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  • 1
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    Publication Date: 2001-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0021-9673
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-3778
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 3
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    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The locomotor activity of theAcrolepiopsis assectella Zeller nymph's parasitoïd,Diadromus pulchellus Wesmeal, is analyzed in a tubular olfactometer. The distance covered and the number of turnings effected by the parasitoïd are registered during 2 minutes. The male and female parasitoïds' displacements are studied with air-borne odors given off by the health host-plant, the plant damaged by the host-larvae alimentation, or the host-nymphys with their cocoon associated or not with damaged host-plant's odors only when mature ovocytes are present in their oviducts. In contrast, the females does not respond to the odor of young host nymphs in which they oviposit. During the highest sexual period, the male locomotor activity is increased by the healthy and damaged host-plant's odors. An important increase of their activity is also observed with the old host-nymphs'odor. From old nymphs can emerge theD. pulchellus females with which the males copulate immediately. These odors are significant of the female's presence.
    Notes: Résumé L'activité locomotrice deDiadromus pulchellus Wesmeal, parasitoïde des chrysalides d'Acrolepiopsis assectella Zeller, est analysée dans un olfactomètre tubulaire par la mesure de la distance parcourue et par le relevé du nombre de changements de direction en 2 minutes. Les déplacements des parasitoïdes mâles et femelles sont étudiés en présence des «odeurs» issues soit du végétal sain ou consommé par les larves de l'hôte, soit des chrysalides hôtes entourées de leur cocon en présence ou non de la plante attaquée. L'activité locomotrice des parasitoïdes femelles est stimulée par les «odeurs» émises par le végétal, la réceptivité des femelles paraissant liée à la présence d'ovocytes mûrs dans les oviductes. Par contre, elles semblent insensibles à l'odeur des jeunes chrysalides dans lesquelles elles pondent. L'activité locomotrice des parasitoïdes mâles en période d'activité sexuelle maximum est augmentée par les odeurs du végétal sain ou attaqué, mais également par celles issues des chrysalides-hôtes âgées d'où peuvent émerger les femelles avec lesquelles ils s'accouplent aussitôt. Pour les mâles ces odeurs sont signficatives de la présence du partenaire sexuel.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Cuticule ; kairomones ; parasitoïdes ; reconnaissance de l'hôte ; régime alimentaire ; toxicité ; Cuticle ; host-recognition ; kairomones ; nutritive diet ; parasitism ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Behaviour of femaleD. pulchellus, an ichneumonid parasitizing, the leek-moth,A. assectalla, was studied in presence of host-chrysalids with their cocoon or naked, washed or not by several solvents. Cuticular water-soluble kairomones were involved in host recognition by this parasitoid. Washed chrysalids were poorly stimulant for female parasitoid while the obtained aqueous extracts had a strong biological activity. These cuticular kairomones not coming from the silk seemed to be an additional stimulus to the most important chemical and physical stimuli associated with the cocoon. Laboratory rearing of the parasitoid did not seem to change really its host-recognition behaviour. Reactions toA. assectalla aqueous cuticular extracts of female parasitoids reared in the laboratory for 3 or 36 generations did not show significant differences. However, a metabolic change in parasitoid larvae was considered, owing to an adaptation to the host-moth rearing conditions on artificial medium. Thus, the host diet modified the parasitism rate. At last, comparison ofD. pulchellus to a sympatric species,D. collaris, attacking preferently the diamondback mothPlutella xylostella showed a best adaptation of the first species to the kairomones of their common host,A. assectella.
    Notes: Résumé Le comportement des femelles de l'inchneumonideDiadromus pulchellus, parasitoïde d'Acrolepiopsis assectella, a été étudié au contact des chrysalides-hôtes avec leur cocon ou nues, lavées ou non par des solvants. L'implication de kairomones cuticulaires hydrosolubles dans le processus de reconnaissance de l'hôte par ce parasitoïde a été mise en évidence. Des chrysalides lavées voient en effet leur pouvoir stimulant fortement réduit, et les extraits aqueux ainsi obtenus ont une activité biologique importante sur les femelles du parasitoïde. Ces kairomones cuticulaires semblent avoir un rôle complémentaire à celui de substances actives issues du cocon. L'élevage du parasitoïde en laboratoire ne semble pas avoir significativement modifié son comportement par rapport à l'hôte. En effet, la comparasion en présence des extraits cuticulaires aqueux de l'hôte, du comportement de femelles élevées au laboratoire depuis 3 ou 36 générations ne montre pas de différences comportementales très significatives entre elles. Cependant, les plus faibles taux de parasitisme à partir de chrysalides provenant de teignes élevées depuis longtemps en présence de composés du poireau laissent envisager une possible modification du métabolisme larvaire du parasitoïde, par suite d'une adaptation aux conditions d'élevage du phytophage-hôte sur milieu artificiel. Ainsi, le régime alimentaire de l'hôte n'est pas sans effet sur l'entomophage. Enfin, la comparaison deD. pulchellus et d'une espèce sympatrique,D. collaris, attaquant plutôt la teigne du chou,Plutella xylostella, montre une meilleure adaptation de la première espèce vis-à-vis de leur hôte communA. assectella.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    BioControl 38 (1993), S. 175-184 
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Specialist parasitoid ; learning ; conditioning ; frass ; host ; Allium ; locomotion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement locomoteur de l'ichneumonideD. pulchellus, spécialiste des chrysalides d'A. assectella lui-même monophage, est observé en olfactomètre. Trois paramètres sont analysés: la longuer parcourue en marchant, le nombre d'aller et retour et la distribution des femelles. Les composés volatifs émis par les fécès larvaires d'A. assectella, lépidoptère inféodé auxAllium, modifient les 3 paramètres du comportement locomoteur deD. pulchellus. Quand les femelles de ce parasitoïde sont mises en présence des fécès larvaires et/ou de l'hôte avant le test olfactométrique, le nombre d'aller et retour est modifié chez les seules femelles expérimentées et non chez les naïves qui n'ont pas été en contact avec l'hôte et/ou ses fécès. Le trajet des femelles expérimentées vers la source odorante est alors plus direct. Il y aurait possibilité d'un apprentissage associatif chez les imagos du spécialisteD. pulchellus. De plus, les parasitoïdes issus des chrysalides d'une teigne non-hôte,P. interpunctella, répondent aux kairomones de l'hôte habituel,A. assectella, de la même manière que les parasitoïdes issus de cet hôte.
    Notes: Abstract The locomotory behaviour of femaleDiadromus pulchellus Wesm. (Ichneumonidae), a specialist endoparasitoid ofAcrolepiopsis assectella Zell. chrysalids, was analyzed in an olfactometer. Three parameters were measured: distance walked, number of turns and female distribution. The volatiles emitted by the larval frass ofA. assectella which feeds exclusively onAllium plants modified all three parameters. When females were placed in contact with frass and/or with the host before the olfactometer test, the number of turns was lower in comparison to that of naive females tested without prior contact with the host and/or its frass. This indicated that the trajectory of experienced females towards the odour source was more direct. Associative learning is a possible mechanism behind this change. No evidence of pre-imaginal experience was found because parasitoids emerging from the chrysalids of a non-host moth,P. interpunctella, responded to the frass volatiles of the usual host,A. assectella, in the same way as parasitoids reared on this latter host.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Parasitoïde ; ponte ; espèce-hôte ; cocon ; chrysalide ; glandes labiales ; Parasitoid ; oviposition ; host species ; cocoon ; nymph ; labial gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The specificity of the IchneumonidD. pulchellus towards its usual host-pupa,A. assectella, is tested using 3 other lepidopteran species,Plutella xylostella, Ephestia kuehniella andPlodia interpunctella. The female wasp spontaneously parasitizes the pupae ofA. assectella andP. xylostella whether they are inside their cocoons or not (naked pupae) and whether the larvae are reared on their host plant,Allium porrum or on a synthetic diet.P. interpunctella andE. kuehniella pupae are not parasitized even if they are covered with very attractive larval frass ofA. assectella, whether they are inside their own cocoons or not. These 2 species are only parasitized if they are introduced in a cocoon ofA. assectella orP. xylostella. The pupal cuticular waxes and the cocoon are 2 of the possible elements important in the specialization of the host choice byD. pulchellus. Studies in scanning electron microscopy show that the physical structure ofA. assectella andP. xylostella cocoons has similarities. But non soluble chemicals in the silk can have an influence. The female wasps are sensitive to ground cocoons and to crushed labial glands but not to crushed mandibular glands. The parasitoid specificity for small moths feeding on plants producing sulfur volatiles is essentially behavioural, but seems to be reinforced by some nutritional factors. The wasp mortality is higher inP. interpunctella pupae than in the other species tested. Moreover, positive correlations exist between the size of the host pupae and of the parasitoid, and the development duration of the moths and ofD. pulchellus. Thus, the trophic basis of parasitoid larvae is wider than the oviposition basis of female parasitoid. The wasps reared inE. kuehniella or inP. interpunctella do not spontaneously oviposit in the pupae of these two species. Therefore in this example,Hopkins hypothesis is invalidated.
    Notes: Résumé La spécificité deDiadromus pulchellus vis-à-vis de son hôte habituel,Acrolepiopsis assectella, est testée à l'aide de 3 autres espèces de Lépidoptère,Plutella xylostella, Ephestia kuehniella etPlodia interpunctella. D. pulchellus parasite spontanémentA. assectella etP. xylostella, que les chrysalides soient nues ou avec leur cocon et que les larves soient élevées ou non sur leur plante hôte. Les 2 autres espèces ne sont parasitées que si elles sont introduites dans un cocon d'A. assectella ou deP. xylostella. Le cocon est donc un des éléments de la spécialisation deD. pulchellus. Il pourrait s'agir de facteurs physiques liés à la structure du cocon, mais également de composés chimiques insolubles présents dans la soie et les glandes labiales mais absents des glandes mandibulaires. La spécificité deD. pulchellus, essentiellement éthologique, semble renforcée par des facteurs physiologiques nutritionnels, la mortalité deD. pulchellus étant plus élevée dansP. unterpunctella que dans les autres espèces hôtes, en particulierA. assectella etE. kuehniella. La base trophique des larves est donc plus large que la base de ponte des femelles. Les parasitoïdes entièrement élevés surE. kuehniella ouP. interpunctella étant incapables de pondre spontanément dans les chrysalides des espèces dont ils sont issus, l'hypothèse d'Hopkins est ici infirmée.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Kairomone production ; bacteria ; Klebsiella oxytoca ; sulphur volatiles ; frass ; parasitoid ; Diadromus pulchellus ; leek moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The volatiles used by the parasitoidDiadromus pulchellus to find its host, the leek moth, are produced by the bacteria developing in the frass of the host larvae. The origin and the nature of these bacteria were investigated. Samples were taken from healthy leeks and from infested leeks in the field, as well as from the frass of larvae reared in the laboratory either on the host plant or on an artificial diet. The various species of bacteria identified were cultured in the presence of precursors of leek sulphur volatiles and their volatile emissions were analysed.Klebsiella oxytoca and variousBacillus, common decomposers of plant matter, were the principal species producing active volatiles which were alkyl disulphides.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 101-104 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: leek ; behaviour ; allelochemicals ; secondary plant metabolites ; sugar ; alkyl-cysteine-sulphoxide ; leaf surface
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: attraction ; Allium ; EAG ; generations ; green leaf volatiles ; Hyponomeutoidea ; Lepidoptera ; leek moth ; walking behaviour ; olfactory responsiveness ; rearing conditions ; sensitivity variations ; sulphur volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three strains of the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella, were compared: two reared on leek leaves (Allium porrum) for which generations 10 to 12 (L) or generation 2 (G2) were used, the third one (D) reared on an artificial diet incorporating leek powder, for which generation ca 140 was examined. The walking behaviour (L and D) and the antennal responsiveness (L, G2 and D) were compared between individuals subjected to leek leaf odour and 4 volatiles identified in these leaves: 2 specific sulphur ones (dipropyl thiosulphinate and dipropyl disulphide) and 2 ‘general green leaf volatiles’ (cis-3-hexen-1-ol and trans-2-hexen-1-ol). The walking behavioural thresholds to leek odour, dipropyl thiosulphinate, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol were lower for L than for D females. The chemoanemotactic responses to dipropyl disulphide are almost identical, and trans-2-hexen-1-ol has nearly no activity. Accordingly, the olfactory sensitivity (assessed by EAG) to sulphur volatiles and cis-3-hexen-1-ol was higher for L and G2 females than for D ones. The threshold for thiosulphinate was at a concentration (v/v) of 4 × 10-4 M/l for D females, 4 × 10-5 M/l for L females and 4 × 10-8 M/l for G2 ones. It may be hypothesised that laboratory rearing conditions cause variations in the thresholds of antennal sensitivity and walking behaviour to specific and more efficient leek volatiles. This may result from the selective pressures experienced by the larvae reared in the laboratory.
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