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  • Lepidoptera  (357)
  • Electron microscopy
  • Springer  (453)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • American Physical Society
  • Copernicus
  • MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
  • Oxford University Press
  • 1990-1994  (453)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval secretions and food odors affect orientation in femalePlodia interpunctella (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Indianmeal moth ; semiochemicals ; attraction ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Substrates contaminated by wandering fifth instar larvae ofPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) elicit oviposition by conspecific female moths, and larval rearing diet enhances oviposition and also induces upwind flight. Two-choice oviposition assays determined that four-day-old gravid femaleP. interpunctella preferred to lay eggs on dishes containing cornmeal-based rearing diet compared to empty dishes. Pieces of cheesecloth contaminated by fifth instar larvae elicited more oviposition than untreated cheesecloth or dishes with food. The combination of larval contamination and food was preferred over food only or larval contamination only in both two- and four-choice experiments. The factor(s) in larval contamination responsible for eliciting oviposition in female moths was extracted in hexane, confirming that organic semiochemicals are responsible for the effect. The oviposition-eliciting activity of larval contamination was retained on cheesecloth for up to 30 days following treatment with larvae, suggesting the active component(s) is stable and of low relative volatility. In two-choice windtunnel bioassays female moths initiated flight only when rearing food was present in one of the treatments, and they displayed the highest landing responses to a combination of larval contamination and food. Earlier work onP. interpunctella and related pyralid species found that larval contamination due to secretions from the mandibular glands acted as both a spacing pheromone for wandering larvae and as a kairomone for host-seeking parasitoid wasps. The present study suggests that the same or a similar secretion acts as an oviposition-eliciting pheromone for conspecific females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426402
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trade-offs in responses to host plants within a population of a generalist herbivore,Christoneura rosaceana (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: feeding performance ; diapausing propensity ; genetic correlation ; heritability ; host-range ; insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary constraints on the ability of herbivores to efficiently use a set of phytochemically similar hosts, while maintaining a high performance on phytochemically different hosts, are central in explaining the predominance of host specialization in phytophagous insects. Such feeding trade-offs could be manifested within insect populations as negative genetic correlations in fitness on different host species. We tested the hypothesis that feeding trade-offs were present within a population of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Components of fitness were measured in families originating from an apple orchard that were fed on four host-plant species in the laboratory. Under the conditions of this experiment, all across-host genetic correlations were strongly positive, suggesting that this population comprised true generalists. With the exception of diapausing propensity, the heritability of the fitness components tended to be lower in caterpillars fed on apple leaves than in insects fed other hosts. This suggests a constraint on the selective response of the fitness components in the orchard environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383552
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering pupal diapause in the spotted tentiform leafminer,Phyllonorycter blancardella (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diapause induction ; photoperiod ; temperature ; Phyllonorycter blancardella ; spotted tentiform leafminer ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering diapause inPhyllonorycter blancardella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was examined in the laboratory and field using leafminers from commercial apple orchards in Ontario, Canada.P. blancardella exhibited a long-day response to photoperiod: long daylengths resulted in uninterrupted development whereas short daylengths induced diapause. The estimated critical photoperiod for diapause induction was L14.25∶D9.75. The larvae of leafminers destined to enter diapause took ca. 3× longer to complete development than the larvae of non-diapausing leafminers. The development prolonging effect of photoperiod decreased with decreasing daylength. Temperature modified the diapause inducing effect of photoperiod. At L14.25∶D9.75, diapause incidence was similar at 15 and 20°C but was lower at 25°C. Photoperiod also altered the normal relationship between development rate and temperature. At L14.25∶D9.75, the duration of larval development of diapausing leafminers was similar at 15, 20 and 25°C. Temperature alone is unlikely to have a role in the induction of diapause because leafminers exposed to natural late summer and fall temperature regimes and L16∶D8 did not enter diapause.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382412
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of volatile compounds from fungus-infected date fruit that stimulate upwind flight in femaleEctomyelois ceratoniae (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ectomyelois ceratoniae ; carob moth ; host-finding ; Phoenix dactylifera ; dates ; gas chromatography-electrophysiology ; mass spectrometry ; wind tunnel ; attraction ; volatiles ; headspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four volatile compounds emitted from fungus-infected date fruit,Phoenix dactylifera L., were identified using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, electroantennographic assays of synthetic standards, and wind tunnel bioassays. These compounds were ethyl hexanoate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethanol. Wind tunnel bioassays showed that ethyl hexanoate was capable of stimulating upwind flight and landing on the source by mated female carob moths,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller). Addition of both ethanol and acetaldehyde to ethyl hexanoate resulted in an increase in attraction to a level similar to that found for date fruits. No such effect was noted for additions of 2-phenylethanol at the dosages tested. In this study, it appears that ethyl hexanoate is a dominant olfactory stimulant and attractant for mated female carob moths, and represents a novel compound with regard to previously identified lepidopteran host odor attractants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383810
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluctuating asymmetry and survival ability in the forest tent caterpillar mothMalacosoma disstria: implications for pest management (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: forest tent caterpillar moth ; Malacosoma disstria ; fluctuating asymmetry ; survival ability ; pest management ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry of the first tarsal segment of the proleg of the forest tent caterpiller mothMalacosoma disstria Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) was significantly inversely related to survival ability in the lab. The monitoring of population levels of fluctuating asymmetry could have important implications in pest management of this and other species by providing an indication of the health of a population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380563
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation ofHelicoverpa zea larval behavior by the parasitoidEucelatoria bryani (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky regulates the larval behavior of its hostHelicoverpa zea (Boddie). Parasitized third, fourth and fifth instars burrow into the soil 0.7–3.4 days earlier than unparasitized larvae that normally enter the soil to pupate at the end of the fifth and final larval instar. Parasitized third instars molt once then burrow as fourth instars, one instar earlier than normal. WhenE. bryani pupariated on the soil surface in the field, none survived to the adult stage. However,E. bryani adults emerged from 49.2% of hosts that had burrowed into the soil. By accelerating the timing ofH. zea burrowing behavior and causing host larvae to enter the soil before death,E. bryani ensures its pupariation in an environment with improved protection against natural enemies and lethal temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380567
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in phenology and nutritional quality between host plants and its effect on larval performance in a specialist butterfly,Zerynthia rumina (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Zerynthia ; Aristolochia ; herbivory ; phenology ; nutritional indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The main host plants of the butterflyZerynthia rumina L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in southern Spain occur in different habitats and in general do not grow sympatrically. Therefore, each single local butterfly population uses the particular host available within its range.Aristolochia longa L. is a tuberous perennial herb available only in the spring, whileA. baetica L. is an evergreen perennial vine with indeterminate growth. However, because of the toughness of older leaves, newly hatched larvae feed only on new leaves ofA. baetica, and most of these leaves are produced well before the larvae hatch. In laboratory experiments, caterpillars feeding on either new or matureA. longa leaves grew faster and converted food into biomass more efficiently than those feeding on newA. baetica leaves. These differences are related to variation in nutritional quality among the host plants. Estimates of butterfly abundance were lower in sites whereZ. rumina usesA. baetica, compared with those where the host isA. longa. The potential differential effect of these two food plants on the densities of local butterfly populations relying on them is discussed here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426411
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the juvenile hormone analog fenoxycarb on post-embryonic development of the eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana, following treatment of the egg stage (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; juvenile hormone analog ; fenoxycarb ; postembryonic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382386
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual feedback in the control of pheromone-mediated flight ofHeliothis virescens males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 605-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; visual feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MaleHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were made to fly into a uniformly white and translucent tube within a large wind tunnel while responding to sex pheromone. Different visual patterns placed within the tube greatly affected the ability of the male moths to maintain upwind progress or remain oriented to the wind while in contact with the plume. Over 89% of males attempting to fly through a blank tube, lacking visual patterns, became disoriented, the males gaining or losing altitude and repeatedly hitting the sides of the tube. Patterns of 20–40 dots placed on the sides of the tube at or slightly above plume level resulted in high levels of sustained upwind flight (47–74%) relative to patterns placed directly below (30–40%), directly above (35%), or slightly below the level of the flight path (26–44%). Optimal upwind progression in pheromone-responding males occurred when image motion could be resolved both transversely (T), orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the body relative to the horizontal plane of the environment, and longitudinally (L), along the body axis. Even very sparse patterns (single rows of dots) could elicit high levels of sustained upwind flight (53–63%) when positioned within the tube such that the males' movements would create both L and T image motion. However, successful negotiation of the tube was also unexpectedly facilitated by patterns apparently providing no horizontal transverse component for flying males but providing longitudinal flow while centering the moth in the plume through a symmetrical left-right input (4–40%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997435
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging for solitarily and gregariously feeding caterpillars: A comparison of two related parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 585-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997434
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of the eversion ofMamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) hair-pencils during courtship (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 885-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; male scents ; hair-pencils ; courtship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997133
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Non-host plant odor (Tanacetum vulgare; Asteracea) affects the reproductive behavior ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Tanacetum vulgare ; Tansy ; Lobesia botrana ; European grapevine moth ; Asteracea ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; oviposition ; behavior ; nonhost plant ; semiochemicals ; plant odor ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) are attracted in natural conditions by volatiles released by a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.; Asteracea). We have shown that both tansy flowers and their odor inhibit oviposition behavior and mating behavior and reduce adult longevity. The mean number of eggs laid per female isolated with tansy flowers was reduced by up to 50% every 2 days during the 6 days of exposure. This reduction was maintained after the tansy was removed. In the presence of tansy essential oil, the egg-laying reduction ranged from about 30 to 80% according to the odor concentration. The number of spermatophores found in females isolated with tansy flowers was also reduced twofold compared to the control treatment, indicating that the presence of tansy reduced mating activity. This mating activity is strongly reduced, by two-thirds, when adults face the highest dose of essential oil compared to controls. The number of eggs laid by the controls cannot be explained by the number of spermatophores. Therefore, the reduction in oviposition has been attributed to the presence of tansy flowers or to the tansy odor. Tansy flowers and tansy odor increased male mortality during the exposure (10% in the control, 50% in the tansy treatment, and up to 98% in the odor treatment). The highest rates of male mortality occurred during the 4- to 6-day period of exposure to flowers or odor. Repellence resulting in sustained locomotor activity is a possible cause of such a mortality. Female mortality was increased only in response to the highest dose of odor. This increase might be due to egg retention, and not directly to a plant effect. We discuss the effects of tansy flower odor on different patterns relative to the reproductive behavior ofL. botrana and, especially, on oviposition behavior in the ecological context of plant selection and polyphagy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990077
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From model to mimic: Age-dependent unpalatability in monarch butterflies (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 176-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cardiac glycoside loss ; Danaus plexippus ; aging ; breakdown of chemical defense ; three trophic level interactions ; automimicry ; Lepidoptera ; Asclepias
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are unpalatable to various vertebrate predators because their larvae sequester bitter and emetic cardiac glycosides (CGs) from milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.). Here we show that the concentration of the defensive CGs decrease as individual butterflies age, regardless of the CGs' initial amounts or specific chemical structures. Consequently, individual monarch butterflies can change from being unpalatable models to palatable mimics during their lifetime. Since monarchs breed continuously over the spring and summer in North America, freshly emerged adult butterflies may serve as noxious models for older individuals which become automimics as they age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01984960
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of larval host plants of the fruit piercing moth,Othreis fullonia (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 75-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: larval host plants ; distribution ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Othreis fullonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adult fruit piercing moth,Othreis fullonia, a native of the indo-Malaysian region, causes severe damage to fruits grown throughout the tropical and subtropical belt from Africa through Asia and Australia to the Pacific Islands. Plants of the family Menispermaceae and the genusErythrina (Fabaceae) serve as larval hosts but the adult moths prefer Menispermaceae plants for oviposition. In Africa, Asia and Australia, the moth does not lay eggs onErythrina since members of the Menispermaceae are abundant. However in the insular Pacific region, where most islands have few or no species of Menispermaceae, the introduced fruit piercing moth utilizesErythrina as an alternate larval host, and either depletes, endangers or causes the possible extinction of Menispermaceae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259435
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition stimulants and deterrents control acceptance ofAlliaria petiolata byPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; stimulants ; deterrents ; glucosinolates ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Alliaria petiolata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Differential acceptance of garlic mustard,Alliaria petiolata byPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea is explained by their differential sensitivities to oviposition stimulants and deterrents in the plant. Fractions containing the stimulants and deterrents were isolated by solvent partitioning between water and n-butanol and by open-column chromatography followed by HPLC.P. napi oleracea showed no preference when offered a choice ofA. petiolata or cabbage, but was strongly stimulated to oviposit by post-butanol water extracts ofA. petiolata. The most abundant glucosinolate in this extract was identified as sinigrin, which could explain the high degree of stimulatory activity.P. rapae preferred cabbage plants overA. petiolata, and the relatively low stimulatory activity was also associated with the glucosinolate-containing aqueous extract. However, this species was strongly stimulated by a fraction that contained small amounts of glucotropaeolin along with unknown compounds. Deterrents to both species were found in the butanol extract fromA. petiolata, andP. napi oleracea was more sensitive thanP. rapae to these deterrents. Some HPLC fractions from the BuOH extract were strongly deterrent toP. napi oleracea, but were inactive toP. rapae. The ecological significance of these behavioral differences between the twoPieris species is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259436
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  • 16
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    Sequestration of plant secondary compounds by butterflies and moths (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: sequestration ; defence substances ; toxic substances ; pheromones ; host selection ; aristolochic acids ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; grayanotoxins ; cyanoglycosides ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A number of aposematic butterfly and moth species sequester toxic substances from their host plants. Some of these insects can detect the toxic compounds during food assessment. Some pipevine swallowtails use aristolochic acids among the host finding cues during oviposition and larval feeding and accumulate the toxins in the body tissues throughout all life stages. Likewise, a danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, which sequesters high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the body, lays eggs in response to the specific alkaloid components contained in the apocynad host. Insect species sharing the same poisonous host plants may differ in the degree of sequestration of toxins. Two closely ralated aposematic geometrid moth species,Arichanna gaschkevitchii andA. melanaria, sequester a series of highly toxic diterpenoids (grayanotoxins) in different degrees, while a cryptic geometrid species,Biston robstus, does not sequester the toxins, illustrating the diversity in adaptation mechanisms even within the same subfamily. By contrast, a number of lepidopteran species store the same compounds though feeding upon taxonomically diverse plant species. A bitter cyanoglycoside, sarmentosin, was characterised from several moth species in the Geometridae, Zygaenidae and Yponomeutidae, and from the apollo butterflies,Parnassius spp. (Papilionidae), although each species feeds on different groups of plants. Interspecific similarities and differences in life history and ecology are discussed in relation to variable characteristics of sequestration of plant compounds among these lepidopteran insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240597
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  • 17
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    Milkweeds, monarch butterflies and the ecological significance of cardenolides (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 101-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; chemical defence induction ; latex ; parasitism ; predation ; sequestration ; Insecta ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; Asclepiadaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The contribution of Miriam Rothschild to the “monarch cardenolide story” is reviewed in the light of the 1914 challenge by the evolutionary biologist, E.B. Poulton for North American chemists to explain the chemical basis of unpalatability in monarch butterflies and their milkweed host plants. This challenge had lain unaccepted for nearly 50 years until Miriam Rothschild took up the gauntlet and showed with the help of many able colleagues that monarchs are aposematically coloured because they sequester toxic cardenolides from milkweed host plants for use as a defence against predators. By virtue of Dr Rothschild's inspiration and industry, and subsequently that of Lincoln Brower and his colleagues, this tritrophic interaction has become a familiar paradigm for the evolution of chemical defences and warning colouration. We now know that the cardenolide contents of different milkweeds vary quantitatively, qualitatively and spatially, both within and among species and we are starting to appreciate the implications of such variation. However, as Dr Rothschild has pointed out in her publications, cardenolides have sometimes blinded us to reality and it is curious how little evidence there is for a defensive function to cardenolides in plants — especially against adapted specialists such as the monarch. Thus the review will conclude with a discussion of the significance of temporal variation and induction of cardenolide production in plants, the “lethal plant defence paradox” and an emphasis on the dynamics of the cardenolide-mediated interaction between milkweeds and monarch larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240595
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  • 18
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids between plants and insects: A new chapter of an old story (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: biochemistry of plants ; sequestration by insects ; transformation by insects ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; alkaloidN-oxides ; Asteraceae ; Senecio ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Tyria ; Creatonotos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Among alkaloids the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) play a unique role in the interactions between plants and adapted insects. InSenecio spp. (Asteraceae) PAs are synthesized in the roots as alkaloidN-oxides which are specifically translocated into shootsvia the phloem-path and channeled to the preferred sites of storage (e.g. inflorescences) where they are stored in the cell vacuoles. In differentSenecio spp. senecionineN-oxide is produced as the common product of biosynthesis, which subsequentlyvia a number of simple but specific reactions is transformed into typical speciesspecific PA-patterns. Insects from diverse taxa sequester PAs for their own defense. Lepidopterans (e.g. arctiids such asTyria jacobaeae andCreatonotos transiens) may hydrolyze plant acquired ester-PAs and convert the resulting necine base into insect-specific PAs by esterification with an acid of their own metabolism. Adapted arctiids and the grasshopperZonocerus take up PAs in the state of the tertiary amine.N-Oxides are reduced in the guts prior to uptake. In the bodies the tertiary PAs are rapidlyN-oxidized by a specific mixed-function oxigenase and are maintained in theN-oxide state. The importance of the reversible interconversion of the nontoxicN-oxide (pro-toxine) into the toxic tertiary alkaloid is discussed as the specific feature of PAs in plant-insect interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240598
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    Inhibition of glycosidases by Lepidoptera; roles in the insects and leads to novel compounds? (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: inhibition ; indigestibility ; defence ; alkaloid ; glycosidases ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Glycosidase inhibitors are widespread in plants and can be sequestered by Lepidoptera, for which they can presumably serve as defences by making the insects indigestible to a range of potential predators. As a result of this study of eight British species of moth and butterfly it was found that glycosidase inhibitors in the insects could then be detected in the larval food plants which were not previously known to contain them; however, some were only detectable in the plants after concentration. In some cases the inhibition of specific glycosidases by Lepidoptera was detected even though the insects had not apparently acquired them from their food plants. Inhibition ofβ-N-acetylglucosaminidase was observed in most of the adult Lepidoptera analysed but further work is required to identify the inhibitors, though they are likely to be nitrogen-containing compounds. Weak anti-HIV activity was also observed in the glycosidase-inhibiting fractions ofAcherontia atropos and the plantUrtica dioica.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240601
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    The iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predatorCamponotus floridanus (Formicidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: predation ; plant-insect interactions ; tritrophic level interactions ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Junonia coenia ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Camponotus floridanus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We investigated the role of the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predator,Camponotus floridanus. Four laboratory colonies of this ant were offered buckeye caterpillars (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae) raised on diets with and without catalpol. The same colonies were offered sugar-water solutions containing varying concentrations of catalpol, in both no-choice and choice tests. Regardless of diet, buckeye caterpillars appeared to be morphologically protected from predation by the ants, possibly because of their large spines or tough cuticle. However, buckeyes raised on diets with catalpol had high concentrations of catalpol in their hemolymph; extracts of this high-catalpol hemolymph proved to be an effective deterrent to the ants. When starved ants were not given the choice of food items, they were more likely to consume sucrose solutions that contained 5 mg catalpol/ml or 10 mg catalpol/ml than they were to consume solutions with 20 mg catalpol/ml. When they were given a choice of sugar solution or a sugar solution containing catalpol, the ants avoided solutions with catalpol at any of these concentrations. Ant colony responses to catalpol in sucrose solutions varied considerably over time and among colonies.
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    Comparative electrophysiological analysis of plant odor perception in females of threePapilio species (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 26-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemoreception ; olfaction ; plant volatiles ; electroantennogram ; combined GC-EAG ; evolutionary adaptation ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Papilio polyxenes ; Papilio machaon hippocrates ; Papilio troilus ; Apiaceae ; Daucus carota ; Pastinaca sativa ; Asteraceae ; Artemisia dracunculus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Antennae of femalePapilio butterflies perceive many volatile plant constituents with widely differing, constituent-specific sensitivities. We compared the responses of threePapilio species to volatiles from host and non-host plants to assess species-specificity and the degree of evolutionary conservatism in olfactory responses. Since previous studies had demonstrated that the polar constituents in odor fromDaucus carota stimulate oviposition behavior inPapilio polyxenes, we collected headspace volatiles fromD. carota, Pastinaca sativa (both Apiaceae) andArtemisia dracunculus (Asteraceae) and separated the polar fraction of these volatiles by gas chromatography. GC-coupled electroantennograms (GC-EAG) were recorded from the speciesPapilio polyxenes, P. machaon hippocrates andP. troilus. In addition, the responses of the three species to five compounds known as generally occurring constituents of plant odor were recorded. The relative sensitivities for these compounds were nearly identical in all threePapilio species. The response spectra to the separated plant volatiles also showed considerable similarities among the species. From the limited set of GC peaks evoking a response in one of the species, 64% (D. carota), 44% (P. sativa) and 29% (A. dracunculus) also evoked a response in both of the other species. The responses of the two closely related Apiaceae feeders (P. polyxenes, P. m. hippocrates) to volatiles fromD. carota were more similar to each other than was either to the response ofP. troilus, which feeds on Lauraceae. However, this was not true for the responses to volatiles fromP. sativa. The least congruence among the three species was found in the responses to volatiles fromA. dracunculus, a non-host for all of them. The differences and similarities found in the response profiles of the threePapilio species are discussed with respect to evolutionary adaptation to host odor versus evolutionary conservatism in adaptation of olfactory receptors.
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    Ammonium-excreting Azospirillum sp. become intracellularly established in maize (Zea mays) para-nodules (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 1-8 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium excretion ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Auxine ; 2,4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Maize ; Zea mays ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize seedlings develop nodule-like tumour knots (para-nodules) along primary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Inoculated NH 4 + -excreting Azospirillum brasilense cells were shown to colonize these tumours, mostly intracellularly, promoting a high level of N2 fixation when microaerophilic conditions were imposed. The nitrogenase activity inside the para-nodules was less sensitive to free O2 than in non-para-nodulating roots. Both light and electron microscopy showed a dense bacterial population inside intact tumour cells, with the major part of the cell infection along a central tumour tissue. The bacteria colonized the cytoplasm with a close attachment to inner cell membranes. In an auxin-free growth medium, young 2,4-D-induced para-nodules grew further to become mature differentiated root organs in which introduced bacteria survived with a stable population. These results provide evidence that gramineous plants are potentially able to create a symbiosis with diazotrophic bacteria in which the NH 4 + -excreting symbiont will colonize para-nodule tissue intracellularly, thus becoming well protected.
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    Ultrastructure of an extreme thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words     Extremely thermophilic eubacterium ; Calderobacterium hydrogenophilium ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract       Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum is an extreme thermophilic, obligately chemoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. The cells were shown to be non-motile straight rods of average size 0.4 × 2.5 μm. After negative-staining of the whole cells, no flagella were observed. The multilayered cell wall was of type 1 and possessed a crystalline proteinaceous surface layer exhibiting p4 symmetry. The square unit cells had a lattice constant of approximately 11 nm. Cell division occurred by a constriction mechanism. C. hydrogenophilum differred from a similar hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, by the absence of intracytoplasmic membrane structures in chemically fixed cells. However, an electron-dense intracytoplasmic hemispherical structure adhering to the inner membrane was frequently observed.
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    Ultrastructure of an extreme thermophilic hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 267-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Extremely thermophilic eubacterium ; Calderobacterium hydrogenophilium ; Ultrastructure ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Calderobacterium hydrogenophilum is an extreme thermophilic, obligately chemoautotrophic, hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium. The cells were shown to be nonmotile straight rods of average size 0.4x2.5 μm. After negative-staining of the whole cells, no flagella were observed. The multilayered cell wall was of type 1 and possessed a crystalline proteinaceous surface layer exhibiting p4 symmetry. The square unit cells had a lattice constant of approximately 11 nm. Cell division occurred by a constriction mechanism. C. hydrogenophilum differred from a similar hydrogen-oxidizing eubacterium, Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, by the absence of intracytoplasmic membrane structures in chemically fixed cells. However, an electron-dense intracytoplasmic hemispherical structure adhering to the inner membrane was frequently observed.
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    Evolution of behavioral responses to sex pheromone in mutant laboratory colonies ofTrichoplusia ni (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; behavior ; evolution ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from two colonies in which all females express an abnormal sex pheromone production phenotype were evaluated in a laboratory wind tunnel for upwind flight responses to the normal and abnormal sex pheromones. The abnormal sex pheromone blend consisted of 20 times as much (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and 30-fold less (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate compared to the normal pheromone blend. Initially, these males exhibited poor behavioral responses to the abnormal sex pheromone and maximum responses to the normal pheromone blend, indicating that there was no linkage between signal production and response. After 49 generations of laboratory rearing, males from the mutant colonies maintained good responses to the normal pheromone and increased their behavioral response to the abnormal sex pheromone to the same levels as for the normal pheromone. Over the same period, normal males maintained their preference for the normal pheromone. These results indicated that evolution had occurred in mutant colonies in favor of greater male responsiveness to the abnormal sex pheromone, resulting in the broadening of the response spectrum to pheromone blend ratios. This evolution presumably resulted from a mating advantage to those males that did not discriminate against mutant-type females in the mutant colonies.
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    Oviposition stimulants inBarbarea vulgaris forPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea: isolation, identification and differential activity (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 423-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Barbarea vulgaris ; oviposition ; stimulants ; glucosinolates ; glucobarbarin ; glucobrassicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The closely related butterflies,Pieris rapae andP. napi oleracea, readily laid eggs onBarbarea vulgaris in greenhouse cages. When offered a choice between cabbage andB. vulgaris, P. rapae showed no preference, butP. napi oleracea preferredB. vulgaris. Bioassays of extracts ofB. vulgaris foliage revealed the presence of oviposition deterrent(s) in l-butanol extracts as well as stimulants in the postbutanol water extracts. However, the deterrent effect was apparently outweighed by the strong stimulatory effect in the whole plants. The postbutanol water extract was preferred over an equivalent cabbage extract by both species, but more significantly in the case ofP. napi oleracea. The stimulants were isolated by open column chromatography and HPLC, and the activity was associated with three glucosinolates.P. napi oleracea was more sensitive thanP. rapae to the natural concentration of compounds1 and3, whereas both species were strongly stimulated to oviposit by natural concentrations of compound2. Compounds1 and2 were identified as (2R)-glucobarbarin and (2S)-glucobarbarin, respectively, and3 was identified as glucobrassicin, on the basis of their UV, mass, and NMR spectra. When the pure compounds were tested at the same concentrations applied to bean plants, the (2R)-glucobarbarin at 0.2 mg/plant was preferred over a standard cabbage extract by both butterfly species. However, at a dose of 0.02 mg/plant,P. rapae preferred the cabbage extract whereasP. napi oleracea still preferred the (2R)-glucobarbarin. No such difference in response of the two species to the same two concentrations of (2S)-glucobarbarin was obtained. The results indicate a distinct difference in sensitivity of these butterflies to the epimers of glucobarbarin, and the differences in behavioral responses of the two butterfly species depend to a large extent on the concentration of stimulant present.
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    Cardenolides as oviposition deterrents to twoPieris species: Structure-activity relationships (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1039-1051 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; oviposition ; deterrents ; cardenolides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea to 18 cardenolides were compared under the same conditions. Effects of different concentrations of selected cardenolides were also tested. Most of the compounds were deterrent to oviposition by both insects, but to significantly different degrees.P. rapae were strongly deterred by K-strophanthoside, K-strophanthin-β, cymarin, convallatoxin, oleandrin, erysimoside, erychroside, and gitoxigenin. The most deterrent compounds forP. napi oleracea were erychroside, cymarin, erysimoside, convallatoxin, and K-strophanthoside. Strophanthidin-based glycosides were more deterrent than digitoxigenin-based ones, and the number and type of sugar substitutions can have profound effects on activity. Both similarities and contrasts were found in responses ofP. rapae andP. napi oleracea to these cardenolides. Cymarin was equally deterrent to bothPieris species at all concentrations tested. However, when compared withP. rapae, P. napi oleracea was less sensitive to most of the cardenolides.P. napi oleracea was insensitive to K-strophanthin-β and oleandrin at 0.5 × 10−4 M, which were highly deterrent toP. rapae.
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    Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Schiffermüller) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1063-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oxime ether ; NMR data ; pheromone mimics ; ESG studies ; structure-response relationships ; turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum Schiff. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Schiff.) were synthesized by the acidolytic opening of cyclic enol ethers withO-alkyl hydroxylamine hydrochlorides. The compounds varying in chain lengths and in the position of the C=N double bond were studied by electrophysiological single sensillum recordings (electrosen-sillography: ESG). The ESG data indicate in general reduced receptor interaction of all analogs investigated in comparison with natural pheromone components of the turnip moth. The data also show that the grade of decrease of receptor interaction depends on specific structural changes within the molecule. The results demonstrate high complementary pheromone-receptor relationships, predominantly depending on the position of the unsaturated group in the chain, whereas analogs with other structural changes are still recognized as a pheromone-like compound by the receptor.
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    Absorption and release of pheromone ofEpiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by apple leaves (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1825-1841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; electroantennogram ; pheromone ; dispenser ; apple ; mating ; disruption ; atmospheric concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The absorption and release of the pheromone ofEpiphyas postvititana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae),E 11–14: OAc andE,E 9, 11–14: OAc (95:5) by apple leaves was studied using electroantennograms (EAG) and sticky traps baited with pheromone-treated leaves. Leaves exposed to an airstream containing pheromone reached a constant level of pheromone release within 3 min. Release occurred over a period greater than 24 hr, following removal of leaves from the pheromone-saturated environment. Pheromone-treated leaves were effective as lures in sticky traps for at least three nights, although the average catch per night decrease logarithmically with time. In the field, pheromone was detected by EAG on leaves harvested from up to 25 cm away from a central point source of pheromone. The shape of a surface representing equal pheromone re-release from leaves around a central point source was defined by interpolation from a three-dimensional transect. Leaves harvested from 5 cm under the dispensers showed the highest pheromone release rate. Leaves downwind of the dispensers also had higher release of pheromone. In a treated orchard, significantly higher EAG measurements were recorded in the rows of trees that contained dispensers, compared to grass interrows or untreated trees. The implications of foliar pheromone adsorption and release on atmospheric concentrations and insect behavior require further investigation.
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    (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal: Major sex pheromone component of the eastern blackheaded budworm,Acleris variana (Fern.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Acleris variana ; sex pheromone ; (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienal (E11,13–14:Ald) is the major sex pheromone component of the eastern blackheaded budworm (EBB),Acleris variana (Fern.). The compound was identified in female pheromone gland extracts by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), coupled GC-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode, and retention index calculations of candidate pheromone components.E11,13–14:Ald alone as trap bait was very attractive to male EBB. Addition of the corresponding diene alcohol or acetate or both did not enhance attraction. (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienal in binary combination with (E)-11,13–14:Ald neither enhanced nor reduced trap catches. Increasing the amounts of pheromone from 0.01 to 10 µg increased trap catches, but increase of pheromone quantity above 100 µg proportionately reduced attraction. Stabilization of slowly polymerizingE11,13–14:Ald and development of a sustained, adequate release rate is required for pheromone-based monitoring of EBB populations.
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    Membrane topology of insulin receptors reconstituted into lipid vesicles (1994)
    Springer
    The journal of membrane biology 140 (1994), S. 215-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: Insulin receptor ; Membrane reconstitution ; Electron microscopy ; Quaternary structure ; Immunogold labeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insulin receptors were incorporated into liposomes by two different procedures, one using dialysis and one using detergent removal by Bio-Beads. Receptor incorporation was analyzed by gradient centrifugation and electron microscopy. Reconstituted receptors projected up to 12 nm above the membrane and exhibited a T-shaped structure compatible with that previously described for the solubilized receptor. Insulin binding and autophosphorylation experiments indicated that approx. 50% of the receptors were incorporated right-side out. Such random orientation was confirmed by immunogold labeling of the α- and the β-subunit of the receptor. Immunogold labeling of the C-terminus of the β-subunit indicates that it resides about 6 nm off the membrane, while two α-subunit epitopes were labeled at about twice this distance, confirming that the α-subunit is harbored in the cross-bar of the T-structure.
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    Astrocytes alter their polarity in organotypic slice cultures of rat visual cortex (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 557-564 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Slice culture ; Cerebral cortex ; Astrocytes ; Orthogonal arrays of particles - Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Lewis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The ultrastructure of astrocytes in an organotypic slice culture of the rat visual cortex was investigated using ultrathin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. After a culture period of 9–15 days, a glial scaffold formed that separated the bulk of the slice neuropil from the medium and the underlying plasma clot. However, the glial cells and processes did not build a dense barrier but allowed the outgrowth of neurites. A basal lamina covering the medium-oriented surface of the astrocytes was not found. In freeze-fracture replicas, orthogonal arrays of particles (OAP) were characteristic components of astrocytic membranes. The OAP density in membranes bordering the medium was 35±13 OAP/μm2, corresponding to 2.5% of this membrane area; the OAP density in membranes within the slice neuropil was 22±12 OAP/μm2, corresponding to 1.4% of this membrane area. Although the difference was significant, it was greatly reduced when comparing OAP densities in endfoot and non-endfoot membranes in vivo. Another mode of polarity was recognized in astrocytes of the organotypic slice culture. In membranes of astrocytes bordering upon the medium, the density of non-OAP intramembranous particles (IMP) was clearly higher (1130±136 IMP/μm2) than in membranes of astrocytes in the center of the slice (700±172 IMP/μm2). This pronounced IMP-related polarity was observed neither in vivo nor in cultured astrocytes. The present study suggests, together with data from the literature, that the distribution of astrocytic OAP across the cell surface is influenced by the existence of a basal lamina and neuronal activity, and that astrocytes possess a more remarkable plasticity of membrane structure than previously suspected.
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    Organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in renal cell lines MDCK and LLC-PK1 (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 297-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Cellular transport ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy ; Contocal microscopy ; MDCK cells ; LLC-PK1 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum has been studied in two renal cell lines, MDCK and LLC-PK1, which originate from the distal and proximal portions of the mammalian nephron, respectively, and which form a polarized epithelium when they reach confluence in tissue culture. The two renal cell lines, grown to confluence on either solid or permeable supports, were investigated by fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Fluorescence labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum was achieved using the cationic fluorescent dye DIOC6 (3). In order to differentiate fluorescent labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum from that of the mitochondria, cells were also labeled with rhodamine 123. For electron microscopy, the spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum was examined in thick sections using the long-duration osmium impregnation technique or the ferrocyanide/osmium technique. In both cell lines, the endoplasmic reticulum formed an abundant tubular network of canaliculi that frequently abutted the basolateral domain of the plasma membrane and occasionally the apical membrane. Elements of the endoplasmic reticulum were also found in close proximity to mitochondria that, as in the nephron, formed branched structures. Canaliculi appeared circular or flattened and had an inner diameter of 10–70 nm for MDCK cells and 20–90 nm for LLC-PK1 cells. Such a three-dimensional organization might facilitate the translocation of defined lipid species between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, and between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
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    Organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in renal cell lines MDCK and LLC-PK1 (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 297-307 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Endoplasmic reticulum ; Cellular transport ; Mitochondria ; Electron microscopy ; Confocal microscopy ; MDCK cells ; LLC-PK1 cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum has been studied in two renal cell lines, MDCK and LLC-PK1, which originate from the distal and proximal portions of the mammalian nephron, respectively, and which form a polarized epithelium when they reach confluence in tissue culture. The two renal cell lines, grown to confluence on either solid or permeable supports, were investigated by fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Fluorescence labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum was achieved using the cationic fluorescent dye DIOC6 (3). In order to differentiate fluorescent labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum from that of the mitochondria, cells were also labeled with rhodamine 123. For electron microscopy, the spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum was examined in thick sections using the long-duration osmium impregnation technique or the ferrocyanide/osmium technique. In both cell lines, the endoplasmic reticulum formed an abundant tubular network of canaliculi that frequently abutted the basolateral domain of the plasma membrane and occasionally the apical membrane. Elements of the endoplasmic reticulum were also found in close proximity to mitochondria that, as in the nephron, formed branched structures. Canaliculi appeared circular or flattened and had an inner diameter of 10–70 nm for MDCK cells and 20–90 nm for LLC-PK1 cells. Such a three-dimensional organization might facilitate the translocation of defined lipid species between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, and between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
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    Progressive reorganization of the myenteric plexus during one year following reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 259-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Ileum ; Transection ; Reanastomosis ; Myenteric plexus ; NADH diaphorase histochemistry ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The enteric nervous system appears to play a pivotal role in the functional recovery of the gastrointestinal tract after partial resection and reanastomosis, but the structural changes following surgery are not fully understood. The present study was designed to clarify the processes of myenteric plexus regeneration up to one year after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig. The following techniques were used: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase histochemistry, immunostaining of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in whole-mount preparations, and transmission electron microscopy. Two months after transection and reanastomosis, myenteric ganglion cells with NADH diaphorase reactions were scarce in the center of the lesion, and were less numerous in adjacent areas (3 mm in width) than in the control ileum. In the areas adjacent to the lesion, a few large extraganglionic neurons that did not completely compensate for the loss of ganglion neurons were observed. The remaining ileum showed no changes in NADH diaphorase staining pattern at this stage. Two to 12 months after transection and reanastomosis, ectopic large neurons gradually increased in number not only in the areas adjacent to the lesion but also in part of the remaining ileum, up to 10 cm from the lesion. Concomitantly, large ganglion neurons decreased in number in these areas. In other ileal regions (more than 10 cm distant from the site of transection), no obvious changes in NADH diaphorase staining were noted throughout the observation period. The outgrowth of NSE-containing nerve fibers from the severed stumps was seen two weeks after transection. Six weeks later, numerous bundles of fine nerve fibers with NSE were shown to interconnect the oral and anal cut ends of the myenteric plexus, but they exhibited no subsequent alterations. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that regenerating nerve fiber bundles appeared initially among irregularly arranged smooth muscle cells eight weeks after the operation, as expected from light-microscopic observations. These findings suggest that myenteric ganglion cell bodies, unlike myenteric nerve fibers, require a longer term of reconstruction than previously believed after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig.
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  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progressive reorganization of the myenteric plexus during one year following reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 259-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ileum ; Transection ; Reanastomosis ; Myenteric plexus ; NADH diaphorase histochemistry ; Neuron-specific enolase ; Electron microscopy ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The enteric nervous system appears to play a pivotal role in the functional recovery of the gastrointestinal tract after partial resection and reanastomosis, but the structural changes following surgery are not fully understood. The present study was designed to clarify the processes of myenteric plexus regeneration up to one year after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig. The following techniques were used: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) diaphorase histochemistry, immunostaining of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in whole-mount preparations, and transmission electron microscopy. Two months after transection and reanastomosis, myenteric ganglion cells with NADH diaphorase reactions were scarce in the center of the lesion, and were less numerous in adjacent areas (3 mm in width) than in the control ileum. In the areas adjacent to the lesion, a few large extraganglionic neurons that did not completely compensate for the loss of ganglion neurons were observed. The remaining ileum showed no changes in NADH diaphorase staining pattern at this stage. Two to 12 months after transection and reanastomosis, ectopic large neurons gradually increased in number not only in the areas adjacent to the lesion but also in part of the remaining ileum, up to 10 cm from the lesion. Concomitantly, large ganglion neurons decreased in number in these areas. In other ileal regions (more than 10 cm distant from the site of transection), no obvious changes in NADH diaphorase staining were noted throughout the observation period. The outgrowth of NSE-containing nerve fibers from the severed stumps was seen two weeks after transection. Six weeks later, numerous bundles of fine nerve fibers with NSE were shown to interconnect the oral and anal cut ends of the myenteric plexus, but they exhibited no subsequent alterations. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that regenerating nerve fiber bundles appeared initially among irregularly arranged smooth muscle cells eight weeks after the operation, as expected from light-microscopic observations. These findings suggest that myenteric ganglion cell bodies, unlike myenteric nerve fibers, require a longer term of reconstruction than previously believed after transection and reanastomosis of the ileum of the guinea pig.
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    Astrocytes alter their polarity in organotypic slice cultures of rat visual cortex (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 277 (1994), S. 557-564 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Slice culture ; Cerebral cortex ; Astrocytes ; Orthogonal arrays of particles ; Freeze-fracture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Lewis)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of astrocytes in an organotypic slice culture of the rat visual cortex was investigated using ultrathin sections and freeze-fracture replicas. After a culture period of 9–15 days, a glial scaffold formed that separated the bulk of the slice neuropil from the medium and the underlying plasma clot. However, the glial cells and processes did not build a dense barrier but allowed the outgrowth of neurites. A basal lamina covering the medium-oriented surface of the astrocytes was not found. In freeze-fracture replicas, orthogonal arrays of particles (OAP) were characteristic components of astrocytic membranes. The OAP density in membranes bordering the medium was 35±13 OAP/μm2, corresponding to 2.5% of this membrane area; the OAP density in membranes within the slice neuropil was 22±12 OAP/μ2, corresponding to 1.4% of this membrane area. Although the difference was significant, it was greatly reduced when comparing OAP densities in endfoot and non-endfoot membranes in vivo. Another mode of polarity was recognized in astrocytes of the organotypic slice culture. In membranes of astrocytes bordering upon the medium, the density of non-OAP intramembranous particles (IMP) was clearly higher (1130±136 IMP/ μm2) than in membranes of astrocytes in the center of the slice (700±172 IMP/μm2). This pronounced IMP-related polarity was observed neither in vivo nor in cultured astrocytes. The present study suggests, together with data from the literature, that the distribution of astrocytic OAP across the cell surface is influenced by the existence of a basal lamina and neuronal activity, and that astrocytes possess a more remarkable plasticity of membrane structure than previously suspected.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00300229
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    Fine structure and lectin histochemistry of the apical surface of the free neuromast of Lampetra japonica (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuromast ; Hair cells ; Surface coat ; Electron microscopy ; Lectin histochemistry ; Lampetra japonica (Cyclostomata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The surface coat, ciliary process, and microvilli of the lamprey neuromast were examined with electron microscopy after tannic acid prefixation and lectin histochemistry. The neuromast was found to exist in the form of a dermal mound with a furrow in the middle. On the bottom of the furrow, the hair cell was characterized by a kinocilium and 15–20 stereocilia, arranged along the longitudinal axis of the furrow. Spanning structures were demonstrated between the kinocilium and stereocilia as well as between stereocilia. The surface coat, enhanced by tannic acid prefixation, was particularly rich over the surface of the supporting cell; by contrast, it was thin over the hair cell. Some lectins (PNA, GS-I, SBA, WGA) showed affinity to the surface coat of the supporting cell as well as the hair cell, and the others (RCA-I, MPA, ConA) showed affinity only to the supporting cell. These differences in the structure and affinities of the surface coat suggest an extracellular milieu highly specialized for the hair cell in this particular form of the mechanoreceptor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306110
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  • 39
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    Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland in a transgenic strain of rat: a morphologic and functional study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal cortex ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat, transgenic (mRen2) 27
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic rats for the murine Ren-2 gene display high blood pressure, low circulating levels of angiotensin II, and high renin content in the adrenal glands. Moreover, transgenic rats possess and increased aldosterone secretion (maximal from 6 to 18 weeks of age), paralleling the development of hypertension. To investigate further the cytophysiology of the adrenal glands of this strain of rats, we performed a combined morphometric and functional study of the zona glomerulosa of 10-week-old female transgenic rats. Morphometry did not reveal notable differences between zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and age- and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley rats, with the exception of a marked accumulation of lipid droplets, in which cholesterol and cholesterol esters are stored. The volume of the lipid-droplet compartment underwent a significant decrease when transgenic rats were previously injected with angiotensin II or ACTH. Dispersed zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic rats showed a significantly higher basal aldosterone secretion, but their response to angiotensin II and ACTH was similar to that of Sprague-Dawley animals. Angiotensin II-receptor number and affinity were not dissimilar in zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the sustained stimulation of the adrenal renin-angiotensin system in transgenic animals causes an increase in the accumulation in zona glomerulosa cells of cholesterol available for steroidogenesis, as indicated by the expanded volume of the lipid-droplet compartment and the elevated basal steroidogenesis. However, the basal hyperfunction of the zona glomerulosa in transgenic animals does not appear to be coupled with an enhanced responsivity to its main secretagogues, at least in terms of aldosterone secretion.
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  • 40
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    Morphological studies by light and electron microscopy of pancreatic acinar cells under the effect of Tityus serrulatus venom (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Scorpion venom ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretagogue ; Electron microscopy ; Pancreatitis ; cis-Golgi aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We studied in vivo and in vitro morphological aspects of pancreatic acinar cells after treatment with Tityus serrulatus venom (TSV). After three hours in an in vitro system, positive secretagogue effects of the venom were identifiable both at the light-microscopic (LM) and the electron-microscopic (EM) levels. At 1 μg/ml TSV, maximal secretion (as measured in a concomitant radiolabeling dose-response experiment) of exocrine proteins at 58% was manifest as a discharge of most zymogen granules (ZG) and consequent appearance of secretory material in acinar lumina. At the supramaximal dose of 10 μg/ml TSV, exocytotic images were often observed also with secretory contents previously discharged. The lowest dose of venom at 0.01 μg/ml caused no stimulation of zymogen discharge above resting secretion levels; however, morphological changes were observed. At high doses of TSV, both in vivo and in vitro, large aggregates associated with the cis-Golgi develop between this region and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Since Tityus venoms have been associated with causation of pancreatitis, we were interested in comparisons of our experimental tissue with parameters attributed to development of the disease. Our studies have demonstrated considerable evidence that large intracellular vacuoles, discharged ZG, effaced acinar lumina with disappearance of microvilli and other manifestations of possible early events in pancreatitis are indeed frequently observed both in pancreatic lobules in vitro and in whole pancreas in vivo when exposed to TSV.
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland in a transgenic strain of rat: a morphologic and functional study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Adrenal cortex ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat ; transgenic (mRen2) 27
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Transgenic rats for the murine Ren-2 gene display high blood pressure, low circulating levels of angiotensin II, and high renin content in the adrenal glands. Moreover, transgenic rats possess an increased aldosterone secretion (maximal from 6 to 18 weeks of age), paralleling the development of hypertension. To investigate further the cytophysiology of the adrenal glands of this strain of rats, we performed a combined morphometric and functional study of the zona glomerulosa of 10-week-old female transgenic rats. Morphometry did not reveal notable differences between zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and age- and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley rats, with the exception of a marked accumulation of lipid droplets, in which cholesterol and cholesterol esters are stored. The volume of the lipid-droplet compartment underwent a significant decrease when transgenic rats were previously injected with angiotensin II or ACTH. Dispersed zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic rats showed a significantly higher basal aldosterone secretion, but their response to angiotensin II and ACTH was similar to that of Sprague-Dawley animals. Angiotensin II-receptor number and affinity were not dissimilar in zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the sustained stimulation of the adrenal renin-angiotensin system in transgenic animals causes an increase in the accumulation in zona glomerulosa cells of cholesterol available for steroidogenesis, as indicated by the expanded volume of the lipid-droplet compartment and the elevated basal steroidogenesis. However, the basal hyperfunction of the zona glomerulosa in transgenic animals does not appear to be coupled with an enhanced responsivity to its main secretagogues, at least in terms of aldosterone secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305774
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  • 42
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    Immunocytochemical localization of a growth-associated protein (GAP-43) in rat adrenal gland (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 555-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal ; Autonomic nervous system ; Schwann cells ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; GAP-43 ; Electron microscopy ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have localized at light and electron-microscopic level the growth-associated protein GAP-43 in adrenal gland using single and double labelling immunocytochemistry. Clusters of GAP-43-immunofluorescent chromaffin cells and many immunofluorescent fibres were observed in the medulla. GAP-43-immunoreactive fibres also formed a plexus under the capsule, crossed the cortex and ramified in the zona reticulata. Double labelled sections showed the coexpression of GAP-43 with a subpopulation of tyrosine hydroxylase-and of dopamine-β-hydroxylase-immunoreactive chromaffin cells. Dual colour immunofluorescence for GAP-43 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) revealed that some of the GAP-43-immunoreactive fibres also express CGRP. Pre-embedding electron microscopy showed GAP-43 immunoreactivity associated with the plasma membranes and cytoplasm of noradrenaline-producing chromaffin cells, and with processes of nonmyelin-forming Schwann cells. Immunoreactive unmyelinated axons and terminals were also observed. The immunostained terminals made symmetrical synaptic contacts with chromaffin cells. Immunoreactive unmyelinated fibres and small terminals were present in the cortex. Our results show that GAP-43 is expressed in noradrenergic chromaffin cells and in various types of nerve fibres that innervate the adrenal. Likely origins for these fibres include preganglionic sympathetic fibres which innervate chromaffin cells, postganglionic sympathetic fibres in the cortex, and CGRP containing sensory fibres.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318824
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    Light- and electron-microscopic study of electrophysiologically characterized neurons in the mediolateral part of the lateral septum of the guinea-pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 275 (1994), S. 543-553 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral septum ; Intracellular injections ; Electron microscopy ; Somatie spines ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In slices of guinea-pig brains, 36 neurons located in the mediolateral part of the lateral septum were stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (n=28) or biocytin (n=8) after electrophysiological characterization. These neurons belonged to class A neurons (n=23), which generated pronounced Ca++-dependent high-threshold spikes in control medium, or to class C neurons (n=9), which were recognized by the occurrence of small-amplitude sodic spikes followed by slower larger calcic spikes. The present results demonstrate that, despite the variety of individual cell types, the major morphological population (30/36 cells) was composed of a homogeneous class of large-sized neurons that displayed thick primary dendrites and abundant dendritic appendages. The remaining 6 cells were small-sized, poorly-spiny neurons. Somatic spines were observed on 5 out of the 30 large cells and on one out of the six smaller cells. Labeled axons were mainly oriented to the anterior commissure. The axons of nine cells richly collateralized near the perikaryon. Ultrastructural examination of 3 horseradish peroxidase-injected cells showed indented nuclei, classic organelles and somatic spines. Terminal boutons established symmetric synapses with the injected cells. These results describe the morphological features of electrophysiologically identified neurons and indicate that class A and class C neurons are distributed among morphological populations differing in perikaryal size. This suggests that the different electrical properties of class A and class C neurons reflect recordings from different parts of the neuron rather than from neurons of different types. Furthermore, the present findings demonstrate that, in the guinea-pig, electrical and morphological characteristics of somatospiny neurons are comparable with those of non-somatospiny neurons. Somatospiny neurons have a recognized integrative role in the hippocampo-septo-hypothalamic complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318823
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    Quantitative analysis of rod-cored vesicles and dense granules of large granular lymphocytes in the liver, spleen, and peripheral blood of rats (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 187-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rod-coredvesicles ; Granules ; Lymphocytes ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Rat (Fischer F344/NCR)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Large granular lymphocytes (LGL) comprise a natural defense system in the liver and exert an inhibitory effect on tumor cell metastasis. In order to demonstrate the maturation of LGL in the liver from the morphological aspect, we evaluated electron-microscopically the frequency of 0.2 μm vesicles (rod-cored and “empty” vesicles) and dense granules in LGL from the liver, spleen, and peripheral blood of the rat. Both of these cell organelles are characteristic to LGL and may relate to natural killer-mediated cytolysis. On the average, there were 12.7 of the 0.2 μm vesicles and 4.3 rod-cored vesicles (RCV) per cell section in the liver, 6.6 0.2 μm vesicles and 1.6 RCV in the spleen, and 8.6 0.2 μm vesicles and 0.9 RCV in the peripheral blood. The number of 0.2 μm vesicles per cell section ranged from 0 to 19 with the exception of a few higher instances. Therefore, LGL were divided into vesicle-rich(〉9 0.2 μm vesicles per cell section) and vesicle-poor (〈8 per cell section) populations. Hepatic LGL consisted mainly of a vesicle-rich population while splenic LGL consisted mainly of a vesicle-poor population, and peripheral blood contained equal proportions of both populations. In addition to diversity with regard to the number of 0.2 μm vesicles, LGL obtained from various organs also displayed heterogeneity in the number and size of dense granules. Since the number of dense granules per cell section usually ranged from 1 to 13, LGL were diveded into 2 populations, i.e., LGL with many (〉7 per cell section) granules and those with a few(〈6 per cell section) granules. Specifically, splenic LGL had a few small (average diameter, less than 400 nm) dense granules, while sections of LGL from the liver and peripheral blood displayed many small dense granules and a few large (〉400 nm) ones, respectively, in addition to the populations seen in the spleen. Thus, the present study has demonstrateda difference in the distribution of 0.2 μm vesicles in LGL based on the tissue of origin. The present study has revealed the difference in the distribution of 0.2 μm vesicles of LGL by tissue and indicated that immature LGL are predominant in the spleen, while hepatic LGL are generally more mature as defined by the number of vesicles. These data suggest that the microenvironment of the liver may contribute to the increased expression of these vesicles in LGL.
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    Localization of GABAA receptors in the rabbit retina (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: GABAA receptors ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; α1 subunit ; β2/3 subunit ; γ2 subunit ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rabbit (New Zealand)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors in the rabbit retina is investigated and compared with the distribution of GABAergic neurons using immunocytochemical methods. Antibodies against the α1, β2/3, and γ2 subunits of the GABAA receptor label subpopulations of bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Double labeling experiments show that the γ2 subunit is colocalized with the α1 and the β2/3 subunits in bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Electron microscopy reveals that in the outer plexiform layer, GABAA receptor immunoreactivity is present on dendrites of cone bipolar cells adjacent to the cone pedicles. Bipolar cell dendrites are also receptor-positive at synapses from interplexiform cells. Some receptor immunoreactivity is found intracellularly in processes of horizontal cells. In the inner plexiform layer, GABAA receptor immunoreactivity is present on both rod bipolar and cone bipolar axon terminals at putative GABAergic input sites. Amacrine and ganglion cell processes in sublamina a and b are also labeled.
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    Negatively-stained polysomes on rough microsome vesicles viewed by electron microscopy: further evidence regarding the orientation of attached ribosomes (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 276 (1994), S. 439-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Polysomes ; Ribosomes ; Subunits ; Liver ; Electron microscopy ; Negative stain ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rough microsomes, derived from rough endoplasmic reticulum of rat liver, were studied by electron microscopy after negative staining, to seek further information about the orientation of ribosomal small and large subunits in bound polysomes. Rough microsomal vesicles were fixed with 2% formaldehyde, centrifuged onto electron-microscopic grid membranes, and were then negatively-stained with 2% phosphotungstic acid. In these preparations, viewed with the electron microscope, flattened rough microsomal vesicles with bound polysomes were sometimes discernible, and the individual ribosomes in the polysomes occasionally showed small and large subunits. The small subunits were uniformly oriented toward the inside of the polysomal curve. The large and small subunits appeared to be alongside one another on the membrane, consistent with the orientation that has been described by Unwin and his co-workers. The boundary between the small and large subunits occurred at approximately the same level in the ribosome where inter-ribosomal strands have been described previously in surface views of bound polysomes in positively-stained electron-microscopic tissue sections. This further confirms the identity of the strands as messenger RNA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343942
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  • 47
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    Morphological studies by light and electron microscopy of pancreatic acinar cells under the effect of Tityus serrulatus venom (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 255-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Scorpion venom ; Exocrine pancreas ; Secretagogue ; Electron microscopy ; Pancreatitis ; cis-Golgi aggregates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied in vivo and in vitro morphological aspects of pancreatic acinar cells after treatment with Tityus serrulatus venom (TSV). After three hours in an in vitro system, positive secretagogue effects of the venom were identifiable both at the light-microscopic (LM) and the electron-microscopic (EM) levels. At 1 μg/ml TSV, maximal secretion (as measured in a concomitant radiolabeling dose-response experiment) of exocrine proteins at 58% was manifest as a discharge of most zymogen granules (ZG) and consequent appearance of secretory material in acinar lumina. At the supramaximal dose of 10 μg/ml TSV, exocytotic images were often observed also with secretory contents previously discharged. The lowest dose of venom at 0.01 μg/ml caused no stimulation of zymogen discharge above resting secretion levels; however, morphological changes were observed. At high doses of TSV, both in vivo and in vitro, large aggregates associated with the cis-Golgi develop between this region and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Since Tityus venoms have been associated with causation of pancreatitis, we were interested in comparisons of our experimental tissue with parameters attributed to development of the disease. Our studies have demonstrated considerable evidence that large intracellular vacuoles, discharged ZG, effaced acinar lumina with disappearance of microvilli and other manifestations of possible early events in pancreatitis are indeed frequently observed both in pancreatic lobules in vitro and in whole pancreas in vivo when exposed to TSV.
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    Induction and formation ofCochliobolus sativus appressoria (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 178 (1994), S. 34-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Appressorium ; Cochliobolus sativus ; Electron microscopy ; Thigmotropism ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary GerminatingCochliobolus sativus spores were induced to form appressoria on a variety of artificial surfaces, including replicas of the barley leaf surface. Evidence was obtained for the involvement of chemical and topographic signals during induction of appressorium formation inC. sativus. Germ tube thigmotropism was also observed in vitro. Ultrastructure relevant to appressorium formation was observed, including the germ tube apex, apical swelling of the germ tube apex prior to appressorium formation, the appressorium with associated septation and the penetration peg. Cytochemical probes applied to germlings at the electron microscope level failed to detect α-D-mannan, α-D-glucan, β-D-galactan, D-glcNAc or D-galNAc polymers in the extracellular mucilage associated with the fungal germlings. The ultrastructure of hyphal apices from germlings grown under different nutritional conditions differed with respect to Spitzenkörper morphology, apex shape and in the quantity of associated extracellular mucilage. Experimental findings are discussed relative to current understanding of appressorium induction in more extensively studied systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01404119
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    Pheromone differences between sibling taxaDiachrysia chrysitis (linnaeus, 1758) andD. tutti (Kostrowicki, 1961) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 91-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Diachrysia chrysitis ; Diachrysia tutti ; pheromones ; sibling taxa ; electroantennographic responses ; biosynthesis ; cross-attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The noctuid sibling taxaDiachrysia chrysitis s. str. andD. tutti, of yet uncertain taxonomic status, have previously been shown to possess differences in morphology and to be attracted to different mixtures of the two presumed pheromone components (Z)-5-decenyl acetate and (Z)-7-decenyl acetate. TypicalD. tutti males (clearly broken forewing marking) are known to respond to a 2: 100 mixture of the two isomers, whereasD. chrysitis males (unbroken marking) are attracted to a 100: 10 mixture. We investigated female pheromone production and male electroantennographic (EAG) response inDiachrysia families raised in the laboratory from field-collected gravid females. Extracts of individual females from typicalD. tutti andD. chrysitis families were subjected to gas chromatography with simultaneous flame ionization and electroantennographic detection. All females produced mixtures of Z5- and Z7-10:OAc, but femaleD. chrysitis produced predominantly Z5-10:OAc and the antennae of their brothers responded more strongly to the Z5 peak than to the Z7-10:OAc peak, whereas the opposite was true forD. tutti families. The pheromone components were shown to be biosynthesized from hexadecanoic and tetradecanoic acid, respectively by Z11-desaturation followed by chain shortening, reduction, and acetylation. The EAG responses of males trapped with the typicalD. tutti andD. chrysitis blends, as well as with an intermediate blend, were investigated. Males trapped with theD. tutti mixture almost exclusively had a clearly broken wing marking and showed strongest EAG response to Z7-10:OAc. The intermediate blend and theD. chrysitis mixture gave more mixed catches, but with a prevalence of males with an unbroken (or almost unbroken) wing marking and with a higher mean response to Z5-10:OAc. Some males with typicalD. tutti EAG responses were attracted in the field to theD. chrysitis pheromone. In the flight tunnel someD. chrysitis males were attracted also to theD. tutti mixture. This indicates that cross attraction may take place between the two taxa under natural conditions.
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    Codling moth (Cydia pomonella): Disruptants of sex pheromonal communication (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; communication disruption ; mating disruption ; sex pheromone ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; dodecan-1-ol ; tetradecan-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In a small section of an apple orchard, six traps were placed each in control and test areas and baited with live virgin female codling moths. Gray elastomer septa were used to dispense communication disruptants around the traps. Dyed male codling moths were released in control and test areas, and the numbers of males captured in control and test traps were compared. In 1991, linear regression curves of percent communication disruption versus logarithm of dose were obtained for three compositions: (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, codlemone (1); codlemone + dodecan-1-ol + tetradecan-1-ol (2); and an equilibrium mixture of the four isomers of 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (30, (61%EE, 14%ZE, 20%EZ, and 5%ZZ). All three regressions gaver 2 values greater than 0.90. At the 95% confidence limits, slopes and intercepts of compositions 1 and 2 were equivalent, and different from that of composition 3, which produced the greatest percentages of disruption at all doses. In 1992, five treatments were compared at a single dose: 1, 3, none (4), (Z,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (5), (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (6). Compositions 5 and 6 gave the greatest and similar percentages of disruption and were different from codlemone (1) and 4 (95% confidence), but not from composition 3. Communication disruption produced by composition 3 was greater than (codlemone), which was greater than 4.
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    Electrophysiological and field activity of halogenated analogs of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, the main pheromone component, in codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 489-503 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Cydia pomonella ; codling moth ; sex pheromone ; halogenated analogs ; isosteric replacements ; EAG ; single sensillum recording ; field trapping ; structure-activity relationship ; codlemone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pest monitoring and control of the codling moth,Cydia pomonella L., have been developed using the main pheromone component of this species, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienol (codlemone). However, the activity of codlemone is not satisfactory for pest control by mating disruption. Thus, we have synthesized halogenated analogs of codlemone to see if they could be used as new agents for pest control of the codling moth. Their biological activity was measured by electrophysiological techniques. In EAG screening, codlemone was the most active compound. F(10,11)-codlemone [(E,E)-10,11-difluoro-8,10-dodecadienol] and Cl-codlemone [(E,E)-11-chloro-8,10-undecadienol] elicited significant EAG responses, F(10,11)-codlemone triggering responses not significantly different from responses to codlemone. EAG cross-adaptation experiments and single sensillum recordings revealed that these compounds were detected by the same receptor neuron type as codlemone. No competitive inhibition with codlemone was observed from nonactive compounds. In field trapping, F(10,11)-codlemone and Cl-codlemone were more attractive to male codling moths than codlemone itself. Possible explanations of this activity are discussed.
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    Stratospheric ozone depletion and plantinsect interactions: Effects of UVB radiation on foliage quality ofCitrus jambhiri forTrichoplusia ni (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 525-539 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Citrus jambhiri ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; bergapten ; furanocoumarins ; phototoxins ; plant-herbivore interactions ; psoralen ; ultraviolet-B radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Projected decreases in stratospheric ozone may result in increases in shortwave ultraviolet (UVB) irradiation at the earth's surface. Furanocoumarins, phototoxic compounds found inCitrus jambhiri foliage, increase in concentration when these plants are grown under enhanced UVB. Survivorship schedules ofTrichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) caterpillars reared on plants in the presence and absence of enhanced UVB regimes differ significantly; larvae develop more slowly in early life when reared on plants exposed to increased UVB. This same developmental pattern is observed whenT. ni larvae are reared on artificial diets amended with ecologically appropriate amounts of furanocoumarins. Thus, anthropogenically derived changes in stratospheric ozone and concomitant changes in UV light quality at the earth's surface may influence ecological interactions between insects and their host plants by altering secondary metabolism and hence foliage quality for herbivores.
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    Oxidative responses in soybean foliage to herbivory by bean leaf beetle and three-cornered alfalfa hopper (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 639-650 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Soybean ; lipoxygenase ; peroxidase ; polyphenol oxidase ; trypsin inhibitor ; ascorbate oxidase ; oxidative stress ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Helicoverpa zea ; corn earworm ; Cerotoma trifurcata ; bean leaf beetle ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Spissistilus festinus ; three-cornered alfalfa hopper ; Homoptera ; Membracidae ; induced resistance ; interspecific competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Variation in induced responses in soybean is shown to be dependent, in part, upon herbivore species. Herbivory by the phloem-feeding three-cornered alfalfa hopper caused increases in the activities of several oxidative enzymes including lipoxygenases, peroxidases, ascorbate oxidase, and polyphenol oxidase. Bean leaf beetle defoliation caused increased lipoxygenase activity, but had little effect upon peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate oxidase, or trypsin inhibitor levels in either field or greenhouse studies. In one field experiment, prior herbivory by the bean leaf beetle subsequently reduced the suitability of foliage to the corn earwormHelicoverpa zea. The contribution of these findings to emerging theories of insect-plant interactions is discussed.
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    Female sex pheromone components of jasmine mothPalpita unionalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 745-751 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; (E)-11-hexadecenal ; (E)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate ; Palpita unionalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Pyrustinae ; Anisodes sp. ; Geometridae ; jasmine moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E)-11-Hexadecenal and (E)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate were found in abdomen tip extracts from females of the jasmine mothPalpita unionalis (Hübn). The identification was based on capillary GC analyses, mass spectrometry, and laboratory and field tests. In laboratory bioassays, both components elicited a low level of upwind flight by males. The two components when tested separately in the field were inactive, but the blend of the two components at a ratio of (3:7) was highly attractive to males. Traps baited with 1 mg of the two-component blend were competitive to traps baited with five virgin females. The addition of Z isomers components reduced male capture.
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    Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), to different pheromone blends in north America and The Netherlands (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 625-630 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Spilonota ocellana ; eye-spotted bud moth ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Response of male eye-spotted bud moth,Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller), to different ratios of synthetic sex pheromone components, (Z)-8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and (Z)-8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH), were compared in four North American locations and in one location in The Netherlands. In British Columbia, Nova Scotia, Michigan, and The Netherlands, a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captured significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone or binary blends containing 10–50%Z8-14:OH. In Ontario, where population sizes were low compared to the other four locations, trends in trap catches were similar, and there was no indication that maleS. ocellana responded differently to the tested pheromone blends. A 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH should be most effective in pheromone-based control programs ofS. ocellana in North America and in The Netherlands. Our results confirm earlier studies that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH captures significantly more maleS. ocellana thanZ8-14:OAc alone. However, our finding that a 99:1 blend ofZ8-14:OAc andZ8-14:OH is significantly more attractive than binary blends containing 10–50%Z8-14:OH differs from previous findings in Germany and Switzerland.
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    Identification of olfactory cues used in host-plant finding by diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1407-1427 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plutella xylostella ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; Brassica ; host plant attraction ; EAG ; bioassay ; host plant location ; plant volatiles ; mustard oils ; isothiocyanates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Olfactory attraction of female diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) to odors of intact and homogenized host plants, as well as individual compounds characteristic of host plants, were investigated by behavioral and electrophysiological methods. Moths were attracted to odors ofBrassica juncea andB. napus seedlings in a Y-tube bioassay. Solvent fractions of homogenizedB. juncea leaves were attractive to moths whether or not isothiocyanates (IC) were present. Moths were attracted in Y-tube bioassays and to field traps baited with individual ICs. Volatiles fromB. juncea andB. napus elicited an electroantennogram (EAG) response and were attractive in the Y-tube bioassay. Allyl IC was shown to be the attractive component in homogenized plant volatiles but was found to be virtually absent from intact plant volatiles. Gas chromatographic fractionation of intact plant volatiles revealed a terpene-containing fraction to be most attractive to the moths. We were unable to isolate individual attractive compounds from this fraction. Our results suggest that certain elements of this fraction, possibly in combination, are important olfactory cues for host-plant finding by the diamondback moth with mustard oils playing an important and possibly synergistic role, particularly when plants are damaged.
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    Squash leaf glandular trichome volatiles: Identification and influence on behavior of female pickleworm moth [Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll.)] (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2099-2109 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cucurbitaceae ; Cucurbita pepo ; Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Diaphania ; oviposition ; nitidalis ; pickleworm moth ; egg laying ; visitations ; stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fourteen volatile compounds occurring in leaf trichomes of yellow squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Early Prolific Straightneck) were identified. These compounds accounted for 83.5% of the volatile matrix. Ubiquitous constituents of the epidermis (myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids,n-tricosane, andn-pentacosane) accounted for 73.7%; these compounds were not bioassayed. The volatileso-,m-, andp-xylene, toluene, 2-heptanone, (R)-(+)- and (S)-(−)-limonene, and germacrene D were tested for their influence on attraction and oviposition by the pickleworm moth (Diaphania nitidalis Stoll.). No single compound, except germacrene D, was attractive. (R)-(+)-Limonene and 2-heptanone were weakly repellent. Mixtures of the highly volatile fractions were as attractive as volatiles emanating from whole, intact leaves. Oviposition levels on treated artificial sites corresponded with levels of visitation. Oviposition was significantly stimulated by “whole-leaf” volatiles, and (S)-(−)-limonene caused a slight but significant reduction.
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    Attacus atlas caterpillars (Lep., Saturniidae) spray an irritant secretion from defensive glands (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2127-2138 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Attacus atlas ; biogenic amines ; chemical defense ; defensive glands of caterpillars ; histamine ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The ability ofAttacus atlas caterpillars to spray a defensive secretion seems to be due to the fine structure of the integumental glands that produce it. The giant gland cells are fixed to stable cuticular rings surrounding the gland openings and tightly closed by cuticular lids. Probably by increasing hemolymph pressure, the lids are blasted off and the secretion spouts out. The fluid contains several aromatics, biogenic amines (e.g., acetylcholine, histamine), glycerol, and trehalose and exhibits tyrosinase activity. Deterrent effects of caterpillar secretion and hemolymph on predatory ants could be shown. Presumably the spraying process serves to apply the secretion to sensitive sites of vertebrate target organisms.
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    Induction of parasitoid attracting synomone in brussels sprouts plants by feeding ofPieris brassicae larvae: Role of mechanical damage and herbivore elicitor (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2229-2247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; cabbage ; Brussels sprouts ; behavior ; tritrophic interactions ; green-leaf volatiles ; herbivore-induced synomones ; elicitor ; caterpillar regurgitant ; Brassica oleracea ; Pieris brassicae ; Cotesia glomerata ; parasitoid ; wasp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Induction of plant defense in response to herbivory includes the emission of synomones that attract the natural enemies of herbivores. We investigated whether mechanical damage to Brussels sprouts leaves (Brassica oleracea var.gemmifera) is sufficient to obtain attraction of the parasitoidCotesia glomerata or whether feeding byPieris brassicae caterpillars elicits the release of synomones not produced by mechanically damaged leaves. The response of the parasitoidCotesia glomerata to different types of simulated herbivory was observed. Flight-chamber dual-choice tests showed that mechanically damaged cabbage leaves were less attractive than herbivore-damaged leaves and mechanically damaged leaves treated with larval regurgitant. Chemical analysis of the headspace of undamaged, artificially damaged, caterpillar-infested, and caterpillar regurgitant-treated leaves showed that the plant responds to damage with an increased release of volatiles. Greenleaf volatiles and several terpenoids are the major components of cabbage leaf headspace. Terpenoids are emitted in analogous amounts in all treatments, including undamaged leaves. On the other hand, if the plant is infested by caterpillars or if caterpillar regurgitant is applied to damaged leaves, the emission of green-leaf volatiles is highly enhanced. Our data are in contrast with the induction of more specific synomones in other plant species, such as Lima bean and corn.
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    Studies on Bacillus thuringiensis strains isolated from Swedish soils: insect toxicity and production of B. cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin (1994)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 10 (1994), S. 406-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacillus cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; Coleoptera ; Diptera ; Lepidoptera ; thuringiensin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract At moderate concentration, 23 of 40 strains of Bacillus thuringiensis isolated from Sweden were toxic to Trichoplusia ni and five were toxic to Aedes aegypti. Five of the strains were toxic to Diabrotica undecimpunctata at high concentration, two were toxic to Heliothis virescens at low concentration and five produced thuringiensin (formerly called β-exotoxin). No strain was toxic towards the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua at low concentration. Twenty-three of the strains produced a B. cereus-diarrhoeal-type enterotoxin.
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    Different feeding and gustatory responses to ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone by larvae of the silkworm,Bombyx mori (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 125-133 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bombyx mori ; Lepidoptera ; Bombiridae ; silkworm ; larvae ; ecdysone ; 20-hydroxyecdysone ; feeding behavior ; electrophysiology ; sensilla response ; chemoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding and gustatory responses to ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone were investigated in the silkworm,Bombyx mori. 20-Hydroxyecdysone reduced feeding response strongly in fourth- and fifth-instar larvae, whereas ecdysone had no effect on feeding response. 20-Hydroxyecdysone stimulated the R receptor, the receptor to feeding deterrents, to a great degree. By contrast, ecdysone was much less effective for stimulating the R receptor. These results indicate that ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone have different effects on feeding response due to different interactions with mouthpart chemoreceptors.
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    Induced resistance in soybean toHelicoverpa zea: Role of plant protein quality (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 183-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Induced resistance ; protein quality ; Helicoverpa zea ; soybean ; Glycine max ; protease inhibitor ; lipoxygenase ; Lepidoptera ; noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Resistance in soybean toHelicoverpa zea is comprised of both constitutive and inducible factors. In this study, we investigated the induction of resistance byH. zea in both greenhouse and field studies. In a greenhouse experiment, fourth-instarH. zea growth rates were reduced by 39% after 24 hr feeding and by 27% after 48 hr when larvae fed on previously wounded V3 foliage (cv. Forrest) compared with undamaged foliage. In a field study, the weight gain by larvae was more than 52% greater when larvae fed for 72 hr on undamaged R2/R3 soybean plants (cv. Braxton) compared to those that fed on previously wounded plants. A significant component of the induced resistance is due to a decline in the nutritional quality of foliar protein following foliar damage byH. zea. Foliar protein was extracted from damaged and undamaged foliage and incorporated into artificial diets. Larval growth was reduced 26% after four days and 49% after seven days on diets containing protein from damaged plants compared to larvae feeding on foliar protein from undamaged plants. Chemical analyses of protein quality also indicated a decline in quality in damaged plants compared to unwounded plants. Increases in lipoxygenase activity (53%), lipid peroxidation products (20%), and trypsin inhibitor content (34%) were observed in protein from wounded plants. Moreover, a 5.9% loss in free amines and 19% loss in total thiols occurred in protein from wounded plants. Larval feeding causes a significant increase in foliar lipoxygenase activity that varied among genotypes. Lipoxygenase isozymes were measured at pH 5.5, pH 7.0, and pH 8.5 in V3 stage plants of Forrest, Hark, D75-1069, and PI 417061 genotypes. Lipoxygenase activity in each genotype was significantly increased after 72 hr of larval feeding at each pH level tested, with the exception of lipoxygenase isozymes at pH 5.5 in genotype PI 417061. Larval feeding on R2/R3 stage plants (field-grown cv. Braxton) for six days also increased foliar lipoxygenase activity.
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    Sex pheromone components of the spring hemlock looper,Lambdina athasaria (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2501-2511 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Lambdina athasaria ; Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria ; Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; 7,11-dimethylheptadecane ; 7-methylheptadecane ; 5,11-dimethylheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two methylated hydrocarbons, 7-methylheptadecane (7) and 7,11-dimethylheptadecane (7,11), are female sex pheromone components of the spring hemlock looper (SHL),Lambdina athasaria (Walker). Compounds extracted from female pheromone glands were identified by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode. In field trapping experiments, (7) and (7,11) by themselves were behaviorally inactive, but in combination attracted numerous male moths. (5,11)-Dimethylheptadecane (5,11) was detected in female SHL pheromone gland extracts, but did not enhance attraction to the binary blend of (7) and (7,11). The sex pheromone of SHL is related to that of congeneric eastern hemlock looper (EHL),Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.) [(5,11) and 2,5-dimethylheptadecane (2,5)] and western hemlock looper (WHL),L.f. lugubrosa (Hulst) [(5,11), (2,5) and (7)]. Specificity of the pheromonal blend, spatial separation of coseasonal EHL and WHL, and temporal separation of sympatric EHL and SHL contribute to reproductive isolation.
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    Sex pheromone of cranberry fruitworm,Acrobasis vaccinii riley (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3269-3279 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cranberry fruitworm ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Acrobasis vaccinii ; sex pheromone ; (E,Z)-8,10-pentadecadien-l-ol acetate ; (E)-9-pentadecen-l-ol acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The following compounds and (approximate ratios) were identified in sex pheromone gland extracts of femaleAcrobasis vaccinii Riley by comparison of gas chromatography-mass spectrometric traces with those of synthetic standards: (E,Z)-, (Z,E)-, (Z,Z), and (E,E)-8, 10-pentadecadien-l-ol acetates (100:1:2:12), a dodecen-l-ol acetate (8), (Z)-8-, (Z)-9-, and (E)-9-pentadecen-l-ol acetates (3:23:4), two heptadecen-l-ol acetates (4:4), tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, and heptadecyl acetates (3:15:10:8), dodecan-l-ol (6), tetradecan-l-ol (5), and hexadecan-l-ol (23). The amount of (E,Z)-8, 10-pentadecadien-l-ol acetate (E8,Z10–15:Ac) in the extract was about 0.5 ng/female. Electroantennographic analysis of gas chromatographic fractions of female sex pheromone gland extract showed that the fraction containingE8,Z10–15:Ac elicited the greatest response. Alone,E8,Z10–15:Ac failed to elicit upwind flight of males in flight-tunnel tests, and traps baited with it did not catch males in field experiments. WhenE8,Z10–15:Ac was combined with (E)-9-pentadecen-l-ol acetate (100:4), male upwind flight response in flight-tunnel tests was equivalent to those obtained with extract of female sex pheromone glands (synthetic, 62%; natural, 51%), but the percent of males flying upwind that contacted the source was lower (synthetic, 47%; natural, 88%). The lower percent of source contact elicited by the synthetic pheromone could be a result of the difference in isomer ratios of 8,10–15:Ac in the natural and synthetic pheromone or could indicate that the synthetic pheromone is incomplete. Traps baited with the 100:4 combination caught large numbers of males in field experiments.
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    Role of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) carbohydrates in resistance to budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 395-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Douglas fir ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; galactose ; terpenes ; sugars ; carbohydrates ; resistance ; western spruce budworm ; mortality ; Choristoneura occidentalis ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The current year's growth of Douglas fir contains galactose, unusual in that this carbohydrate makes up 78.7% of the total carbohydrate fraction. An agar diet study was undertaken to determine the effects of galactose, other carbohydrates, and terpenes on western spruce budworm larval mortality, growth rate, and adult biomas production. All concentrations of the carbohydrates and terpenes tested, as well as other mineral elements not tested, were typical of the current year's foliage of Douglas fir. In experiment I, the diet containing 5.61% total carbohydrate did not significantly affect larval mortality when compared to the control diet. However, diets containing 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrate concentrations significantly increased larval mortality 64% and 96.1%, respectively, when compared to the control. Also in experiment I, terpenes alone (78.9% morality) and terpenes in combination with 9.45% and 15% total carbohydrates significantly increased larval mortality (97.2% and 100%, respectively) when compared to mortality on the control diet (44%). To determine which carbohydrate was causing the adverse effect, 6% glucose, 6% fructose, and 6% galactose were placed individually and in combination with terpenes in diets in experiment II. The 6% galactose diet significantly increased larval mortality and reduced growth rate when compared to the control, glucose, and fructose diets. Glucose resulted in 16% less larval mortality, significantly enhanced female larval growth rate and pupal weight, but did not affect male larval growth rate and pupal weight, when compared to the control. Fructose resulted in a significant decrease in larval mortality and a general trend of enhanced female and male larval growth rate and pupal weight. Larval mortality on terpenes alone was not significantly different from the control, but terpenes with 6% galactose increased larval mortality and decreased female and male growth rate and pupal weight significantly when compared to glucose-terpene and fructose-terpene diets. No significant interactions were found between carbohydrates and terpenes in either experiment.
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    Field tests of syntheticManduca sexta sex pheromone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 579-591 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Aldehydes ; formulation ; 10,12-hexadecadienal ; 10,12,14-hexadecatrienal ; moth ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; tobacco hornworm ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field experiments traps were baited with live females or with a two-, four-, or eight-component blend of the 16-carbon aldehydes previously identified as components of the sex pheromone emitted by femaleManduca sexta moths. The blends were formulated on rubber septa. Traps baited with a blend of all eight aldehydes captured moreM. sexta males than any other treatment. Septa loaded with 600 μg of the eight-component blend were attractive to males for about seven days in the field. Septa loaded with the eight-component blend and stored in a refrigerator at 4°C for a year released the conjugated diene and triene aldehydes at the same rate as freshly prepared septa and were equally attractive in the field.
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    Mating disruption of pea mothCydia nigricana F. (lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by a repellent blend of sex pheromone and attraction inhibitors (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 871-887 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; attraction inhibitor ; behavioral antagonist ; mating disruption ; air permeation ; field EAG ; Cydia nigricana ; Tortricidae ; Lepidoptera ; pea moth ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Synthetic sex pheromone of the pea mothCydia nigricana, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-yl acetate (E8,E10–12: Ac), was applied in polyethylene dispensers at a rate of 30 g/ha and 600 dispensers/ha in a 0.6-ha pea field. The release rate ofE8,E10–12: Ac was 140 mg/ha/day after six days, and 82 mg/ha/day after 20 days. Aerial concentrations ofE8,E10–12: Ac, as measured by a portable EAG apparatus, ranged from 2 ± 2 to 7 ± 3 ng/m3. The antennal signal was high and rather constant within pea canopy, but was lower and fluctuated strongly above canopy. Initially, 〉99% isomerically pureE8,E10–12: Ac was released, and male moths were attracted to dispensers. After nine days, isomeric blend composition had equilibrated to approx. 92%E8,E10–12: Ac and 8% of the inhibitory isomersE,Z-,Z,E-, andZ8,Z10–12: Ac. Males were then repelled from the pheromone-permeated field. Traps baited with 100 µgE8,E10–12: Ac caught 258 ± 133C. nigricana males/trap in the control, but no males at all in the disruption field.
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    Influence of cnicin, a sesquiterpene lactone ofCentaurea maculosa (Asteraceae), on specialist and generalist insect herbivores (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 929-942 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Centaurea maculosa ; sesquiterpene lactone ; cnicin ; host-plant selection ; oviposition behavior ; antifeedant ; attractant ; Spodoptera littoralis ; Agapeta zoegana ; Stenodes straminea ; Pterolonche inspersa ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Cochylidae ; Pterolonchidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sesquiterpene lactone cnicin was extracted fromCentaurea maculosa andCentaurea vallesiaca. We examined its effects on the ovipositional response and larval development of generalist and specialist insect herbivores associated withC. maculosa. For the oviposition trials, three plant species (C. maculosa, Achillea millefolium, andCichorium intybus), half of which were sprayed with 3% of cnicin, were exposed to the specialist mothsStenodes straminea, Agapeta zoegana, andPterolonche inspersa in field cages. All three species significantly preferredC. maculosa to other plants andP. inspersa significantly preferred cnicin-sprayed plants to untreated plants for oviposition. Tested over all species, cnicin significantly increased the number of eggs laid on a given plant. A larval diet test examined the toxicity of cnicin for larvae of the generalist noctuid mothSpodoptera littoralis. Cnicin concentrations of 3% and 6% were lethal and 1% and 0.5% seriously inhibited growth and development. The larvae of theC. maculosa specialistStenodes straminea survived at 6% cnicin, but none of the pupae hatched.Agapeta zoegana was able to survive at 1% and 3% cnicin. Both specialists had difficulties with the artificial diet, but weight increase and survival was not further reduced when cnicin was present compared with on the control diet. In conclusion, cnicin influenced host recognition by the specialist species, and larvae of the generalist did not survive on natural levels of cnicin. Growth and survival of the specialist were not influenced by cnicin but were considerably hampered on artificial diet.
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    Relative activities of glucosinolates as oviposition stimulants forPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1025-1037 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; oviposition ; stimulants ; glucosinolates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative activities of 10 glucosinolates in stimulating oviposition byP. rapae andP. napi oleracea were compared under the same conditions. When tested at the same concentration, the structurally different glucosinolates stimulated both butterfly species to widely varying degrees. In most cases,P. rapae was more sensitive to aromatic and indole glucosinolates than to aliphatic representatives. This species responded even less to alkyl thio and sulfinyl glucosinolates. However,P. napi oleracea responded strongly to these aliphatic and sulfur-containing members of the group, and the relative activities of aromatic and aliphatic glucosinolates did not show a clear pattern for this species.P. napi oleracea was much more sensitive to low concentrations of sinigrin than wasP. rapae. The threshold concentration for response ofP. napi oleracea to sinigrin was 10−8 M, which was 100 times lower than forP. rapae, butP. rapae was more sensitive thanP. napi oleracea to changes in glucosinolate concentrations. For bothPieris species, an optimal concentration was reached, above which the response remained constant or tended to decrease.
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    Plant-natural enemy association in the tritrophic system,Cotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassiceae (cruciferae): I. Sources of infochemicals (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1725-1734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Pieris rapae ; Brassica oleracea ; Plutella xylostella ; Phaselus vulgaris ; Geranium molle ; tritrophic interactions ; infochemicals ; volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The role of airborne infochemicals in host selection by the parasitoidCotesia rubecula (Marshal) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was examined in a wind tunnel. To elucidate the role of volatile chemicals in attractingC. rubecula to cabbage infested by the host [Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)], the potential sources of volatiles related toP. rapae infestation on cabbage were tested individually. The responses of females to nonhost plant species, bean and geranium, as well as to frass of a nonhost lepidopteran were also examined.C. rubecula was attracted to cabbage previously infested byP. rapae and to frass and regurgitate ofP. rapae. No attraction was observed to larvae ofP. rapae alone. Females were also attracted to mechanically damaged cabbage, cabbage previously infested byPlutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) (a nonhost lepidopteran herbivore), and cabbage previously infested by snails (a nonhost, noninsect herbivore). Intact cabbage, bean, and geranium plants elicited no attraction. A low frequency of attraction was observed to mechanically damaged bean and geranium. Attraction was also observed to frass ofP. xylostella. Volatiles from cabbage related to damage, and volatiles from frass and regurgitate of the host seem to play an important role in guidingC. rubecula to plants infested by its host.
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    Plant-natural enemy association in the tritrophic systemCotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassicaceae (cruciferae): II. Preference ofC. rubecula for landing and searching (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1735-1748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Pieris rapae ; Plutella xylostella ; Helix aspera ; Brassica oleracea ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; tritrophic interactions ; synomones ; infochemicals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula to differently damaged cabbages were recorded during a series of choice tests. To determine if flyingC. rubecula can discriminate differences in the blend of volatiles emitted by cabbages damaged by different causes and how plant volatiles released from a distant source affect the searching behavior ofC. rubecula once searching on a plant, wasps were presented with a choice of plants located one behind the other and separated by a distance of 15 cm. The sources of damage were: cabbage damaged by the host (Pieris rapae), by a nonhost lepidopteran herbivore (Plutella xylostella), by a nonhost, noninsect herbivore (snail), and by mechanical means. The results showed that the site of first landing and the time spent searching on the leaves was influenced by the type of damage inflicted on plants. Wasps preferred to land on cabbages damaged by host and nonhost species of Lepidoptera over those damaged by snails and mechanical means. No preference was observed for first landing between cabbages damaged by the two species of Lepidoptera or between cabbages damaged by snails and mechanical means. Cabbage damaged byP. rapae was searched most intensively, followed by cabbage damaged byP. xylostella, cabbage damaged by snails, and cabbage damaged by mechanical means.C. rubecula differentiates between the volatile blends emitted by differently damaged cabbages, and it is attracted to volatiles related to recent lepidopteran damage. Wasps searched longer on freshly damaged than on leaves with older damage.
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    Chemical composition of North American bee propolis and biological activity towards larvae of greater wax moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1783-1791 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Galleria mellonella ; Apis mellifera ; Pyralidae ; Apidae ; Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; greater wax moth ; honeybee ; propolis ; plant resins ; phenolics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Bee propolis is a sticky amalgamation of plant resins collected by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and used in the hive for filling cracks and repairing combs. Propolis contains a diversity of compounds of plant origin, and is reported to have medicinal, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and phytotoxic properties. We examined the physical and chemical composition of North American samples of bee propolis from several sites in North America and tested for bioactivity against larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.), a common apiary pest. The amount of methanol-extractable resin in samples from Ohio and Georgia ranged from 24% to 79% by weight. Propolis collected from hives in Ohio was more chemically diverse (over 30 compounds detected by paper chromatography) than material from south Georgia (fewer than 10 major compounds) and contained a lower proportion of methanol-insoluble beeswax. The paper chromatographic surveys revealed little variation in the chemical profile of specific hives over a six-month period and no differences between propolis from adjacent hives. Four flavonoids were identified from propolis collected in Ohio: kaempferol, galangin, 3,3′-dimethoxyquercetin and 3-methoxykaempferol. When mixed into artificial diet, fractionated propolis reduced larval growth of the greater wax moth, but not dramatically. An array of phenolics reported from propolis (caffeic acid, chrysin, ferulic acid, galangin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were bioassayed individually for effects on larvae, but none reduced larval growth at the concentrations tested, suggesting that wax moths are tolerant of some phenolics in their diet.
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    Plant-natural enemy association in tritrophic system,Cotesia rubecula-Pieris rapae-brassicaceae (Cruciferae). III: Collection and identification of plant and frass volatiles (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1955-1967 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Plutellidae ; Plutella xylostella ; Cotesia rubecula ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Brassica oleracea capitata ; infochemicals ; plant volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract To elucidate the identity of the volatile compounds that could be involved in the searching behavior of the parasitoidCotesia rubecula Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), the volatiles released by cabbage and frass of Lepidoptera feeding on cabbage were collected and analyzed using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The volatiles emitted by intact cabbage were α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole,n-hexyl acetate,cis-3-hexen-1-yl acetate, and dimethyl trisulfide. Mechanical damage on an intact plant induced the release of two more compounds,trans-2-hexenal and 1-methoxy-3-methylene-2-pentanone. Current feeding by larvae ofPieris rapae L. (Pieridae) induced the plant to release all the compounds released after mechanical damage and additionally 4-methyl-3-pentenal and allyl isothiocyanate. Current feeding by larvae ofPlutella xylostella L. (Plutellidae) induced the plant to release all the compounds present after mechanical damage and additionally allyl isothiocyanate. The volatiles emitted after feeding by the lepidopterans had ceased were the same as those emitted by cabbage damaged by mechanical means. The blend of volatiles emitted by frass was comprised of plant chemicals, mainly sulfur compounds. Frass ofP. rapae emitted allyl isothiocyanate, methyl isothiocyanate, methyl propyl sulfide, dimethyl trisulfide,S-methyl methane thiosulfinate, 4-methyl-3-pentenal,trans-2-hexenal, and 2,3-dihydro-4-methyl furan. Frass ofP. xylostella emitted only dimethyl trisulfide andS-methyl methane thiosulfinate. The blend of volatiles emitted by frass is herbivore-species specific.
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    Tannin sensitivity in larvae ofMalacosoma disstria (Lepidoptera): Roles of the peritrophic envelope and midgut oxidation (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1985-2001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lasiocampidae ; Malacosoma disstria ; Orgyia leucostigma ; larva ; tannin ; tannic acid ; peritrophic membrane ; oxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Final-instarMalacosoma disstria fed artificial diets containing tannic acid develop lethal pupal deformities. We examined some of the factors potentially underlying tannin sensitivity in this species, including the permeability of the peritrophic envelope to tannic acid and the chemical fate of tannic acid in the gut. Tannic acid does not penetrate the peritrophic envelope ofM. disstria, demonstrating that the containment of tannic acid within the endoperitrophic space is not sufficient to protect an insect herbivore from the adverse effects of ingested tannins. Ingested tannic acid undergoes extensive chemical modification in the midgut. Only 19–21 % of the high molecular weight components of the tannic acid ingested was recovered in the frass. Of two possible chemical fates of ingested tannic acid, oxidation is the predominant chemical transformation, whereas little hydrolysis occurs. Measurements of gut redox parameters showed that conditions in the midgut favor the oxidation of phenols. However, similar conditions occur in the midguts ofOrgyia leucostigma, in which no oxidation occurs. Therefore, oxidizing gut redox conditions do not necessarily lead to polyphenol oxidation in lepidopteran larvae. We conclude that the sensitivity ofM. disstria to ingested tannins is a consequence of their oxidation in the midgut.
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    Analysis, isolation and insecticidal activity of linear furanocoumarins and other coumarin derivatives fromPeucedanum (Apiaceae: Apioideae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2035-2054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apiaceae ; Peucedanum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera littoralis ; HPLC ; preparative isolation ; furocoumarins ; furanocoumarins ; pyranocoumarins ; growth inhibition ; dietary utilization ; plant chemical diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Peucedanum arenarium Waldst. & Kit.,P. austriacum (Jacq.) Koch,P. coriaceum Reichenb.,P. longifolium Waldst. & Kit,P. officinale L.,P. oreoselinum (L.) Moench,P. ostruthium L., andP. palustre (L.) Moench accumulate different structural types of coumarins including simple coumarins, linear furanocoumarins, linear dihydropyranocoumarins, angular dihydrofuranocoumarins and angular dihydropyranocoumarins. Linear furanocoumarins, known for various biological activities, include some well-known antifeedants, such as bergapten, isopimpinellin, and xanthotoxin. The aim of this investigation was to screen the diverse coumarins fromPeucedanum for insecticidal activity. LC was used to analyze and isolate coumarins for the bioassays. A growth inhibition bioassay with 17 derivatives, comprising all structural types fromPeucedanum, carried out withSpodoptera littoralis (Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as test organism, indicated the majority of the linear furanocoumarins and the angular dihydrofuranocoumarin athamantin as active compounds. Oxygenation of the prenyl residue of linear furanocoumarins decreased activity. Further formation of an ester with angelic acid even resulted in complete inactivity. Five active linear furanocoumarins, bergapten, isopimpinellin, xanthotoxin, isoimperatorin, and imperatorin, and two linear furanocoumarins with a substituted furan ring, peucedanin and 8-methoxypeucedanin, were compared in a dietary utilization bioassay. Relative growth rate (RGR) and relative consumption rate (RCR) divided the tested coumarins in three groups of similar activity. Isopimpinellin and peucedanin slightly decreased RGR and RCR of the treated larvae, and xanthotoxin, isoimperatorin, and 8-methoxypeucedanin heavily decreased RGR and RCR. Bergapten and imperatorin differed by the lowest RGR values and rather high RCR values. The effects caused by these two coumarins indicate specific postingestive toxicity. The results obtained in this study add to the reputation of coumarins to be an effective chemical defense, postulating that chemical diversity is a necessary trait for well-defended plants.
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    Proximity of release points of pheromone components as a factor confusing males of the spotted stem borer,Chilo partellus, approaching the trap (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2065-2075 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Chilo partellus ; spotted stem borer ; female sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; multicomponent pheromones ; signal integrity ; dispensing technique ; trap efficiency ; proximity effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of proximity of the release points of the two pheromone components (Z)-11-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol of the spotted stem borer,Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on behavior of the males and on trapping efficiency was investigated. Separating the dispensers of the two components in the trap by a mere 3 cm resulted in a threefold decrease in trap performance, compared to very close release of the components. The result is attributed to possible distortion of the pheromone signal, resulting in confused behavior ofC. partellus males in the vicinity of the trap. The ethological and practical implications of the phenomenon are discussed.
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    Effects of aflatoxin B1 on in vitro cultures ofNicotiana tabacum var. Samsun (1994)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 125 (1994), S. 93-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aflatoxin B1 ; Callus ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy ; Organogenesis ; Tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Calli ofNicotiana tabacum (tobacco) were treated with two dose ranges of aflatoxin B1 (0.1–2.0 µg ml−1 - low does; 5–25 µg ml−1 aflatoxin B1). The ability of calli to recover following 3 weeks of toxin exposure was also investigated. The I50 (50% inhibition) value for fresh mass accumulation was approximately 2 µg ml−1 AFB1. Fresh mass accumulation was significantly lower than the control value from 0.5 µg ml−1 AFB1. Following 3 weeks growth without a toxin source, the growth of calli up to and including 10 µg ml−1 AFB1, was significantly greater than control calli, indicating reversibility of the toxic effects. With increasing toxin concentration, chlorophyll content of callus was inhibited from 0.5 µg ml−1. Transfer to a toxin-free medium resulted in a degree of recovery (up to 0.5 µg ml−1). In the dose range 5–25 µg ml−1, the levels of chlorophyll were drastically reduced, with no recovery following AFB1 removal. Electron microscopy revealed a disruption of chloroplast structure as an early deteriorative event in AFB1 exposure of callus cells. Protein levels were less sensitive, with inhibition manifested only in the high dose range. Shoot development occurred at all concentrations, but was significantly inhibited from 5 µg ml−1 AFB1. Recovery following toxin removal was minimal at these higher AFB1 concentrations. The number of necrotic calli increased progressively from 5 µg ml−1 as toxin levels increased.
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    Electron microscopic and light scattering observation on a system with two iridescent phases (1994)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 272 (1994), S. 604-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; light scattering ; dodecyldimethylaminoxide/hexanol/water ; iridescent phase ; bicontinuous sponge phase ; vesicle phase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Electron microscopic observations and classical light-scattering measurements have been carried out for dodecyldimethylaminoxide/hexanol/water mixtures in the concentration range where iridescent colors occur. This system has two different iridescent phases. The iridescent phase with more hexanol forms quickly, and the phase with less hexanol forms very slowly. Three different isotropic phases which show strong flow birefringence are found near both iridescent phases. The electron microscopic pictures show clearly that only one of these isotropic phases with strong flow birefringence is a bicontinuous sponge phase (L3h -phase). This is the phase which comes out by adding some alkanol to the upper lamellar phase. The flow birefringent phase below the lower lamellar phase forms unilamellar vesicles. The flow birefringent phase which occurs between both iridescent phases contains multilamellar vesicles and is shown to be a precursor of a lamellar phase.
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    Sequestration of host-plant-derived flavonoids by lycaenid butterflyPolyommatus icarus (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2523-2538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polyommatus icarus ; Lepidoptera ; Lycaenidae ; Coronilla varia ; Medicago sativa ; Fabaceae ; flavonoids ; sequestration ; plant-insect interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the lycaenid butterflyPolyommatus icarus were reared on inflorescences ofCoronilla varia andMedicago sativa, which are rich in flavonoids. Twelve different flavonoids (five compounds from the former and nine from the latter), including aglycones andO-glycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin were isolated and identified by spectroscopic means. NMR and MS data for the new acylated glycoside kaempferol 3-O-6″-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaroyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside are reported. Comparative HPLC analysis of the respective host plants and of larvae, pupae, and imagines ofP. icarus indicated selective uptake and accumulation of kaempferol vs. quercetin and myricetin derivatives. The latter were excreted largely unchanged through the feces. Irrespective of the larval host plant kaempferol 3-O-glucoside was found as the major flavonoid in larvae, pupae, and imagines ofP. icarus, accounting for approximately 83–92% of all soluble flavonoids in adult butterflies. Within the imagines, approximately 80% of all flavonoids are stored in the wings (especially in the orange submarginal lunules), whereas the remaining 20% reside in the bodies. Feeding experiments with artificial diet demonstrated that the insects are able to form kaempferol 3-O-glucoside by glucosylation of dietary kaempferol. Possible functions of the sequestered flavonoids, especially for mate recognition ofP. icarus, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036189
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    Changes in pheromone titer of oblique-banded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana, virgin females as a function of time of day, age, and temperature (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 45-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone titer, (Z)- and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z-11-tetradecenol ; age ; time of day ; constant and fluctuating temperature ; Choristoneura rosaceana ; oblique-banded leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Under a 16:8 hr light-dark photoperiod and 20†C constant temperature, the titers of (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14:Ac), (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11–14:Ac) and (Z)-11-tetradecenol (Z11–14:OH) produced by different-agedChoristoneura rosaceana virgin females varied significantly during the scotophase, with the maximum titer occurring before the onset of calling in day-0 and day-3 females, while in day-5 females the titer remained constant throughout the calling period. There was a significant decrease in the titer of all pheromone components with age, explaining the lesser attractiveness of day-5 females relative to day-0 and day-3 females observed in the field. Under a cold thermocycle simulating condition during the second flight period in the fall, the titers of all pheromone components did not vary with time of day. There was a significant decrease in the amount ofZ11–14:Ac with age but no changes occurred in the minor components. Furthermore, for any given age tested, the amount of each component produced during the period of maximal calling activity remained relatively similar at the two temperature regimes. However, as with the expression of calling behavior, pheromone production was initiated earlier at cooler than at warmer temperatures. At both temperature regimes, female age and time of day influenced the ratio of each pheromone component. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that by calling earlier, less attractive older females may increase their probability of mating.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065990
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    Effect of temperature on biosynthesis of sex pheromone components in potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2733-2741 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; pheromone components ratio ; (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-tridecatrienyl acetate ; (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate ; rearing temperature ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; potato tuberworm moth ; Phthorimaea operculella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rearing temperature modified the sex pheromone component ratio in the potato tuberworm moth,Phthorimaea operculella. This phenomenon seemed to be induced with ambient temperature by differences in timing and speed of biosynthesis between two pheromone components. (E,Z,Z)-4,7,10-Tridecatrienyl acetate (triene) was mainly synthesized during the pupal period, while most of (E,Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl acetate (diene) was synthesized during a short period just after emergence. Therefore, the ratio of triene in a newly emerging adult was relatively high at all temperatures although the amount of triene was relatively low at 35°C. On the other hand, the synthetic rate of accumulation of diene was clearly modified by ambient temperature. Biosynthesis of diene at 15°C was very low in the first two days and high in the third day. Consequently, a titer of the diene component at 15°C became approximately equivalent to that at 25°C one day later.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036204
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    Stereochemical inversion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids byMechanitis polymnia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Ithomiinae): Specificity and evolutionary significance (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2883-2899 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Ithomiinae ; Mechanitis polymnia ; stereochemical inversion ; epimerization ; evolution of PA acquisition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), acquired by adults or larvae of Danainae and Ithomiinae butterflies and Arctiidae moths from plants, protect these lepidopterans against predators and are biosynthetic precursors of male sex pheromones. The investigation of PAs in many species of wild-caught adults of Ithomiinae showed lycopsamine (1) [(7R)-OH, (2′S)-OH, (3′S)-OH] as the main alkaloid. In incorporation experiments, PA-free (freshly emerged) adults of the ithomiineMechanitis polymnia were fed seven PAs: lycopsamine and four of its known natural stereoisomers—indicine (2) [(7R)-OH, (2′R)-OH, (3′S)-OH], intermedine (3) [(7R)-OH, (2′S)-OH, (3′R)-OH], rinderine (4) [(7S)-OH, (2′S)-OH, (3′R)-OH], and echinatine (5) [(7S)-OH, (2′S)-OH, (3′S)-OH], and two PAs without the 7-OH: supinine (6) [(2′S)-OH, (3′R)-OH] and amabiline (7) [(2′S)-OH, (3′S)-OH]. Males epimerized PAs 3, 4, and 5 mainly to lycopsamine (1). Females fed these same three PAs changed a smaller proportion to lycopsamine; their lesser capacity to modify PAs corresponds to their normal acquisition of already transformed PAs from males during mating rather than through visits of adults to plant sources of PAs. The alkaloids1 and2, both 7R and 3′S, were incorporated without or with minimum change by males and females. Feeding experiments with6 and7 (males only) showed an inversion at the 3′ center of6 and no change in7. The inversion from 7S to 7R (probably via oxyreduction) may be closely related to the evolution of acquisition of PAs by butterflies and moths. Two hypotheses are discussed: (1) The ancestral butterflies are probably adapted to tolerate, assimilate, and use (7R)-PAs (most common in plants; all widespread 1,2-unsaturated macrocyclic PA diesters show this configuration). The development of (7R)-PA receptors in the butterflies could lead to a specialization on this configuration in two ways: to help find PA plants and to utilize these components in sexual chemical communication. A later appearance of (7S)-PAs in plants could have selected an enzymatic system for the inversion of this chiral center in order to continue producing (7R)-PA-derived pheromones. (2) The inversion would be due to the evolution of a enzyme system specialized in the transport of (7R)-PAs to the integument; the failure of this system to carry (7S)-PAs led to an enzymatic system to invert them to transportable (7R)-PAs. In this case, the 7R configuration is an effect and not a cause of (7R)-PA-derived pheromones. In both hypotheses, the partial inversion of the 3′-asymmetric center, when the butterfly was fed intermedine (3), rinderine (4), and supinine (6), could be fortuitous due to the conformation of the molecule and/or the enzymatic system.
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    Effects of host plant,Gossypium hirsutum L., on sexual attraction of cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2959-2974 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; kairomone ; attractants ; host finding ; (S)-(+)-linalool
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Unmated female or male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), were attracted more often in a flight tunnel to a cage with moths of the opposite sex and a bouquet of cotton foliage. Increased sexual attractiveness of females with plants may be a result of stimulation of pheromone release in response to plant odor, since more males were attracted when odor of cotton foliage was passed over females than when odor of females was passed over cotton foliage before venting into the flight tunnel. Increased sexual attractiveness of males with plants is due in part to host odor enhancement of female attraction to male pheromone, since more females were attracted to synthetic male pheromone (a blend of enantiomers of linalool and isomers of cresol) and a cotton leaf extract than were attracted to male pheromone alone. A short synthesis procedure was developed for (S)-(+)-linalool, the major component of the male sex pheromone, isolated from hair pencils, used in these tests.
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    Moth responses to selectively fluorinated sex pheromone analogs (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2705-2719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-14-fluoro-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-14,14,14,-trifluoro-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone analogs ; fluorinated analogs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Partially fluorinated analogs of the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) female sex pheromone, 11-tetradecenyl acetate (97:3Z:E), having mono- and trifluorsubstitutions at the terminal carbon of the pheromone chain, mimicked the biological activity of the pheromone, while analogs with fluorine at either side of the double bond and a pentafluoro analog were essentially inactive. Comparison of the pheromonal activity of these analogs with the previously reported activity of similarly fluorinated pheromones in five other species of moths revealed an unpredictable relationship between fluorine substitution pattern and pheromone-mimicking activity. Fluorine substitution patterns that rendered pheromonal analogs biologically inactive in the European corn borer had no detrimental influence upon pheromonal activity in other species and the converse was also true. This is evidence that the relative importance of electronic qualities of sites within a pheromone molecule differ from species to species. Furthermore, it indicates that the biochemical components (pheromone receptor proteins, binding proteins, and enzymes) that make up moth olfactory chemosensory systems must also vary structurally from species to species, despite the fact that they are involved in olfactory sensing of compounds having very similar chemical structure.
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    Chiral esters: Sex pheromone of the bagworm,Oiketicus kirbyi (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 3083-3096 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Psychidae ; Oiketicus kirbyi ; bagworm ; sex pheromone ; pheromone chirality ; 1-methylbutyl octanoate ; 1-methylbutyl non-anoate ; 1-methylbutyl decanoate ; 1-methylbutyl dodecanoate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of pheromone extract of female bagworms,Oiketicus kirbyi (Guilding), revealed five EAD-active compounds. Retention index calculations, GC-mass spectrometry in both full-scan and selected-ion monitoring modes and GC-EAD analyses of authentic standards identified the compounds as 1-methylbutyl octanoate (MBO), 1-methylbutyl nonanoate (MBN), 1-methylbutyl decanoate (MBD), 1-methylpentyl decanoate (MPD), and 1-methylbutyl dodecanoate (MBDD). Of these five chiral esters, MBD was most abundant in extracts and elicited the strongest antennal response. In field experiments in Costa Rica, (R)-MBD attractedO. kirbyi males, whereas (S)-MBD in combination with (R)-MBD inhibited response.R but notS enantiomers of MBO, MBN, and MBDD strongly synergized attraction to (R)-MBD. (S)-MBO and (S)-MBDD were inactive, whereas (S)-MBN was inhibitory. (R)-, (S)- and racemic MPD were inactive. Blends of (R)-MBD in ternary combination with either (R)-MBO and (R)-MBN or (R)-MBN and (R)-MBDD were as attractive as the five-ester blend. Five- and four-ester blends were equally attractive, suggesting redundancy of pheromone components for attraction of males. The multiple sex pheromone component blend of chiral esters inO. kirbyi may have evolved to maintain species-specific communication in bagworm communities of tropical Americas.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033712
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    Potential role of lipoxygenases in defense against insect herbivory (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 651-666 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; lipoxygenase ; lipid peroxidation ; resistance ; herbivory ; soybean ; tomato ; cotton ; oxidative stress ; induced defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The potential role of the plant enzyme lipoxygenase in host resistance against the corn earwormHelicoverpa zea was examined. Lipoxygenase is present in most of the common host plants ofH. zea, with highest activity in the leguminous hosts such as soybean and redbean. Treatment of dietary proteins with linoleic acid and lipoxygenase significantly reduced the nutritive quality of soybean protein and soy foliar protein. Larval growth was reduced from 24 to 63% depending upon treatment. Feeding byH. zea on soybean plants caused damage-induced increases in foliar lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation products. Larvae feeding on previously wounded plant tissue demonstrated decreased growth rates compared to larvae feeding on unwounded tissue. Midgut epithelium from larvae feeding on wounded tissues showed evidence of oxidative damage as indicated by significant increases in lipid peroxidation products and losses in free primary amines. The potential role of oxidative and nutritional stress as a plant defensive response to herbivory is discussed.
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    Nature and role of sexual pheromones emitted by males ofAcrolepiopsis assectella (LEP.) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1571-1581 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Male sex pheromone ; n-alkanes ; leek moth ; Lepidoptera ; Acrolepiidae ; hair-pencils ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; gas chromatography-FT-IR ; female arrestant ; acceptance posture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Seven compounds that do not exist in the extracts from legs of males have been isolated in the hair-pencil extracts of maleAcrolepiopsis assectella. By combining techniques of GC-MS and GC-FT-IR, six of these compounds have been identified. They are sixn-alkanes: hexadecane (C16), heptadecane (C17), octadecane (C18), nonadecane (C19), eicosane (C20), and heneicosane (C21). Twelven-alkanes of the homologous series, from the C14–C25 compounds were presented to virgin females, mated females, and males. At the end of the scotophase, four of then-alkanes (C16, C17, C19, C21) present in the hair-pencil extract induced the virgin females to adopt the acceptance posture after having induced the virgin females to remain stationary. The two othern-alkanes (C18 and C20) present in the extract have less effect on the females similar to then-alkanes not present in the males. The blends tested do not seem to indicate any synergy between the most active compounds. The threen-alkanes with an odd number of carbons and the C16 compound would thus be the principle components of the male pheromone ofA. assectella. As well as their role of female aphrodisiac, they tend to make males and fertilized females flee.
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    Differential toxicity of juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) and related naphthoquinones to saturniid moths (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1631-1641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: 1,4-Naphthoquinone ; allelochemical toxicity ; detoxification ; plant-insect interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Saturniidae ; Actias luna ; Callosamia promethea ; juglone ; plumbagin ; menadione ; lawsone ; quinones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The preferred hosts of the saturniid mothActias luna include members of the Juglandaceae, whose foliage contain the toxin juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone). The performance ofActias luna andCallosamia promethea was compared when fourth-instar larvae of each were fed birch foliage, a mutually acceptable food plant, or birth supplemented with 0.05% (w/w) juglone.A. luna fed juglone exhibited no changes in developmental time or mortality compared to a diet without juglone. In contrast, juglone-supplemented diets, when fed toC. promethea, caused negative growth rate, and a 3.6-fold decrease in consumption rate. The performance ofA. luna also was compared on birch and walnut; larvae developed and grew more rapidly on an all-walnut vs. an all-birch diet. To examine the effect of 1,4-naphthoquinone structure onA. luna survival, first instars were fed on birch supplemented with varying concentrations of juglone (J), menadione (M), plumbagin (P), or lawsone (L). In diets supplemented at 0.05% (w/w), none of the compounds produced effects significantly different from controls. In diets supplemented at 0.5% (w/w), the treatments produced significant toxic effects in the order P〉M=L〉J for mortality, and P〉L〉M=J for increased developmental time. Late-instarA. luna are clearly resistant to juglone compared toC. promethea, and early-instarA. luna are resistant to several related 1,4-naphthoquinones. These results suggest a chemical basis for host choice among saturniids. In addition, the luna-walnut system may be a valuable model for studying quinone detoxication.
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    Plant response to eggs vs. Host marking pheromone as factors inhibiting oviposition byPieris brassicae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1657-1665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris brassicae ; Host Marking Pheromone ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; induction ; oviposition deterrency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pieris brassicae L. butterflies secrete miriamides onto their eggs. These avenanthramide alkaloids are strong oviposition deterrents when sprayed onto a cabbage leaf. However, these compounds could not be detected in cabbage leaves from which egg batches had been removed two days after deposition and that still showed oviposition deterrency. It was concluded that the miriamides were not directly responsible for the avoidance by females of occupied leaves while searching for an oviposition site. Evidence was obtained that cabbage leaves themselves produce oviposition deterrents in response to egg batches. Fractions containing potent oviposition deterrents could be isolated from surface extracts of leaves from which previously laid egg batches had been removed. The term host marking pheromone that was used previously is not applicable in this case.
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    The mode of action ofBacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 69 (1993), S. 145-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Diptera ; crystal proteins ; Cyt proteins ; pathogenesis ; cytotoxicity ; solubility ; receptor binding ; pore formation ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380641
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    Differential selection of host plants by twoPieris species: the role of oviposition stimulants and deterrents (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 59-69 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Cruciferae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; stimulant ; deterrent ; insect-plant interaction ; host range
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea Harris to nine crucifers, one Capparidaceae and one Tropaeolaceae were directly compared under controlled conditions. Chemical fractions from these plants were also tested on both insects for the presence of oviposition stimulants or deterrents. The results showed that plant chemistry is a key factor in differential selection of potential hosts by thesePieris species. Some plant species were equally acceptable to bothPieris species. However,P. rapae preferred cabbage over most test plants whereasP. napi oleracea strongly preferred plant species that were avoided byP. rapae. The observed preferences were explained in most cases by the presence of stimulants and deterrents in extracts of the plants. The twoPieris species have apparently evolved differential sensitivities to the chemical stimuli that trigger or deter oviposition. The balance of positively and negatively interpreted sensory signals evoked by plant chemicals obviously plays an important role in acceptance or rejection of a plant by both species. The role of specific glucosinolates and differing structure-activity relationships is suggested.
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    Mating disruption for control of damage by codling moth in Virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 57-64 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Polyethylene dispensers (Shin Etsu) containing 172 ml of the sex pheromone, (E, E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (63%), dodecenol (31%) and tetradecenol (6%), of codling moth (CM),Cydia pomonella (L.), were placed in apple orchards in Virginia. Two blocks of about 2 ha each were treated in 1989, and three in 1990. Dispensers were placed in trees at a density of 1000/ha shortly after apple bloom. Male orientation to pheromone traps was almost totally disrupted (a few males were captured at high population densities). In 1989, the Daleville pheromone-treated block had 0.9% and 0.8% CM-injured fruit in the center and edge, respectively; 0% and 39.5% injured fruit were found in the conventional control and abandoned blocks, respectively. The Criglersville orchard (‘organically’ managed, with high CM density) CM harvest injury was 16.0%, 16.5%, 34.5%, and 26.5% in the pheromone-treated center and edge, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. In 1990, the Daleville CM harvest injury was 4.7%, 7.3%, 1.1%, 0.3% and 58%, in the pheromone-treated center and edge, control center and edge, and abandoned blocks, respectively (possible reasons for the high injury in this block are discussed). Harvest injury in the Fincastle pheromone-treated and control blocks were 0.7% and 0%, respectively. The Criglersville orchard yielded 17%, 19% and 20% CM-injured fruit at harvest in the pheromone-treated, organic control and abandoned blocks, respectively. Pheromone release rate was calculated as 37 mg/ha/h in 1989.
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    Mating disruption to control damage by leafrollers in virginia apple orchards (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 47-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Platynota flavedana ; variegated leafroller ; Platynota ideausalis ; tufted apple bud moth ; Argyrotaenia velutinana ; redbanded leafroller ; mating disruption ; pheromones ; apple ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption for control of variegated leafroller (VLR),Platynota flavedana (Clemens), tufted apple bud moth (TBM),P. ideausalis Walker, and redbanded leafroller (RBL),Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), was studied in Virginia apple orchards in 1989 and 1990. In 1989, each dispenser (1000/ha) contained 190 mg of 67.2%E11–14:Ac, 28.8%Z11–14:Ac, 1.4%E11–14:OH, 0.6%Z11–14:OH, and 2%Z9–12:Ac (a putative generic leafroller disruption blend). Trap captures of VLR, TBM and RBL were reduced by 97%, 51% and 55%, respectively. Average leafroller injury in the interior and edge of the pheromone block was 3.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The conventional control and abandoned blocks had 0.05 and 27.5% injury, respectively. Dispensers containingE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (30%) (close to the natural blend of VLR), more effectively disrupted orientation to pheromone traps by bothPlatynota spp. than did the generic blend. In 1990, dispensers containing 150 mg ofE11–14:OH (70%) andZ11–14:OH (1000/ha) were placed in two 2-ha blocks and one 4-ha block. One pheromonetreated block was sprayed in August with phosmet for codling moth, not timed for leafrollers. Trap captures of VLR and TBM were reduced by almost 100% and 69%, respectively. RBL captures were not reduced by VLR pheromone permeation. Injury fromPlatynota spp. in pheromone block middles and edges ranged from 0.3–1.7% and 0.3–2.3%, respectively. Injury in conventional blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. RBL injury in pheromone block middles ranged from 0–6.1%, and in edges, 1.7–4.8%. Injury in control blocks ranged from 0–1.1%. Combined leafroller injury in an abandoned block was 18% (s.e. 0.3). Release rates averaged 30 and 32 mg/ha/h for the VLR and generic pheromone dispensers, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382716
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  • 94
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    Effects of host plant leaf damage on cabbage looper moth attraction and oviposition (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 79-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; host-finding ; behavior ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mated femaleTrichoplusia ni (Hubner) moths, when presented a choice of either undamaged cotton plants,Gossypium hirsutum L., or damaged plants (cut leaves or feedingT. ni larvae) in a flight tunnel, were most often attracted first to the damaged plants. However, these same moths oviposited primarily on the undamaged plants. In a similar test with cabbage plants,Brassica oleracea L., the presence of conspecific larvae decreased both attraction and oviposition. Cuts to cabbage leaves had no significant effect on attraction or oviposition. When presented one plant at a time, percentages of cabbage looper moths attracted were not affected by the presence of larvae on either cabbage or cotton plants, or by cuts to cabbage plant leaves. Percentages of moths attracted were, however, higher using cotton plants with cut leaves. The results suggest an important role for damage induced plant volatiles in host location as well as host acceptance byT. ni.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382720
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  • 95
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    Effects of a host plant,Brassica juncea, on calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 68 (1993), S. 117-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: insect-plant interaction ; Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; crucifer ; sexual maturation ; reproductive diapause ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the presence of seedlings of a host plant, Oriental mustard,Brassica juncea (L.) Coss., on the calling behaviour and egg maturation in the diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella (L.), was investigated. In the presence of plants, females began calling at a younger age, began calling earlier in the night, and spent more time calling. Females which were kept with plants until after their first night of calling and then were isolated from plants, subsequently called less, at a level not significantly different from females which had never been exposed to plants. Of all females, both with and without plants, which were dissected at the end of the first night of calling (n=150), 93% contained mature eggs. Heavier females were significantly more likely to have mature eggs at adult emergence, to begin calling at a younger age and to spend more time calling on their first night of calling. The number of developed eggs in calling females was not significantly different in the presence or absence of host plants on the first night of calling. However, by the second night, females in the presence of plants contained significantly more eggs, indicating that the presence of plants accelerated egg maturation, both before and after the onset of calling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380530
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  • 96
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    Influence of caterpillar-feeding damage on the foraging behavior of the paper waspMischocyttarus flavitarsis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 6 (1993), S. 771-781 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: foraging behavior ; caterpillar-feeding damage ; paper wasps ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed to determine the effect of caterpillar feeding damage on wasp foraging behavior and to determine the relative importance of visual and olfactory plant cues for foraging wasps. In an experiment using caterpillar-damaged leaves, wasps took significantly more larvae from the previously damaged plants compared to the controls in the experiments with tobacco plants, but wasps did not distinguish between damaged and control plants in the experiments with tomato plants. Another experiment indicated that wasps use a combination of visual and olfactory cues of plant damage in their search for prey rather than just visual or olfactory cues alone. Furthermore, these results suggest that leaf shape may affect wasp detection of caterpillar feeding damage and thus detection of prey.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01201676
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  • 97
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    Age-dependent physiological responses of last instarHelicoverpa zea larvae to oral and topical application of precocene II (1993)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 67 (1993), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; precocene II ; growth inhibition ; excretion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Newly-ecdysed last instar larvae ofH. zea grouped into 100-, 200-, 300-, or 400-mg categories were fed diet containing precocene II or given precocene II topically on the abdomen. The time for larvae to reach a maximal weight, time to pupation, growth rate, and the amount of precocene II excreted were calculated. Younger larvae of lower weights, which were fed or topically treated with precocene II required more time to reach their maximal weight, had a lower maximal weight, a lower growth rate, and required more time to pupate than control larvae. Older larvae represented by the largest weight category were less sensitive to precocene II, had a shorter delay in reaching maximal weight, and a shorter delay in the time to pupation than control larvae; larvae in the largest weight category that were fed precocene II also had smaller decreases in the growth rate. Growth rate declines for larvae given topical doses of precocene II, however, were largest for the oldest larvae. All larvae given a single topical dose excreted precocene II for several days and were most efficient at eliminating smaller doses; larger, older larvae excreted more precocene II than smaller, younger larvae. Age-dependent responses to precocene II indicate that growth and metabolic processes, as well as xenobiotic metabolism, change in last instar larvae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383428
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  • 98
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    Hormonal control of pheromone responsiveness in the male black cutwormAgrotis ipsilon (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 721-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; black cutworm ; juvenile hormone ; allatectomy ; pheromone reception ; sexual behaviour ; tenoxycarb ; KK-42
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In Lepidoptera, reproduction is linked to chemical communication between conspecific partners. When exposed to the female sex pheromone, males respond by exhibiting typical sexual behaviour which leads to mating. Here we show that presence of the juvenile hormone producing gland (corpora allata) of the male black cutworm,Agrotis ipsilon, is necessary for pheromone responsiveness. Allatectomized males do not show any sexual behaviour, although their antennal olfactory system is functional. Allatectomized males implanted with active corpora allata recover full pheromone receptivity. It is suggested that reproductive processes are synchronized in males and females through endocrine control; timing of the mating activity could serve as an adaptive strategy linked to the migratory behaviour of this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923960
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  • 99
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    Tangential medulla neurons in the mothManduca sexta. Structure and responses to optomotor stimuli (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 173 (1993), S. 783-799 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Insect vision ; Lepidoptera ; Medulla neurons ; Optomotor stimulation ; Direction selectivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract InManduca sexta, large tangential cells connect the medulla via the lobula valley (LoV) tract to the midbrain and the contralateral medulla. Tract neurons have been stained and recorded to determine their responses to optomotor stimulation. Neurons in the LoV-tract comprise a physiologically and anatomically heterogeneous population: 1. Motion insensitive medulla tangential (Mt) neurons arise from cell bodies in the ventral rind. Heterolateral cells arborize massively in both medullae and one or both halves of the midbrain. Mt-neurons respond to changes in light intensity. Physiological and anatomical evidence argues for their monocularity and transmission from the medulla on the side of the soma to the central brain and the contralateral medulla. 2. Motion sensitive neurons with cell bodies behind the protocerebral bridge connect the midbrain to the ipsior contralateral medulla. Direction-selective responses are characterized by excitation to motion in the preferred and inhibition in the opposite direction with maxima either in a horizontal or vertical direction. Peak values appear at contrast frequencies of appr. 3/s. The results suggest that these neurons are binocular and relay information from the midbrain to the medulla. They have been labelled as centrifugal medulla tangential (cMt) neurons. The possible roles for tract neurons in visually guided behaviour are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02451909
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  • 100
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    Carbohydrate distribution and cellular injuries in acid rain and cold-treated spruce needles (1993)
    Springer
    Trees 8 (1993), S. 75-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Picea abies (L.) Karst ; Freezing injury ; Acid rain ; Carbohydrate histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The cellular structures of acid rain-irrigated needles of several provenances of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) seedlings were studied after winter experimental freezing. Frost injuries and recovery were characterized by visual damage scoring and classification of mesophyll cell alterations, also using histochemical methods for carbohydrate fluorescent staining. The treatment with-30° C during the late dormancy period was sufficient to cause significant injuries and intracellular degradation in the tissues of the green needles. The most affected seedlings in terms of visual injury scoring were found among those treated with clean water or at pH 3, while freezing injury, defined as an occlusion of phenolic substances in the central vacuole of the mesophyll cells, was most abundant in the needles from spruces irrigated either with clean water or at pH 4 or pH 3. Electron microscopy revealed the details of the injury, e. g. thinning out of the cytoplasm and chloroplast stroma, darkening of the chloroplasts and eventually swelling of the chloroplasts and protoplast. PAS and ConA reactions in the needle tissue revealed intense starch accumulation in the mesophyll and transfusion tissues as early as in March, with a tendency to increase, especially in the untreated needles during the recovery period. Plasma membrane disturbances were indicated by histochemical identification of callose deposits in the mesophyll cell walls, these being most abundant in the acid rain-treated needles. All these findings suggest that freezing at −30° C was more deleterious to the seedlings pretreated with acid or clean water than to those not given additional irrigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197684
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