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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental phototoxicity (1988)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 22 (1988), S. 354-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00169a001
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Jasmonate and salicylate induce expression of herbivore cytochrome P450 genes (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 419 (2002), S. 712-715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Jasmonate and salicylate are plant-produced signals that activate plant defence genes after herbivory or pathogen attack. Amplification of these signals, evoked by either enemy attack or experimental manipulation, leads to an increase in the synthesis of toxic compounds (allelochemicals) and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01003
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indirect effects of insect herbivory on leaf gas exchange in soybean (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 28 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Herbivory can affect plant carbon gain directly by removing photosynthetic leaf tissue and indirectly by inducing the production of costly defensive compounds or disrupting the movement of water and nutrients. The indirect effects of herbivory on carbon and water fluxes of soybean leaves were investigated using gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal imaging. Herbivory by Popillia japonica and Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) caused a 20–90% increase in transpiration from soybean leaflets without affecting carbon assimilation rates or photosynthetic efficiency (ΦPSII). Mechanical damage to interveinal tissue increased transpiration up to 150%. The spatial pattern of leaf temperature indicated that water loss occurred from injuries to the cuticle as well as from cut edges. A fluorescent tracer (sulforhodamine G) indicated that water evaporated from the apoplast approximately 100 µm away from the cut edges of damaged leaves. The rate of water loss from damaged leaves remained significantly higher than from control leaves for 6 d, during which time they lost 45% more water than control leaves (0.72 mol H2O per cm of damaged perimeter). Profligate water loss through the perimeter of damaged tissue indicates that herbivory may exacerbate water stress of soybeans under field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01279.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicity of nonhost phototoxins to parsnip webworms(Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: phototoxicity ; harmane ; harmine ; harmalol ; alpha-terthienyl ; skimmianine ; Lepidoptera ; Oecophoridae ; Depressaria pastinacella ; parsnip webworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feeds exclusively on apiaceous hostplants containing furanocoumarins, compounds capable of oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independend photosensitization. Despite high titers of antioxidant enzymes relative to other herbivorous insects, webworms cannot tolerate nonhost photosensitizers such as alpha-terthienyl or beta-carboline alkaloids at dietary concentrations of 0.01% or less. Tolerance of skimmianine, a furano-quinoline alkaloid, may be due to its structural resemblance to furanocoumarins, which are metabolized by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in this species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01241647
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial, temporal, and environmental limits on xanthotoxin induction in wild parsnip foliage (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: damage ; defense ; induction ; light ; nutrients ; optimal defense ; resource limitation ; furanocoumarins ; xanthotoxin ; Apiaceae ; Umbellales ; Angiospermae ; Pastinaca sativa ; wild parsnip
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Although present constitutively in large amounts, furanocoumarins in leaves of wild parsnip,Pastinaca sativa, are inducible to even higher concentrations by mechanical and insect damage. We conducted several experiments in order to characterize the nature and extent of xanthotoxin inducibility inP. sativa foliage. In order to determine the extent to which induction is localized, we mechanically damaged a single leaflet of a compound leaf on seven plants. Xanthotoxin concentrations increased significantly only in the damaged leaflet and in the half of the terminal leaflet closest to the damaged leaflet; thus, xanthotoxin induction is localized to the immediate vicinity of damage. To determine whether xanthotoxin induction results fromin situ biosynthesis or translocation from other plant parts, we detached individual leaflets from ten plants, damaged half of these detached leaflets, and compared xanthotoxin concentrations after 6 h in damaged and intact leaflets. We found that xanthotoxin concentrations increased 41% in damaged leaflets compared to detached leaflets that were not damaged. We also determined the rapidity and duration of the induction response. In leaflets that were damaged and then harvested after 0, 3, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, xanthotoxin concentrations increased rapidly compared to undamaged leaflets on the opposite side of the leaf, reaching maximum levels within 24 h. This response was of comparatively short duration; concentrations declined to preinduction levels after seven days. To determine whether availability of resources influences the induced response, we performed two experiments, one in which soil nutrients were manipulated and one in which light level was manipulated. The low nutrient treatment was sufficiently extreme to cause cessation of aboveground growth, and the low light treatment caused etiolation. Extremes of resource limitation notwithstanding, leaflets significantly increased xanthotoxin production (2 to 3-fold increase under nutrient limitation and 3-fold increase under light limitation) in response to damage in both experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259971
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiological price of an induced chemical defense: photosynthesis, respiration, biosynthesis, and growth (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 109 (1997), S. 433-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsPastinaca sativa ; Furanocoumarins ; Defense ; Cost ; Induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A recurring theme in defense allocation theories is that defenses are costly. Most studies that attempt to quantify a cost of defense seek to establish a trade-off between a component of plant fitness and the level of a constitutive defense. Such estimates are ambiguous because they cannot discount the cost of traits that are correlated with defense but are not themselves defensive. We examined the effects of damage-induced synthesis of furanocoumarins, known defense compounds, on the growth of wild parsnip. Plants that had 2% of their leaf area removed accumulated 8.6% less total biomass and 14% less root biomass than intact plants over a 4-week period. We also found that this small amount of leaf damage significantly reduced net photosynthetic rates 0.5 h after damage; the effect was temporary, as photosynthetic rates were no longer significantly different after 48 h. Lastly, we found that increases in respiration rates associated with damage coincided spatially and temporally with increases in furanocoumarin production, and that respiration increases were phenotypically correlated with furanocoumarin production. When damage-induced changes in furanocoumarin content and respiration rates were expressed in glucose equivalents and compared, the energetic cost of furanocoumarin production (12.6 μg glucose cm−2) accounted for all of the increase in respiration (12.0 μg glucose cm−2). A comparison of other secondary compounds in damaged and intact leaflets revealed that myristicin, a furanocoumarin synergist, is the only other compound aside from furanocoumarins that is inducible. The inducible defense system of wild parsnip thus appears to involve a small subset of secondary compounds. Synthesis of these compounds is tightly linked to damage-induced rates of respiration. Because the negative impact that damage had on the rate of net photosynthesis was short-lived, the impact of damage on growth observed in this study was likely due to the cost of furanocoumarin synthesis elicited by damage rather than the loss of photosynthetic tissue caused by damage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050103
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of tannins on growth and digestion in two species of papilionids (1983)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 34 (1983), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Digestion ; Growth ; Nitrogen utilization ; Papilionidae ; Quantitative defenses ; Specialist ; Generalist ; Swallow-tails ; Tannins ; Umbelliferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La comparaison a porté sur les effets des tanins sur la croissance et la digestion de deux espèces, Papilio polyxenes, spécialiste d'Ombellifères qui ne rencontre pas normalement de tanins dans la nature, et P. glaucus, généraliste dont les plantes hôtes comprennent des espèces d'arbres tanifères de plusieurs familles. Dans une expérience, des feuilles de plantes hôtes des deux espèces ont été traitées par du tanin extrait de Liriodendron tulipifera, consommé par P. glaucus; ce tanin dans l'aliment a provoqué une forte mortalité chez P. polyxenes mais a été sans effet sur P. glaucus. Dans une second expérience, les tanins n'ont pas modifié la digestion, le taux de croissance et l'utilisation d'azote par ces espèces pendant une période de 24 heures. Ces résultats ne concordent pas avec les mécanismes de réduction de la digestibilité envisagés pour les tanins, et, par ailleurs, démontrent qu'un certain degré de contreadaptation est possible chez des espèces ayant coévolué. Les tanins peuvent alors posséder quelques propriétés toxiques différentes de la réduction de la digestibilité.
    Notes: Abstract The effects of tannins on growth and digestion were compared in two species of swallow-tail caterpillars — Papillio polyxenes, a specialist on Umbelliferae that normally does not encounter tannins in nature, and P. glaucus, a generalist whose hostplant range includes tanniniferous tree species in several families. In one experiment, tannin extracted from Liriodendron tulipifera, a P. glaucus foodplant, was applied to leaves from hostplants on the two species; tannin in the diet caused greater mortality in P. polyxenes but failed to do so in P. glaucus. In a second experiment, tannins did not affect digestion, growth rate or nitrogen utilization in either species over a 24-hour period. These findings are inconsistent with the proposed mechanism of digestibility reduction by tannins and, moreover, demonstrate that some degree of counteradaptation is possible in coevolved species. Tannins may thus possess toxic properties other than digestibility reduction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186920
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1986)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 12 (1986), S. 809-812 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020252
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Defense of parsnip webworm against phototoxic furanocoumarins: Role of antioxidant enzymes (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2451-2460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parsnip webworm ; Depressaria pastinacella ; Lepidoptera ; Oecophoridae ; antioxidant enzymes ; superoxide dismutase ; catalase ; glutathione reductase ; furanocoumarins ; synergist ; detoxification ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The parsnip webworm,Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feeds on plants rich in furanocoumarins, phototoxic allomones. Final-instar larvae possess high levels of activities of antioxidant enzymes (Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase), which detoxify oxygen radicals generated from the furanocoumarins of their host plants. When added to an artificial diet, three linear furanocoumarins (xanthotoxin, bergapten, imperatorin) do not increase levels of the antioxidant enzymes. However, on diets containing both xanthotoxin and piperonyl butoxide, a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, food utilization indices of the insect are reduced and superoxide dismutase activity is enhanced. These data suggest that cytochrome P-450s act as a primary detoxification system of ingested furanocoumarin, and antioxidant enzymes as a backup system to detoxify oxygen radicals generated by unmetabolized furanocoumarins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01017468
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phototoxicity ofCitrus jambhiri to fungi under enhanced UV-B radiation: Role of furanocoumarins (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 2813-2830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Citrus jambhiri ; Fusarium oxysporum ; Fusarium solani ; Penicillium digitatum ; Penicillium italicum ; fungi ; bergapten ; psoralen ; furanocoumarin ; phototoxicity ; ultraviolet light
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts ofCitrus jambhiri foliage exposed to and shielded from UV-B radiation were assayed for phytochemical changes and phototoxicity against four fungal pathogens, two of which (Fusarium solani andF. oxysporum) are causative agents of root rots and two of which (Penicillium italicum andP. digitatum) are associated with fruit rots. Conidial pigment mutants of these four fungal species were assayed to determine whether pigments play a role in protecting fungi against plant photosensitizers. Exposure to 10.2 kJ/ day UV-B radiation for 95 days significantly reduced phototoxicity of leaf extracts to fungi. Although furanocoumarin levels were reduced by UV-B, analysis of covariance revealed that variation in phototoxicity of the extracts cannot be attributed entirely to variation in furanocoumarin content; thus, the possibility exists that nonfuranocoumarin phototoxic constituents, as yet unidentified, respond to UV-B exposure and contribute to overall phototoxic defense ofC. jambhiri against pathogens. Root rot fungi were substantially more sensitive to furanocoumarin phototoxicity than were fruit rot fungi, a pattern consistent with the amount of light exposure normally experienced by these fungi when associated with phototoxic plants. Although pigmented strains of all four species displayed greater resistance to phototoxicity of pure furanocoumarins, no strain differences were detected in assays of foliar extracts; this finding also suggests that nonfuranocoumarin constituents may be involved in the phototoxic defense ofC. jambhiri against pathogens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980585
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