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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PLANT RETROTRANSPOSONS (1999)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Genetics 33 (1999), S. 479-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4197
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that transpose through reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. Retrotransposons are ubiquitous in plants and play a major role in plant gene and genome evolution. In many cases, retrotransposons comprise over 50% of nuclear DNA content, a situation that can arise in just a few million years. Plant retrotransposons are structurally and functionally similar to the retrotransposons and retroviruses that are found in other eukaryotic organisms. However, there are important differences in the genomic organization of retrotransposons in plants compared to some other eukaryotes, including their often-high copy numbers, their extensively heterogeneous populations, and their chromosomal dispersion patterns. Recent studies are providing valuable insights into the mechanisms involved in regulating the expression and transposition of retrotransposons. This review describes the structure, genomic organization, expression, regulation, and evolution of retrotransposons, and discusses both their contributions to plant genome evolution and their use as genetic tools in plant biology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.479
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture Resistance and Stable Crack-Growth Behavior of 8-mol%-Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia (2000)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 83 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The crack-growth behavior of a yttria-stabilized zirconia ceramic (8 mol% of cubic-phase yttria) was studied at room temperature. Double-cantilever-beam specimens were loaded with pure bending moments in a specially designed loading fixture inside an environmental scanning electron microscope. Crack-growth data were obtained from truly sharp (arrested) cracks, bypassing interpretation problems that involve crack initiation from a machined notch. The crack-growth study was conducted over a range of applied energy-release rates that allowed crack arrest on one hand and fast fracture on the other. Three energy-release-rate values were relevant: initiation of crack growth (3.5 J/m2), crack arrest (2.8 J/m2), and fast fracture (8.0 J/m2). At the macroscopic scale, subcritical crack growth occurred as a continuous process. In situ observations revealed that, at the microscopic scale, crack growth occurred in small jumps. The fracture mode for stable crack growth was identified to be transgranular.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2000.tb01354.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture Resistance Measurement Method for in situ Observation of Crack Mechanisms (1998)
    Westerville, Ohio : American Ceramics Society
    Journal of the American Ceramic Society 81 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1551-2916
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A special test fixture has been developed for fracture mechanical testing of brittle materials inside an environmental scanning electron microscope. The fixture loads a double cantilever beam specimen with pure bending moments and provides stable crack growth. Crack growth is detected by in situ observation and acoustic emission. As an example, crack growth in a cubic-phase yttria-stabilized zirconia is detected easily by in situ observation of the crack-tip region. Many fracture toughness measurements are obtained for each specimen, giving high confidence in the measured fracture toughness value. In situ observation is useful for the study of toughening mechanisms and subcritical crack-growth behavior and to sort out erroneous measurements (e.g., due to crack branching).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02387.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On Failure Strain and Thinning Resistance in Interstitial-Free Steel Sheet (2004)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 261-263 (Apr. 2004), p. 1653-1658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/47/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.261-263.1653.pdf
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fracture and Crack Growth Resistance Behaviour of γ-Titanium Aluminide (2004)
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 261-263 (Apr. 2004), p. 51-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Research activities on deformation and fracture characteristics of the Ti-Al intermetallics have assumed considerable significance in view of many potential applications as high temperature structural materials. These aspects are discussed in respect of two Ti-Al intermetallics with duplex and lamellar structures. The fracture toughness, crack growth resistance and fracture mechanisms are evaluated at room temperature. The differences in the behaviour of the alloys are explained inthe light of microstructures as observed for the alloys
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.tib-hannover.de/fulltexts/2011/0528/01/47/transtech_doi~10.4028%252Fwww.scientific.net%252FKEM.261-263.51.pdf
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Excision of the maize transposable element Ac in flax callus (1990)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 9 (1990), S. 406-409 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The frequency and fidelity of Ac transposition, and that of its non-autonomous derivative Ds, were investigated in flax callus. Flax (Linum usitatissimum var. Antares) hypocotyls were transformed with Agrobacterium Ti plasmid vectors containing the Ac or Ds element inserted within the untranslated leader sequence of a chimaeric neomycin phosphotransferase II gene. Kanamycin resistant tissues were produced as a result of excision of Ac in around 35% of the total number of Ac-containing transformants. In contrast, no excision was observed from transformants containing the Ds element. Whilst Ac appears to have excised completely from T-DNAs, little evidence was found to infer reintegration of the Ac element into the genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00232410
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TheTy1-copia group retrotransposons ofAllium cepa are distributed throughout the chromosomes but are enriched in the terminal heterochromatin (1996)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 4 (1996), S. 357-364 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: heterochromatin ; onion ; plants ; retrotransposons ; Ty1-copia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genomic organization and diversity of theTy1-copia group retrotransposons has been investigated in a monocotyledonous plant,Allium cepa. We used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate sequences corresponding to a conserved domain of the reverse transcriptase gene ofTy1-copia retrotransposons in this plant. Sequence analysis of 27 of these PCR products shows that they are a highly heterogeneous population, a feature which is common in plants but not in yeast andDrosophila. Slot-blot analysis shows there are 100 000–200 000 copies ofTy1-copia group retrotransposons within theA. cepa genome (2C=31.7 pg), indicating that they are a significant component of the genome of this plant.In situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes reveals thatTy1-copia retrotransposons are distributed throughout the euchromatin of all chromosomes ofA. cepa but are enriched in the terminal heterochromatic regions, which contain tandem arrays of satellite sequences. This is the first clear evidence for the presence ofTy1-copia retrotransposons in the terminal heterochromatin of plants and contrasts with the distribution of these elements in other plant species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02257271
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The evolution of Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in eukaryote genomes (1997)
    Springer
    Genetica 100 (1997), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: biodiversity ; copia ; evolution ; genome organization ; retrotransposon ; Ty element
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Ty1-copia group of LTR retrotransposons has been studied extensively in yeast and Drosophila, the organisms in which they were first discovered, and more recently in higher plant and vertebrate species. Their properties, such as copy number, sequence homogeneity, transcriptional and transpositional activity vary greatly between these different hosts. We will try to resolve these apparent discrepancies between these properties, explain any fundamental differences in the biology of the Ty1- copia group between hosts, and propose a general model for LTR retrotransposon evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018385713293
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Ty1-copia group of retrotransposons in plants: genomic organisation, evolution, and use as molecular markers (1997)
    Springer
    Genetica 100 (1997), S. 205-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Ty1-copia ; retrotransposons ; retroelements ; plants ; genomic organisation ; evolution ; molecular marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genomic organisation and diversity of the Ty1-copia group retrotransposons has been investigated in several crop plants and their relatives from both dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous families, including potato ( Solanum tuberosum), faba beans ( Vicia faba), Vicia melanops, Vicia sativa, barley ( Hordeum vulgare), rye ( Secale cereale), and onion ( Allium cepa). Extreme heterogeneity in the sequence of the Ty1-copia retrotransposons from all these plants was revealed following sequence analysis of reverse transcriptase fragments. The estimated copy numbers of the Ty1-copia group retrotransposons for the genomes of S. tuberosum, L. esculentum, A. cepa, S. cereale, and V. faba is highly variable, ranging from a few hundred to approximately a million copies per genome. In situ hybridisation data from metaphase and prophase chromosomes of V. faba, S. cereale, and H. vulgare suggest that retrotransposon sequences are dispersed throughout the euchromatic regions of the genome but are almost undetectable in most heterochromatic regions. In contrast, similar data from metaphase chromosomes of A. cepa suggests that although retrotransposon sequences are dispersed throughout the euchromatic regions of the genome, they are predominantly concentrated in the terminal heterochromatin. These results are discussed in the context of the role played by the Ty1-copia group retrotransposons in the evolution of the plant genome. Lastly, the application of retrotransposon sequences as genetic markers for mapping genomes and for studying genetic biodiversity in plants is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018393931948
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chromosomal distributions of Ty1-copia group retrotransposable elements in higher plants and their implications for genome evolution (1997)
    Springer
    Genetica 100 (1997), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: in situ ; hybridization ; centromeres ; retrotransposons ; genome organization ; evolution ; sequence evolution ; Arabidopsis ; barley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Retrotransposons make up a major fraction – sometimes more than 40% – of all plant genomes investigated so far. We have isolated the reverse transcriptase domains of the Ty1-copia group elements from several species, ranging in genome size from some 100 Mbp to 23 000 Mbp, and determined the distribution patterns of these retrotransposons on metaphase chromosomes and within interphase nuclei by DNA:DNA in situ hybridization. With some exceptions, the reverse transcriptase domains were distributed over the length of the chromosomes. Exclusion from rDNA sites and some centromeres (e.g., slash pine, 23 000 Mbp, or barley, 5500 Mbp) is frequent, whereas many species exclude retrotransposons from other sites of heterochromatin (e.g., intercalary and centromeric sites in broad bean). In contrast, in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, widely used for plant molecular genetic studies because of its small genome (c. 100 Mbp), the Ty1-copia group reverse transcriptase gene domains are concentrated in the centromeric regions, collocalizing with the 180 bp satellite sequence pAL1. Unlike the pAL1 sequence, however, the Ty1-copia signal is also detectable as weaker, diffuse hybridization along the lengths of the chromosomes. Possible mechanisms for evolution of the contrasting distributions are discussed. Understanding the physical distribution of retrotransposons and comparisons of the distribution between species is critical to understanding their evolution and the significance for generation of the new patterns of variability and in speciation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018337831039
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