layer is too large by a factor of 2. When this mistake is corrected, not only are all previous conclusions unchanged, but the agreement with experiment becomes better. Results are presented in graphical form of new computations which not only take account of the factor of 2, but also include more recent data on material parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 50; Aug. 197
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  • 14
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    Generalized velocities in the outer region of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An attempt is made to show that the outer portion of the velocity profile of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers can be transformed so that the constants determined by a best fit to the law of the wake are in reasonable agreement with the wake constant for incompressible boundary layers at the same Reynolds number. Both y transformations (where y is distance from the surface) and velocity transformations produce velocity profiles which, with the proper choice of wall shear stress to give shear velocity, can be reduced to the incompressible law of the wall.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; Aug. 197
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  • 15
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    Accurate numerical evaluation of modified Struve functions occurring in unsteady aerodynamics (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method is developed for computing the modified Struve functions that occur in unsteady aerodynamics. The method uses a rational approximation supplemented by an asymptotic series for large argument. Simple recursive formulas for generating the coefficients are derived. The method is capable of generating results of arbitrary accuracy. It can also be used for complex argument and order. For greater computing speed, a method is presented that uses the rational and asymptotic approximations to generate Chebyshev coefficients.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft; 16; July 197
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  • 16
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    Low-cost encapsulation materials for terrestrial solar cell modules (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the findings of material surveys intended to identify low cost materials which could be functional as encapsulants (by 1986) for terrestrial solar cell modules. Economic analyses have indicated that in order to meet the low cost goal of $2.70 per sq m, some or all of the following material technologies must be developed or advanced: (1) UV screening outer covers; (2) elastomeric acrylics; (3) weatherproofing and waterproofing of structural wood and paper products; (4) transparent UV stabilizers for the UV-sensitive transparent pottants; and (5) cost-effective utilization of silicone and fluorocarbon materials.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 22; 4, 19; 1979
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  • 17
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    Solar cell spectral response characterization (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute spectral response of solar cells is reported in the 400-1000-nm spectral region. Measurements were performed using two different types of monochromatic sources: amplitude-stabilized CW laser lines and interference filters with an incandescent lamp. Both types of calibration procedures use electrical substitution radiometry as the basis of traceability to absolute SI units. The accuracy of the calibration is shown to be limited by the nonideal characteristics of the solar cells themselves, specifically spatial nonuniformities and nonlinearities induced by high light levels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Dec. 1
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  • 18
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    Laminar and turbulent flows over a spherically blunted cone with massive surface blowing (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Numerical solutions are presented for the flow over a spherically blunted cone with massive surface blowing. Time-dependent viscous shock layer equations are used to describe the flowfield. The boundary conditions on the body surface include a prescribed blowing rate distribution. The governing equations are solved by a time-asymptotic finite-difference method. Results presented here are only for a perfect gas-type flow at zero angle of attack. Both laminar and turbulent flow solutions are obtained. It is found that the surface blowing smooths out the effect of the curvature discontinuity at the sphere-cone juncture point on the laminar flowfield and results in a negative pressure gradient over the body. The shock slope increases on the downstream portion of the body as the surface blowing rate is increased. The turbulent flow with surface blowing is found to redevelop a boundary-layer-like region near the surface. The effects of this boundary-layer-like region on the flowfield and heating rates are discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; Dec. 197
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  • 19
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    Radiation energy conversion in space (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Topics discussed at the third NASA conference on radiant energy conversion are reviewed. The unconcentrated-photovoltaic-generation version of a solar power satellite is described, noting that it will consist of a 21.3 x 5.3-sq-km silicon-solar-cell array expected to provide 17 Gw of electrical power, with 1 km in diam transmitters oriented to beam 2.45 GHz microwave power to two receiving/rectifying 'rectennas' on earth. The Solares space-energy-system concept, designed for providing a large fraction of the world's energy needs at costs comparable to those of future coal/nuclear alternative, is considered, as are subsystems for improving the economics of the solar power satellite. A concept proposing the use of relativistic-electron-storage rings for electron-beam energy transmission and storage, and a report on the production of a high temperature plasma with concentrated solar radiation are taken into account. Laser-conversion systems, including the direct-solar-pumped space laser, and the telec-powered spacecraft, are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 17; Mar. 197
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  • 20
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    Fast, conservative schemes for the full potential equation applied to transonic flows (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Implicit approximate factorization techniques (AF) are investigated for the solution of matrix equations resulting from finite-difference approximations to the full potential equation in conservation form. For transonic flows, an artificial viscosity, required to maintain stability in supersonic regions, is introduced by an upwind bias of the density. Two implicit AF procedures are presented, and their convergence performance is compared with that of the standard transonic solution procedure: successive line overrelaxation (SLOR). Subcritical and supercritical test cases are considered. Results indicate a substantial improvement in convergence rate for AF schemes relative to SLOR.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; Feb. 197
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  • 21
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    Criteria for asymptotic supersonic two-dimensional turbulent wakes (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Indicators used to determine the fully developed mean flow for two dimensional turbulent supersonic wakes are examined. The similarity variables for velocity temperature and the transverse coordinate used by Demetriades (1969) and Wagner (1972) are shown not to adequately distinguish transition from developed turbulent flows. The growth rate of the two dimensional turbulent wake as the wake develops from laminar to turbulent are shown to be low in the laminar region, increase at transition, and level off as fully developed turbulence is attained, demonstrating that wake growth rates are better indicators of a fully developed mean flow than are similarity variables.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; July 197
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  • 22
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    Quasi-periodic structure of a turbulent jet (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The instantaneous near field pressure fluctuations of an axisymmetric subsonic jet were measured by using a longitudinal and an azimuthal microphone arrays in order to qualitatively determine the behaviors of the quasi-periodic structure within the flow. Statistical analysis is used to explain the characteristic of the pressure signals. In addition to the information obtained by forming the power spectral density, auto- and cross-correlation functions, two types of signals are extracted through a conditional probability analysis to represent the quasi-periodic and the random fine structures within the turbulent jet. The quasi-periodic structure first appears as a rolling up of the mixing layer flow within one nozzle diameter downstream of the exit, then becomes fully developed at approximately 3 nozzle diameters downstream with a preferred Strouhal number range 0.3-0.4, and finally disappears beyond the end of potential core. This behavior is also reflected in the variation of the convection velocity.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 64; May 8
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  • 23
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    Reynolds number effects on the turbulence field in compressible boundary layers (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Detailed experiments were conducted in a zero pressure gradient, supersonic turbulent boundary layer, including measurements of the three components of velocity fluctuations and the turbulent shear stress, for Reynolds numbers ranging from 11.7 million to 105 million at a freestream Mach number of 2.3. The mean flow measurements established the fully developed and equilibrium nature of the boundary layer. Measurements of the turbulence field show that the vertical and transverse fluctuations are essentially equal throughout the boundary layer at all Reynolds numbers, a feature that is different from observations in incompressible flows. The data show that the boundary layer exhibits similarity in the turbulence profiles for the entire Reynolds number range and agrees with previous compressible and incompressible data using Morkovin's scaling to account for compressibility effects.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal; 17; Apr. 197
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  • 24
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    Application of the superposition principle to solar-cell analysis (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The superposition principle of differential-equation theory - which applies if and only if the relevant boundary-value problems are linear - is used to derive the widely used shifting approximation that the current-voltage characteristic of an illuminated solar cell is the dark current-voltage characteristic shifted by the short-circuit photocurrent. Analytical methods are presented to treat cases where shifting is not strictly valid. Well-defined conditions necessary for superposition to apply are established. For high injection in the base region, the method of analysis accurately yields the dependence of the open-circuit voltage on the short-circuit current (or the illumination level).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Mar. 197
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  • 25
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    Comparison of two total energy systems for a diesel power generation plant (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The capabilities and limitations, as well as the associated costs for two total energy systems for a diesel power generation plant are compared. Both systems utilize waste heat from engine cooling water and waste heat from exhaust gases. Pressurized water heat recovery system is simple in nature and requires no engine modifications, but operates at lower temperature ranges. On the other hand, a two-phase ebullient system operates the engine at constant temperature, provides higher temperature water or steam to the load, but is more expensive.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 89-93
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  • 26
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    A two-dimensional thermal analysis of a new high-performance tubular solar collector (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first of two articles are presented which describe and analyze the thermal performance of a vacuum tube solar collector. The assumptions and mathematical modeling are presented. The problem is reduced to the formulation of two simultaneous linear differential equations characterizing the collector thermal behavior. After applying the boundary conditions, a general solution is obtained which is found similar to the general Hottel, Whillier and Bliss form but with a complex flow factor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 116-131
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  • 27
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    The updated algorithm of the Energy Consumption Program (ECP): A computer model simulating heating and cooling energy loads in buildings (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energy Comsumption Computer Program was developed to simulate building heating and cooling loads and compute thermal and electric energy consumption and cost. This article reports on the new additional algorithms and modifications made in an effort to widen the areas of application. The program structure was rewritten accordingly to refine and advance the building model and to further reduce the processing time and cost. The program is noted for its very low cost and ease of use compared to other available codes. The accuracy of computations is not sacrificed however, since the results are expected to lie within + or - 10% of actual energy meter readings.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 107-115
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  • 28
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    Some steady and oscillating airfoil test results, including the effects of sweep, from the tunnel spanning wing (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A large scale tunnel spanning wing was built and tested. The model can be operated as either a swept or unswept wing and can be tested in steady state or oscillated sinusoidally in pitch about its quarter chord. Data is taken at mid-span with an internal 6-component balance and is also obtained from miniature pressure transducers distributed near the center span region. A description is given of the system and a brief discussion of some of the steady and unsteady results obtained to date. These are the steady load behavior to Mach numbers of approximately 1.1 and unsteady loads, including drag, at a reduced frequency of approximately 0.1.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 445-458
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  • 29
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    A new airfoil research capability (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and construction of a self streamlining wall test section for the Langley 0.3 meter transonic cryogenic tunnel was included in the fiscal year 1978 construction of facilities budget for Langley Research Center. The design is based on the research being carried out by M. J. Goodyer at the University of Southampton, Southampton, England, and is supported by Langley Research Center. This paper presents a brief description of the project. Included are some of the design considerations, anticipated operational envelope, and sketches showing the detail design concepts. Some details of the proposed operational mode, safety aspects, and preliminary schedule are presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 425-432
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  • 30
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    Design and calibration of slotted walls for transonic airfoil wind tunnels (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The traditional procedure for estimating the performance of slotted walls for airfoil wind tunnels is reviewed, and a modification which improves the accuracy of this procedure is described. Unlike the traditional procedure, the modified procedure indicates that the design of airfoil wind-tunnel walls which induce minimal blockage and streamline-curvature effects is feasible. The design and testing of such a slotted wall is described. It is shown experimentally that the presence of a model can affect the plenum pressure and thus make the use of the plenum pressure as a calibration reference questionable. Finally, an ONERA experiment which shows the effect of the sidewall boundary layer on the measured model normal force is discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 433-443
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  • 31
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    Inverse boundary-layer technique for airfoil design (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A description is presented of a technique for the optimization of airfoil pressure distributions using an interactive inverse boundary-layer program. This program allows the user to determine quickly a near-optimum subsonic pressure distribution which meets his requirements for lift, drag, and pitching moment at the desired flow conditions. The method employs an inverse turbulent boundary-layer scheme for definition of the turbulent recovery portion of the pressure distribution. Two levels of pressure-distribution architecture are used - a simple roof top for preliminary studies and a more complex four-region architecture for a more refined design. A technique is employed to avoid the specification of pressure distributions which result in unrealistic airfoils, that is, those with negative thickness. The program allows rapid evaluation of a designed pressure distribution off-design in Reynolds number, transition location, and angle of attack, and will compute an airfoil contour for the designed pressure distribution using linear theory.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 383-397
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  • 32
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    Langley's two-dimensional research facilities: Capabilities and plans (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The current capabilities and the forthcoming plans for Langley's two-dimensional research facilities are described. The characteristics of the Langley facilities are discussed in terms of Reynolds number, Mach number, and angle-of-attack capabilities. Comments are made with regard to the approaches which have been investigated to alleviate typical problem areas such as wall boundary effects. Because of the need for increased Reynolds number capability at high subsonic speeds, a considerable portion of the paper deals with a description of the 20 by 60 cm two-dimensional test section of the Langley 0.3 meter transonic cryogenic tunnel which is currently in the calibration and shakedown phase.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 399-414
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  • 33
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    The prediction of two-dimensional airfoil stall progression (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A generalized boundary condition potential flow calculation method was combined with a momentum integral boundary layer method and a base flow theory of separation to predict airfoil viscous-inviscid interference up to and beyond stall. The resultant program considers laminar and turbulent separation and is, therefore, applicable to thin or thick airfoil stall. The calculated flow field includes the airfoil and the separation bubble recombination region behind the airfoil. Calculated pressure distributions and equivalent airfoil shapes, including the displacement thickness of the viscous regions, are compared with flow field measurements for several airfoils. The measured displacement thicknesses and wake centerlines corroborate the calculated shape. The comparison also suggests the use of the analytical solution to evaluate the measurements.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 335-345
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    Application of numerical optimization to the design of advanced supercritical airfoils (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An application of numerical optimization to the design of advanced airfoils for transonic aircraft showed that low-drag sections can be developed for a given design Mach number without an accompanying drag increase at lower Mach numbers. This is achieved by imposing a constraint on the drag coefficient at an off-design Mach number while minimizing the drag coefficient at the design Mach number. This multiple design-point numerical optimization has been implemented with the use of airfoil shape functions which permit a wide range of attainable profiles during the optimization process. Analytical data for the starting airfoil shape, a single design-point optimized shape, and a double design-point optimized shape are presented. Experimental data obtained in the NASA Ames two-by two-foot wind tunnel are also presented and discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 315-325
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    Improved prediction of laminar leading edge separation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Research was conducted to provide a definite criterion for the prediction of the bubble burst on airfoils typical of those used for fighter wings. The approach taken was to correlate existing airfoil bubble burst data using various parameters at the laminar separation point. The method due to Weber was modified to provide a continuous analytic solution for the velocity distribution around the airfoil leading edge. Coupling the modified Weber method with the Stratford laminar separation prediction method leads to a universal chart giving the conditions at separation as a function of stagnation location and leading edge radius. Application of the combined method to available two-dimensional airfoil data resulted in an empirical criterion presenting the limiting local velocity gradient at separation as a function of the boundary layer momentum thickness at separation for bubble burst. The correlation leads as well to the qualitative explanation of two types of laminar stall: thin airfoil and leading edge. The validity of the correlation is demonstrated by predicting the lift coefficient and angle of attack for stall on airfoils with leading edge or trailing edge flaps.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 327-334
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    Optimization of multi-element airfoils for maximum lift (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two theoretical methods are presented for optimizing multi-element airfoils to obtain maximum lift. The analyses assume that the shapes of the various high lift elements are fixed. The objective of the design procedures is then to determine the optimum location and/or deflection of the leading and trailing edge devices. The first analysis determines the optimum horizontal and vertical location and the deflection of a leading edge slat. The structure of the flow field is calculated by iteratively coupling potential flow and boundary layer analysis. This design procedure does not require that flow separation effects be modeled. The second analysis determines the slat and flap deflection required to maximize the lift of a three element airfoil. This approach requires that the effects of flow separation from one or more of the airfoil elements be taken into account. The theoretical results are in good agreement with results of a wind tunnel test used to corroborate the predicted optimum slat and flap positions.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt.1; p 237-253
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    Improvements in surface singularity analysis and design methods (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The coupling of the combined source vortex distribution of Green's potential flow function with contemporary numerical techniques is shown to provide accurate, efficient, and stable solutions to subsonic inviscid analysis and design problems for multi-element airfoils. The analysis problem is solved by direct calculation of the surface singularity distribution required to satisfy the flow tangency boundary condition. The design or inverse problem is solved by an iteration process. In this process, the geometry and the associated pressure distribution are iterated until the pressure distribution most nearly corresponding to the prescribed design distribution is obtained. Typically, five iteration cycles are required for convergence. A description of the analysis and design method is presented, along with supporting examples.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 221-236
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  • 38
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    Prospects for computing airfoil aerodynamics with Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes codes (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically for a variety of transonic airfoil configurations where viscous phenomena are important. Illustrative examples include flows past sensitive geometries, Reynolds number effects, and buffet phenomena.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 119-131
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  • 39
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    Overview of two-dimensional airfoil research at Ames Research Center (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The five basic elements of the two dimensional airfoil research program at Ames Research Center are illustrated. These elements are experimental, theoretical (including computational), validation, design optimization, and industry interaction. Each area is briefly discussed.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 39-44
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  • 40
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    Low speed airfoil design and analysis (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A low speed airfoil design and analysis program was developed which contains several unique features. In the design mode, the velocity distribution is not specified for one but many different angles of attack. Several iteration options are included which allow the trailing edge angle to be specified while other parameters are iterated. For airfoil analysis, a panel method is available which uses third-order panels having parabolic vorticity distributions. The flow condition is satisfied at the end points of the panels. Both sharp and blunt trailing edges can be analyzed. The integral boundary layer method with its laminar separation bubble analog, empirical transition criterion, and precise turbulent boundary layer equations compares very favorably with other methods, both integral and finite difference. Comparisons with experiment for several airfoils over a very wide Reynolds number range are discussed. Applications to high lift airfoil design are also demonstrated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 73-100
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  • 41
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    Langley airfoil-research program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of past, present, and future airfoil research activities at the Langley Research Center is given. The immediate past and future occupy most of the discussion; however, past accomplishments and milestones going back to the early NACA years are dealt with in a broad-brush way to give a better perspective of current developments and programs. In addition to the historical perspective, a short description of the facilities which are now being used in the airfoil program is given. This is followed by a discussion of airfoil developments, advances in airfoil design and analysis tools (mostly those that have taken place over the past 5 or 6 years), and tunnel-wall-interference predictive methods and measurements. Future research requirements are treated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Advanced Technol. Airfoil Res., Vol. 1, Pt. 1; p 11-38
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  • 42
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    Prediction of aerodynamic characteristics for slender bodies alone and with lifting surfaces to high angles of attack (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: A method is presented for computing normal force and pitching moment coefficients for slender bodies of circular and noncircular cross section alone and with lifting surfaces. A semiempirical term representing viscous-separation crossflow is added to a term representing potential-theory crossflow. For bodies of revolution, computed aerodynamic characteristics agree with measured results for investigated free-stream Mach numbers from 0.6 to 2.9 and for angles of attack from 0 deg to 180 deg. For bodies of elliptic cross section, measured results are predicted well over the investigated Mach number range from 0.6 to 2.0 and the angle range from 0 deg to 60 deg. For all bodies the predictions are best at supersonic Mach numbers. For body-wing and body-wing-tail configurations, measured normal force coefficients and centers are predicted at the upper test Mach number of 2.0. As the Mach number is decreased to 0.6, the agreement for the normal-force coefficients rapidly deteriorates. When model flow-separation and vortex patterns are asymmetric, undesirable side forces are usually measured on the models at subsonic Mach numbers and zero sideslip angle. Generally, the side-force coefficients decrease or vanish with: increase in Mach number, decrease in nose fineness ratio, nose blunting, and flattening of body cross section.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD High Angle of Attack Aerodyn.; 40 p
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    Recent theoretical developments and experimental studies pertinent to vortex flow aerodynamics, with a view towards design (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-02
    Description: Recent progress in a research program directed toward an improved vortex flow technology base was reviewed. Analysis methods for conical flow and analysis and design methods for nonconical flows are presented. Applications are made for a variety of planar, nonplanar, and interferring lifting surfaces. Several methods are shown to provide reasonable estimates of over-all forces and moments for simple wing planforms with the suction analogy method currently offering the most versatility for arbitrary configuration applications. For the prediction of surface loadings the free vortex sheet method being developed by Boeing is shown to have considerable promise and further development of this type of method is encouraged. A data base for ogee strake-wing configurations is summarized with an emphasis on the requirements for maximizing the interference lift. A strake planform design procedure is discussed and a first solution (gothic in planview) is integrated with a wing body. The data show the strake to exhibit expected stable vortex characteristics. It was found that, apart from increasing sweep, conically cambered delta wings developed drag levels approaching that of attached flow with increasing either the lift or the wing camber height, lastly, an approximate vortex flow design method, based on the suction analogy, is outlined and an example is given.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AGARD High Angle of Attack Aerodyn.; 31 p
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  • 44
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 5: Safety criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Methodology is described for determining potential safety hazards involved in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power systems and provides guidelines for the implementation of safety considerations in the specification, design and operation of photovoltaic systems. Safety verification procedures for use in solar photovoltaic systems are established.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183320 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-5 , NAS 1.26:183320
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 3: Environmental issues and evaluation criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The environmental issues and evaluation criteria relating to the suitability of sites proposed for photovoltaic (PV) system deployment are identified. The important issues are defined, briefly discussed and then developed into evaluation criteria. System designers are provided with information on the environmental sensitivity of PV systems in realistic applications, background material which indicates the applicability of the siting issues identified, and evaluation criteria are defined to facilitate the selection of sites that maximize PV system operation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183318 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-3 , NAS 1.26:183318
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 1: Guidelines for evaluating the management and operations planning of photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Guidelines are provided to the Field Centers for organization, scheduling, project and cost control, and performance in the areas of project management and operations planning for Photovoltaics Test and Applications. These guidelines may be used in organizing a T and A Project Team for system design/test, site construction and operation, and as the basis for evaluating T and A proposals. The attributes are described for project management and operations planning to be used by the Field Centers. Specifically, all project management and operational issues affecting costs, schedules and performance of photovoltaic systems are addressed. Photovoltaic tests and applications include residential, intermediate load center, central station, and stand-alone systems. The sub-categories of system maturity considered are: Initial System Evaluation Experiments (ISEE); System Readiness Experiments (SRE); and Commercial Readiness Demonstration Projects (CRDP).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183316 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-1 , NAS 1.26:183316
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 4: Review criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Guidelines are provided for the organization, preparation and conduct of program reviews for photovoltaic applications. These criteria apply to all photovoltaic applications. They include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) Conceptual design review; (2) Preliminary design review; (3) Critical design review; and (4) Operational readiness review. Contract goal's and objectives are met through program monitoring for cost, schedule, and performance for both managerial and technical elements for all PV applications activities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183319 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-4 , NAS 1.26:183319
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 2: Quality assurance criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Quality assurance criteria are described for manufacturers and installers of solar photovoltaic tests and applications. Quality oriented activities are outlined to be pursued by the contractor/subcontractor to assure the physical and operational quality of equipment produced is included. In the broad sense, guidelines are provided for establishing a QA organization if none exists. Mainly, criteria is provided to be considered in any PV quality assurance plan selected as appropriate by the responsible Field Center. A framework is established for a systematic approach to ensure that photovoltaic tests and applications are constructed in a timely and cost effective manner.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183317 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-2 , NAS 1.26:183317
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  • 49
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    Results of a utility survey of the status of large wind turbine development (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Wind energy conversion systems were surveyed from a utility viewpoint to establish the state of the art with regard to: (1) availability of the type of machines; (2) quality of power generation; (3) suitability for electrical grid; (4) reliability; and (5) economics. Of the 23 designs discussed, 7 have vertical axis wind turbines, 9 have upwind horizontal axis turbines, and 7 have downwind horizontal axis turbines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 363-374
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    Large, low cost composite wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A woven roving E-glass tape, having all of its structural fibers oriented across the tape width was used in the manufacture of the spar for a wind turbine blade. Tests of a 150 ft composite blade show that the transverse filament tape is capable of meeting structural design requirements for wind turbine blades. Composite blades can be designed for interchangeability with steel blades in the MOD-1 wind generator system. The design, analysis, fabrication, and testing of the 150 ft blade are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 309-324
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    The use of wood for wind turbine blade construction (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The interrelationships between moisture and wood, conditions for dry rot spore activity, the protection of wood fibers from moisture, wood resin composites, wood laminating, quality control, and the mechanical properties of wood are discussed. The laminated veneer and the bonded sawn stock fabrication techniques, used in the construction of a turbine blade with a monocoque 'D' section forming the leading edge and a built up trailing edge section, are described. A 20 foot root end sample complete with 24 bonded-in studs was successfully subjected to large onetime loads in both the flatwise and edgewise directions, and to fatigue tests. Results indicate that wood is both a viable and advantageous material for use in wind turbine blades. The basic material is reasonably priced, domestically available, ecologically sound, and easily fabricated with low energy consumption.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 293-308
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  • 52
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    Evaluation of an operating MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Operating loads and structural damage were monitored during operation of the MOD-OA electric generating system. The turbine was damaged locally between stations 48 and 125 after 2.8 million rotations. Loads due to degraded yaw stiffness and fretting at rib station 48 were identified as primary to this distress. The repaired blades operated an additional 4.8 million rotations without problems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 239-265
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    Cost of energy evaluation (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The estimated cost per kilowatt hour, the wind resources in the utilities service area, and the reliability of the units are considered in computing the cost of energy of the wind turbine generator system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 397-402
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  • 54
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    Status of the Southern California Edison Company 3 MW Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) demonstration project (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To demonstrate the concept of utility scale electricity production from a high wind energy resource, a program was initiated to construct and test a 3 megawatt (3,000 kW) Schachle wind turbine generator near Palm Springs, California. The background and current status of this program are presented along with a summary of future planned program activities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 355-362
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  • 55
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    Blade design and operating experience on the MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine at Clayton, New Mexico (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two 60 foot long aluminum wind turbine blades were operated for over 3000 hours on the MOD-OA wind turbine. The first signs of blade structural damage were observed after 400 hours of operation. Details of the blade design, loads, cost, structural damage, and repair are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 225-238
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  • 56
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    Alcoa wind turbines (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of Alcoa's wind energy program is given with emphasis on the the development of a low cost, reliable Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine System. The design layouts and drawings for fabrication are now complete, while fabrication and installation to utilize the design are expected to begin shortly.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 155-171
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  • 57
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    Specification, siting and selection of large WECS prototypes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of large-scale windpowered systems is outlined. Topics discussed include: prototype specifications development, site selection process, and selection of prototype contractor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 89-102
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  • 58
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    Design evolution of large wind turbine generators (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: During the past five years, the goals of economy and reliability have led to a significant evolution in the basic design--both external and internal--of large wind turbine systems. To show the scope and nature of recent changes in wind turbine designs, development of three types are described: (1) system configuration developments; (2) computer code developments; and (3) blade technology developments.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 25-33
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  • 59
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    The Mechanism of Fluid Resistance (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The mechanism of fluid resistance within the limit of the square law is presented. It was concluded that the investigations should be extended and completed in two directions, namely: by an investigation of stable vortex configurations in space, and by considering the perfect fluid as the limiting case of a viscous fluid and then limiting the law of vortex of formation with the condition that only those fluid particles which were in contact with the surface of the body can receive rotation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Classical Aerodyn. Theory; p 57-66
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    Considerations of some critical ejector problems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Some aspects of ejector design and application, including, three dimensional effects and cross flow effects are presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Workshop on Thrust Augmenting Ejectors; p 363-384
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    Large-scale turbulent structures in jets and in flows over cavities and their relationship to entrainment and mixing (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Large scale structures in jets and in flows over cavities were investigated experimentally to determine their role in entrainment, mixing, and noise production. The presence of these structures resulted in growth of the shear layer and entrainment. Merging of adjacent large scale structures caused the near field pressure signal in excited flows. It is believed that both the entrained fluid as well as its eventual mixing with the jet flow can be controlled by introducing pulsation in the jet flow at a frequency for which the flow is most unstable.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Workshop on Thrust Augmenting Ejectors; p 295-309
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  • 62
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    Computer modeling of a two-junction, monolithic cascade solar cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The theory and design criteria for monolithic, two-junction cascade solar cells are described. The departure from the conventional solar cell analytical method and the reasons for using the integral form of the continuity equations are briefly discussed. The results of design optimization are presented. The energy conversion efficiency that is predicted for the optimized structure is greater than 30% at 300 K, AMO and one sun. The analytical method predicts device performance characteristics as a function of temperature. The range is restricted to 300 to 600 K. While the analysis is capable of determining most of the physical processes occurring in each of the individual layers, only the more significant device performance characteristics are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 267-281
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    Recent developments in ejector technology in the Air Force: An overview (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Basic and applied studies in thrust augmentation conducted at the Aerospace Research Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB which led to an effective configuration of the jet flap diffuser ejector, are reviewed. A method for compressible ejector flow analysis, developed in support of the preliminary design of an ejector thrust aircraft, is discussed and applied to single- and two-stage ejectors.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Workshop on Thrust Augmenting Ejectors; p 1-22
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  • 64
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    An interim report on the NTS-2 solar cell experiment (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data obtained from the fourteen solar cell modules on the NTS-2 satellite are presented together with a record of panel temperature and sun inclination. The following flight data are discussed: (1) state of the art solar cell configurations which embody improvements in solar cell efficiency through new silicon surface and bulk technology, (2) improved coverslip materials and coverslip bonding techniques, (3) short and long term effects of ultraviolet rejection filters vs. no filters on the cells, (4) degradation on a developmental type of liquid epitaxy gallium-aluminum-arsenide solar cell, and (5) space radiation effects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 117-129
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    The NASA Lewis Research Center program in space solar cell research and technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress in space solar cell research and technology is reported. An 18 percent-AMO-efficient silicon solar cell, reduction in the radiation damage suffered by silicon solar cells in space, and high efficiency wrap-around contact and thin (50 micrometer) coplanar back contact silicon cells are among the topics discussed. Reduction in the cost of silicon cells for space use, cost effective GaAs solar cells, the feasibility of 30 percent AMO solar energy conversion, and reliable encapsulants for space blankets are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 1-4
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    Temperature and intensity dependence of the performance of an electron-irradiated (AlGa)As/GaAs solar cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of a Hughes, liquid-phase epitaxial 2 centimeter-by-2 centimeter, (AlGa)As/GaAs solar cell was measured before and after irradiations with 1 MeV electrons to fluences of 1 x 10 to the 16th power electrons/sq cm. The temperature dependence of performance was measured over the temperature range 135 to 415 K at each fluence level. In addition, temperature dependences were measured at five intensity levels from 137 to 2.57 mW/sq cm before irradiation and after a fluence of 1 x 10 to the 16th power electrons/sq cm. For the intermediate fluences, performance was measured as a function of intensity at 298 K only.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 217-226
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    High-energy electron-induced damage production at room temperature in aluminum-doped silicon (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: DLTS and EPR measurements are reported on aluminum-doped silicon that was irradiated at room temperature with high-energy electrons. Comparisons are made to comparable experiments on boron-doped silicon. Many of the same defects observed in boron-doped silicon are also observed in aluminum-doped silicon, but several others were not observed, including the aluminum interstitial and aluminum-associated defects. Damage production modeling, including the dependence on aluminum concentration, is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 185-196
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    Langley program of GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief overview of the development of GaAs solar cell technology is provided. An 18 to 20 percent AMO efficiency, stability under radiation and elevated-temperature operation, and high power-to-weight ratio are among the factors studied. Cell cost and availability are also examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 13-14
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    A Comparison of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Eight Sailwing Airfoil Sections (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The operational characteristics of sailwings are discussed with emphasis placed on the importance of the trailing edge cable tension. The three dimensional aerodynamic characteristics were obtained from wind tunnel tests, and the results compared to determine the magnitude of the aerodynamic penalties paid for various structural simplifications. For the sectional thickness ratios, it is concluded that, while the basic double-membraned sailwing has exceptional aerodynamic performance, even superior for some applications to the conventional hardwing, any notable deviation from this configuration results in an unacceptably large performance penalty.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center The Sci. and Technol. of Low Speed and Motorless Flight, Pt. 1; p 155-176
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    Low-speed single-element airfoil synthesis (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of recently developed airfoil analysis/design computational tools to clarify, enrich and extend the existing experimental data base on low-speed, single element airfoils is demonstrated. A discussion of the problem of tailoring an airfoil for a specific application at its appropriate Reynolds number is presented. This problem is approached by use of inverse (or synthesis) techniques, wherein a desirable set of boundary layer characteristics, performance objectives, and constraints are specified, which then leads to derivation of a corresponding viscous flow pressure distribution. Examples are presented which demonstrate the synthesis approach, following presentation of some historical information and background data which motivate the basic synthesis process.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center The Sci. and Technol. of Low Speed and Motorless Flight, Pt. 1; p 1-31
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    Modeling of thin, back-wall silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of silicon solar cells with p-n junctions on the nonilluminated surface (i.e., upside-down or back-wall cells) was calculated. These structures consisted of a uniformly shaped p-type substrate layer, a p(+)-type field layer on the front (illuminated) surface, and a shallow, n-type junction on the back (nonilluminated) surface. A four-layer solar cell model was used to calculate efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current. The effect on performance of p-layer thickness and resistivity was determined. The diffusion length was varied to simulate the effect of radiation damage. The results show that peak initial efficiencies greater than 15 percent are possible for cell thicknesses or 100 micrometers or less. After 10 years of radiation damage in geosynchronous orbit, thin (25 to 50 micrometers thick) cells made from 10 to 100 ohm cm material show the smallest decrease (approximately 10 percent) in performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 73-78
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    System configuration improvement (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Factors involved in the choice of the system configuration for the wind turbine generator are listed. It was found that choices among the many configuration options can be based strictly upon the resulting cost of energy results. Choices made on that basis also lead to reduced analytical complexity, less hardware complexity and reduced program risk. It was also found that many seemingly minor details turn out to have important impacts that are seen only after design, performance and cost-finding were thoroughly probed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 385-396
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    The Boeing MOD-2 wind turbine system rotor (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: External configuration, environmental, and internal design requirements for the 300 foot diameter MOD-2 rotor are discussed, with emphasis on design details, significance of fatigue strength, design development test results, and conclusions of the preliminary design efforts.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 343-354
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    Structural analysis considerations for wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Approaches to the structural analysis of wind turbine blade designs are reviewed. Specifications and materials data are discussed along with the analysis of vibrations, loads, stresses, and failure modes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 211-224
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    Large wind energy converter: Growian 3 MW (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The main features of the Growian wind energy converter are presented. Energy yield, environmental impact, and construction of the energy converter are discussed. Reliability of the windpowered system is assessed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 121-132
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    Overview of Federal wind energy program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives and strategies of the Federal wind energy program are described. Changes in the program structure and some of the additions to the program are included. Upcoming organizational changes and some budget items are discussed, with particular emphasis on recent significant events regarding new approvals.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 1-24
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    The external augmentor concept for V/STOL aircraft (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The beneficial aspects of an ejector powered V/STOL concept were reviewed. The feasibility of satisfactorily incorporating an ejector system in a high performance V/STOL aircraft was investigated. The external augmentor concept, based on the use of chordwise ejector slots, is presented. It is concluded that the external augmentor concept has a basic inherent simplicity and a sufficient augmentor performance potential to make feasible a high performance V/STOL aircraft based on ejectors.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Workshop on Thrust Augmenting Ejectors; p 449-471
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    Interface concerns of ejector integration in V/STOL aircraft (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A number of areas which have in the past contributed to weight, complexity, and thrust losses in the ejector-powered V/STOL vehicle were identified. Most of these interfaces taken singly do not represent a severe compromise to the vehicle; however, the bottom line is that the sum of compromises and the subsequent effects on performance, flight operations and maintenance have rendered the ejector V/STOL aircraft unattractive. In addition to some of the unique ejector/aircraft integration problems, the vehicle by virtue of having a V/STOL capability, is compromised in other areas. To be successful and acceptable, the advantages must outweight the disadvantages and simplicity with minimum penalties must be the rule. It is concluded that more emphasis must be placed on the ejector/aircraft interface for the concept to be successful.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Workshop on Thrust Augmenting Ejectors; p 397-415
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    Entrainment characteristics of unsteady subsonic jets (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The effectiveness of jet unsteadiness in enhancing flow entrainment was assessed. It was conducted that entrainment depends on the type and amount of jet unsteadiness. Apparently, the mere introduction of jet unsteadiness by small sinusoidal flow angle variations is insufficient to enhance entrainment but, it should be noted that the results were obtained at measuring stations which are all many nozzle widths downstream of the jet nozzle. Thus, no fully conclusive statement can be made at this time about the entrainment close to the nozzle. The high entrainment of the fluidically oscillated jet was caused by the high-frequency content of this square wave type of oscillation but more detailed measurements are clearly needed, in particular for the fluidically oscillated and the pulsed jets. Practical ejector application requires the proper trade-off between entrainment and primary nozzle thrust efficiency.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Workshop on Thrust Augmenting Ejectors; p 311-324
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    Some tests on small-scale rectangular throat ejector (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A small scale rectangular throat ejector with plane slot nozzles and a fixed throat area was tested to determine the effects of diffuser sidewall length, diffuser area ratio, and sidewall nozzle position on thrust and mass augmentation. The thrust augmentation ratio varied from approximately 0.9 to 1.1. Although the ejector did not have good thrust augmentation performance, the effects of the parameters studied are believed to indicate probable trends in thrust augmenting ejectors.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Workshop on Thrust Augmenting Ejectors; p 239-251
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    Summary of GaAs Solar Cell Performance and Radiation Damage Workshop (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The workshop considered the GaAs solar cell capability and promise in several steps: (1) maximum efficiency; (2) space application; (3) major technology problems (AR coating optimization, contacts); (4) radiation resistance; (5) cost and availability; and (6) alternatives. The workshop believes that GaAs solar cells are fast approaching the fulfillment of their potential as candidates for space cells. A maximum efficiency of 20 to 31 percent AMO can be reasonably expected from GaAs based cells, and this may go a little higher with concentration. The use of concentration in space needs to be more carefully evaluated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 253-254
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    Shallow-homojunction GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Single-crystal GaAs shallow-homojunction solar cells on GaAs or Ge substrates, without Ga sub 1-x Al sub x As window layers, that have conversion efficiencies exceeding 20% at AM1 (17% at AMO). Using a simple theoretical model, good fits were obtained between computer calculations and experimental data for external quantum efficiency and conversion efficiency of cells with different values of n+ layer thickness. The calculations not only yield values for material properties of the GaAs layers composing the cells but will also permit the optimization of cell designs for space and terrestrial applications. Preliminary measurements indicate that the shallow-homojunction cells are resistant to electron irradiation. In the best test so far, bombardment with 1 x 10 to the 16th power/sq cm fluence of 1 MeV electrons reduced the short-circuit current by only about 6%.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 227-233
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    Radiation damage in GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent results of electron and proton irradiation and annealing of GaAs solar cells are presented along with some implications of these results. A comparison between the energy-levels produced by protons and by electrons which are not stopped in the material indicate that the damage produced by protons and electrons may be qualitatively different. Thus, annealing of proton damage may be very different from the annealing of electron damage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 201-207
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    Reverse annealing in radiation-damaged, silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In order to understand the results in terms of properties of the radiation induced defects, a combination of diffusion length measurements and defect data obtained from Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy were used. The results indicate that the defect at E sub v + 0.30 eV is responsible for the observed reversed annealing. The defect was identified as a boron-oxygen vacancy complex. This identification is a guide to processing efforts aimed at increasing the concentration of these radiation induced defects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 161-171
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    Efficiency of tandem solar cell systems as function of temperature and solar energy concentration ratio (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of a comprehensive theoretical analysis of tandem photovoltaic solar cells as a function of temperature and solar concentration ratio are presented. The overall efficiencies of tandem cell stacks consisting of as many as 24 cells having gaps in the 0.7 to 3.6 eV range were calculated for temperatures of 200, 300, 400, and 500 K and for illumination by an AMO solar spectrum having concentration ratios of 1, 100, 500, and 1000 suns. For ideal diodes (A = B = 1), the calculations show that the optimized overall efficiency has a limiting value eta sub opt of approximately 70 percent for T = 200 K and C = 1000; for T = 300 K and C = 1000, this limiting efficiency approaches 60 percent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 263-265
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    Silicon solar cells for space use: Present performance and trends (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A technology assessment of present performance levels and current fabrication methods and designs is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 101-104
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    High efficiency cell geometry (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new silicon solar cell is described which has an array of small-area conduction paths to transport current directly through the wafer to metal electrodes on the back. This design eliminates grid shadowing and many of the other losses inherent in conventional cells. Early experimental units without texturing or antireflection coatings show 13.3% efficiency under air-mass-one illumination insolation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 97-100
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    Design considerations for the Tandem Junction Solar Cell (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Structure and operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) are described. The impact of using only back contacts is discussed. A model is presented which explains operation of the TJC in terms of transistor action. The model is applied to predict TJC performance as a function of physical parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 79-85
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    Open-circuit voltage improvements in low-resistivity solar cells (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Mechanisms limiting the open-circuit voltage in 0.1 ohm-cm solar cells were investigated. It was found that a rather complicated multistep diffusion process could produce cells with significantly improved voltages. The voltage capabilities of various laboratory cells were compared independent of their absorption and collection efficiencies. This was accomplished by comparing the cells on the basis of their saturation currents or, equivalently, comparing their voltage outputs at a constant current-density level. The results show that for both the Lewis diffused emitter cell and the Spire ion-implanted emitter cell the base component of the saturation current is voltage controlling. The evidence for the University of Florida cells, although not very conclusive, suggests emitter control of the voltage in this device. The data suggest further that the critical voltage-limiting parameter for the Lewis cell is the electron mobility in the cell base.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 61-70
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    Limiting process in shallow junction solar cells (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In extending the violet and nonreflective cell technology to lower resistivities, several processes limiting output power were encountered. The most important was the dark diffusion current due to recombination at the front grid contacts. After removal of this problem by reduction of the silicon metal contact area (to 0.14 percent of the total area), the electric field enhanced junction recombination current J sub r was the main limitation. Alteration of the diffusion profile to reduce the junction field is shown to be an effective means of influencing J sub r. The remaining problems are the bulk recombination in the n+ layer and the surface recombination at the oxide-silicon interface; both of these problems are aggravated by band-narrowing resulting from heavy doping in the diffused layer. Experimental evidence for the main limitations is shown, where increased diffusion temperature is seen to reduce both the influence of the front grid contacts and the junction electric field by increasing the junction depth. The potential for further significant improvement in efficiency appears to be high.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 35-36
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    Solar photovoltaic research and development program of the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress is reported in the following areas: laser weapon effects, solar silicon solar cell concepts, and high voltage hardened, high power system technology. Emphasis is placed on solar cells with increased energy conversion efficiency and radiation resistance characteristics for application to satellite power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 5-8
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    An Exploratory Investigation of the Effect of Plastic Coating on the Profile Drag of a Practical-Metal-Construction Sailplane Airfoil (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An exploratory investigation was performed in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel to determine the effect of a plastic coating on the profile drage of a practical-metal-construction sailplaine airfoil. The mode was tested with three surface configurations: (1) filled, painted, and sanded smooth; (2) rough bare metal; and (3) plastic-coated. The investigation was conducted at Reynolds numbers based on airfoil chord of 1,100,000, 2,200,000, and 3,300,000 at a constant Mach number of 0.10. The results indicate that, at all three Reynolds numbers, the order of the drag values of the three surface configurations, starting with the highest drag, was: filled, painted, and sanded smooth; rough bare metal; and plastic-coated.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: The Sci. and Technol. of Low Speed and Motorless Flight, Pt. 1; p 33-64
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    Simulation studies of multiple large wind turbine generators on a utility network (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The potential electrical problems that may be inherent in the inertia of clusters of wind turbine generators and an electric utility network were investigated. Preliminary and limited results of an analog simulation of two MOD-2 wind generators tied to an infinite bus indicate little interaction between the generators and between the generators and the bus. The system demonstrated transient stability for the conditions considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 375-384
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    The MOD-1 steel blade (1979)
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    Description: The design, development, fabrication, testing, and transport of two 100 foot metal blades for the MOD-1 WTS are summarized. Because the metal blade design was started late in the MOD-1 system development, many of the design requirements (allocations) were restrictive for the metal blade concept, particularly the maximum weight requirement. The design solutions required to achieve the weight goal resulted in a labor intensive (expensive) fabrication, particularly for a quantity of only two blades manufactured using minimal tooling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 325-342
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    WTG Energy Systems' Rotor: Steel at 80 Feet (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, specifications, and performance of the 80 foot diameter fixed pitch rotor operating on the MP1-200 wind turbine generator installed as part of the Island of Cuttyhunk's electric power utility grid system are described. This synchronous generating system rated 200 kilowatts at 28 mph wind velocity, and produces constant 60 Hz, 480 VAC current at +/- 1 percent accuracy throughout the machine's operating range. Future R & D requirements and suggestions are included with cost data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 285-292
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    Design, fabrication, and test of a steel spar wind turbine blade (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and fabrication of wind turbine blades based on 60 foot steel spars are discussed. Performance and blade load information is given and compared to analytical prediction. In addition, performance is compared to that of the original MOD-O aluminum blades. Costs for building the two blades are given, and a projection is made for the cost in mass production. Design improvements to reduce weight and improve fatigue life are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 267-284
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 97
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    Fabrication of extruded vertical axis turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Important characteristics of the extruded aluminum blade for the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine are presented. Their weight, structural strength, shape, and maintainability are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 193-204
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Design Characteristics of the 224 kW Magdalen Islands VAWT (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The evolution of the main design features of the Magdalen Islands vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is described. The turbine has a rotor height of 120 ft (36.58 m) and diameter 80 ft (24.38 m). It was operated as a joint project between NRC and Hydro-Quebec in grid-coupled mode from July 1977 to July 1978 when the rotor was destroyed in an accident. The accident, although unfortunate, tested the basic integrity of the design in a gross overspeed condition, and the rotor is being rebuilt with minor modifications. Some directions for future VAWT research are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 143-154
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 99
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    Unknown
    The Danish large wind turbine program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief description of the Danish wind energy program and its present status is given. Results and experiences from tests on the Gedser windmill (200 kW) are presented. The key results are presented from the preliminary design study and detailed design of two new WECS (630 kW each) is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 103-120
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Unknown
    A simple apparatus for the experimental study of non-steady flow thrust-augmenter ejector configurations (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A flexible, and easily modified, test rig is described which allows a one dimensional nonsteady flow stream to be generated, economically from a steady flow source of compressed air. This nonsteady flow is used as the primary stream in a nonsteady flow ejector constituting part of the test equipment. Standard piezo-electric pressure transducers etc. allow local pressures to be studied, as functions of time, in both the primary and secondary (mixed) flow portions of the apparatus. Provision is also made for measuring the primary and secondary mass flows and the thrust generated. Sample results obtained with the equipment are presented.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center Workshop on Thrust Augmenting Ejector; p 325-349
    Format: application/pdf
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