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  • GEOPHYSICS
  • Humans
  • Lepidoptera
  • Springer  (178)
  • 1995-1999  (178)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of new and old association hosts for the development of selected microgastrine parasitoids of gramineous stemborers (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host suitability ; acceptance ; biological control ; new associations ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; New World ; Old World ; stemborers ; Braconidae ; larval parasitoids ; Gramineae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The present study examined the acceptability and suitability of Old World stemborers (Chilo partellus and C. orichalcociliellus) for the development of New World parasitoids (Apanteles deplanatus and A. minator) and New World stemborers (Diatraea saccharalis and D. grandiosella) for the development of Old World parasitoids (Cotesia sesamiae, C. flavipes and C. chilonis). Results revealed that acceptance and suitability were high in old associations. In new associations, parasitoids accepted about 60% of the new association hosts. In addition, 10 out of 17 new associations were successful. Apanteles species appeared to be more physiologically host specific than Cotesia species. For example, two of four new association hosts were accepted by A. deplanatus and only one (D. saccharalis) was partially suitable for progeny development. Among the Cotesia species, Cotesia flavipes appeared to have a wider host range than the two other species. It attacked all hosts offered and successfully parasitized all but one (D. grandiosella). Diatraea saccharalis was accepted and was a suitable host for the development of all parasitoid species tested, whereas D. grandiosella was unsuitable for the development of four out of five parasitoid species tested. No clear pattern was observed as behavioral acceptance did not always agree with the pattern of physiological suitability. Implications of these findings for importation biological control of stemborers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026435617979
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ostrinia spp. in Japan: their host plants and sex pheromones (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 237-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: host plant range ; sex pheromone ; Ostrinia furnacalis ; Ostrinia latipennis ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Ostrinia orientalis ; Ostrinia palustralis ; Ostrinia scapulalis ; Ostrinia zaguliaevi ; Ostrinia zealis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To contribute to the understanding of the genus Ostrinia (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) in Japan, we collected larvae of Ostrinia spp. from known host plants and plants not recorded as hosts, and we examined the morphology and sex pheromones of the adults obtained. Consequently, the host plant ranges of the 7 Ostrinia spp. in Japan were clarified, and the sex pheromones of the 5 species O. scapulalis, O. zealis, O. zaguliaevi, O. palustralis and O. latipennis were identified in addition to that of the Asian corn borer O. furnacalis. The phylogenetic relationships of Japanese Ostrinia spp., with reference to the European corn borer O. nubilalis, are discussed based on these findings and results of molecular phylogenetic analyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003601407578
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of visual cues and interaction with host odour during the host-finding behaviour of the cabbage moth (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 59-65 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; host-finding behaviour ; visual cues ; host-choice ; interaction ; odour ; volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The approach and landing responses of female Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to visual cues from artificial plant leaves of different shapes and presence/absence of cabbage plant odour were investigated in a laboratory wind tunnel. The leaves were painted with cadmium yellow colour and observed under dim red light. Females showed oriented flight towards plant odours but landed significantly more often when the odour was presented with an artificial leaf. In three-choice tests, the shape of the leaf targets (circle, square or triangle) did not influence the female response. However, the size of the target did influence the insect response: the females preferred landing on square targets with sides of 5 or 10 cm rather than on the largest target, with sides of 15 cm. The orientation of the target influenced the insects' response: females landed significantly more often on the target positioned vertically than horizontally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003605125191
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vive la variance: a functional oviposition theory for insect herbivores (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition ; strategy ; catastrophe ; theory ; clutch ; Lepidoptera ; optimization ; dynamic ; bet hedging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We developed state-dependent life-history theory to explain the variance in clutch size decisions made by insect herbivores under a variety of ecological scenarios. An important aspect of our theory is explicit representation of the distribution of host quality and frequency of occurrence. Examination of the theory suggests that clutch size decisions can be highly non-linear with respect to host quality and variability. We then use our theory to explore the potential for bet-hedging strategies to evolve as a function of unpredictable catastrophic events that decimate entire clutches. Our analysis suggests that the benefits to employing such a strategy will frequently be outweighed by costs brought on by delayed oviposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003622703384
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of volatiles from cruciferous plants and pre-flight experience in the foraging behaviour of the specialist parasitoid Cotesia plutellae (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae ; Plutella xylostella ; parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Cotesia plutellae ; foraging behaviour ; wind tunnel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The braconid Cotesia plutellae is an important larval parasitoid of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major pest of crucifers in the tropics and sub-tropics. The in-flight searching behaviour of C. plutellae was investigated in a wind tunnel and the close-range attack behaviour observed in cages. The relative importance of volatile stimuli emanating from the plant-host-complex, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) – P. xylostella, in the long-range attraction of C. plutellae was investigated. Plants that were mechanically damaged, or damaged by P. xylostella larvae, were attractive to the parasitoid. Host-damaged leaves remained attractive to the parasitoid after removal of the host larvae. These results indicate that C. plutellae predominantly uses plant derived stimuli in its in-flight searching behaviour. An oviposition experience or contact with a host-damaged leaf prior to the bioassay significantly increased the response to these volatile cues. The foraging behaviour of C. plutellae is compared with other braconid larval parasitoids attacking lepidopteran hosts on crucifers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003822208843
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adult female and neonate larval plant preferences of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 53-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; host selection ; correlation ; lightbrown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The polyphagous leafroller moth, Epiphyas postvittana, is a pest of many fruit crops in New Zealand. Since the larva is highly mobile, host selection in this insect may involve both the adult female and the larva. In order to test the relative importance of the adult female and the neonate larva in the selection of host plants, the ovipositional preferences of females, and the preferences or acceptances of neonate larvae towards 26 plant species, consisting of 15 plants considered hosts and 11 not considered hosts, were investigated. In the ovipositional tests, the mean preferences of females for hosts and non-hosts were very similar. In contrast, larvae showed a significantly greater mean preference or acceptance towards hosts than to non-hosts, in both choice and no-choice bioassays, respectively. There were highly significant correlations between the preferences and acceptances of larvae for plants in the choice and no-choice tests. In the no-choice tests, there was a highly significant correlation between the acceptances of neonate larvae towards plants after one and three days (i.e., acceptances changed little over time). Moreover, in these no-choice tests, there was a significant negative correlation between larval acceptance at 1 day and larval mortality after 3 days; that is, the less acceptable a given plant at 1 day, the more likely larvae would fail to establish, feed, and survive on it by three days. Female and larval preferences towards the various plants were also negatively correlated. Together, these data suggest that the selection of a plant for the neonate larva to feed on is largely governed by the preferences of the larva, rather than by the preferences of the female. However, selection of a plant for oviposition by the female, may be important in host selection for reasons unrelated to larval preferences, for example, by encouraging dispersal, perhaps to other plant species, of the neonate larvae and thereby decreasing intersibling competition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003760529540
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reidentification of the female sex pheromone of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella: evidence for a four-component pheromone blend (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Plodia interpunctella ; Indian meal moth ; pheromone components ; GC-EAD ; stored-product pest ; behaviour ; flight tunnel ; trapping ; Ephestia kuehniella
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone gland extracts from calling female Plodia interpunctella contained at least seven compounds that consistently elicited electroantennographic responses from male antennae upon gas chromatographic analysis. Three of these compounds were found to be the previously identified gland constituents, i.e., (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12-14:OAc), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienal (Z9,E12-14:Ald) and (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienol (Z9,E12-14:OH). A fourth EAD-active compound was identified as (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9-14:OAc). The homologue (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:OAc) was also identified in the extracts, but showed no EAD activity. The identity of all five compounds was confirmed by comparison of GC retention times and mass spectra with those of synthetic standards. In flight tunnel tests there were no significant differences in response of male P. interpunctella to the bait containing all four EAD-active compounds and the responses to female gland extacts. A behavioural assay of different two-compound blends in the flight tunnel showed that only addition of the corresponding aldehyde to the major pheromone component Z9,E12-14:OAc raised the male response. A subtractive assay, however, revealed that the exclusion of any of the compounds from the complete four-compound blend reduced its activity significantly. We thus conclude that the female-produced sex pheromone of P. interpunctella consists of at least four components, i.e., Z9,E12-14:OAc, Z9,E12-14:Ald, Z9,E12-14:OH and Z9-14:OAc. In a field trapping test performed in a storage facility, the four-component blend attracted significantly more males of P. interpunctella than traps baited with Z9,E12-14:OAc alone. In contrast, the highest number of Ephestia kuehniella males was found in the traps baited with this major component, suggesting that the secondary pheromone components contribute to the species specificity of the blend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003703724011
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of avocadofurans on larval survival, growth, and food preference of the generalist herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; avocadofurans ; Spodoptera exigua ; avocado ; idioblast ; oil cell ; food preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined the effect of two avocadofurans, 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, from avocado idioblast oil cells on maturation and larval feeding behavior of a generalist insect herbivore, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Experiments were conducted using two larval sizes: early-stadium larvae refer to those larvae from experiments initiated with neonates while late-stadium larvae refer to those larvae from experiments initiated with third instars. In order to use selected sublethal doses for developmental and behavioral studies on early- and late-stadium larvae, log-dose probit lines were determined using diet incorporation bioassays. Both avocadofurans had similar toxicities to early-stadium larvae [LC50=2.2 and 1.9 μmoles/g of diet for 2-(pentadecyl)furan and 2-(heptadecyl)furan, respectively] and late-stadium larvae (LC50=3.0 and 3.4 μmoles/g of diet, respectively). In diet bioassays extending from egg hatch to adult emergence, the avocadofurans significantly prolonged larval developmental times and reduced S. exigua pupal weights. In 7 d no-choice bioassays initiated with cohorts of newly-molted third instars, the avocadofurans significantly reduced larval weights at various sublethal concentrations (below LC50 values). To test larval feeding deterrence effects of these avocadofurans, choice tests were conducted using early and older instar larvae. A significantly higher proportion of early-stadium larvae preferred control diet over diet treated with either avocadofuran at several sublethal concentrations. Similarly, choice tests with late-stadium larvae showed greater proportions of larvae on control diet than treated diet even at concentrations below the LC50. Moreover, late-stadium larvae consumed significantly more of the control diet than the treated diet. Thus, the avocadofurans may act as feeding deterrents as well as toxicants in plant protection against non-adapted insect herbivores.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003595730600
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pheromone-mediated mating disruption of Choristoneura rosaceana: is the most attractive blend really the most effective? (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Choristoneura rosaceana ; obliquebanded leafroller ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; mating disruption ; mechanisms ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An attractive four-component pheromone blend containing a major component Z11-tetradecenyl acetate, and three minor components, E11-tetradecenyl acetate, Z11-tetradecenyl alcohol, and Z11-tetradecenyl aldehyde was tested as a mating disruptant against western Canadian populations of the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in organic apple orchards in British Columbia. Efficacy of this four-component blend was compared to that of partial pheromone blends containing the major component plus one or two minor components. A trapping experiment confirmed that, Conrel® fibre disruption dispensers containing the four-component blend were more attractive than disruption dispensers containing the two- or three-component partial blends. A small-plot protocol was followed to compare atmospheric treatments with these blends as mating disruptants at a release rate of 10 mg ha−1 h−1 and from 1000 dispensers ha−1. Mechanisms of mating disruption, such as false-trail following and camouflage of pheromone plumes, that may be evoked to a greater degree by an attractive blend, did not appear to augment the effectiveness of mechanisms invoked by the less attractive blends, as the proportion of mating among tethered females was equal in plots treated with these blends and was reduced by 85–90% compared to the nontreated control. When the four-component pheromone blend was tested at different release rates, mating disruption in small plots began to break down at a release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 using a dispenser density of 1000 ha−1. Above 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 there was no dose response in release rates tested and at release rates below this dose the proportion of tethered females mating was the same as in the nontreated control. The four-component pheromone blend was tested against, and found to be no more effective than, the two-component partial blend at the threshold release rate of 1.3 mg ha−1 h−1 when it was released from 1000 or 250 disruption dispensers. Our results suggest that disruption mechanisms evoked by the attractive blend did not enhance the mating disruption effect provided by the simple blend, therefore a two-component blend may be useful in an operational mating disruption program for C. rosaceana.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003598114512
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The diapause syndrome in the seed-eating caterpillar of Coleophora alticolella (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: rush moth ; Juncus squarrosus ; fluctuating food resources ; ‘bet-hedging’ ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult emergence in Coleophora alticolella held at 15 °C was accelerated by exposure to L18:D6 in autumn and midwinter. The effect decreased during winter and exposure of individuals, held at low temperature over winter, to L18:D6 or L6:D18 at 15 °C at the end of March resulted in the same mean emergence date. Long daylength experienced at 5 °C did not promote emergence nor did exposure to low temperature during winter. The number of adults emerging increased with the length of time cultures were held on short day but was always below 50% of the larvae. When larvae were exposed to L18:D6 and L6:D18 at 15 °C at the end of March, on long day 61% adults emerged and 39% remained in diapause, whereas on short day, 25% became adult and 75% remained diapausing larvae. The possibility of cohort splitting, with some individuals undergoing prolonged diapause, is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003868005283
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of plant lectins on larval development of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: artificial diet ; insecticidal activity ; legume pod borer ; Lepidoptera ; Maruca vitrata ; plant lectins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The legume pod-borer Maruca vitrata (Fabricius), [Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] is a major constraint restricting increased cowpea production in tropical Africa and Asia. Since lectins are known to have insecticidal properties against several pests, a survey was undertaken to screen for the effects of 25 lectins from 15 plant families on the development of Maruca pod borer (MPB) larvae. The list included 8 galactose/N-acetylgalactosamine-, 7 mannose-, 5 complex glycan-, 2 sialic acid- and 3, N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins. Feeding bioassays using artificial diet were carried out at 2% (w/w) topical levels. Although a total of 16 lectins had detrimental effects pertaining either to larval survival, weight, feeding inhibition, pupation, adult emergence and/or fecundity, only the Listera ovata agglutinin (LOA) (Orchidaceae) and Galanthus nivalis (Amaryllidaceae) agglutinin were effective against MPB larvae for all six parameters examined. Larval mortality and feeding inhibition caused by the most active lectin (LOA) was above 60%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003801120192
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of mating, age at mating, and plant stimuli, on the lifetime fecundity and fertility of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 287-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; oviposition ; host deprivation ; lightbrown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of mating, age at mating, the presence or absence of a plant leaf, and the deprivation of a suitable ovipositional substrate during when the first ovipositional bout after mating would normally take place, on the lifetime fecundity and fertility (percentage of fertile eggs laid) of female Epiphyas postvittana were investigated. Mating had a significant effect on lifetime fecundity, with mated females laying 2.5 times more eggs than virgin females. Age at mating had a significant effect on both fecundity and fertility, both declining with increasing age when the female was mated. In the presence of a leaf of C. japonica, mated females had a greater lifetime fecundity than when no leaf was present; females in the presence of a C. japonica leaf consistently laid more eggs each day during the first 4–6 days after mating than females without a leaf. When females were deprived of a suitable ovipositional substrate, for the first 22 h after mating, they were significantly less fecund over their lifetime than were control females. Finally, in no-choice tests with three plants of different acceptability to females, the fecundity of females differed in the order C. japonica 〉 Urtica ferox 〉 Tibouchina multiflora. This different fecundity appeared to be inversely related to the pubescence of the leaves, suggesting that leaf texture may be a suitable antixenotic resistance factor for crops to be protected from this insect. These results suggest that strategies whereby mating is delayed or oviposition reduced within a critical period after mating, may result in significant reductions in pest populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003674529752
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Modulation of Flight Activity in Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Females Studied in a Wind Tunnel (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 199-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Lobesia botrana ; flight activity ; wind tunnel ; atmospheric pressure ; flight experience ; mating ; age ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We studied modulations of flight activity in European grapevine moth females (EGVM) by individual observations in a wind tunnel. The effect of different factors was analyzed: variation in atmospheric pressure prior to the experiments, time of day, first experience of flight, age, mating, and odor of tansy, which attracts females. The circadian flight activity showed a peak the hour preceding the onset of scotophase and sustained activity occurred during the 6 h around this peak. Females with a flight experience in the tunnel took off more quickly than naive ones (3.9 ± 7.4 vs 20.3 ± 22.8 s). Three-day-old unmated females subjected to negative variations of atmospheric pressure (10 hPa) during the 4 h prior to the experiments increased their duration of flight (12.1 ± 8.7 vs 5.3 ± 3.4 s) compared to those not subjected to variation. One-day-old females were less active than older ones; flight was shorter than in 2-day-old females (2.7 ± 6.7 vs 5.1 ± 9.5 s) and fewer of them took off (28 vs 63%). Mating also affected the flight activity of 2-day-old females; mated females flew longer than virgins (12 ± 16.8 vs 5.1 ± 9.5 s) and took off more quickly (6.5 ± 14.4 vs 19.3 ± 20.1 s). Tansy odor in the tunnel did not significantly affect the flight behavior of virgin females, but it increased the proportion of mated females that initiated flight (87 vs 70%) and duration of flight (11.2 ± 24.4 vs 7.2 ± 13.7 s), and it reduced the latency to takeoff (2.1 ± 7.4 vs 8.1 ± 19.1 s). Flight duration in tansy odor was inversely correlated with the total number of eggs laid during the female's whole life. Our experimental settings did not allow observation of movements directed toward the odor source.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020914800170
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  • 14
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    Fine-scale resolution of closely spaced pheromone and antagonist filaments by flying male Helicoverpa zea (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key wordsHelicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Sex pheromone ; Antagonist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The limits of a male moth's ability to resolve closely spaced odor filaments have been investigated. Male Helicoverpa zea normally respond to their conspecific sex pheromone blend by exhibiting an upwind flight, which culminates in source contact by at least 50% of the bioassayed individuals. When loaded onto the same filter paper source containing this hitherto attractive pheromone blend, or onto a separate filter paper and co-emitted from the same pipette source with pheromone, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate severely reduced upwind flight and source contact by male H. zea. A similar level of upwind flight inhibition was recorded when the antagonist (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was emitted from its own point source placed 1 mm upwind of the pheromone point source, both plumes being simultaneously emitted in a continuous mode to form a confluent strand. However, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was less effective in reducing upwind flight and source contact when it was isolated and pulsed from its own source, placed 1 mm either upwind, downwind or cross-wind of a pipette source from which pheromone was simultaneously being pulsed, such that both filaments were separated in time by 0.001–0. 003 s. These results suggest that male H. zea are able to distinguish between odor sources separated by as little as 1 mm in space and 0.001 s in time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050372
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Trichromatic colour vision in the hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum L. (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 184 (1999), S. 535-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Insects ; Lepidoptera ; Macroglossum stellatarum ; Colour vision ; Red receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hymenopterans have long been shown to choose colours by means of the spectral distribution and independently of the intensity (true colour vision). The same ability has only very recently been proven for two butterfly species. We present evidence for the existence of true colour vision in the European hummingbird hawkmoth, Macroglossum stellatarum. Moths were trained in dual-choice situations to spectral lights of a rewarding and an unrewarding wavelength. After training, unrewarded tests were performed during which the intensities of the lights were changed. The results confirm that the species has three spectral receptor types and uses true colour vision when learning the colour of a food source. If colour vision is not possible since only one receptor type is receiving input from both stimuli, the moths learn to associate some achromatic cue correlated to the receptor quantum catch, with the reward. The moths learn spectral cues rapidly and choose correctly after one to several rewarded visits even when trained to different colours in sequence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003590050353
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  • 16
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    Torch-light Transect Surveys for Moths (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 15-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: census ; conservation ; Lepidoptera ; population monitoring ; survey techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of light traps in sampling moth populations is an established technique used by entomologists and ecologists. However, trap data partly reflect the variable attractiveness of UV light to different species of moth. There are also potential problems of the practicality and expense of running traps in certain locations. An alternative method of recording moth populations is developed, using a modification of the transect count technique used for butterflies (Pollard and Yates, 1993) and recently applied to moths (Spalding, 1997). During transects, moths were observed by torch-light in a 5 by 5 m box, before the recorder walked on for 10 paces, and recorded moths in the next 5 m box. The transect approach was tested in the field, alongside traditional light trap and sugar methods. Transects recorded moth species for relatively little effort, produced repeatable measures of relative density, and provided habitat-specific data. This approach is likely to provide a valuable addition to light trapping in biodiversity inventories, species surveys, and in monitoring the effects of habitat management for conservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009674321237
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    Bias in Butterfly Distribution Maps: The Effects of Sampling Effort (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 33-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: mapping ; database ; bias recording ; monitoring ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Data from the Greater Manchester Butterfly Atlas (UK) reveal a highly significant and substantial impact of visits on both species' richness and species' incidence in squares. This effect has been demonstrated for three different zones mapped at different scales. The significant impact of number of visits persists when data are amalgamated for coarser scales. The findings demonstrate that it is essential for distribution mapping projects to record data on recording effort as well as on the target organisms. Suggestions are made as to how distribution mapping may be improved, including a geographically and environmentally representative structure of permanently monitored squares and closer links between distribution mapping and the Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (BMS), which primarily monitors changes in butterfly populations. The benefit to conservation will be data that can be better used to analyse the reasons for changes in ranges and distributions, fundamental for determining priorities and policy decisions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009678422145
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    Restructuring of Lepidoptera communities by introduced Vespula wasps in a New Zealand beech forest (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 565-571 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsVespula ; Lepidoptera ; Phenology ; Shared predator ; Ecological impact
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Introduced social wasps (Vespula vulgaris) reach high densities in some New Zealand beech forests, because honeydew provides an abundant high-energy food source. We manipulated wasp density to estimate an “ecological damage threshold” for large, free-living Lepidoptera larvae. There will be a continuum of ecological damage thresholds for wasp density depending on the prey species or habitat. Experimentally placed small caterpillars had a significantly higher survival rate than large caterpillars, and the survival rate of both groups decreased with increasing wasp density. Spring-occurring caterpillars have a probability of surviving of 0.90–0.95, assuming wasps are the only source of mortality. However, at the peak of the wasp season we predict caterpillars would have virtually no chance (probability of 10−78 to 10−40) of surviving to adults. Wasp abundance must be reduced by at least 88% to conserve the more vulnerable species of free-living caterpillars at wasp densities similar to those observed in our study sites. This equates to a damage threshold of 2.7 wasps per Malaise trap per day. It was exceeded for about 5 months of the year in non-poisoned sites. There are currently no biological or chemical control techniques available in New Zealand that will reduce wasp abundance below this damage threshold throughout the year. Our models show that most Lepidoptera with spring caterpillars will be able to persist, but species with caterpillars occurring in the peak wasp season will be eliminated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050820
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    Synergistic Sex Pheromone Components of White-Spotted Tussock Moth, Orgyia thyellina (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1091-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; white-spotted tussock moth ; Orgyia thyellina ; (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one ; (Z)-6-heneicosen-9-one ; (Z)-6,(E)-8-heneicosadien-11-one ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; quarantine insect ; international trade ; eradication ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; microbial insecticide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In 1996, the exotic white-spotted tussock moth (WSTM), Orgyia thyellina (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), was discovered in Auckland, New Zealand. Because establishment of WSTM would threaten New Zealand's orchard industry and international trade, eradication of WSTM with microbial insecticide was initiated. To monitor and complement eradication of WSTM by capture of male moths in pheromone-baited traps, pheromone components of female WSTM needed to be identified. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analysis of pheromone gland extract revealed several compounds that elicited responses from male moth antennae. Mass spectra of the two most EAD-active compounds suggested, and comparative GC-MS of authentic standards confirmed, that they were (Z)-6-heneicosen-11-one (Z6–11-one) and (Z)-6-heneicosen-9-one, the latter termed here “thyellinone.” In field experiments in Japan, Z6–11-one plus thyellinone at a 100:5 ratio attracted WSTM males, whereas either ketone alone failed to attract a single male moth. Addition of further candidate pheromone components did not enhance attractiveness of the binary blend. Through the 1997–1998 summer, 45,000 commercial trap lures baited with 2000 μg of Z6–11-one and 100 μg of thyellinone were deployed in Auckland towards eradication of the residual WSTM population.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020833909739
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    Mating system evolution in response to search costs in the speckled wood butterfly, Pararge aegeria (1999)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 45 (1999), S. 424-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Key words Mate choice ; Search theory ; Costs and benefits ; Satyrinae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A general and intuitive prediction from models of mate preference is that when the cost of searching for mates increases, individuals should become less choosy. Here, we test this prediction by comparing the mating propensity of females in two populations of the butterfly Pararge aegeria. The populations originated from southern Sweden and Madeira and due to different adult emergence patterns throughout the year, the average density of males per female is likely to be lower on Madeira. Therefore, we expected that the cost of searching should be greater on Madeira and, consequently, that the Madeiran females should be less choosy. In line with predictions, the Madeiran females mated significantly sooner after the first interaction with males than did females from southern Sweden. This difference may reflect a weaker preference for territorial males over non-territorial patrollers in the Madeiran population, because of the greater costs of searching. The Madeiran females also showed a shorter time lag between mating and the start of oviposition. We discuss this unexpected result and propose that the same mechanism could also explain this population difference, i.e. different costs of searching for suitable host plants. Both search processes are fundamental for female reproductive success and we find it plausible that they can be generalised into the same theory of optimal search behaviour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002650050580
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  • 21
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    Concanavalin A inhibits development of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) and peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae) when expressed in transgenic potato plants (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 153-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: lectins ; insect resistance ; transgenic plants ; potato (Solanum tuberosum) ; Lepidoptera ; Homoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of concanavalin A (ConA), a glucose/mannose-specific lectin from jackbean (Canavalia ensiformis), on insect crop pests from two different orders, Lepidoptera and Homoptera, were investigated. When fed to larvae of tomato moth (Lacanobia oleracea) at a range of concentrations (0.02–2.0% of total protein) in artificial diet, ConA decreased survival, with up to 90% mortality observed at the highest dose level, and retarded development, but had only a small effect on larval weight. When fed to peach-potato aphids (Myzus persicae) at a range of concentrations (1–9μM) in liquid artificial diet, ConA reduced aphid size by up to 30%, retarded development to maturity, and reduced fecundity (production of offspring) by 〉35%, but had little effect on survival. With both insects, there was a poor correlation between lectin dose and the quantitative effect. Constitutive expression of ConA in transgenic potatoes driven by the CaMV 35S promoter resulted in the protein accumulating to levels lower than predicted, possibly due to potato not being able to adequately reproduce the post-translational processing of this lectin which occurs in jackbean. However, the expressed lectin was functionally active as a haemagglutinin. Bioassay of L. oleracea larvae on ConA-expressing potato plants showed that the lectin retarded larval development, and decreased larval weights by 〉45%, but had no significant effect on survival. It also decreased consumption of plant tissue by the larvae. In agreement with the diet bioassay results, ConA-expressing potatoes decreased the fecundity of M. persicae by up to 45%. ConA thus has potential as a protective agent against insect pests in transgenic crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009681705481
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    Pheromone Components and Diel Periodicity of Pheromonal Communication in Lymantria fumida (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2305-2312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Lymantria fumida ; Lymantria monacha ; nun moth ; sex pheromone ; periodicity ; calling behavior ; reproductive isolation ; disparlure ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane ; 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane ; (+)-monachalure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Extracts of pheromone glands from female Lymantria fumida were analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and by coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS). The two compounds that elicited responses from male L. fumida antennae were identified as cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane (disparlure) and 2-methyl-Z7-octadecene (2me-Z7–18Hy). Field experiments in northern Japan demonstrated that synthetic (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(+)-disparlure] and 2me-Z7–18Hy are synergistic sex pheromone components of L. fumida. (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyloctadecane [(−)-disparlure] had no behavioral effect on male L. fumida. Traps baited with (+)-disparlure and 2me-Z7–18Hy captured male L. fumida between 21:00 and 24:00 hr, whereas traps baited with (+)-monachalure [(7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-octadecane], (+)-disparlure and 2me-Z7–18Hy attracted males of the nun moth, L. monacha L., between 02:00 and 04:00 hr. Both temporal separation of pheromonal communication and specificity of pheromone blends seem to contribute to the reproductive isolation of sympatric and coseasonal L. fumida and L. monacha.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020873807864
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    A Novel Bioassay for Yponomeuta cagnagellus Oviposition in Response to Extracts of Host and Nonhost Plant Surface Compounds (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2547-2559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Yponomeuta cagnagellus ; ermine moth ; Lepidoptera ; speciation ; specialization ; plant surface compounds ; oviposition ; host discrimination ; Euonymus europaeus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Yponomeuta cagnagellus is a phytophagous moth species specialized on Euonymus europaeus. Host discrimination by the adult female is an important aspect of host specialization and is based mainly on the distinctive secondary chemistry of host and nonhosts. This paper describes a bioassay that was developed to study the effect of isolated plant surface compounds on Yponomeuta oviposition. Adult moths recognize their hosts through chemical stimuli on the leaf or twig surface. Relatively apolar compounds extracted from the host twig surface by washing in dichlormethane do not stimulate oviposition. More polar, methanol-soluble compounds do, and this stimulation is dose dependent. Moths are able to recognize hosts solely by their surface compounds: females show a strong preference for artificial twigs treated with methanolic extracts of their hosts compared to those treated with methanolic extracts of nonhosts Crataegus monogyna and Prunus spinosa (both of which are hosts for closely related Y. padellus). Shape and surface characteristics of the oviposition substrate also influence oviposition. The substrate needs to resemble the basic form of a twig (i.e., cylindrical), and females prefer a coarse surface with irregularities over a smooth one.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020882326462
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    An Oviposition Stimulant for Spicebush Swallowtail Butterfly, Papilio troilus, from Leaves of Sassafras albidum (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1233-1245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Swallowtail butterfly ; Papilionidae ; Papilio troilus ; Lepidoptera ; Lauraceae ; Sassafras albidum ; oviposition stimulant ; 3-trans-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Female butterflies of the spicebush swallowtail, Papilio troilus, are specialists, ovipositing on plants in the family Lauraceae. Column chromatography and HPLC were used to isolate an oviposition stimulant from the leaves of one of its hosts, Sassafras albidum. The stimulant was identified as 3-trans-caffeoyl-muco-quinic acid on the basis of FAB-MS and 1H NMR spectra as compared to a compound previously isolated from another plant. It was not active alone, but it increased the oviposition activity of butterflies when combined with other stimulant(s) at a concentration of 7 ng/mm2 leaf surface area. Other caffeoylquinic acid isomers tested did not have this effect. This is the first report of a swallowtail contact oviposition stimulant from a plant in the family Lauraceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020962422712
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    Behavioral Response of Female Codling Moths, Cydia pomonella, to Apple Volatiles (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1343-1351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Host-plant volatiles ; apple ; Malus domestica ; reproductive behavior ; codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Tortricidae ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Apple volatiles stimulated pheromone release, oviposition, and upwind orientation in female codling moths, Cydia pomonella. Green apples increased the percentage of virgin females calling, the duration of female calling, and advanced the onset of egg-laying in gravid females. In a tube olfactometer, both virgin and mated females were more active in the presence of apple volatiles than in clean air. They responded by walking while wing-fanning; mated females showed a stronger attraction response than unmated females.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020978826346
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    Volatile Stimuli Related to Feeding Activity of Nonprey Caterpillars, Spodoptera exigua, Affect Olfactory Response of the Predatory Mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1585-1595 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tritrophic interactions ; Lima bean ; Phytoseiulus persimilis ; Tetranychus urticae ; Spodoptera exigua ; Acari ; Lepidoptera ; infochemicals ; herbivore-induced plant volatiles ; nonprey herbivores ; feces
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of volatiles related to feeding activity of nonprey caterpillars, Spodoptera exigua, on the olfactory response of the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis was examined in a Y-tube olfactometer. At a low caterpillar density (20 caterpillars on 10 Lima bean leaves), the predators were significantly more attracted to volatiles from infested leaves on which the caterpillars and their products were present or from infested leaves from which the caterpillars and their products had been removed when compared to volatiles from uninfested leaves. The predators, however, significantly avoided odors from 20 caterpillars and their products (mainly feces) removed from bean leaves. In contrast, at a higher caterpillar density (100 caterpillars on 10 Lima bean leaves), the predators avoided volatiles from caterpillar-infested bean leaves. Volatiles from infested leaves from which the caterpillars and their products had been removed were not preferred over volatiles from uninfested leaves. Volatiles from feces collected from 100 caterpillars were strongly avoided by the predators, while the behavior of the predatory mites was not affected by volatiles from 100 caterpillars removed from a plant. The data show that carnivorous arthropods may avoid nonprofitable herbivores. This avoidance seems to result from an interference of volatiles from herbivore products with the attraction to herbivore-induced plant volatiles.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020888816525
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    Evolution and Adaptive Significance of Larval Midgut Alkalinization in the Insect Superorder Mecopterida (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1945-1960 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect–plant interaction ; midgut alkalinization ; phylogenetic distribution ; Mecopterida ; Diptera ; Lepidoptera ; Trichoptera ; polyphenolics ; alkylating agents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic distribution of reported midgut pH values among larval Mecopterida supports a model in which the common ancestor of this group possessed an alkaline midgut, with subsequent loss of this trait in the lineage leading to the muscomorphan Diptera. The relationship between midgut pH and diet guild rank within the Lepidoptera and Diptera was tested by assigning numerical values to diet guilds (i.e., fruit, grasses, herbs, trees and shrubs, and organic detritus). Lepidopteran superfamilies were found to differ significantly in both midgut pH and in diet guild rank. Regression of mean superfamily midgut pH against mean superfamily diet guild rank yielded an R 2 of 0.79 (N = 10), whereas regression of species midgut pH against species diet guild rank yielded an R 2 of only 0.15 (N = 60). Species feeding on foliage of plant taxa high in tannins and on Solanaceae have midgut pH values above 9, and midgut pH in species feeding on these taxa is positively related to diet guild. In contrast, species feeding on the foliage of plant taxa containing terpenes, DIMBOA, glucosinolates, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids have midgut pH values near 8, and midgut pH of these species is either not related to diet guild (all species) or is negatively related to diet guild rank when the analysis is limited to the Noctuoidea. The data suggest that decreased midgut pH in species feeding on plants containing terpenes, DIMBOA, glucosinolates, and pyrrolizidine alkaloids may be an adaptive response that overrides selection for high pH in the presence of tannins and that midgut pH may be one factor contributing to the limitation of the host plant range of many species of lepidopteran herbivores.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020946203089
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    Sex Pheromone Components of Casuarina Moth, Lymantria xylina (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2535-2545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Lymantria xylina ; Lymantria dispar ; Lymantria monacha ; Lymantria fumida ; sex pheromone ; reproductive isolation ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane ; 2-methyl-Z7-eicosene ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methylnonadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methylnonadecane ; (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methylnonadecane ; (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-3-methylnonadecane ; disparlure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract cis-7,8-Epoxy-2-methyleicosane is a sex pheromone component of the Casuarina moth, Lymantria xylina Swinhoe. The compound was extracted from pheromone glands of female moths and was identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC–mass spectrometry. In field experiments in Taiwan, traps baited with either or both of (7R,8S)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane (〉99% ee) [termed here (+)-xylinalure] and (7S,8R)-cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyleicosane (〉99% ee) [termed here (−)-xylinalure] captured male L. xylina. Addition of further candidate pheromone components to xylinalure did not enhance its attractiveness. Demonstration of whether or not female L. xylina produce both optical isomers of xylinalure, and determination of the ratio, will require pheromone extract analyses on a chiral, enantiomer-separating column (as yet unavailable) or derivatization of epoxides in accumulated gland extracts. Attraction of male L. xylina to either enantiomer of xylinalure contrasts with enantiospecific production of, and/or response to, epoxy pheromones in congeners. With no other nocturnal lymantriid moth known in Taiwan to utilize xylinalure for pheromonal communication, enantiospecific “fine tuning” of xylinalure, or evolution of a more complex pheromone blend, may not have been necessary for L. xylina to maintain specificity of sexual communication. Racemic xylinalure will be appropriate for pheromone-based detection surveys of L. xylina in North America.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020830309624
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    Identification and Field Evaluation of Components of Female Sex Pheromone of Millet Stem Borer, Coniesta ignefusalis (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 2643-2663 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Coniesta ignefusalis ; Acigona ignefusalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol ; (Z)-5-decen-1-ol ; (Z)-7-dodecenal ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Five active compounds were detected during analyses of ovipositor washings and effluvia from virgin female Coniesta ignefusalis moths by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennographic (EAG) recording from a male moth. These were identified as (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol (Z7–12:OH), (Z)-5-decen-1-ol (Z5–10:OH), (Z)-7-dodecenal (Z7–12:Ald), (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac), and (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9–14:OH) by comparison of their GC retention times, mass spectra, and EAG activities with those of synthetic standards. Laboratory tests of dispensers for these compounds showed that release rates from polyethylene vials increased to relatively uniform values after three to four days, but release from septa was very rapid and nonuniform and decreased to low levels after two to three days. Trapping tests in Niger showed that the major component, Z7–12:OH, and two of the minor components, Z5–10:OH and Z7–12:Ald, were essential for attraction of male C. ignefusalis moths. The most attractive blend contained these three components in a 100:5:3.3 ratio in a polyethylene vial, which emitted the components in similar proportions to those produced by the female C. ignefusalis moth. Water traps baited with this blend containing 1 mg of Z7–12:OH caught more male C. ignefusalis moths than traps baited with newly emerged female moths. Addition of up to 10% of the corresponding E isomers of the pheromone components had no effect on catches, but addition of the other two minor components detected, Z7–12:Ac and/or Z9–14:OH, to the attractive blend at naturally occurring levels caused significant reductions in trap catch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020839221609
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    Characterization of Pheromone Blend for Grapevine Moth, Lobesia botrana by Using Flight Track Recording (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 389-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Lobesia botrana ; grapevine moth ; wind tunnel ; behavior ; flight track recording ; (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadienyl acetate ; (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadien-1-ol ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-9-docecenyl acetate ; 11-dodecenyl acetate ; pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral responses of Lobesia botrana males to calling females, pheromone gland extracts, and synthetic sex pheromones were recorded in a wind tunnel. Gland extracts and synthetic pheromones were released from a pheromone evaporator. The numbers of males reaching the source and their flight tracks in response to calling females and pheromone gland extracts were compared to those of synthetic blends. Upwind flights to natural sex pheromone were straighter and faster than to a three-component blend of (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadienyl acetate (E7,Z9–12:Ac), (E)-7,(Z)-9-dodecadien-1-ol (E7,Z9–12:OH), and (Z)-9-docecenyl acetate (Z9–12:Ac) (100:20:5). The optimum ratio of E7,Z9–12:OH and Z9–12:Ac to E7,Z9–12:Ac was found to be 5% and 1%, respectively. An additional seven compounds identified in the sex pheromone gland were investigated for their biological activity. Two unsaturated acetates, i.e., (E)-9-dodecenyl acetate (E9–12:Ac) and Δ11-dodecenyl acetate (Δ11–12:Ac), increased the number of males reaching the source as well as straightness, linear velocity, and decreased the track angle of upwind flight. Optimum response was obtained by releasing 10 pg/min E7,Z9–12:Ac in a mixture with 0.5 pg/min E7,Z9–12:OH, 0.1 pg/min Z9–12:Ac, 0.1 pg/min E9– 12:Ac and 1 pg/min Δ11-12–Ac. The saturated acetates previously identified in the female glands were biologically inactive.
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    Are European White Butterflies Aposematic? (1999)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 13 (1999), S. 709-719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: Anthocharis cardamines ; aposematism ; Lepidoptera ; palatability ; Pieridae ; Pieris brassicae ; P. napi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been suggested that the white coloration of Pieridae butterflies is a warning signal and therefore all white Pieridae could profit from a mimetic resemblance. We tested whether green-veined white (Pieris napi) and orange-tip (Anthocharis cardamines) butterflies benefit from white coloration. We compared their relative acceptability to wild, adult pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) by offering live A. cardamines and P. napi together with two non-aposematic butterflies on the tray attached to birds' nesting boxes. Experienced predators equally attacked white and non-white butterflies, and the order of attack among the Pieridae was random. If anything, there was a slight indication that the female A. cardamines was the least favoured prey. Since birds did not avoid white coloration, we compared the palatability of these two species against known palatable and unpalatable butterflies by presenting them to great tits (Parus major). Pieris brassicae, which has been earlier described as unpalatable, was also included in the palatability test. However, there were no significant differences in the palatability of the butterflies to birds, and even P. brassicae was apparently palatable to the great tits. Our results do not unambiguously support the hypothesis that the white coloration of Pieridae would signal unpalatability. Nevertheless, in our last experiment, pied flycatchers often rejected or left untouched free flying P. napi and A. cardamines. This suggests that other features in a more natural situation, such as the agile flight pattern or odours might still make them unprofitable to birds.
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    Chemoreception of amino acids by female fourth- and sixth-instar larvae of the spruce budworm (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: spruce budworm ; amino acids ; chemosensilla ; electrophysiology ; gustation ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An electrophysiological approach was used to record the responses of maxillary styloconic sensilla of fourth- and sixth-instar larvae of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana to 14 amino acids. One cell in the lateral styloconic sensillum was identified as an amino acid-sensitive neuron. All of the amino acids tested, except l-proline and l-arginine, were detected by this cell. Arginine did not evoke a response from either the medial or lateral styloconic sensilla. Proline evoked responses from a cell in the medial styloconic sensillum. It is known from previous behavioural work that l-proline is a phagostimulant and l-valine inhibits feeding in Choristoneura; we thus further characterized the responses to these two amino acids. For both instars, l-proline was detected as low as 0.001 mmol/l and the maximal response was at 50 mmol/l. Stimulation of fourth- and sixth-instar larvae with l-valine showed that the maximum firing frequency was obtained at 1 mmol/l. Above and below this concentration, firing frequency decreases. Sensory responses to the amino acids stimuli did not correlate with known behavioral responses to similar stimuli.
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    Effect of larval phase and adult diet on fecundity and related traits in Spodoptera exempta (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 331-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: adult diet ; fecundity ; larval phase ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Spodoptera exempta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003196311580
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    Behavioural and olfactory variations in the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella, after several generations of rearing under diverse conditions (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 305-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: attraction ; Allium ; EAG ; generations ; green leaf volatiles ; Hyponomeutoidea ; Lepidoptera ; leek moth ; walking behaviour ; olfactory responsiveness ; rearing conditions ; sensitivity variations ; sulphur volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three strains of the leek moth, Acrolepiopsis assectella, were compared: two reared on leek leaves (Allium porrum) for which generations 10 to 12 (L) or generation 2 (G2) were used, the third one (D) reared on an artificial diet incorporating leek powder, for which generation ca 140 was examined. The walking behaviour (L and D) and the antennal responsiveness (L, G2 and D) were compared between individuals subjected to leek leaf odour and 4 volatiles identified in these leaves: 2 specific sulphur ones (dipropyl thiosulphinate and dipropyl disulphide) and 2 ‘general green leaf volatiles’ (cis-3-hexen-1-ol and trans-2-hexen-1-ol). The walking behavioural thresholds to leek odour, dipropyl thiosulphinate, and cis-3-hexen-1-ol were lower for L than for D females. The chemoanemotactic responses to dipropyl disulphide are almost identical, and trans-2-hexen-1-ol has nearly no activity. Accordingly, the olfactory sensitivity (assessed by EAG) to sulphur volatiles and cis-3-hexen-1-ol was higher for L and G2 females than for D ones. The threshold for thiosulphinate was at a concentration (v/v) of 4 × 10-4 M/l for D females, 4 × 10-5 M/l for L females and 4 × 10-8 M/l for G2 ones. It may be hypothesised that laboratory rearing conditions cause variations in the thresholds of antennal sensitivity and walking behaviour to specific and more efficient leek volatiles. This may result from the selective pressures experienced by the larvae reared in the laboratory.
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    Identification of the sex pheromone of Ostrinia palustralis (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 86 (1998), S. 313-318 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Ostrinia palustralis ; sex pheromone ; identification ; (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and a series of bioassays, (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:OAc) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11-14:OAc) at a ratio of 99:1 were identified as female sex pheromone components of Ostrinia palustralis. The average amounts of E11- 14:OAc and Z11-14:OAc in a single sex pheromone gland were 37.2±24.4 ng and 0.3±0.2 ng, respectively. In a wind-tunnel bioassay, the binary blend of E11- and Z11-14:OAc elicited the same male behavioral responses as did virgin females.
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    Olfactory and gustatory behaviour by larvae of shape Lobesia botrana in response to shape Botrytis cinerea (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; fungus ; Botrytis cinerea ; attraction ; olfaction ; gustation ; olfactometer ; larval behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In vineyards, larvae of Lobesia botrana (Denis and Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Botrytis cinerea (Persoon: Fries) often occur together. This study was carried out to establish whether first instar larvae are attracted by the fungus. Olfactory and gustatory responses of larvae to the fungus were investigated on grape berry clusters (Vitis vinifera) and in two types of olfactometer. In clusters infected partly by B. cinerea, 82% of first instar larvae settled where berries had been infected. In the olfactometers, first instar larvae detected and discriminated between two tested foods. They significantly preferred synthetic media or grape berries (cv., 'Alphonse Lavallée' or 'Cabernet Sauvignon') infected with B. cinerea to non-infected controls. The olfactory response led to 62.2% to 72.6% of the first instar larvae attracted by the fungus and the association of olfactory with gustatory responses resulted in similar rates (64.1% to 81.6%). So, the larvae were most attracted by synthetic media or grape berries infected by the fungus as compared to the controls. Olfaction appears to be the main sense involved in this attraction process.
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    Behaviour of pink bollworm males near high-dose, point sources of pheromone in field wind tunnels: insights into mechanisms of mating disruption (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 89 (1998), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae ; Pectinophora gossypiella ; cotton ; pheromone ; wind tunnel ; attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms by which the application of formulated pheromone interferes with mating in the pink bollworm moth (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella were examined in 0.4 ha cotton fields using high-dose (78 mg A.I.) sealed polyethylene dispensers. Walk-in, field wind tunnels 6.2 m long were placed over two rows of cotton. Treatments consisted of a control, a tunnel in a field free of disruptant formulation; a 3-rope treatment, in which the field was free of pheromone but one of the cotton rows in the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes; and a rope-grid treatment, in which the field was treated with PBW ropes at the standard density of 1000 ha−1 and one of the cotton rows inside the wind tunnel was treated with 3 PBW ropes. We released marked males into the tunnels near sunset or held them in field cages for 24 h prior to assay. Two pheromone traps at the tunnel's upwind end monitored the ability of males to locate point sources of pheromone. In the 3-rope tunnel, traps placed upwind of the cotton row treated with disruptant pheromone captured far fewer males than those placed upwind of the untreated cotton row. In the tunnel situated in the centre of the rope-gridded field, very few males were caught in traps in both rows, indicating a camouflage of the pheromone plumes from the traps by the background of airborne disruptant drawn into the tunnel from the field. Activity of moths near the synthetic pheromone sources was video-recorded. Males oriented to, landed on or near, and walked on or near, PBW ropes, indicating competition between pheromone sources as a mechanism of mating disruption. Most males visiting PBW ropes became quiescent or disappeared from the field of view after a few minutes, suggesting a habituation/adaptation of response. The rhythm of attraction of males held in the field for 24 h before release was comprised of a small peak of activity near 2000 h, with the majority of attraction between 2300 and 0300 h. Much of the attraction before 0100 appears to be an advancement of the male's normal diel rhythm, caused by the presence of disruptant. Together these findings indicate that mating disruption of pink bollworm using the PBW ropes is achieved by a combination of mechanisms: a camouflage of natural plumes, competition between pheromone sources, habituation, and some advancement of the male's rhythm of response.
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    A portable electroantennogram sensor for routine measurements of pheromone concentrations in greenhouses (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 87 (1998), S. 209-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Chrysodeixis chalcites ; EAG ; electroantennography ; electrophysiology ; greenhouse cultures ; Lepidoptera ; mating disruption ; Noctuidae ; paprika ; pheromone distribution ; sex pheromones ; sweet pepper
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mating disruption using pheromone dispensers is an emerging insect control method in greenhouses in the Netherlands. For routine measurements of the pheromone level in greenhouses a portable and compact device based on electroantennography (EAG) was developed. The instrument was tested in different greenhouses under varying conditions using antennae of males of the noctuid moth Chrysodeixis chalcites. Relative differences in pheromone concentration between greenhouses loaded with pheromone dispensers and control greenhouses could be measured in a reliable way. Changes in pheromone concentration were clearly demonstrated by measurements during the growing season. The advantages of the instrument presented over previously described devices are its true portableness, ease of use and uncomplicated measuring principle. The device can be operated routinely by non-experts, and many measurements can be made in a short period of time. Preliminary outdoor measurements using antennae of male Cydia pomonella as sensor showed the potential of the instrument for use in the open field. The portable EAG sensor described here may provide a practical means for monitoring pheromone concentration and dispersal from dispensers applied for mating disruption.
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    Development of pheromone-based mating disruption for control of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (1998)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 88 (1998), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; pheromone-based mating disruption ; Spilonota ocellana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The potential for pheromone-based mating disruption of eye-spotted bud moth (ESBM), Spilonota ocellana (Denis & Schiffermüller) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia was examined in small-plot trials. In a preliminary experiment, treatment of the orchard atmosphere with a 99:1 blend of Z8-tetradecenyl acetate (Z8-14:OAc) and Z8-tetradecenyl alcohol (Z8-14:OH) completely inhibited captures of male ESBM in pheromone-baited traps, but treatment with Z8-14:OAc alone did not. Therefore, all subsequent trials used the two-component blend as a disruptant. Mean catches of male ESBM in traps baited with 0.1, 1, 10, or 20 mg of 99:1 Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were significantly reduced (81–97%) in pheromone-treated plots relative to similar traps placed in control plots. In both control and treated plots, there was a significant positive relationship between trap bait dose and trap catch. In pheromone-treated plots, this suggests that high doses of trap baits over-ride the camouflage effect of disruption or overcome the effect of sensory adaptation and habituation. The number of virgin-female baited traps capturing at least one male ESBM was reduced by 96%, and mating of virgin females on mating tables was reduced by 95% in plots treated with the two-component pheromone. The total amount of Z8-14:OAc released from pheromone disruption dispensers during the latter field trials was estimated to average 6.4 g ha-1 over 11 days or 26.4 mg ha-1 h-1. The low levels of Z8-14:OH released from disruption dispensers could not be estimated by GC analysis. Dispensers loaded with a 99:1 blend of Z8-14:OAc and Z8-14:OH were highly attractive to males in baited traps, indicating that they have the potential to induce false trail following.
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    Differential Postalightment Oviposition Behavior of Monarch Butterflies on Asclepias Species (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 507-538 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: monarch butterflies ; Danaus plexippus ; Danainae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; oviposition behavior ; Asclepias ; Asclepiadaceae ; chemoreceptors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus L., oviposits mainly on plants in the Asclepiadaceae, particularly within the genus Asclepias. We studied postalightment oviposition behavior of monarch females on three host species—Asclepias curassavica, A. incarnata , and A. tuberosa. After landing on the host, they used their forelegs, midlegs, and antennae to assess plant suitability. When these appendages were examined by scanning electron microscopy, contact chemoreceptor sensilla were found. In choice tests, A. incarnata was most preferred, while A. tuberosa was least preferred. However, the use of appendages varied for the different host species. Antennae were most frequently used during post-alightment behavior on A. curassavica, whereas forelegs were used more often on A. incarnata, and all three appendages were used extensively on A. tuberosa. Use of the midlegs was generally followed by use of the antennae. Tasting with either forelegs or antennae apparently may lead to egg laying on some host species. Rupture of the plant surface by midleg spines was also observed. The behavior and host preference of individual females varied significantly and may reflect differences in receptor sensitivity.
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    Trail Marking by the Larva of the Madrone Butterfly Eucheira socialis and the Role of the Trail Pheromone in Communal Foraging Behavior (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 247-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: trail following ; 5β-cholestane-3-one ; pheromone ; cooperative foraging ; social caterpillar ; bolsa ; silk ; Pieridae ; Eucheira ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The larva of the Madrone butterfly Eucheira socialis (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) secretes a trail pheromone from the ventral surface of the posterior tip of its abdomen. Caterpillars mark trails by bringing the secretory site into brief contact with the substrate during a locomotive cycle. Foragers mark most heavily when they move onto new branches and little, if at all, when they move over established trails or when they return to the communal shelter after feeding. The caterpillars make careful comparisons of alternative pathways at choice points and select newer and stronger trails over older and weaker trails. Differential marking of new and established trails during nightly forays, coupled with sensory discrimination of trails by strength and age, leads colonies to abandon old trails in favor of new trails. When applied at a rate as low as 2.5 × 10 −10 g/mm, caterpillars followed synthetic trails prepared from 5β-cholestane-3-one, a trail pheromone previously reported from the tent caterpillars (Malacosoma spp.). Although both Eucheira and Malacosoma mark with the tip of the abdomen and have near-identical sensitivites to 5β-cholestane-3-one, our study shows that Eucheira employs a relatively unsophisticated system of trail-based communication and does not recruit to food. The trail-based communication system of Eucheira appears to represent an early stage in the evolution of cooperative foraging that is derived from, and motivationally linked to, conflict behavior.
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    Harmonic Radar as a Means of Tracking the Pheromone-Finding and Pheromone-Following Flight of Male Moths (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 287-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: radar tracking ; harmonic radar ; foraging flight ; Lepidoptera ; Agrotis segetum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021004209198
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    Mating Behavior and Reproductive Potential in the Turnip Moth Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 11 (1998), S. 343-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; turnip moth ; reproduction ; sex ratio ; reproductive capacity ; sexual selection ; mate discrimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the lifetime mating potential and the reproductive behavior of male and female turnip moths Agrotis segetum (Schiff.) under field and laboratory conditions. The sex ratio was 1 : 1 in a lab-reared population as well as in two wild populations. Males were capable of mating repetitively a relatively large number of times (mean of 6.7 ± 2.7 matings) when given access to new virgin females throughout their lifetimes. Females seldom mated more than once (mean ± 1.3 ± 0.6 matings), indicating a male-biased operational sex ratio. The mean potential lifetime mating was five times higher in males, while the coefficient of variance was lower in males. There was no differences in longevity between animals that were allowed to mate and animals not allowed to mate, indicating no direct costs or benefits of mating in physiological terms. In males, the number of matings was positively correlated with longevity, but this was not the case in females. Nor was there a correlation between the number of female matings and the number of fertilized eggs. There was a negative correlation between the number of eggs fertilized and the number of times males had previously mated, indicating that male ejaculates were limited. Male spermatophore size also decreased with number of achieved matings. Laboratory-reared females attracted males in the field throughout their lifetimes, with a peak at 3–7 days of age. Wild males, allowed to choose between pairs of caged females in the field, were attracted in equal numbers to females of different ages. Females did not show any mate-rejection behavior in the field. They mated with the first male that courted them. No incidence of mate replacement by males arriving later to already courted females were recorded.
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    Chemical Ecology of the Defense of Two Nymphalid Butterfly Larvae Against Ants (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1173-1186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ants ; Camponotus rufipes ; Solenopsis geminata ; Dione junio ; Abanotes hylonome ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; repellency ; defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed the behavioral responses of the ants Camponotus rufipes and Solenopsis geminata towards all instars of Dione junio and Abananote hylonome. We also analyzed ant behavior towards hexane extracts of larvae and extracts of the spines and neck glands of the fifth instars of both species and identified the chemical compounds present. Larvae of both species were repellent to ants from the first instar onward. Later instars survived ant attacks better than earlier instars. The spines and neck glands of the larvae influenced the behavior of C. rufipes. The chemical compounds contained in the hexane extracts of whole first and fifth instars and in the spines and neck glands of fifth instars were principally carboxylic acids and terpenes. Further bioassays confirmed the repellent effect of some of these acids toward ants.
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    Neurons discovered in male Helicoverpa zea antennae that correlate with pheromone-mediated attraction and interspecific antagonism (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 182 (1998), S. 585-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key wordsHelicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Single-cell recordings ; Antennal neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Responses of single receptor neurons in the antennae of male Helicoverpa zea to sex pheromone components and to behavioral antagonists were recorded using a cut-sensillum extracellular recording technique. Three types of sensilla were identified from sampling 325 male-specific sensilla trichodea located at the lateral edge of antennomeres. The majority of these sensilla (71%) contained a receptor neuron tuned to the principal sex pheromone component (Z)-11-hexadecenal. A second sensillar type (10%) contained a receptor neuron that responded only to (Z)-9-tetradecenal. A third sensillar type (19%) contained a large-spiking neuron tuned to the secondary pheromone component (Z)-9-hexadecenal, but this neuron also could be stimulated to equivalent spike frequencies by the same emitted amounts of (Z)-9-tetradecenal. A smaller-spiking neuron in this sensillar type responded to two compounds known to act only as behavioral antagonists, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and to (Z)-9-tetradecenal. Cross-adaptation studies confirmed the presence of one large- and one small-spiking neuron in the third sensillar type. Dose-response studies correlated to collected stimuli amounts showed that the large-spiking neuron in the third sensillar type was equally tuned to (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-9-tetradecenal, whereas the smaller-spiking neuron was far more sensitive to (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol and to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate than to (Z)-9-tetradecenal.
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    Evaluation of community indices in seasonal assemblages of butterflies (Lepidoptera) at different frequency of transect count (1998)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1998), S. 631-639 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: community indices ; Lepidoptera ; randomization ; species richness ; transect counts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Community indices were evaluated at different frequency of transect counts of butterflies by randomization. Randomized samples were obtained by re-arranging 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 counts from 18 counts at a study site (Hiraoka), and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 15 from 15 at another site (Narukawa), in 1994. Morisita's new estimate of species richness, QM gave a good estimate when the number of counts was five or more. QM estimated from the sum of both assemblages (58 species) was 70.7, while 73 species were recorded at least once from 1990 to 1994. The Octave method always resulted in an underestimation. Diversity indices, Shannon's H′, Simpson's D and β, Hurlbert's E(Sn), Itow's b, and Morisita's H⊛′ gave good estimates when the number of counts was five or more. Temporariness of univoltine species in flight period made a bias in the estimates. We concluded that the count is needed at least six times (once a month) and the estimates were improved by separating the multivoltine species from the univoltine species. Intensive counting during the flight period of the univoltine species was recommended.
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    The evolution of egg clustering in butterflies: A test of the egg desiccation hypothesis (1998)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 543-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: aposematism ; Chlosyne ; egg clustering ; egg desiccation ; gregariousness ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of many insect species cluster their eggs. Egg clustering by lepidopteran species usually results in aggregation of larvae that are more often conspicuously coloured and apparently distasteful or unpalatable than larvae of solitary species. While the costs and benefits of aggregation in terms of larval survival and growth are well documented, the evolutionary ecology of egg clustering has been long debated and is still unresolved. We tested the egg desiccation hypothesis, first proposed by Stamp (1980), which to our knowledge has never been examined experimentally. The egg desiccation hypothesis proposes that egg clustering is adaptive per se (i.e. increases fitness of females) by reducing egg mortality via desiccation. We tested this hypothesis for the Nymphalid butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia, an egg-clustering species on its sunflower host plant, Helianthus annuus. We first documented natural variation in batch size for this butterfly. We then tested experimentally hatch success of varying batch sizes and egg-layering arrangements under controlled humidity levels. Hatch success was positively related to relative humidity. Eggs in larger groups with greater number of layers had greater hatch success than smaller, monolayered egg batches, especially when relative humidity was low. Our results indicate that, not only number of eggs, but also the arrangement (i.e. layering and density), increase batch survival by protecting eggs from desiccation. However, despite increased hatch success in dense, multilayered clusters, we found wide variation in layering and density in natural populations of C. lacinia. This variation is probably maintained by trade-offs in egg survival, such as increased cannibalism of eggs by siblings, in dense clusters. Nevertheless, protection from egg desiccation provides an alternative explanation for the origin and maintenance of egg clustering in lepidopterans and possibly other insects. The pattern of egg deposition in the Nymphalidae supports this hypothesis, since most North American species cluster their eggs tightly, whereas most species in tropical regions lay eggs singly or in loose monolayers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006504725592
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    Stress-induced male sterility and mixed mating in the island plantCedronella canariensis (Lamiaceae) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 212 (1998), S. 159-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Lamiaceae ; Cedronella canariensis ; Apidae ; Bombus canariensis ; Lepidoptera ; Macroglossa stellatarum ; Canary Islands ; cross-pollination ; gynodioecy ; gynomonoecy male sterility ; mixed mating system ; nectar-robbing ; self-pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract On the Canary Islands, we studied reproductive ecology of the perennial laurel forest herbCedronella canariensis (Lamiaceae). Flowers contained small quantities of concentrated nectar. Flower visitors were mainly bumblebees (Bombus terrestris subsp.canariensis) and lepidopterans (especiallyMacroglossa stellatarum). Their abundance, pollen load, and behaviour are reported.Cedronella canariensis was facultatively autogamous. The P:O ratio was higher than expected for a plant with a breeding system of this nature. Seed set was not pollen-limited. Selfed and outcrossed seeds differed in weight. Small, lightly coloured flowers with dysfunctional stamens appeared towards the end of the season. This male-sterility might be induced by drought.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01089737
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    Ecology of aquatic Lepidoptera (Crambidae: Nymphulinae) in South Carolina, USA (1998)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 379 (1998), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Crambidae ; aquatic ecology ; aquatic plants ; distribution ; herbivory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An ecological study was conducted in May and June of 1995 and 1996 in South Carolina to determine the factors associated with distributions of aquatic Lepidoptera (Crambidae: Nymphulinae). Larvae were found at 65 lotic and lentic sites in three ecoregions (Piedmont, Sandhills, Coastal Plain). Nine species of aquatic Lepidoptera were collected from 12 species of aquatic vascular macrophytes. One to six plant species were used as hosts, depending on the species of lepidopteran; however, the number of host plants used by a lepidopteran was significantly correlated with the lepidopteran's frequency of occurrence. Significant habitat associations were found for five species. Langessa nomophilalis (Dyar) was found under the widest range of temperature and width and occurred in both lotic and lentic habitats. Munroessa icciusalis (Walker) was found in lotic and lentic habitats and had the widest range of recorded depths. Parapoynx maculalis (Clemens) occurred at stream sites with lentic-like conditions. Parapoynx obscuralis (Grote) occupied the widest range of pH and was restricted to lotic habitats, and P. seminealis (Walker) was found in both lotic and lentic habitats. Additional species, collected at fewer than 8% of sites, included M. gyralis, P. allionealis, Synclita obliteralis, and S. tinealis. Overall, the distributions of aquatic Lepidoptera in South Carolina were nonrandom and predictable on the basis of habitat characteristics.
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    Sex Pheromone of Apple Blotch Leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella, and Its Effect on P. mespilella Pheromone Communication (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 2059-2078 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae ; Phyllonorycter crataegella ; Phyllonorycter mespilella ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-10,(Z)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (E)-10,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (E)-4,(E)-10-dodecadienyl acetate ; interspecific effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-10,(Z)-12-Tetradecadienyl acetate (Z10,Z12–14:OAc) and (E)-10,(E)-12-tetradecadienyl acetate (E10,E12–14:OAc) are sex pheromone components of the apple blotch leafminer (ABLM), Phyllonorycter crataegella. Compounds extracted from female pheromone glands were identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses, retention index calculations of EAD-active compounds, and by comparative GC-EAD analyses of female ABLM-produced and authentic (synthetic) compounds. In field experiments in apple Malus domestica orchards in Connecticut, Z10,Z12–14:OAc alone attracted ABLM males. Addition of E10,E12–14:OAc to Z10,Z12–14:OAc at 0.1:10 or 1:10 ratios enhanced attractiveness of the lure. Geometrical isomers Z10,E12- or E10,Z12–14:OAc at equivalent ratios were behaviorally benign and slightly inhibitory, respectively. In field experiments in British Columbia, Z10,Z12–14:OAc plus E10,E12–14:OAc did not attract Phyllonorycter moths, supporting the contention that ABLM is not present in the fruit growing regions of British Columbia. Z10,Z12–14:OAc added to P. mespilella pheromone, (E)-4,(E)-10-dodecadienyl acetate, strongly inhibited response by P. mespilella males. Recognition of the ABLM pheromone blend by allopatric P. mespilella males suggests a phylogenetic relationship and previous sympatry of these two Phyllonorycter spp. If pheromonal attraction of ABLM males were reciprocally inhibited by P. mespilella pheromone, a generic Phyllonorycter pheromone blend could be tested for pheromone-based mating disruption of the apple leaf-mining Phyllonorycter guild in North America.
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    Sex Pheromone Components of Pitch Pine Looper, Lambdina pellucidaria (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 491-500 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; Lambdina athasaria ; Lambdina fiscellaria ; Lambdina pellucidaria ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; 7,11-dimethyl-heptadecane ; 5,11-dimethylheptadecane ; 7-methylheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Two methylated hydrocarbons, 7-methylheptadecane (7) and 7,11-dimethylheptadecane (7,11), are sex pheromone components of female pitch pine looper (PPL), Lambdina pellucidaria. Compounds extracted from the pheromone glands of female moths were identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled GC–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in selected ion monitoring mode. In field-trapping experiments, 7 and 7,11 in combination, but not singly, attracted numerous male moths. 5,11-Dimethylheptadecane (5,11) was detected by GC-EAD in female PPL pheromone gland extract, but did not significantly increase attraction of PPL males to 7 plus 7,11. Although 7 was 〉 10 times more abundant than 7,11 in pheromone gland extracts, traps baited with synthetic 7 plus 7,11 at a blend ratio of 1:1, rather than 1:0.1 or 1:0.01, captured the most PPL males. The chemical communication of PPL and spring hemlock looper (SHL), Lambdina athasaria, is strikingly similar. Both species employ 7 plus 7,11 as sex pheromone. Restriction of SHL to forests with eastern hemlock or balsam fir and PPL to forests with pitch or other hard pines contributes to their reproductive isolation. PPL and SHL may also use different optical isomers of enantiomeric 7 and stereoisomeric 7,11 to maintain specificity of their chemical communication.
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    Chemical and Behavioral Evidence for a Third Pheromone Component in a North American Population of the Black Cutworm Moth, Agrotis ipsilon (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 999-1011 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Feltia jaculifera ; Agrotis ipsilon ; sex pheromone ; wind tunnel ; pheromone traps ; male attraction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of Agrotis ipsilon had been previously identified as a blend of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7–12:Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14:Ac). A synthetic blend of Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac (30 μg:10 μg) is effective in attracting males in the field. In several countries, addition of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11–16:Ac) to the previously identified blend increases male captures, but this had not been demonstrated in North America. We found Z11–16:Ac, in addition to Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac, from pheromone gland extracts of females from North America. The mean ratio of Z7–12:Ac, Z9–14:Ac, and Z11–16:Ac produced by individual females was 70.5:14.2:15.3, respectively. In Kentucky, addition of Z11–16:Ac (60 μg) to a two-component blend of Z7–12:Ac and Z9–14:Ac significantly increased the trap capture rate in the field. Traps baited with this three-component blend were 3.3 times (1995) and 4.6 times (1996) more effective in capturing male A. ipsilon than the two-component blend. This improved effectiveness resulted in detection of A. ipsilon in 60% more of the sampling periods in the two years. In the wind tunnel, males flew upwind and contacted a rubber septum loaded with a three-component blend including Z11–16:Ac significantly more frequently than they did to any two-component blend. These results demonstrate that Z11–16:Ac is a pheromone component in this North American population of A. ipsilon.
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    Influence of Stimuli from Camellia japonica on Ovipositional Behavior of Generalist Herbivore Epiphyas postvittana (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1251-1275 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; chemical stimuli ; tactile stimuli ; light-brown apple moth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Stimuli from the plant Camellia japonica that influence the host-finding and acceptance behaviors of adult females of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana were investigated. In a binary choice test in a small (35-cm-diam.) arena, females discriminated between a plant and a laminated card model, laying many more eggs on the plant. Observations of females showed that the greater number of eggs laid on the plant were primarily due to on-plant behaviors, with females spending significantly more time per visit on the plant than on the model. Interestingly, females landed a similar number of times on the plant as on the model, suggesting that volatile chemicals from the plant did not influence host-finding. This observation was further supported by wind-tunnel studies, in which females showed little or no upwind flight activity in response to plants and laid similar numbers of eggs on upwind and downwind plants. Leaf surface texture, a combination of smoothness and fine structure (consisting of the midvein and other raised leaf veins), was found to stimulate egg laying by females. Methanol, dichloromethane, and pentane extracts were made of the waxes on the leaf surface. Of these three extracts, only the nonpolar (pentane) one stimulated egg laying by females. Although we did not find a role for volatile plant chemicals in host finding, they appeared to stimulate increased egg laying when the female was on the plant. It appears likely that these chemical and tactile stimuli in C. japonica are general stimuli, which may be found in a large number of plants and, in combination with the feeding preferences of the larva, may explain the generalist herbivorous nature of this pest.
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    Prediction of Resistance in Sugarcane to Stalk Borer Eldana saccharina by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy on Crude Budscale Extracts: Involvement of Chlorogenates and Flavonoids (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1447-1463 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Near infrared ; Eldana saccharina ; sugarcane ; host-plant resistance ; flavonoids ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Predictive models based on data acquired by near infrared (NIR) spectrophotometry suggest that components in extracts from sugarcane nodal budscales contribute towards resistance to the stalk borer Eldana saccharina. NIR spectra for 60 sugarcane clones varying in resistance to E. saccharina indicated that chlorogenates and flavonoids might be involved in the NIR calibration and also in the interaction between the insect and sugarcane. Two extreme types of flavonoid profile subsequently were revealed, one associated with resistance and the other with susceptibility. Incorporation of the susceptible type profile into a defined synthetic diet increased feeding initiation and subsequent survival of first instar larvae compared with the resistant type profile. NIR calibrations proved capable of predicting the resistance ratings of validation sets.
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    Biological Activity of Datura wrightii Glandular Trichome Exudate Against Manduca Sexta Larvae (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1529-1549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco hornworm ; Solanaceae ; insect–plant interactions ; glandular trichomes ; exudate ; resistance polymorphism ; oviposition choice ; acyl sugar esters ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Natural populations of Datura wrightii in southern California consist of two distinctly different phenotypes. The leaves of one phenotype are densely covered with nonglandular trichomes and feel velvety. The other phenotype is covered with larger type IV glandular trichomes that excrete a sticky exudate. Neonate larvae of M. sexta reared on velvety leaves developed significantly faster than larvae on sticky leaves. Larvae on sticky leaves took 28% longer to reach the prepupal stage. Survival and pupal weight were not significantly different between the two groups. First instars of M. sexta had a significantly higher consumption rate on velvety leaves than on sticky leaves. Removal of the exudate from stickly leaves significantly increased larval consumption rates compared to unwashed controls. Female moths did not show an oviposition preference; both in the lab and in the field the two trichome phenotypes of D. wrightii received similar egg loads. Because there were no significant differences in other nutritional factors between the two plant phenotypes, we concluded that the exudate was responsible for the effect. We isolated a complex mixture of sugar esters (SE) as the biologically active compounds in the exudate of D. wrightii. The SE mixture was composed of glucose esterified with several combinations of straight chain C6–C9 acids. By comparing GC-MS spectra of synthetic SE with the SE extracted from D. wrightii, we identified one of the SE as 3′-O-hexanoyl glucose.
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    Sex Pheromones of Thysanoplusia intermixta and T. orichalcea: Identification and Field Tests (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1105-1116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; attractant ; Thysanoplusia intermixta ; Thysanoplusia orichalcea ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Plusiinae ; (5E, 7Z)-5,7-dodecadienyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; reproductive isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Thysanoplusia intermixta, which inhabits the temperate zone in Japan, is a defoliator of plants in the family Compositae, Apiaceae, and others. By GC-MS analysis, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecen-l-ol, (5E, 7Z)-5,7-dodecadienyl acetate and (5E, 7Z)-5,7-dodecadien-l-ol were identified from a pheromone gland extract of the virgin females in a ratio of 18:3:100:13. A lure baited only with the major diene acetate could attract male moths of T. intermixta in the field. Other minor components had a synergistic effect on the attraction of the diene acetate. The same four components were included in a very different ratio of 100:6:11:1 in the gland extract of Thysanoplusia orichalcea, a closely related subtropical species. The monoene and diene acetates are essential for field attraction, and a 100:11 mixture is an optimum lure for T. orichalcea males. However, this mixture, including the diene acetate as a minor component, captured very few T. intermixta males, suggesting the possibility that these two Thysanoplusia species are reproductively isolated from each other by pheromonal communication.
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    Sex Pheromone of Female Vine Bud Moth, Theresimima ampellophaga Comprises (2S)-Butyl (7Z)-Tetradecenoate (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 24 (1998), S. 1141-1151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Theresimima ampellophaga ; Zygaenidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; (2S)-butyl (7Z)-tetradecenoate ; electroantennogram
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the vine bud moth, Theresimima ampellophaga, released at the 3rd–5th abdominal tergites, was identified by coupled GC-EAG, GC-MS, and synthesis as (2S)-butyl (7Z)-tetradecenoate. For the first time, full stereochemistry is unambiguously defined for the sex pheromone of a member of the Zygaenidae. The synthetic compound caught significant numbers of males in field-trapping experiments.
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    Perception of shape from shading in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and humans (Homo sapiens) (1998)
    Springer
    Animal cognition 1 (1998), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-9456
    Keywords: Key words Shape from shading ; Visual search ; Texture segregation ; Chimpanzees ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The perception of shape from shading was tested in two chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and five humans (Homo sapiens), using visual search tasks. Subjects were required to select and touch an odd item (target) from among uniform distractors. Humans found the target faster when shading was vertical than when it was horizontal, consistent with results of previous research. Both chimpanzees showed the opposite pattern: they found the target faster when shading was horizontal. The same difference in response was found in texture segregation tasks. This difference between the species could not be explained by head rotation or head shift parallel to the surface of the monitor. Furthermore, when the shaded shape was changed from a circle to a square, or the shading type was changed from gradual to stepwise, the difference in performance between vertical and horizontal shading disappeared in chimpanzees, but persisted in humans. These results suggest that chimpanzees process shading information in a different way from humans.
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    Stability of butterfly assemblages in relation to the level of numerical resolution and altitude (1998)
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    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1998), S. 967-979 
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    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: altitude ; biodiversity ; demographic stability ; Lepidoptera ; northern Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quick studies on biodiversity are frequently used in conservation assessments. Conclusions from these studies would be consistent if assemblages under consideration are stable over time. The stability of butterfly assemblages in the Picos de Europa in northern Spain was examined at several levels of numerical resolution. The survey was carried out in 1993 and 1995, which allowed at least one complete turnover of all individuals in each locality. Butterfly assemblages were usually stable at the levels of number of species and total number of individuals, species presence and absence, and abundance rankings. But, absolute abundances of individual species changed from 1993 to 1995 out of synchrony with one another. Regional distributions and altitudinal ranges of species were also stable. Assemblages were similar in both study years, judging by similar site ordinations by reciprocal averaging. Overall, these results are in accordance with most studies where stability has been examined at several numerical levels; they also suggest that abundances of individual species do not vary enough to disrupt overall assemblage abundance rankings. Butterfly assemblages at sites at higher altitude tended to be more unstable in terms of abundance rankings and absolute abundances. This agrees with ecological theory predicting less stable assemblages in physically ‘harsh’ environments. We concluded that monitoring for a relatively short time period can give a clear picture of both local and regional butterfly biodiversity and species composition.
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    The effects of island area, isolation and source population size on the presence of the grayling butterfly Hipparchia semele (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) on British and Irish offshore islands (1998)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1998), S. 765-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; biogeography ; islands ; migration ; colonization ; metapopulations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Records of Hipparchia semele on British and Irish islands have been modelled against island area, isolation (sea and land distance) and the size of the nearest potential source populations. All three variables have been found to contribute significantly to the presence or absence of H. semele on the islands. Isolation is a more significant predictor than island area. This result differs from the multiple species case where area was found to be a more important influence than isolation. Records on islands are also shown to depend on the size of populations at the nearest sources; this underpins the relationships identified for the multiple species case, first, between the number of species on islands and at nearest sources and, second, between the incidence of species on islands and at nearest sources. There are clear indications that smaller islands may become increasingly marginalized for H.␣semele; with ongoing habitat loss, because isolation increases and source populations become sparser, the probability of H. semele recolonizing islands also decreases.
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    The macrolepidoptera of farm woodlands: determinants of diversity and community structure (1998)
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    Biodiversity and conservation 7 (1998), S. 725-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: farm woodlands ; island biogeography ; Lepidoptera ; moths ; species richness ; woodlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Farm Woodland Scheme, which provided incentives to convert agricultural land to timber production, contained an implicit assumption that farm woodlands produce important benefits for wildlife. The moth fauna of 18 farm woodlands in the Vale of York was surveyed between May and November 1991. The aims were twofold. The first was to determine if there were benefits for moth species diversity. The second was to ascertain whether concepts of island biogeography and the plant species richness of the woods were related to the moth species composition. Eleven families, 214 species and over 16 000 individuals of moths were recorded. Classification of the species presence/absence matrix indicated that small woods (less than 1ha) did not have characteristic woodland moth communities. Woods larger than 5ha were judged to be more valuable for the long-term conservation of woodland moth diversity. The best predictor of moth species richness was the herbaceous plant species richness within woodlands. Species richness of the family Geometridae was positively related to woodland area, as well as to woodland shape (compact shapes being preferable to elongated shapes). Characteristic woodland species are influenced by isolation (less isolated woods being richer in species). The implications of different powers of dispersal between moth families are discussed. Farm woodlands will be of more value for the conservation of the Macrolepidoptera if they are large, compact and incorporate remnants of existing woodland with extant herbaceous vegetation. These should be factors which are taken into consideration when providing incentives to establish and manage farm woodlands.
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    Adult emergence rhythm of the egg-parasitoid Telenomus busseolae (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 141-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: emergence rhythm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; photoperiod ; Sesamia nonagrioides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The adult emergence rhythm of Telenomus busseolae, an egg parasitoid of Sesamia nonagrioides, was examined when parasitoids were exposed to different light-dark regimes. Most of the adult parasitoids emerged throughout the whole period of the photoperiodic cycle. Peak male emergence occurred 2–5 hours earlier than that of females. Adult emergence was asynchronous in continuous darkness or light. However, regimes of alternative light and dark phases such as L4:D20, L8:D16, L12:D12, L16:D8 and L20:D4 h generated a population rhythm with a period length of 24 hours. The peak of the emergence activity moves from the scotophase to the middle of the photophase with an increase of the photophase from 4 to 20 h. Rhythmical activity of adults was synchronised within 2 cycles when immature stages of parasitoid grow under continuous light conditions (LL) and then transferred to L12:D12. Moreover, emergence rhythm persisted and continued in a free-run with a period length of less than 24 hours by transferring a rhythmic culture from L12:D12 h to LL or RR (continuous red light) conditions, indicating the existence of a circadian rhythm. The ecological implications of the expression rhythm relate to better survival of the parasitoids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009984318289
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    Sex pheromone of pear moth, Cydia pyrivora (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: antagonist ; Cydia pomonella ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-yl acetate ; geometric isomer ; Lepidoptera ; sibling species ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone of the pear moth, Cydia pyrivora, is (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-yl acetate. A 5%-addition of the geometric isomers E,Z and Z,Z decreased male attraction in the field, the Z,E isomer had no significant effect. Traps baited with 10 µg E,E on grey rubber septa were attractive throughout the flight period of C. pyrivora. These traps allow specific detection of pear moth, and they are not attractive to its sibling species, codling moth C. pomonella.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009983613234
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    The life history and host range of Ectagagarcia, a biological control agent for Lantana camra and L. montevidensis in Australia (1998)
    Springer
    BioControl 43 (1998), S. 325-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: creeping lantana ; host specificity ; leaf-roller ; Lepidoptera ; Oecophoridae ; phytophagous ; varietal preference
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and host specificity of Ectaga garcia were investigated. Moths emerge in the morning and are inactive during the day. Eggs are laid and larvae feed on the undersurface of leaves of Lantana camara and L. montevidensis. Larvae spin protective cocoons from which they feed and in which they pupate. Development from egg to adult takes approximately 48 days. Forty-five plant species were tested to determine host specificity. Females laid eggs only on L. camara and L. montevidensis. In no-choice trials, neonate larvae fed but failed to complete development on nine test species. E. garcia was subsequently approved for release in Australia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009922310745
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    Control of codling moth in organically-managed apple orchards by combining pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; codling moth ; mating disruption ; Isomate-C ; tree banding ; organic apples ; biological agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption using Isomate-C®, post-harvest removal of fruit, and trapping overwintering larvae with cardboard tree bands, was used to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in four commercial ‘organic’ apple orchards in Cawston, British Columbia during 1989–1992. One application of 1000 dispensers − 1 on May 1 delivered estimated seasonal totals of 16.6, 16.5 and 19.9 g of E,E-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol [=codlemone] − 1in 1990, 1991 and 1992, respectively, at median rates of 8.4, 8.3, and 13.3 mg · 〈 ha−1 · ha−1 during dusk flight periods of first brood and 5.3, 4.7 and 4.6 mg · − 1· ha−1 in second brood, respectively. Over this 3-year period damage from codling moth at harvest ranged from 0.08 to 2.4%, and averaged 60.7% in these four organic orchards, while damage in five conventional orchards receiving sprays of azinphosmethyl ranged from 0.02 to 1.85%, and averaged 0.5%. Damage in an experimental orchard that was banded only, ranged from 43.5 to 56.7%, and averaged 48.9%. Between 1990 and 1992 cumulative male catches in Pherocon 1-CP wing traps baited with 10 mg of codlemone declined by 52% and densities of overwintering codling moth larvae declined an average of 49.5% in all organic orchards. Overwintering populations in the banded experimental orchard showed an increase of 57.7% during this study period. We conclude that an integrated programme of pheromone-mediated mating disruption, post-harvest fruit removal and tree banding, controls codling moth effectively enough to make organic apple production viable in British Columbia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002934116859
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    The influence of tactile and other non-chemical factors on the ovipositional responses of the generalist herbivore Epiphyas postvittana (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 147-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; visual stimuli ; tactile stimuli ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A bioassay to test the ovipositional responses of the generalist herbivore, Epiphyas postvittana, was developed, and various non-chemical factors that influenced the laying, and number of eggs laid, by females were tested. In choice experiments using various models, surface texture was found to be an important factor influencing ovipositional behaviour, with females preferring to lay on smoother rather than rougher surfaces. Another surface texture feature that influenced oviposition was a raised wax ridge on a smooth surface. The wax ridge stimulated more eggs to be laid within close proximity to the ridge. Observations of females showed that the increased numbers of eggs laid on models with a wax ridge resulted not from increased landing, time spent, or numbers of eggs laid per ovipositional bout, but rather through an increased probability of ovipositing after landing on models with a wax ridge compared to models without the ridge. Spatial features of the models were also found to influence egglaying by females. Females showed a tendency to lay on the upper rather than the lower surface of models, although this appeared to depend upon how stimulatory the upper surface of the model was. Females also laid more eggs on models with a dense array of leaves than on models with a more spread-out array.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002959605202
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    Heritability of flight distance for Cydia pomonella (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; flight distance ; dispersal ; flight mill ; heritability ; colonisation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is considered to be rather sedentary, but some individuals undertake flights of several kilometres in the field. This paper investigates the genetic influence on this variability. The flight capacity was measured in the laboratory by a flight mill and its heritability was estimated for two different strains. The laboratory strain was kept for more than 45 generations and the field strain from Embrach (northern Switzerland) was recently collected in the field. The multiple-trait-restricted-maximum-likelihood method was used for the estimation of genetic variances and covariances. A mixed full-sib/half-sib design was applied for the field strain and a full-sib design for the laboratory strain. The heritability of total distance was 0.57 for the field strain and 0.37 for the laboratory strain (both sexes). In addition, a heritability of 0.38 for total distance was estimated by parent-offspring regression for the laboratory strain. All three values were significantly different from zero P〈0.05 and show that there is a significant additive genetic influence on flight capacity. The genetic correlations between total distance and other flight traits (total duration, flight velocity, longest flight) were between 0.84 and 1.00 for both strains and suggest that these traits actually belong to a single one. High genetic correlations were also found between total distance and the morphological traits body weight and wing length for the field strain, whereas a negative correlation was found between total flight distance and body weight for the laboratory strain. This difference between the two strains was interpreted as a possible trade-off between flight capacity and fecundity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003195424159
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    In vitro rearing of Campoletis sonorensis, a larval endoparasitoid of Heliothis virescens from egg to third instar in an artificial medium devoid of insect sources (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 85 (1997), S. 263-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: in vitro rearing ; Campoletis sonorensis ; Hymenoptera ; Ichneumonidae ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; artificial medium ; sugars ; amino acids ; proteins ; luminosity ; medium volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Campoletis sonorensis is a solitary larval endoparasitoid of several Heliothis spp. pests. This study was carried out to develop media devoid of insect sources for in vitro rearing the parasitoid. Trehalose, lysine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, hydroxyproline, serine, bovine serum albumin, and lactalbumin were beneficial to C. sonorensis. Addition of fresh chicken egg yolk at a low level improved the artificial media. Addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone increased the molting rate, reduced the critical size at molt and decreased development time. Parasitoid development in vitro was dependent on eggs that had been in the host for at least 22 h. Luminosity was also critical for the development of C. sonorensis in vitro. Optimal development occurred in a L14:D10 photoperiod at 43 Lux light intensity. Utilizing the best media and conditions, 100% of the parasitoid larvae reached the second instar and over 37% molted to the third instar. However, no further development occurred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003154918980
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    Choosing a place to grow. Importance of within-plant abiotic microenvironment for Yponomeuta mahalebella (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: within-plant heterogeneity ; tent caterpillars ; temperature ; circular statistics ; Lepidoptera ; Yponomeutidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The caterpillars of Yponomeuta mahalebella Latr. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) are monophagous on Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) leaves. Adult females deposit eggs in batches, which determines larval gregarious behaviour. Coupled with gregarious behaviour, caterpillars spin silk tents within they will feed until pupation. Distribution of tents in the field, their effect in microenvironmental larval growth conditions and the consequences for adult body mass and survival of larvae were studied. There was a significant trend for tents to be placed with a southward orientation. Within-plant tent orientation was related to the sun-shade pattern experienced, which was the main effect determining thermal differences between the inside and the outside of the tent. These differences appeared to affect larval growth and survival, with higher survival of larvae and heavier adults emerging from tents oriented to the south-east and east, respectively.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002908817924
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    Mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, in white cabbage in south-eastern Norway (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 83 (1997), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: dispersal ; Lepidoptera ; Mamestra brassicae ; mortality ; Noctuidae ; parasitism ; predation ; survival rate ; white cabbage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mortality of eggs, larvae and pupae and larval dispersal of the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was investigated in a series of small-scale field experiments in white cabbage, Brassicae oleracea var. capitata (L.), and in the laboratory during 1990–1992 in south–eastern Norway. The highest mortality was found in young larvae and in hibernating pupae. In 1990, larval mortality in the first instar was 80% (range 9–97% for the individual cohorts). Most larvae died within the first 1–3 days after hatching. The dispersal activity during these days was high, and failure to establish feeding sites and predation were probably the main mortality causes. Pupal mortality during winter was 90% on average for 1990–1993 (range 81–100%). The main mortality factor was probably unfavourable weather conditions, and indications of cold stress were found. The impact from parasitoids and diseases was generally low. Trichogramma semblidis (Aurivillius) (Trichogrammatidae) was reared from M. brassicae eggs in very low numbers in 1991. Larval parasitism increased from 〈 1% in 1990 to almost 24% in 1992, and was almost totally caused by the braconids Microplitis mediator (Haliday) and Aleiodes (Aleiodes) sp. Predation of frozen larvae on the soil surface was 75% on average (range 63–96%) during 1990–1992 in first instar larvae and decreased gradually with larval age. The consumption rates of Philonthus atratus (Gravenhorst) (Staphylinidae) and the carabids Bembidion tetracolum (Say), Pterostichus melanarius (Illiger) and Harpalus rufipes (Degeer) on M. brassicae eggs and larvae were investigated in non-choice experiments in the laboratory. A preliminary survival model based on estimates of the mortality factors identified in this study is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003049010620
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    Behavioral responses of lightbrown apple moth neonate larvae on diets containing Bacillus thuringiensis formulations or endotoxins (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 207-219 
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    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: behavior ; feeding ; movement ; walking ; endotoxin ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Behavioral responses of individual lightbrown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), neonate larvae to Dipel or the Bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxins CryIAc and CryIBa incorporated into artificial diets were measured in choice and no-choice treatments. Frass production and the spinning of silken shelters were delayed when larvae were given diets containing Dipel or Bt endotoxins. In choice treatments larvae did not exhibit an initial preference for control diets over diets with Dipel or Bt endotoxins but accumulated on control diets over a period of days, apparently because larvae that first settled on Dipel or endotoxin diets abandoned diets while larvae that fed on control diets remained on diets throughout the experiment. Abandonment of diets containing Dipel or endotoxins was also apparent in no-choice treatments. Larvae exposed to such diets were more likely to be observed walking or at different sites from one observation to the next, and produced frass and silken feeding shelters at multiple sites rather than a single site. The implications of these findings for the use of B. thuringiensis as a commercial spray or for the use of B. thuringiensis endotoxin genes as resistance factors to be expressed in transgenic apples are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003039630691
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    Electroantennogram, wind tunnel and field responses of male Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides, to several blends of its sex pheromone components (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 82 (1997), S. 121-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sesamia nonagrioides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; pest monitoring ; electrophysiological behaviour ; EAG ; wind tunnel tests ; field tests ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; dodecyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The electrophysiological and behavioural responses of male Sesamia nonagrioides Lefèbvre (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to several synthetic blends of its sex pheromone components were investigated. Electroantennogram (EAG) recordings showed the greatest response to a 77:8:10:5 blend of the four compounds found in the female glands: (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-yl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal and dodecyl acetate. A logistic equation was fitted to the dose-response data and differences in relative EAG responses were analysed by deriving five parameters of this equation. Flight responses of males were also evaluated in a wind tunnel where the proposed blend (77:8:10:5) also elicited the best response. Field tests confirmed the laboratory findings as the 77:8:10:5 blend captured more S. nonagrioides males than other pheromone mixtures and showed more selectivity for male S. nonagrioides over other noctuid species, Discestra trifolii Rottenberg and Lacanobia oleracea L., but not for Mythimna unipuncta Haworth, a species with a sex pheromone composition almost identical to that of S. nonagrioides.
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    An inflated conservation load for European butterflies: increases in rarity and endemism accompany increases in species richness (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of insect conservation 1 (1997), S. 43-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; biogeography ; endemism ; conservation ; butterflies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The addition of species to the European butterfly list since 1983 has resulted in a number of highly significant changes. Most important are the increases in the number and proportion of endemics and of rare species, and a regional excess of species and endemics for southern Europe compared to northern Europe. There is also a surplus of Lycaenidae and Satyridae compared to other families, and an increase in species per genus associated with the reduction in genera. These additions raise two issues. First, the potential conservation load for European butterflies is inflated at species level. This is especially the case for southern Europe, which has disproportionate increases in rare and endemic species, more particularly if rarity and endemism are found to equate with threat of extinction. Second, the inflation in rarity and endemism suggests that there is a trend to promote ever more local populations (races, subspecies) to species. The taxonomic status of species being added to the list, a quarter of which are regarded as doubtful, is increasingly difficult to determine. Consequently, there is a danger that this may call into question the validity and objectivity of taxonomic practices, and of databases dependent on them, used by conservation. Revision of higher and lower butterfly taxa is urgently required.
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    Evolutionary conservatism of oviposition preference in a widespread polyphagous insect herbivore, Papilio zelicaon (1997)
    Springer
    Oecologia 111 (1997), S. 209-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Polyphagy ; Specialization ; Host plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed geographic differentiation in oviposition preference in the anise swallowtail butterfly, Papilio zelicaon Lucas, which is one of the most widely distributed and polyphagous butterflies in western North America. Among 13 populations that span 1200 km of the range of P. zelicaon in the Pacific Northwest of North America, the overall oviposition preference hierarchy has not diverged significantly, even though these populations differ in the plant species they use in the field. The results indicate that differences in host availability and use have not favored major reorganizations in the preference hierarchy of ovipositing females. Instead, this butterfly has a conserved preference hierarchy that varies within a narrow range among populations. All populations ranked the four test plant species in the same overall relative order, even though these populations differ in the plant species they use in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050227
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    (Z)6, (E)8-Heneicosadien-11-One: Synergistic Sex Pheromone Component of Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 19-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; Orgyia pseudotsugata ; tussock moth ; (Z)6,(Z)9-heneicosadien-11-one ; (Z)6,(E)8-heneicosadien-11-one ; (Z)6,(Z)9-heneicosadien-11-one ; sex pheromone ; synergism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three candidate sex pheromone components, (Z)6,(Z)9-, (Z)6,(E)8-, and (Z)6,(E)9-heneicosadien-11-one (Z6Z9, Z6E8, and Z6E9) were identified in pheromone gland extracts of female Douglas-fir tussock moths (DFTM), Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough). Their occurrence in subnanogram quantities in extracts and structural conversion during analytical procedures and bioassays complicated chemical identifications. Complete identification required comparative analyses of stereoselectively synthesized and female-produced dienones by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS). Determination of the pheromone component was contingent upon an experimental design that minimized structural rearrangement of dienones before and during the field test. In a 40-min field experiment, acetonitrile solutions of each of the above dienones were carried on Dry Ice to traps and were syringed onto cotton release devices below trap lids. In combination with the previously known sex pheromone component of DFTM, (Z)6-heneicosen-11-one (Z6), Z6E8 was the only synergistic dienone and the mixture was highly attractive. Because Z6 by itself attracts seven species of tussock moths (two sympatric with DFTM), a blend of Z6 and Z6E8 may impart specificity to DFTM pheromone communication. In commercial lures, this binary blend may facilitate species-specific, sensitive monitoring and efficacious control by mating disruption of this important forest defoliator.
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    Response of Egg Parasitoid Telenomus busseolae to Sex Pheromone of Sesamia nonagrioides (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2437-2444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; Hymenoptera ; Scelionidae ; corn ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; semiochemicals ; Y-tube olfactometer ; kairomone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory cues involved in the host-finding behavior of Telenomus busseolae Gahan, a solitary egg parasitoid of the corn stalk borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre), were studied. The female wasp was attracted to odors from calling virgin females of S. nonagrioides in a Y-tube olfactometer. No response was elicited by noncalling virgin female moths and/or mated female moths. A four-component commercially available sex pheromone of the corn borer was also tested, as were the individual components of the mixture. T. busseolae respond to the whole blend [(Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and dodecyl acetate in the ratio of 8.5:1:1:2]. Z11–16:OH was the only compound that elicited no significant activity. These results suggest that the sex pheromone released by the host female S. nonagrioides is used by T. busseolae as an indirect cue to locate egg masses of this host.
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    Oviposition Stimulants for Sulfur ButterflyColias erate poliographys: Cyanoglucosides as Synergistis Involved in Host Preference (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition stimulants ; Colias erate ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Trifolium repens ; Leguminosae ; cyanoglucosides ; linamarin ; lotaustralin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Host-plant chemicals stimulating oviposition by a Leguminosae-feeding pierid butterflyColias erate poliographyswere isolated and identified from one of its primary host plants, white clover (Trifolium repens). Females readily deposited eggs in response to methanolic extracts of the plant, and subsequent partition of the extracts with organic solvents revealed that chemical constituents critical for host recognition reside in the water-soluble fraction. Further fractionation of the hydrosoluble fraction by column chromatography led to the separation of an active fraction and two cyanoglucosides, linamarin and lotaustralin. Conspicuous oviposition response was evoked by unidentified polar compound(s), while these cyanoglucosides exerted no stimulatory activity by themselves. However, ovipositing females preferred samples containing either of the two cyanoglucosides. In dual-choice bioassays, significantly more eggs were laid on samples admixed with the cyanoglucosides, suggesting that the cyanoglucosides serve as synergistic oviposition stimulants and could play an important role in host selection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006362.96722.c9
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    Semiochemical-Mediated Location of Host Habitat by Apanteles carpatus (Say) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Parasitoid of Clothes Moth Larvae (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 459-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Apanteles carpatus ; Tinea pellionella ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Tineidae ; semiochemicals ; coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection ; host-habitat location ; tritrophic interactions ; geranylacetone ; nonanal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, adult Apanteles carpatus (Say), were attracted to beaver or rabbit pelts infested with larvae of the casemaking clothes moth (CCM)Tinea pellionella L. Porapak Q-captured volatiles from a CCM-infested beaver pelt were also very attractive, whereas isolated CCM larvae or larval feces were not. Coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analysis of the Porapak Q volatile extract revealed two compounds that elicited responses by A. carpatus antennae. Coupled GC–mass spectrometry (MS) in electron impact and chemical ionization modes of these compounds indicated, and GC-MS and GC-EAD of authentic standards confirmed, that they were nonanal and geranylacetone. While each compound singly did not attract A. carpatusa 1:1 blend of both compounds was as attractive as the volatile extract. Because these compounds are host habitat-derivedA. carpatus must be a habitat rather than host specialist, responding to kairomonal indicators of localized and specific habitats such as animal hair or feather. The tritrophic interaction between A. carpatusits clothes moth hosts and their animal-derived habitats is similar to the well-studied relationship between parasitoids of insect herbivores and their host plant habitats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006371.64333.c2
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  • 79
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    Seasonal Variation of Pheromone Concentration in Mating Disruption Trials Against European Grape Vine Moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Measured by EAG (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 487-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; pheromone concentration ; mating disruption ; electroantennogram ; vineyard ; plume structure ; fluctuations ; plant canopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Spatial and temporal distributions and relative concentrations of the pheromone of the European grape vine moth Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) were measured in mating disruption trials with electroantennograms. Measurements were carried out over several years during the flight season of the two generations of this pest insect. In three consecutive years significantly higher mean relative pheromone concentrations were measured in summer during the flight of the second generation of L. botrana than in spring during the flight of the first generation (P 〈 0.001). The relative pheromone concentrations in 1989 reached a maximum between late July and early August, when the highest mean daily temperatures were registered. In addition to the differences in mean relative pheromone concentrations, the spatial and temporal distributions of the pheromone differed significantly between spring and summer. EAG recordings taken in summer showed high, uniform pheromone concentrations in the treated plots, whereas in spring strong temporal and spatial fluctuations were recorded. In a vineyard defoliated by a hailstorm, the mean relative pheromone concentrations measured in summer were not significantly different from those measured in spring (P 〉 0.05), but were significantly lower than those of a nearby intact vineyard (P 〈 0.001). The results provided additional evidence that foliage is an important parameter determining mean pheromone concentrations and temporal and spatial distribution of pheromone in mating disruption trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 80
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    Identification of Sex Pheromones of Leucania anteoclara Sm. and Leucania commoides Gn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Hadeninae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 473-485 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leucania anteoclara ; Leucania commoides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl aldehyde ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol ; seasonal flight period ; abundance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone components of two species of Leucania that occur sympatrically in western Canada were identified in abdomen-tip extracts from calling female moths. (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was the main component and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate the second component in both species. The third component necessary for specific attractancy was (Z)-11-hexadecenyl aldehyde for L. anteoclara and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol for L. commoides. The third component for each species was an attractant inhibitor when added as a fourth component to the attractant blend for the reciprocal species. The most effective synthetic blend for the attraction of males in the field was Z9–14:Ac/Z11–16:Ac/Z11–16:Ald in a ratio of 1:10:4 for L. anteoclara and Z9–14:Ac/Z11–16:Ac/Z11–16:OH in a ratio of 5:4:1 for L. commoides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006372.82259.58
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  • 81
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    Reinvestigation of Female Sex Pheromone of Processionary Moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa): No Evidence for Minor Components (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 713-726 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; processionary moth ; Thaumetopoea pityocampa ; Lepidoptera ; Thaumetopoeidae ; minor component ; single cell recording ; behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The female sex pheromone of the processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa has been reinvestigated to look for possible minor components. Examination by GC-MS and GC-EAD of the contents of virgin female glands, after stimulation with PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide), showed that the major component, (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate (1), appears to be the only pheromone compound present in the gland. Comparison of female attractivity with that of the natural extract and synthetic (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynyl acetate showed that this chemical is able to elicit a similar activity to that displayed by virgin females in a wind tunnel. In single cell recording experiments, two specialist receptor cell types were found in the trichoid sensilla. One cell type was tuned to enyne acetate 1. The other one was tuned to (Z,Z)-11,13- hexadecadienal and (Z)-13-hexadecen-11-ynal, the major components of the pheromone blend of other Thaumetopoea spp., and constitutes a further example of interspecific inhibitor receptor cells. Our results show that the processionary moth may not need minor components for successful mate recognition.
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  • 82
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    Sex Pheromone Components of the Apple Leafminer, Lyonetia prunifoliella (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1119-1130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Lyonetiidae ; Lyonetia prunifoliella ; Perileucoptera coffeella ; Lyonetia clerkella ; Leucoptera malifoliella ; sex pheromone ; synergism ; 10,14-dimethyloctadec-1-ene ; 5,9-dimethyloctadecane ; 5,9-dimethylheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Three methylated hydrocarbons, 10,14-dimethyloctadec-1-ene (10Me14Me-1-ene-18Hy = 5Me9Me-17-ene-18Hy), 5,9-dimethyloctadecane (5Me9Me-18Hy), and 5,9-dimethylheptadecane (5Me9Me-17Hy), are synergistic sex pheromone components of the leafminer Lyonetia prunifoliella. Compounds extracted from female pheromone glands were identified by coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), and one compound, 10Me14Me-1-ene-18Hy, also by coupled GC–mass spectrometry. In field trapping experiments, 10Me14Me-1-ene-18Hy, 5Me9Me-18Hy, and 5Me9Me-17Hy singly were unattractive to males but in ternary combination attracted numerous male moths. Attractiveness of the three-component blend significantly exceeded that of two-component blends. No attraction of males to pheromone lures without 10Me14Me-1-ene-18Hy indicates that this compound is essential for pheromone communication of L. prunifoliella. Common C-5 and C-9 methyl branches in lyonetiid pheromone hydrocarbons suggest a common biosynthetic pathway; the presence of 5Me9Me-17Hy and 5Me9Me-18Hy in pheromone blends of L. prunifoliella and Leucoptera malifoliella provides evidence for phylogeny of lyonetiid chemical communication. Determination of the stereoisomeric composition is required to completely describe the pheromone blend of L. prunifoliella and to support the hypothesis of phylogenetically related sex pheromones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006390.43868.3b
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  • 83
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    Sequestration and Metabolism of Host-Plant Flavonoids by the Lycaenid Butterfly Polyommatus bellargus (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1361-1372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Polyommatus bellargus ; Lepidoptera ; Lycaenidae ; Coronilla varia ; Fabaceae ; flavonoids ; sequestration ; insect–plant interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the lycaenid butterfly Polyommatus bellargus were reared on leaves of Coronilla varia that are rich in flavone C-glycosides. Six flavonoids including isovitexin and isoorientin, as well as several of their congeners were isolated and identified by spectroscopic means. Comparative HPLC analysis of the host plant and of larvae, pupae, and imagines of P. bellargus indicated selective uptake of isovitexin versus isoorientin derivatives. Isovitexin-2″-O-xyloside was the major flavonoid detected in pupae and in imagines of P. bellargus. Several minor components were tentatively identified as quercetin- and kaempferol-O-glycosides based on their on line-UV spectra and by comparison with known standards. Since leaves of the host plant accumulate exclusively flavones, the flavonol glycosides are considered to be biotransformation products that are formed by the insects and/ or by symbiotic bacteria. Imagines of P. bellargus caught in the wild exhibited similar flavonoid patterns compared to imagines reared in the laboratory. Within the imagines, approximately 80% of all flavonoids are stored in the wings (especially in the orange submarginal lunules), whereas the remaining 20% resides in the bodies. Female butterflies show a significantly higher flavonoid concentration than males. It is suggested that the sequestered flavonoids are involved in visual mate recognition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006469.00557.69
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  • 84
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    A Genetic Analysis of Population Differences in Pheromone Production and Response Between Two Populations of the Turnip Moth,Agrotis segetum (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1487-1503 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; genetics ; population variation ; pheromone production ; behavioral response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic basis of the differences in female pheromone blend ratio and male behavioral response in the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, was examined by crossing individuals derived from Scandinavian and Zimbabwean populations. These two populations differ both in the ratio of the three major female pheromone components,Z5–10:OAc,Z7–12:OAc, andZ9–14: OAc and in the behavioral response of the males in both wind-tunnel and field-trapping assays. The female pheromone blend in this study is treated as the log ngZ5–10:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc and log ngZ9–14:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc for statistical analysis. The mean log ngZ5–10:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc, is under control by a major autosomal factor or factors, but it is unclear what genetic factor or factors may control the mean log ngZ9–14:OAc/ngZ7–12:OAc. Frequency distributions of the proportions of each component show wide individual variation and also suggest control ofZ5–10:OAc andZ7–12:OAc by major autosomal factors, which forZ5–10:OAc may show partial dominance. Analysis of male behavioral response to synthetic blends in the wind tunnel yields inconclusive results, but suggests thatA. segetum may have a broad window of response that reflects the range of individual variation in female blends.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006417.71996.46
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  • 85
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    Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Mediate Host-Plant Recognition by Ovipositing Females of an Old World Danaid Butterfly, Idea leuconoe (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1703-1713 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oviposition stimulants ; Idea leuconoe ; Lepidoptera ; Danaidae ; Parsonsia laevigata ; Apocynaceae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; parsonsianine ; parsonsianidine ; 17-methylparsonsianidine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A giant danaid butterfly, Idea leuconoe, specializes on apocynaceous plants such as Parsonsia laevigata, which has been reported to contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Females of I. leuconoe deposited eggs in response to methanolic extract of P. laevigata, and subsequent bioassay-guided fractionation of the extract revealed that phytochemicals crucial for host recognition by ovipositing females are Parsonsia-specific macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloids including parsonsianine, parsonsianidine, and 17-methylparsonsianidine. Parsonine, another P. laevigata pyrrolizidine component with a keto-dihydropyrrolizine moiety that is closely related in structure to male pheromones of the butterfly, and several nonhost pyrrolizidine alkaloids were entirely inactive. We interpret these data as strong evidence for an ancestral association through herbivory between danaid butterflies and pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006445.61545.82
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  • 86
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    Growth Inhibitory, Insecticidal, and Feeding Deterrent Effects of (12Z, 15Z)-1-Acetoxy-2-Hydroxy-4-Oxo-Heneicosa-12,15-Diene, a Compound from Avocado Fruit, to Spodoptera exigua (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1819-1831 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Spodoptera exigua ; Persea americana ; avocado ; idioblast cells ; persin ; (12Z,15Z)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12,15-diene ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We isolated and identified (12Z,15Z)-1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxoheneicosa-12,15-diene (persin) from avocado as a compound toxic to Spodoptera exigua larvae. Persin was obtained from oil extracted from the specialized idioblast cells of avocado fruit. When tested for activity using neonates in no-choice artificial diet bioassays, persin at concentrations of 200 μg/g inhibited growth; larvae gained only ∼50% of the weight attained by control insects after seven days. At concentrations of 400 μg/g or above, larval growth was reduced by 〉70% as measured by weight gain, and significant mortality occurred. In choice tests, persin at concentrations of 400 μg/g or higher deterred feeding, with significantly more larvae being found on control diet than on persin-treated diet. Possible applications of persin as a natural insecticide are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006453.40940.a8
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  • 87
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    Optimization of Pheromone Dispensers for Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2145-2159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Plutellidae ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; Plutella xylostella L. ; diamondback moth ; sex pheromone ; dispenser ; cabbage ; pheromone evaporation rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the effects of pheromone dispenser design, pheromone release rate, and the products of Z11–16:Ald decomposition on the attractiveness of the pheromone blend (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol) in traps to Plutella xylostella males. Rubber minidispensers (K-50) were shown to have an active exposure time of at least two months and in delta traps to be capable of monitoring a population of P. xylostella throughout the summer in Estonia. Pheromone release rates between 8 and 17 ng/hr are recommended for maximum trap catches. The attractive blend contained 15–35% of Z11–16:Ac. Decomposition products of Z11–16:Ald inhibited the activity of the pheromone blend when more than 50% of the aldehyde had decomposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006435.13481.ba
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  • 88
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    Ductin, a component of the V-ATPase, is developmentally regulated in Heliothis virescens midgut, and anti-ductin antibodies label lateral membranes (1997)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 289 (1997), S. 97-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Plasma membrane ; Goblet cell ; Gap junction ; 16-kDa proteolipid ; Lepidoptera ; Larvae ; V-ATPase ; Heliothis virescens (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We previously cloned from Heliothis virescens a 16-kDa protein that is homologous to other ductin sequences. We also reported its immunolocalization with a specific affinity-purified anti-peptide antibody in the midgut and Malpighian tubule of feeding larvae, and concluded that the cloned proteolipid encodes the V-ATPase proton-transporting subunit c from the V0 sector. We now present the immunolocalization of this protein in the midgut during the L4-L5 larval molt and early post-ecdysis into the fifth instar in H. virescens. The results show that the spatial expression of the 16-kDa protein is developmentally regulated. Labeling by anti-peptide antibody varies during the molt in the midgut goblet cell apical plasma membrane and the goblet cell apical valve. Epifluorescence and confocal microscopy revealed strong anti-ductin labeling in areas of cell-to-cell contact during the molt, and during early post-ecdysis into the fifth larval instar. The characteristic labeling pattern observed in areas of cell-to-cell contact is consistent with the claimed involvement of ductins in gap junctions. Conclusive evidence for the presence of the 16-kDa protein in areas of cell-to-cell contact in the midgut of feeding larvae is, however, lacking. V-ATPase regulation during the molt was also investigated by simultaneous immunohistochemistry with an anti-B subunit antiserum, a probe for the V1 sector.
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  • 89
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    Selective UV-induced damage to short-wavelength receptor cells in the butterflyPapilio xuthus (1997)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 200 (1997), S. 112-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; UV-induced cell damage ; Photoreceptor ; Eye ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A technique that allows the specific inactivation of short-wavelength-sensitive photoreceptive cells has been needed for a long time. Such a technique could be useful in studies on the role(s) of UV-receptors in circadian rhythmicity, recognition of floral patterns, homing behaviour, and mate selection in arthropods. We provide ultrastructural evidence that short-wavelength receptor cells can be selectively damaged without affecting other spectral-cell types. Since the method does not require the killing of the experimental animal, the latter can be used in behavioural or other follow-up tests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01280739
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  • 90
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    Analysis of the cis-acting DNA elements required for piggyBac transposable element excision (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 255 (1997), S. 605-610 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words Transposable element ; Excision ; Recombination ; piggyBac ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The terminal DNA sequence requirements for piggyBac transposable element excision were explored using a plasmid-based assay in transfected, cultured insect cells. A donor plasmid containing duplicate 3′piggyBac terminal inverted repeats was constructed that allowed individual nucleotides or groups of nucleotides within one of the 3′ repeats to be mutated. The relative extent of excision using the mutated end versus the wild-type end was then assayed. Removal of even one of the terminal 3′ G nucleotides from the piggyBac inverted repeat, or removal of the dinucleotide AA from the flanking TTAA target site prevents excision of piggyBac at the mutated terminus. Incorporation of an asymmetric TTAC target site at the 3′ end does not prevent excision from the mutated end. Thus, both piggyBac DNA and flanking host DNA appear to play crucial roles in the excision process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004380050534
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    Allozyme variation in Parnassius mnemosyne (L.) (Lepidoptera) populations in North-East Hungary: variation within a subspecies group (1997)
    Springer
    Genetica 101 (1997), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: allozyme frequencies ; genetic drift ; heterozygote deficiency ; Lepidoptera ; Parnassius mnemosyne
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allozyme polymorphism was studied in 11 Parnassius mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) populations in North-East Hungary. Significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were observed in several cases due to heterozygote deficiency. Genetic variability did not display geographical pattern; the level of genetic differentiation was similar between adjacent populations and between populations originating from different geographical regions. Even a completely isolated population was not differentiated markedly from the others. Thus, genetic drift can be expected as the main evolutionary force acting in the populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018368622549
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    Development and Pheromone Communication Systems in Hybrids of Agrotis ipsilon and Agrotis segetum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 191-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis ipsilon ; Agrotis segetum ; hybridization ; pheromone ; diapause ; migration ; sexual isolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Hybrids were obtained by crossing males of the turnip moth Agrotis segetum, which has a period of arrested development in the larval stage, with females of the migrant and nondiapausing black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon. No progeny were obtained by crossing females of A. segetum with males of A. ipsilon. Backcrosses were successful only by crossing hybrids with both sexes of A. ipsilon. No larval oligopause occurred when hybrid larvae were reared under conditions inducing arrest in A. segetum (12L:12D, 21°C). Wind tunnel tests showed interattractiveness of F1 hybrids with A. ipsilon but not with A. segetum. Single sensillum recordings of pheromone-sensitive hairs on the antennae of males of the parent species revealed differences in the distribution of sensilla. F1 and F2 hybrids exhibited the same receptor cell types and distribution as A. ipsilon. Gas chromatographic analysis of female pheromone gland extracts revealed that F1 hybrids were also very close to A. ipsilon.
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    Resolution of Pheromonal Epoxydienes by Chiral HPLC, Stereochemistry of Separated Enantiomers, and Their Field Evaluation (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1403-1417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chiral HPLC ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; epoxydiene ; stereochemistry ; Mosher's method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Resolution of insect pheromonal cis-epoxydiene racemates derived from (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-trienes with a C18–C23 chain was examined utilizing chiral HPLC columns, and the result showed that a Chiralpak AS column was suitable to separate enantiomers of the 3,4-epoxides, and a Chiralpak AD column was indispensable for the resolution of the racemic 6,7- and 9,10-epoxides. The absolute configuration of the enantiomers of the 3,4- and 9,10-epoxides separated by HPLC was studied after methanolysis of their epoxy rings. Examination of the 1H NMR data from esters of the methoxyalcohols produced by a modified Mosher's method with (S)- and (R)-α-methoxy-α-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid indicated that the dextrorotatory parent epoxides with a shorter R t were 3S,4R and 9S,10R isomers and the levorotatory enantiomers having a longer R t possessed 3R,4S and 9R,10S configuration. Field tests with both enantiomers of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene separated by HPLC with the chiral column revealed new specific attraction of geometrid forest defoliators, Pachyerannis obliquaria, to the 3R,4S isomer and Zethenia albonotaria nesiotis to the 3S,4R isomer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006472.12370.c6
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    Individual Variation and Repeatability of Sex Pheromone Emission of Female Turnip Moths Agrotis segetum (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1833-1850 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Agrotis segetum ; Lepidoptera ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; individual variation ; repeatability ; effluvia entrainment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Individual variation of the female sex pheromone signal in Agrotis segetum was determined by gas chromatographic analysis. The individuals varied extensively, both in absolute and relative amounts of the three major pheromone components; Z5–10:OAc, Z7–12:OAc and Z9–14:OAc. Within individuals there was a strong correspondence between the sex pheromone gland content and the signal actually emitted. Both pheromone amounts and proportions of components were correlated with effluvia and extracts; with coefficients of 0.55 for total amounts and 0.66 for proportions. In addition, the repeatability of emitted pheromone components by individual females over three calling periods was high, with correlation coefficients between 0.43 and 0.72. Variation among individual females, however, was observed. There were no significant differences between wild-collected and laboratory-reared females in average ratios of the major pheromone components in pheromone gland extracts, only in total amounts. The biological significance of the inter-individual variation among females is discussed in the context of population dynamics and sexual selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006454.84415.5f
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    Identification of Sex Pheromone Components of Nettle Caterpillar, Setothosea asigna (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2187-2196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Setothosea asigna ; nettle caterpillar ; Limacodidae ; Lepidoptera ; sex pheromone ; (E)-9-dodecenal ; (E)-9,11-dodecadienal ; oil palm ; Elaeis guineensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) analyses of female nettle caterpillar, Setothosea asigna, pheromone gland extracts revealed seven antennally active compounds. Based on their retention indices on three fused silica columns (DB-5, DB-23, and DB-210), these compounds were hypothesized and, through comparative GC, GC-EAD and GC-mass spectrometry with authentic standards, confirmed to be Δ10-undecenal, dodecanal, (E)-9-dodecenal (E9–12:Ald), (Z)-9-dodecenal, (E)-9-dodecen-1-ol, (E)-9,11-dodecadienal (E9,11–12:Ald), and (E)-9,11-dodecadienol. E9–12:Ald and E9,11–12:Ald were most abundant in female S. asigna pheromone extracts. In field trapping experiments in Palembang, Indonesia, synthetic E9–12: Ald and E9,11–12:Ald at a 1:1 ratio, but not singly, attracted S. asigna males. Attractiveness of these two aldehydes could not be enhanced further through the addition of their corresponding alcohols and/or other aldehydic candidate pheromone components. Use of E9–12:Ald and E9,11–12:Ald for pheromone-based monitoring of S. asigna populations will require lure formulations that minimize pheromone degradation by ultraviolet radiation and atmospheric oxidation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006438.03728.1a
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  • 96
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    Feeding Deterrents and Sensitivity Suppressors for Pieris rapae Larvae in Wheat Germ Diet (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 51-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; wheat germ diet ; feeding deterrent ; habituation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Rejection of wheat germ diet by cabbage-reared Pieris rapae larvae is explained by the fact that the diet contains strong feeding deterrents to the larvae. These deterrents were present mainly in hexane and butanol (BuOH) fractions of diet extracts, but the post-BuOH water fraction also showed some deterrent activity. Although minor diet components such as sorbic acid had a weak deterrent effect, wheat germ was primarily responsible for the activity. Seven compounds isolated from the BuOH extract of wheat germ were deterrent to the larvae. UV spectra suggested that most of these compounds are apigenin-based flavones. Fractionation of the hexane extracts showed that most of the active compounds were methanol-soluble, and HPLC of the MeOH fractions revealed the presence of active compounds that were absent in the BuOH extract of wheat germ, as well as other compounds that were common to both fractions. Acceptance of nasturtium by P. rapae larvae reared on wheat germ diet is explained by a type of “cross habituation” of the larvae to feeding deterrents. When larvae were reared on cabbage leaves treated with chemical fractions from wheat germ diet, they readily accepted nasturtium, which is normally refused by cabbage-reared P. rapae larvae, due to the presence of strong feeding deterrents in the plant. A high percentage of diet-reared larvae also fed on Erysimum cheiranthoides and Iberis amara, which are normally rejected. The chemical constituents encountered in wheat germ can almost completely account for the larval acceptance of nasturtium. The suitability of wheat germ diet for rearing phytophagous insects for behavioral assays must be questioned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006345.90669.7c
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  • 97
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    Alkaloidal Glycosidase Inhibitors and Digestive Glycosidase Inhibition in Specialist and Generalist Herbivores of Omphalea diandra (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 119-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Urania fulgens ; Lepidoptera ; Uraniidae ; Omphalea diandra ; Euphorbiaceae ; alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors ; glycosidases ; sequestration ; generalist/specialist herbivores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Generalist herbivores of the neotropical liana Omphalea diandra (Euphorbiaceae) were compared to the specialist herbivore, larvae of the uraniid moth Urania fulgens, with respect to their ability to accumulate the alkaloidal glycosidase inhibitors (AGIs) produced by the plant and the resistance of their digestive glycosidases to inhibition by these AGIs. The generalist herbivores did not accumulate the AGI aglycones 2R,5R-dihydroxymethyl-3R,4R-dihydroxypyrrolidine (DMDP) and 2,6-dideoxy-2,6-imino-D-glycero-L-gulo-heptitol (HNJ) to the levels detected in larvae of U. fulgens, which contained 0.05–0.11% dry weight DMDP and 0.17–0.35% HNJ. Glucosides of DMDP and HNJ that were synthesized by O. diandra were either absent from both the generalist and the specialist herbivores or present at low levels (less than 0.01%), even though HNJ-glucoside was often the most abundant AGI in the foliage. Analyses of the herbivores' feces indicated that failure to accumulate AGIs was due to the compounds being metabolized rather than excreted. The digestive glycosidases of U. fulgens larvae were more resistant to inhibition by AGI aglycones than those of the generalist herbivores. Similarly, sucrose and maltose hydrolysis in two of the generalist lepidopteran herbivores, larvae of Panthiades ballus and Theope virgilius, was more resistant to inhibition by DMDP than in larvae of Spodoptera littoralis, a lepidopteran which does not encounter O. diandra in nature. There was little difference in the susceptibility to AGIs of glycosidases from the generalist coleopteran Rhabdopterus fulvipes, which naturally feeds on O. diandra, compared with the coleopteran Dermestes maculatus, which does not. The glucoside of HNJ was found to be a very potent inhibitor of trehalase activity in all the insects examined. AGIs are considered to reduce the nutritional value of O. diandra to nonadapted herbivores rather than be acutely toxic. Nevertheless, U. fulgens does appear to be unique among Omphalea-feeding insects in its ability to accumulate AGIs, suggesting that it gains some advantage from storing these compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006349.84075.f0
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  • 98
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    Behavioral Effects of Carotenoid Sequestration by the Parsnip WebwormDepressaria pastinacella (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2707-2719 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Depressaria pastinacella ; parsnip webworm ; Pastinaca sativa ; wild parsnip ; lutein ; UV avoidance ; phototoxicity ; antioxidant ; carotenoid ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The parsnip webwormDepressaria pastinacella, acquires a distinct yellow stripe when it consumes the yellow flowers of its principal host plantPastinaca sativa, the wild parsnip. Caterpillars raised on artificial diet lacking host-plant material lack this yellow coloration. By chemical characterization and comparison of caterpillars raised on parsnip flowers and on artificial diet, we were able to determine that lutein, along with smaller amounts of other xanthophylls from the host plant, is selectively sequestered in the fat body. In bioassays designed to measure avoidance of ultraviolet light, caterpillars raised on parsnip flowers or on artificial diet supplemented with lutein were less likely to avoid exposure to ultraviolet light than caterpillars raised on unaugmented artificial diet and thus lacking sequestered carotenoids. The ability to sequester xanthophylls, which are highly effective antioxidants, may confer a selective advantage on these caterpillars, whose apiaceous host plants produce large quantities of furanocoumarins, natural products that are photoactivated by light wavelengths in the ultraviolet region; such sequestered pigments may reduce not only the oxidative stress associated with ultraviolet light and diurnal foraging but also the photooxidative stress associated with ingestion of photoactive furanocoumarins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022506925620
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  • 99
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    Bioisosteric Approach to Elucidation of Binding of the Acetate Group of a Moth Sex Pheromone Component to Its Receptor (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 2755-2776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Agrotis segetum ; (Z)-5-decenyl acetate ; pheromone analogs ; structure–activity ; bioisosteres ; single-sensillum recordings ; receptor interaction ; molecular electrostatic potential ; quantum mechanical calculations ; ab initio calculations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A number of analogs of (Z)-5-decenyl acetate, a pheromone component of the turnip moth,Agrotis segetum, in which the acetate group has been replaced by functional groups that may function as bioisosters, have been synthesized and tested using single-cell electrophysiology. The activities have been interpreted in terms of the molecular electrostatic potentials of the polar functional group as calculated byab initio quantum mechanical calculations. It is concluded that both oxygens of the acetate group in (Z)-5-decenyl acetate contribute to the interactions between the pheromone component and its receptor. Furthermore, the results indicate that the crucial interaction between the carbonyl group and the receptor, which is most probably a hydrogen bonding interaction, takes place in a direction pointing away from the hydrocarbon chain of the pheromone component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022563010599
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  • 100
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    Lepidopteran caterpillar fauna of cerrado host plants (1997)
    Springer
    Biodiversity and conservation 6 (1997), S. 817-836 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; host plants ; cerrado ; Brazil ; diversity ; herbivores
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cerrado biome is rich in caterpillar species although the general biology and ecology of most tropical species remains unknown. Three host plant genera (Byrsonima, Erythroxylum and Qualea) were examined for caterpillars in four cerrado sensu stricto areas near Brasi´lia (DF, Brazil), from 1991 to 1995. Altogether, more than 16000 host plants were sampled and less than 20% of them possessed caterpillars. All the caterpillars found were reared under laboratory conditions. We successfully reared 137 species of 24 lepidopteran families. The average number of caterpillar species per host species was 28.3. The faunal similarity among plant genera, as well as among study sites, was low, and not related to the distances between them. The low proportion of host plants with caterpillars and the high incidence of rare species appears to be a general pattern for the cerrado. A large proportion (74%) of the caterpillar species occurred on only one host plant family. The most frequent species were either specialists (restricted to one host plant genus) or generalists. We provide a brief outline of some taxonomic problems, some observations on general biology, and temporal and local patterns of some specific caterpillars species. The methodology used, which included weekly data collection, in restricted study areas of the same habitat, with the same sampling method for recording the caterpillar species on the same host plant species, can be used as a tool to explore biodiversity and to discuss some aspects of the conservation of cerrado insects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000010404.17467.6c
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