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  • 1
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    Cancer. BRCA2 enters the fray (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, John H -- Elledge, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1822-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228708" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; BRCA1 Protein/metabolism ; BRCA2 Protein/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, BRCA2 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mice ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rad51 Recombinase ; Rats ; Recombination, Genetic ; Replication Protein A
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Meet the mosquitoes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):95.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aedes/physiology ; Animals ; Anopheles/physiology ; Culex/physiology ; *Culicidae/physiology ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Insect Vectors/physiology ; Male ; Oviposition ; Reproduction ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Gene expression during the life cycle of Drosophila melanogaster (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: Molecular genetic studies of Drosophila melanogaster have led to profound advances in understanding the regulation of development. Here we report gene expression patterns for nearly one-third of all Drosophila genes during a complete time course of development. Mutations that eliminate eye or germline tissue were used to further analyze tissue-specific gene expression programs. These studies define major characteristics of the transcriptional programs that underlie the life cycle, compare development in males and females, and show that large-scale gene expression data collected from whole animals can be used to identify genes expressed in particular tissues and organs or genes involved in specific biological and biochemical processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arbeitman, Michelle N -- Furlong, Eileen E M -- Imam, Farhad -- Johnson, Eric -- Null, Brian H -- Baker, Bruce S -- Krasnow, Mark A -- Scott, Matthew P -- Davis, Ronald W -- White, Kevin P -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2270-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351791" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Cluster Analysis ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics/*growth & development ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Insect ; Germ Cells/physiology ; Larva/genetics ; Life Cycle Stages/*genetics ; Male ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Organ Specificity ; Pupa/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Sex Characteristics ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Genomic instability in mice lacking histone H2AX (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: Higher order chromatin structure presents a barrier to the recognition and repair of DNA damage. Double-strand breaks (DSBs) induce histone H2AX phosphorylation, which is associated with the recruitment of repair factors to damaged DNA. To help clarify the physiological role of H2AX, we targeted H2AX in mice. Although H2AX is not essential for irradiation-induced cell-cycle checkpoints, H2AX-/- mice were radiation sensitive, growth retarded, and immune deficient, and mutant males were infertile. These pleiotropic phenotypes were associated with chromosomal instability, repair defects, and impaired recruitment of Nbs1, 53bp1, and Brca1, but not Rad51, to irradiation-induced foci. Thus, H2AX is critical for facilitating the assembly of specific DNA-repair complexes on damaged DNA.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721576/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4721576/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Celeste, Arkady -- Petersen, Simone -- Romanienko, Peter J -- Fernandez-Capetillo, Oscar -- Chen, Hua Tang -- Sedelnikova, Olga A -- Reina-San-Martin, Bernardo -- Coppola, Vincenzo -- Meffre, Eric -- Difilippantonio, Michael J -- Redon, Christophe -- Pilch, Duane R -- Olaru, Alexandru -- Eckhaus, Michael -- Camerini-Otero, R Daniel -- Tessarollo, Lino -- Livak, Ferenc -- Manova, Katia -- Bonner, William M -- Nussenzweig, Michel C -- Nussenzweig, Andre -- Z99 CA999999/Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 3;296(5569):922-7. Epub 2002 Apr 4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Aging ; Cell Cycle ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chromosome Aberrations ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Histones/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Infertility, Male/genetics/physiopathology ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Spermatocytes/physiology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: Full-length poliovirus complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized by assembling oligonucleotides of plus and minus strand polarity. The synthetic poliovirus cDNA was transcribed by RNA polymerase into viral RNA, which translated and replicated in a cell-free extract, resulting in the de novo synthesis of infectious poliovirus. Experiments in tissue culture using neutralizing antibodies and CD155 receptor-specific antibodies and neurovirulence tests in CD155 transgenic mice confirmed that the synthetic virus had biochemical and pathogenic characteristics of poliovirus. Our results show that it is possible to synthesize an infectious agent by in vitro chemical-biochemical means solely by following instructions from a written sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cello, Jeronimo -- Paul, Aniko V -- Wimmer, Eckard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1016-8. Epub 2002 Jul 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Capsid/metabolism ; Cell-Free System ; DNA, Complementary/*chemical synthesis/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Female ; *Genome, Viral ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Male ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neutralization Tests ; Poliomyelitis/virology ; *Poliovirus/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Viral/*chemical synthesis/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Virus/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Plaque Assay ; Viral Proteins ; Virulence ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Primate origins meeting. New fossils and a glimpse of evolution (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Moffat, Anne Simon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):613-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Color Perception ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Fossils ; Haplorhini ; Male ; Plant Leaves ; *Primates/anatomy & histology ; Skeleton
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Enhanced and delayed stress-induced alcohol drinking in mice lacking functional CRH1 receptors (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-04
    Description: There is a relation between stress and alcohol drinking. We show that the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system that mediates endocrine and behavioral responses to stress plays a role in the control of long-term alcohol drinking. In mice lacking a functional CRH1 receptor, stress leads to enhanced and progressively increasing alcohol intake. The effect of repeated stress on alcohol drinking behavior appeared with a delay and persisted throughout life. It was associated with an up-regulation of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunit NR2B. Alterations in the CRH1 receptor gene and adaptional changes in NR2B subunits may constitute a genetic risk factor for stress-induced alcohol drinking and alcoholism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sillaber, Inge -- Rammes, Gerhard -- Zimmermann, Stephan -- Mahal, Beatrice -- Zieglgansberger, Walter -- Wurst, Wolfgang -- Holsboer, Florian -- Spanagel, Rainer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 3;296(5569):931-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804 Munich, Germany. sillaber@mpipsykl.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; *Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholism/*etiology/genetics ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/physiology ; Ethanol/blood ; Female ; Hippocampus/physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Models, Animal ; Mutation ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/*genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, Kainic Acid/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stress, Physiological/physiopathology ; Stress, Psychological/*physiopathology ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Construction and analysis of a human-chimpanzee comparative clone map (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: The recently released human genome sequences provide us with reference data to conduct comparative genomic research on primates, which will be important to understand what genetic information makes us human. Here we present a first-generation human-chimpanzee comparative genome map and its initial analysis. The map was constructed through paired alignment of 77,461 chimpanzee bacterial artificial chromosome end sequences with publicly available human genome sequences. We detected candidate positions, including two clusters on human chromosome 21 that suggest large, nonrandom regions of difference between the two genomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fujiyama, Asao -- Watanabe, Hidemi -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Taylor, Todd D -- Itoh, Takehiko -- Tsai, Shih-Feng -- Park, Hong-Seog -- Yaspo, Marie-Laure -- Lehrach, Hans -- Chen, Zhu -- Fu, Gang -- Saitou, Naruya -- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Suto, Yumiko -- Hattori, Masahira -- Sakaki, Yoshiyuki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):131-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. afujiyam@gsc.riken.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Contig Mapping ; Female ; Gene Library ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Male ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; *Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; X Chromosome/genetics ; Y Chromosome/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Infectious disease. Another disease blights families in Siberia's far north (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):644.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pedigree ; Siberia/epidemiology ; Spinocerebellar Ataxias/*epidemiology/*genetics ; *Trinucleotide Repeats
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 10
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    Pheromone reception. When in doubt, mice mate rather than hate (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beckman, Mary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 1;295(5556):782.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Female ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/physiology ; Pheromones/*physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; TRPC Cation Channels ; Vomeronasal Organ/*innervation/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Stromal effects on mammary gland development and breast cancer (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: Breast cancer manifests itself in the mammary epithelium, yet there is a growing recognition that mammary stromal cells also play an important role in tumorigenesis. During its developmental cycle, the mammary gland displays many of the properties associated with breast cancer, and many of the stromal factors necessary for mammary development also promote or protect against breast cancer. Here we review our present knowledge of the specific factors and cell types that contribute to epithelial-stromal crosstalk during mammary development. To find cures for diseases like breast cancer that rely on epithelial-stromal crosstalk, we must understand how these different cell types communicate with each other.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788989/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788989/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wiseman, Bryony S -- Werb, Zena -- CA57621/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA057621/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA057621-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1046-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/cytology/physiology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Breast/cytology/embryology/*growth & development/physiology ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology/*physiopathology ; Cell Communication ; Epithelial Cells/physiology ; Extracellular Matrix/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology/embryology/*growth & development/physiology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology/*physiopathology ; Morphogenesis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pregnancy ; Signal Transduction ; Stromal Cells/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Generation of an LFA-1 antagonist by the transfer of the ICAM-1 immunoregulatory epitope to a small molecule (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-09
    Description: The protein-protein interaction between leukocyte functional antigen-1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is critical to lymphocyte and immune system function. Here, we report on the transfer of the contiguous, nonlinear epitope of ICAM-1, responsible for its association with LFA-1, to a small-molecule framework. These LFA-1 antagonists bound LFA-1, blocked binding of ICAM-1, and inhibited a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with potency significantly greater than that of cyclosporine A. Furthermore, in comparison to an antibody to LFA-1, they exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. These results demonstrate the utility of small-molecule mimics of nonlinear protein epitopes and the protein epitopes themselves as leads in the identification of novel pharmaceutical agents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gadek, T R -- Burdick, D J -- McDowell, R S -- Stanley, M S -- Marsters, J C Jr -- Paris, K J -- Oare, D A -- Reynolds, M E -- Ladner, C -- Zioncheck, K A -- Lee, W P -- Gribling, P -- Dennis, M S -- Skelton, N J -- Tumas, D B -- Clark, K R -- Keating, S M -- Beresini, M H -- Tilley, J W -- Presta, L G -- Bodary, S C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1086-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. trg@gene.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical ; synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Dermatitis, Irritant/drug therapy ; Dinitrofluorobenzene ; Drug Design ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epitopes ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology/pharmacology ; Immunosuppressive Agents/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/chemistry/*immunology/*metabolism ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/immunology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Mimicry ; Mutagenesis ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Thiophenes/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; beta-Alanine/analogs & derivatives/*chemical ; synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Infectious disease. Siberia's deadly stalker emerges from the shadows (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):642-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/epidemiology ; Encephalomyelitis/ethnology/*etiology/pathology/virology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Herpesviridae/immunology/isolation & purification ; Herpesviridae Infections/ethnology/pathology/virology ; Humans ; Male ; Population Surveillance ; Rural Health ; Siberia/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/ethnology/pathology/virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma caused by mutations in optineurin (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-09
    Description: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) affects 33 million individuals worldwide and is a leading cause of blindness. In a study of 54 families with autosomal dominantly inherited adult-onset POAG, we identified the causative gene on chromosome 10p14 and designated it OPTN (for "optineurin"). Sequence alterations in OPTN were found in 16.7% of families with hereditary POAG, including individuals with normal intraocular pressure. The OPTN gene codes for a conserved 66-kilodalton protein of unknown function that has been implicated in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling pathway and that interacts with diverse proteins including Huntingtin, Ras-associated protein RAB8, and transcription factor IIIA. Optineurin is expressed in trabecular meshwork, nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, retina, and brain, and we speculate that it plays a neuroprotective role.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rezaie, Tayebeh -- Child, Anne -- Hitchings, Roger -- Brice, Glen -- Miller, Lauri -- Coca-Prados, Miguel -- Heon, Elise -- Krupin, Theodore -- Ritch, Robert -- Kreutzer, Donald -- Crick, R Pitts -- Sarfarazi, Mansoor -- EY-09947/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1077-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Ophthalmic Genetics Laboratory, Surgical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Brain/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics ; Ciliary Body/metabolism ; Exons ; Eye Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*genetics ; Golgi Apparatus/chemistry ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; *Mutation, Missense ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Ocular Hypertension/genetics ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Retina/metabolism ; Trabecular Meshwork/metabolism ; *Transcription Factor TFIIIA ; Zinc Fingers
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Inhibition of excess nodal signaling during mouse gastrulation by the transcriptional corepressor DRAP1 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: The formation and patterning of mesoderm during mammalian gastrulation require the activity of Nodal, a secreted mesoderm-inducing factor of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family. Here we show that the transcriptional corepressor DRAP1 has a very specific role in regulation of Nodal activity during mouse embryogenesis. We find that loss of Drap1 leads to severe gastrulation defects that are consistent with increased expression of Nodal and can be partially suppressed by Nodal heterozygosity. Biochemical studies indicate that DRAP1 interacts with and inhibits DNA binding by the winged-helix transcription factor FoxH1 (FAST), a critical component of a positive feedback loop for Nodal activity. We propose that DRAP1 limits the spread of a morphogenetic signal by down-modulating the response to the Nodal autoregulatory loop.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iratni, Rabah -- Yan, Yu-Ting -- Chen, Canhe -- Ding, Jixiang -- Zhang, Yi -- Price, Sandy M -- Reinberg, Danny -- Shen, Michael M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1996-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Division of Nucleic Acids Enzymology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gastrula/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Targeting ; Heterozygote ; In Situ Hybridization ; Left-Right Determination Factors ; Male ; Mesoderm/cytology/physiology ; Mice ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Nodal Protein ; Phenotype ; Protein Binding ; RNA Interference ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Parkinson's disease. Coincidence or connection? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):451-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada/epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; *Famous Persons ; Female ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Parkinson Disease/*epidemiology/etiology ; *Television ; Time Factors ; Virus Diseases/complications/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Amphibian decline. Ubiquitous herbicide emasculates frogs (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Withgott, Jay -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):447-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atrazine/administration & dosage/*toxicity ; Disorders of Sex Development/*chemically induced/pathology ; Female ; Gonads/*abnormalities ; Herbicides/administration & dosage/*toxicity ; Male ; Ovary/abnormalities ; Rana pipiens/*abnormalities/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Testis/abnormalities ; Testosterone/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/administration & dosage/toxicity ; Xenopus laevis/*abnormalities/anatomy & histology/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Historical essay. Prospects for the future (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, Robert C -- Montagnier, Luc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1730-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/immunology/therapeutic use ; *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/prevention & ; control/transmission/virology ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Drug Costs ; Female ; HIV/drug effects ; Health Services/economics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; International Cooperation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; Research Support as Topic ; Technology Transfer ; United Nations
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Lupus: mysterious disease holds its secrets tight (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):689-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology/metabolism ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Autoantigens/immunology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Disease Susceptibility ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Immune System/physiopathology ; Immunotherapy ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/genetics/immunology/therapy ; Male ; Mental Processes ; *Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear ; Risk Factors ; snRNP Core Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Tapping science's women for the podium (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masur, S -- Kane, C M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11770518" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Science Disciplines ; *Career Mobility ; Congresses as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; *Job Satisfaction ; *Societies, Scientific ; Speech ; Women, Working
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    An essential role of N-terminal arginylation in cardiovascular development (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-06
    Description: The enzymatic conjugation of arginine to the N-termini of proteins is a part of the ubiquitin-dependent N-end rule pathway of protein degradation. In mammals, three N-terminal residues-aspartate, glutamate, and cysteine-are substrates for arginylation. The mouse ATE1 gene encodes a family of Arg-tRNA-protein transferases (R-transferases) that mediate N-terminal arginylation. We constructed ATE1-lacking mouse strains and found that ATE1-/- embryos die with defects in heart development and in angiogenic remodeling of the early vascular plexus. Through biochemical analyses, we show that N-terminal cysteine, in contrast to N-terminal aspartate and glutamate, is oxidized before its arginylation by R-transferase, suggesting that the arginylation branch of the N-end rule pathway functions as an oxygen sensor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kwon, Yong Tae -- Kashina, Anna S -- Davydov, Ilia V -- Hu, Rong-Gui -- An, Jee Young -- Seo, Jai Wha -- Du, Fangyong -- Varshavsky, Alexander -- GM31530/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 5;297(5578):96-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, 147-75, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12098698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkylation ; Aminoacyltransferases/*genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Aorta/embryology ; Arginine/*metabolism ; Aspartic Acid/metabolism ; Blood Vessels/*embryology ; Cell Line ; Cysteic Acid/metabolism ; Cysteine/metabolism ; Female ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Heart/*embryology ; Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology ; Heart Septal Defects/embryology ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Pulmonary Artery/embryology ; RGS Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sulfinic Acids/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: A critical issue in developmental cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which the functional neuroanatomy underlying task performance differs in adults and children. Direct comparisons of brain activation in the left frontal and extrastriate cortex were made in adults and children (aged 7 to 10 years) performing single-word processing tasks with visual presentation; differences were found in circumscribed frontal and extrastriate regions. Conceivably, these differences could be attributable exclusively to performance discrepancies; alternatively, maturational differences in functional neuroanatomy could exist despite similar performance. Some of the brain regions examined showed differences attributable to age independent of performance, suggesting that maturation of the pattern of regional activations for these tasks is incomplete at age 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schlaggar, Bradley L -- Brown, Timothy T -- Lugar, Heather M -- Visscher, Kristina M -- Miezin, Francis M -- Petersen, Steven E -- NS32979/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS51281/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS55582/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1476-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. schlaggarb@neuro.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aging ; Analysis of Variance ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*growth & development/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Child ; Cognition ; Female ; Frontal Lobe/anatomy & histology/growth & development/physiology ; Humans ; *Language ; *Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; *Mental Processes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology and evolution. Sex differences in mortality rate (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Owens, Ian P F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2008-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences and NERC Centre for Population Biology, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. i.owens@ic.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoantibodies/biosynthesis ; Body Constitution ; Carotenoids/metabolism ; Competitive Behavior ; Disease Susceptibility ; Female ; Free Radicals/metabolism ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Immunocompetence ; Male ; *Mammals/growth & development/parasitology/physiology ; *Mortality ; Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*etiology/immunology ; Risk-Taking ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Testosterone/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Quirks of fetal environment felt decades later (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2167-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077397" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birth Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology ; Diet ; *Disease Susceptibility ; Embryo Implantation ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Heart Diseases/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone/metabolism ; Hypertension/epidemiology/etiology/physiopathology ; *Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Placenta/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology ; *Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Risk Factors ; Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Toll-like receptor 4-dependent activation of dendritic cells by beta-defensin 2 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: beta-Defensins are small antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system produced in response to microbial infection of mucosal tissue and skin. We demonstrate that murine beta-defensin 2 (mDF2beta) acts directly on immature dendritic cells as an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), inducing up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and dendritic cell maturation. These events, in turn, trigger robust, type 1 polarized adaptive immune responses in vivo, suggesting that mDF2beta may play an important role in immunosurveillance against pathogens and, possibly, self antigens or tumor antigens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biragyn, Arya -- Ruffini, Pier Adelchi -- Leifer, Cynthia A -- Klyushnenkova, Elena -- Shakhov, Alexander -- Chertov, Oleg -- Shirakawa, Aiko K -- Farber, Joshua M -- Segal, David M -- Oppenheim, Joost J -- Kwak, Larry W -- N0L-CO-12400/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1025-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. arya@mail.ncifcrf.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology ; Cancer Vaccines/immunology ; Cell Line ; Cytokines/biosynthesis ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/physiology ; Ligands ; Lipopolysaccharides/immunology/pharmacology ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasms/immunology/therapy ; Receptors, CCR6 ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*physiology ; Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Toll-Like Receptors ; Transfection ; beta-Defensins/pharmacology/*physiology
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    Endocrinology. This hormone has been relaxin' too long! (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ivell, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):637-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Hormone and Fertility Research, University of Hamburg, Grandweg 64, 22529 Hamburg, Germany. ivell@ihf.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Endometrium/metabolism ; Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin ; Leydig Cells/metabolism ; Lymphokines/metabolism ; Male ; *Membrane Proteins ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Ovary/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry/*physiology ; *Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Receptors, Peptide/chemistry/*physiology ; Relaxin/blood/*physiology ; Reproduction ; Signal Transduction ; Testis/physiology ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ; Vasodilation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    The science of ART (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: The methods of gamete manipulation used in assisted reproductive technology (ART) are rapidly proliferating and in some instances outpacing the underlying science. In this review, we discuss two major advances in the ART laboratory-intracytoplasmic sperm injection and extended embryo culture before embryo transfer. We outline the rationale for these approaches, discuss results of experiments obtained from animal model systems and human preimplantation embryos that provide the scientific basis for these procedures, and point out potential concerns that have arisen from these studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schultz, Richard M -- Williams, Carmen J -- HD 22681/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD 22732/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2188-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA. rschultz@mail.sas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/physiology ; Culture Media ; Culture Techniques ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryo, Mammalian/*physiology ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Male ; *Reproductive Techniques, Assisted/adverse effects ; *Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoanthropology. First member of human family uncovered (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):171-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114598" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/anatomy & histology ; Chad ; Face ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification ; Humans ; Male ; Paleodontology ; *Skull/anatomy & histology ; Tooth/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 29
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    The cortical topography of tonal structures underlying Western music (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: Western tonal music relies on a formal geometric structure that determines distance relationships within a harmonic or tonal space. In functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments, we identified an area in the rostromedial prefrontal cortex that tracks activation in tonal space. Different voxels in this area exhibited selectivity for different keys. Within the same set of consistently activated voxels, the topography of tonality selectivity rearranged itself across scanning sessions. The tonality structure was thus maintained as a dynamic topography in cortical areas known to be at a nexus of cognitive, affective, and mnemonic processing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Janata, Petr -- Birk, Jeffrey L -- Van Horn, John D -- Leman, Marc -- Tillmann, Barbara -- Bharucha, Jamshed J -- P50 NS17778-18/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2167-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Dartmouth Brain Imaging Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA. petr.janata@dartmouth.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Auditory Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Auditory Perception ; Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Memory ; Mental Processes ; Middle Aged ; Models, Neurological ; *Music ; Nerve Net/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Neural Networks (Computer) ; Pitch Perception ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Female germ cell aneuploidy and embryo death in mice lacking the meiosis-specific protein SCP3 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: Aneuploidy (trisomy or monosomy) is the leading genetic cause of pregnancy loss in humans and results from errors in meiotic chromosome segregation. Here, we show that the absence of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3) promotes aneuploidy in murine oocytes by inducing defective meiotic chromosome segregation. The abnormal oocyte karyotype is inherited by embryos, which die in utero at an early stage of development. In addition, embryo death in SCP3-deficient females increases with advancing maternal age. We found that SCP3 is required for chiasmata formation and for the structural integrity of meiotic chromosomes, suggesting that altered chromosomal structure triggers nondisjunction. SCP3 is thus linked to inherited aneuploidy in female germ cells and provides a model system for studying age-dependent degeneration in oocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, Li -- Liu, Jian-Guo -- Hoja, Mary-Rose -- Wilbertz, Johannes -- Nordqvist, Katarina -- Hoog, Christer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1115-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Crossing Over, Genetic ; *Embryo Loss ; Female ; Karyotyping ; Litter Size ; Male ; Maternal Age ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Nondisjunction, Genetic ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Pregnancy ; Recombination, Genetic ; Synaptonemal Complex/physiology/ultrastructure
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    A low genomic number of recessive lethals in natural populations of bluefin killifish and zebrafish (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-29
    Description: Despite the importance of selection against deleterious mutations in natural populations, reliable estimates of the genomic numbers of mutant alleles in wild populations are scarce. We found that, in wild-caught bluefin killifish Lucania goodei (Fundulidae) and wild-caught zebrafish Danio rerio (Cyprinidae), the average numbers of recessive lethal alleles per individual are 1.9 (95% confidence limits 1.3 to 2.6) and 1.4 (95% confidence limits 1.0 to 2.0), respectively. These results, together with data on several Drosophila species and on Xenopus laevis, show that phylogenetically distant animals with different genome sizes and numbers of genes carry similar numbers of lethal mutations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McCune, Amy R -- Fuller, Rebecca C -- Aquilina, Allisan A -- Dawley, Robert M -- Fadool, James M -- Houle, David -- Travis, Joseph -- Kondrashov, Alexey S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2398-401.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. arm2@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/genetics ; Female ; Fundulidae/abnormalities/*genetics ; *Genes, Lethal ; *Genes, Recessive ; *Genome ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Xenopus laevis/genetics ; Zebrafish/abnormalities/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Is face processing species-specific during the first year of life? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Between 6 and 10 months of age, the infant's ability to discriminate among native speech sounds improves, whereas the same ability to discriminate among foreign speech sounds decreases. Our study aimed to determine whether this perceptual narrowing is unique to language or might also apply to face processing. We tested discrimination of human and monkey faces by 6-month-olds, 9-month-olds, and adults, using the visual paired-comparison procedure. Only the youngest group showed discrimination between individuals of both species; older infants and adults only showed evidence of discrimination of their own species. These results suggest that the "perceptual narrowing" phenomenon may represent a more general change in neural networks involved in early cognition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pascalis, Olivier -- de Haan, Michelle -- Nelson, Charles A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1321-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK. o.pascalis@sheffield.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Aging ; Animals ; Evoked Potentials ; *Face ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Macaca fascicularis ; Male ; *Pattern Recognition, Visual ; *Recognition (Psychology) ; Species Specificity ; Speech Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-30
    Description: Television viewing and aggressive behavior were assessed over a 17-year interval in a community sample of 707 individuals. There was a significant association between the amount of time spent watching television during adolescence and early adulthood and the likelihood of subsequent aggressive acts against others. This association remained significant after previous aggressive behavior, childhood neglect, family income, neighborhood violence, parental education, and psychiatric disorders were controlled statistically.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Johnson, Jeffrey G -- Cohen, Patricia -- Smailes, Elizabeth M -- Kasen, Stephanie -- Brook, Judith S -- DA-03188/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH-36971/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 29;295(5564):2468-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA. jjohnso@pi.cpmc.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; *Aggression ; Child Abuse ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Income ; Interviews as Topic ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mental Disorders ; Sex Characteristics ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; *Television ; Theft ; Time Factors ; *Violence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A South African perspective on 2001 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jones, Timothy Trengove -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2015.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11898821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence ; Female ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control ; Jurisprudence ; Nevirapine/therapeutic use ; *Politics ; Pregnancy ; Preventive Health Services/*legislation & jurisprudence ; South Africa
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neurofibromas in NF1: Schwann cell origin and role of tumor environment (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-04
    Description: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most prevalent dominantly inherited genetic diseases of the nervous system. NF1 encodes a tumor suppressor whose functional loss results in the development of benign neurofibromas that can progress to malignancy. Neurofibromas are complex tumors composed of axonal processes, Schwann cells, fibroblasts, perineurial cells, and mast cells. Through use of a conditional (cre/lox) allele, we show that loss of NF1 in the Schwann cell lineage is sufficient to generate tumors. In addition, complete NF1-mediated tumorigenicity requires both a loss of NF1 in cells destined to become neoplastic as well as heterozygosity in non-neoplastic cells. The requirement for a permissive haploinsufficient environment to allow tumorigenesis may have therapeutic implications for NF1 and other familial cancers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024710/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3024710/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Yuan -- Ghosh, Pritam -- Charnay, Patrick -- Burns, Dennis K -- Parada, Luis F -- R01 NS034296/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS034296-06/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 3;296(5569):920-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Developmental Biology, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9133, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988578" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Cranial Nerves/pathology ; Culture Techniques ; Female ; *Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1 ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Hyperplasia ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Male ; Mast Cells/chemistry/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurofibroma/genetics/*pathology ; Neurofibromatosis 1/genetics/*pathology ; Peripheral Nerves/pathology ; Schwann Cells/chemistry/*pathology ; Spinal Nerves/pathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Enhanced tumor formation in mice heterozygous for Blm mutation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: Persons with the autosomal recessive disorder Bloom syndrome are predisposed to cancers of many types due to loss-of-function mutations in the BLM gene, which encodes a recQ-like helicase. Here we show that mice heterozygous for a targeted null mutation of Blm, the murine homolog of BLM, develop lymphoma earlier than wild-type littermates in response to challenge with murine leukemia virus and develop twice the number of intestinal tumors when crossed with mice carrying a mutation in the Apc tumor suppressor. These observations indicate that Blm is a modifier of tumor formation in the mouse and that Blm haploinsufficiency is associated with tumor predisposition, a finding with important implications for cancer risk in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goss, Kathleen Heppner -- Risinger, Mary A -- Kordich, Jennifer J -- Sanz, Maureen M -- Straughen, Joel E -- Slovek, Lisa E -- Capobianco, Anthony J -- German, James -- Boivin, Gregory P -- Groden, Joanna -- CA63507/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA84291/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA88460/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES06096/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2051-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenoma/genetics/pathology ; Adenosine Triphosphatases/*genetics ; Alleles ; Animals ; Bloom Syndrome/*genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA Helicases/*genetics ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, APC ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Heterozygote ; Humans ; Intestinal Neoplasms/*genetics/pathology ; Leukemia Virus, Murine ; Loss of Heterozygosity ; Lymphoma, T-Cell/*genetics/virology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; RecQ Helicases ; Sister Chromatid Exchange
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolutionary biology. Timing is everything for Wolbachia hosts (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):999-1000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cell Division ; Chromosomes/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Female ; Fertilization ; Male ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Nuclear Envelope/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sex Ratio ; Time Factors ; Wasps/embryology/*microbiology/*physiology ; Wolbachia/*physiology ; Zygote/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Sri Lanka: an amphibian hot spot (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meegaskumbura, M -- Bossuyt, F -- Pethiyagoda, R -- Manamendra-Arachchi, K -- Bahir, M -- Milinkovitch, M C -- Schneider, C J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):379.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376694" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics/physiology ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oviposition ; Ovum/physiology ; *Phylogeny ; Sri Lanka ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Meiotic arrest in the mouse follicle maintained by a Gs protein in the oocyte (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-24
    Description: The mammalian ovarian follicle consists of a multilayered complex of somatic cells that surround the oocyte. A signal from the follicle cells keeps the oocyte cell cycle arrested at prophase of meiosis I until luteinizing hormone from the pituitary acts on the follicle cells to release the arrest, causing meiosis to continue. Here we show that meiotic arrest can be released in mice by microinjecting the oocyte within the follicle with an antibody that inhibits the stimulatory heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein Gs. This indicates that Gs activity in the oocyte is required to maintain meiotic arrest within the ovarian follicle and suggests that the follicle may keep the cell cycle arrested by activating Gs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mehlmann, Lisa M -- Jones, Teresa L Z -- Jaffe, Laurinda A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1343-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA. lmehlman@neuron.uchc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Female ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/immunology/physiology ; GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs/antagonists & ; inhibitors/immunology/*physiology ; Hypoxanthine/pharmacology ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Oocytes/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology ; Ovarian Follicle/*physiology ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolutionary biology. Darwin's avian muses continue to evolve (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):633-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Ecuador ; Female ; Food ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Seeds ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Songbirds/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A role for CD40 expression on CD8+ T cells in the generation of CD8+ T cell memory (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-21
    Description: The delivery of CD4 help to CD8+ T cell responses requires interactions between CD40 and CD40 ligand and is thought to occur through antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation. Here we show that generation of memory CD8+ T cells displaying an enhanced capacity for cell division and cytokine secretion required CD4 help but not CD40 expression by the APCs. Activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells expressed CD40; and in the absence of this protein, CD8+ T cells were unable to differentiate into memory cells or receive CD4 help. These results suggest that, like B cells, CD8+ T cells receive CD4 help directly through CD40 and that this interaction is fundamental for CD8+ T cell memory generation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bourgeois, Christine -- Rocha, Benedita -- Tanchot, Corinne -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 20;297(5589):2060-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉INSERM U345, Institut Necker, 156 Rue de Vaugirard, F-75730 Paris Cedex 15, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12242444" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Antigens/immunology ; Antigens, CD40/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD40 Ligand/metabolism ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Female ; *Immunologic Memory ; Interferon-gamma/secretion ; Interleukin-2/secretion ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology/*immunology/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    NASA decision not suited for women (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1623.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Body Constitution ; Budgets ; Equipment Design ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Space Flight ; *Space Suits ; United States ; *United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration/economics ; Weightlessness
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    Induction of cachexia in mice by systemically administered myostatin (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: Mice and cattle with genetic deficiencies in myostatin exhibit dramatic increases in skeletal muscle mass, suggesting that myostatin normally suppresses muscle growth. Whether this increased muscling results from prenatal or postnatal lack of myostatin activity is unknown. Here we show that myostatin circulates in the blood of adult mice in a latent form that can be activated by acid treatment. Systemic overexpression of myostatin in adult mice was found to induce profound muscle and fat loss analogous to that seen in human cachexia syndromes. These data indicate that myostatin acts systemically in adult animals and may be a useful pharmacologic target in clinical settings such as cachexia, where muscle growth is desired.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmers, Teresa A -- Davies, Monique V -- Koniaris, Leonidas G -- Haynes, Paul -- Esquela, Aurora F -- Tomkinson, Kathy N -- McPherron, Alexandra C -- Wolfman, Neil M -- Lee, Se-Jin -- 5 T32 CA09139/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA88866/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD35887/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1486-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Activins/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology/pathology ; Animals ; Body Weight ; CHO Cells ; Cachexia/*etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Cricetinae ; Eating ; Female ; Follistatin ; Liver/anatomy & histology/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/cytology/pathology ; Muscle, Skeletal/*anatomy & histology/pathology ; Myostatin ; Organ Size ; Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/administration & dosage/blood/*physiology ; Wasting Syndrome/etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Weight Loss
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Premature aging in mice deficient in DNA repair and transcription (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: One of the factors postulated to drive the aging process is the accumulation of DNA damage. Here, we provide strong support for this hypothesis by describing studies of mice with a mutation in XPD, a gene encoding a DNA helicase that functions in both repair and transcription and that is mutated in the human disorder trichothiodystrophy (TTD). TTD mice were found to exhibit many symptoms of premature aging, including osteoporosis and kyphosis, osteosclerosis, early greying, cachexia, infertility, and reduced life-span. TTD mice carrying an additional mutation in XPA, which enhances the DNA repair defect, showed a greatly accelerated aging phenotype, which correlated with an increased cellular sensitivity to oxidative DNA damage. We hypothesize that aging in TTD mice is caused by unrepaired DNA damage that compromises transcription, leading to functional inactivation of critical genes and enhanced apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Boer, Jan -- Andressoo, Jaan Olle -- de Wit, Jan -- Huijmans, Jan -- Beems, Rudolph B -- van Steeg, Harry -- Weeda, Geert -- van der Horst, Gijsbertus T J -- van Leeuwen, Wibeke -- Themmen, Axel P N -- Meradji, Morteza -- Hoeijmakers, Jan H J -- AG 17242-02/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 17;296(5571):1276-9. Epub 2002 Apr 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Medical Genetics Center, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics, Erasmus University, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Aging, Premature/*etiology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Bone Density ; Cachexia/etiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Helicases/genetics/*physiology ; *DNA Repair ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Female ; Fertility ; Gene Targeting ; Growth Disorders/etiology/genetics ; Hair Diseases/genetics ; Kyphosis/etiology/genetics/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; Phenotype ; Point Mutation ; Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Transcription Factors ; Transcription, Genetic ; Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group A Protein ; Xeroderma Pigmentosum Group D Protein
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mantophasmatodea: a new insect order? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tilgner, Erich -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):731; discussion 731.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fernback Science Center, 156 Heaton Park Drive, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA. phasmida@msn.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; *Fossils ; Insects/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Models, Biological ; Orthoptera/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Phylogeny ; Reproducibility of Results
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    Infectious disease. New culprit emerges in river blindness (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1809-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11884722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Blindness/etiology ; Eye/immunology/parasitology/*pathology ; Female ; Helminth Proteins/physiology ; Humans ; Keratitis ; Mice ; Microfilaria/immunology/physiology ; Onchocerca volvulus/growth & development/immunology/*microbiology/pathogenicity ; Onchocerciasis, Ocular/drug therapy/*immunology/*microbiology/parasitology ; Wolbachia/immunology/*pathogenicity/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Conservation science. Caribou study fuels debate on drilling in Arctic Refuge (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):444-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964445" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alaska ; Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Behavior, Animal ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; *Petroleum ; Public Policy ; *Reindeer/physiology ; Reproduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolutionary biology. Finches adapt rapidly to new homes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):249-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Alabama ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Male ; Montana ; Oviposition ; *Reproduction ; *Sex Characteristics ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Public information and breeding habitat selection in a wild bird population (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-17
    Description: According to the "public information" hypothesis, some animal species may monitor the current reproductive success of conspecifics to assess local habitat quality and to choose their own subsequent breeding site. To test this hypothesis experimentally, we manipulated two components of public information, the mean number of offspring raised locally ("quantity") and their condition ("quality"), in the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis. Immigration rate decreased with local offspring quantity but did not depend on local offspring quality, suggesting that immigrants are deprived of information regarding local quality. Conversely, emigration rate increased both when local offspring quantity or quality decreased, suggesting that residents can use both components of public information.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Doligez, Blandine -- Danchin, Etienne -- Clobert, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 16;297(5584):1168-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire d'Ecologie CNRS-UMR 7625, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, 7 quai Saint Bernard, Batiment A 7eme etage, Case 237, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. blandine.doligez@esh.unibe.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12183627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/physiology ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cognition ; Cues ; *Environment ; Female ; Male ; *Nesting Behavior ; Probability ; *Reproduction ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Sweden
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    Direct link between mhc polymorphism, T cell avidity, and diversity in immune defense (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: Major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-encoded molecules govern immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to T cells. The extensive polymorphism of genes encoding these molecules is believed to enhance immune defense by broadening the array of antigenic peptides available for T cell recognition, but direct evidence supporting the importance of this mechanism in combating pathogens is limited. Here we link mhc polymorphism-driven diversification of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) repertoire to the generation of high-avidity, protective antiviral T cells and to superior antiviral defense. Thus, much of the beneficial effect of the mhc polymorphism in immune defense may be due to its critical influence on the properties of the selected CTL repertoire.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Messaoudi, Ilhem -- Guevara Patino, Jose A -- Dyall, Ruben -- LeMaoult, Joel -- Nikolich-Zugich, Janko -- CA-86803/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1797-800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute and the Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459592" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Complementarity Determining Regions ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Female ; *Genes, MHC Class I ; H-2 Antigens/genetics/*immunology ; Herpes Simplex/*immunology ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/*immunology ; Immunity, Innate ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evidence for the effect of learning on timing of reproduction in blue tits (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: We experimentally show that in blue tits (Parus caeruleus) egg-laying date is causally linked to experience in the previous year. Females that received additional food in the nestling period in one year laid eggs later in the next year compared with the control birds, whatever the degree of synchronization with the natural food abundance in the previous year. As a result, they raised their brood much later than the peak period of nestling food availability in the next year. The response to experience is adaptive for blue tits, which live in heterogeneous habitats where the peak period of food varies, but once settled will breed at the same location for life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grieco, Fabrizio -- van Noordwijk, Arie J -- Visser, Marcel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):136-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Center for Terrestrial Ecology, Post Office Box 40, 6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands. grieco@cto.nioo.knaw.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Cues ; Environment ; Female ; *Food ; *Learning ; Male ; *Oviposition ; *Reproduction ; Songbirds/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Truncating neurotrypsin mutation in autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: A 4-base pair deletion in the neuronal serine protease neurotrypsin gene was associated with autosomal recessive nonsyndromic mental retardation (MR). In situ hybridization experiments on human fetal brains showed that neurotrypsin was highly expressed in brain structures involved in learning and memory. Immuno-electron microscopy on adult human brain sections revealed that neurotrypsin is located in presynaptic nerve endings, particularly over the presynaptic membrane lining the synaptic cleft. These findings suggest that neurotrypsin-mediated proteolysis is required for normal synaptic function and suggest potential insights into the pathophysiological bases of mental retardation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Molinari, Florence -- Rio, Marlene -- Meskenaite, Virginia -- Encha-Razavi, Ferechte -- Auge, Joelle -- Bacq, Delphine -- Briault, Sylvain -- Vekemans, Michel -- Munnich, Arnold -- Attie-Bitach, Tania -- Sonderegger, Peter -- Colleaux, Laurence -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1779-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite de Recherches sur les Handicaps Genetiques de l'Enfant, INSERM U-393, et Departement de Genetique, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Brain/embryology/*metabolism ; Female ; Fetus/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Recessive ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Intellectual Disability/*genetics/metabolism ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Pedigree ; *Sequence Deletion ; Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Spinal Cord/embryology/metabolism ; Synapses/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Membranes/metabolism
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    Fluorescent signaling in parrots (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Arnold, Kathryn E -- Owens, Ian P F -- Marshall, N Justin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. K.Arnold@bio.gla.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Communication ; Animals ; *Feathers ; Female ; *Fluorescence ; Male ; Parrots/*physiology ; Pigments, Biological/*physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    The mosquito genome--a breakthrough for public health (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: The Anopheles gambiae genome sequence will accelerate identification of new insect vector target genes leading to improved strategies for malaria control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morel, Carlos M -- Toure, Yeya T -- Dobrokhotov, Boris -- Oduola, Ayoade M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):79.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. tdr@who.int〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364774" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/*genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Engineering ; *Genome ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/*genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Malaria/parasitology/*prevention & control/transmission ; Male ; Mosquito Control ; Plasmodium/physiology ; Public Health ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Animal behavior. Guppy sex and gluttony guided by orange glow (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1816.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11884728" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carotenoids/analysis ; Color ; *Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Food Preferences ; Fruit/chemistry ; Genes ; Male ; *Pigmentation ; Poecilia/anatomy & histology/genetics/*physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    Nobel women (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 18;295(5554):439.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11799998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; *Nobel Prize ; *Women
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    Humility in observational studies (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shelton, James D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12353520" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Epidemiologic Studies ; *Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; *Research Design ; *Selection Bias
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  • 58
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    Sperm-female coevolution in Drosophila (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-09
    Description: Rapid evolution of reproductive traits has been attributed to sexual selection arising from interaction between the sexes. However, little is known about the nature of selection driving the evolution of interacting sex-specific phenotypes. Using populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for divergent sperm length or female sperm-storage organ length, we experimentally show that male fertilization success is determined by an interaction between sperm and female morphology. In addition, sperm length evolution occurred as a correlated response to selection on the female reproductive tract. Giant sperm tails are the cellular equivalent of the peacock's tail, having evolved because females evolved reproductive tracts that selectively bias paternity in favor of males with longer sperm.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Gary T -- Pitnick, Scott -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 8;298(5596):1230-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 108 College Place, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424377" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Copulation ; Drosophila melanogaster/*anatomy & histology/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Fertilization ; Genitalia, Female/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Selection, Genetic ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Sperm Tail/ultrastructure ; Spermatozoa/*cytology/physiology
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    Natural iron isotope variations in human blood (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: Isotopic analysis of human blood and liver and muscle tissue indicates that each individual bears a long-term iron (Fe) isotope signature in the blood. Blood and tissue differ slightly in isotopic composition and are depleted by up to 2.6 per mil in 56Fe relative to 54Fe when compared to dietary Fe. The 56Fe/54Fe isotope ratio in the blood of males is, on average, lower by 0.3 per mil than that of females. These results suggest that Fe isotope effects in the blood reflect differences in intestinal Fe absorption between individuals and genotypes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walczyk, Thomas -- von Blanckenburg, Friedhelm -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2065-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Seestrasse 72, CH-8803 Ruschlikon, Switzerland. thomas.walczyk@ilw.agrl.ethz.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Child ; Female ; Food Analysis ; Humans ; Infant ; Intestinal Absorption ; Iron/*blood/metabolism ; Iron Isotopes/*blood/metabolism ; Iron, Dietary/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Meat ; Muscles/metabolism ; Reference Values ; Sex Characteristics
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    Generation of live young from xenografted mouse ovaries (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Snow, Melanie -- Cox, Shae-Lee -- Jenkin, Graham -- Trounson, Alan -- Shaw, Jillian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2227.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia, 3800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Embryo Loss ; Embryo Transfer ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Fertility ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Gonadotropins, Equine/administration & dosage ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Nude ; Oocytes/*physiology ; Ovariectomy ; Ovary/*transplantation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Outcome ; Rats ; *Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; *Transplantation, Heterologous
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    Toxicology. Questions swirl over knockout gas used in hostage crisis (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 8;298(5596):1150-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12424343" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Etorphine ; Female ; Fentanyl/*analogs & derivatives/poisoning ; Halothane ; Humans ; Male ; Narcotics/*poisoning ; *Prisoners ; Russia ; *Terrorism ; Tranquilizing Agents
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    The many selves of social insects (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: Social insects show multiple levels of self identity. Most individuals are sterile workers who selflessly labor for their colony, which is often viewed as a superorganism. The superorganism protects itself with colony recognition systems based on learned odors, typically cuticular hydrocarbons. Transfer of these odors within the colony obscures separate clan identities. Residual individual interests do appear to cause conflicts within colonies over sex ratio, male production, caste, and reproductive dominance. However, genomic imprinting theory predicts that the individual's maternal and paternal genes will evolve separate infraorganismal identities, perhaps leaving virtually no coherent individual identity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Queller, David C -- Strassmann, Joan E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):311-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Mail Stop-170, Rice University, Post Office Box 1892, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA. Queller@rice.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Cooperative Behavior ; Cues ; Female ; Genes, Insect ; Genomic Imprinting ; Hymenoptera/genetics/*physiology ; Insects/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Odors ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Ratio ; Social Behavior
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    Intra- and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: Although humans and their closest evolutionary relatives, the chimpanzees, are 98.7% identical in their genomic DNA sequences, they differ in many morphological, behavioral, and cognitive aspects. The underlying genetic basis of many of these differences may be altered gene expression. We have compared the transcriptome in blood leukocytes, liver, and brain of humans, chimpanzees, orangutans, and macaques using microarrays, as well as protein expression patterns of humans and chimpanzees using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. We also studied three mouse species that are approximately as related to each other as are humans, chimpanzees, and orangutans. We identified species-specific gene expression patterns indicating that changes in protein and gene expression have been particularly pronounced in the human brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enard, Wolfgang -- Khaitovich, Philipp -- Klose, Joachim -- Zollner, Sebastian -- Heissig, Florian -- Giavalisco, Patrick -- Nieselt-Struwe, Kay -- Muchmore, Elaine -- Varki, Ajit -- Ravid, Rivka -- Doxiadis, Gaby M -- Bontrop, Ronald E -- Paabo, Svante -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):340-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Inselstrasse 22, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*metabolism ; DNA, Complementary ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Haplorhini/*genetics ; Hominidae/genetics ; Humans ; Leukocytes/*metabolism ; Liver/*metabolism ; Macaca mulatta/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Muridae/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Organ Specificity ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Pongo pygmaeus/genetics ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity
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    RNA polymerase II transcription in murine cells lacking the TATA binding protein (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: Inactivation of the murine TATA binding protein (TBP) gene by homologous recombination leads to growth arrest and apoptosis at the embryonic blastocyst stage. However, after loss of TBP, RNA polymerase II (pol II) remains in a transcriptionally active phosphorylation state, and in situ run-on experiments showed high levels of pol II transcription comparable to those of wild-type cells. In contrast, pol I and pol III transcription was arrested. Our results show a differential dependency of the RNA polymerases on TBP and provide evidence for TBP-independent pol II transcriptional mechanisms that allow reinitiation and maintenance of gene transcription in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martianov, Igor -- Viville, Stephane -- Davidson, Irwin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1036-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), CNRS/INSERM/ULP, B.P. 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, Communaute Urbaine de Strasbourg, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amanitins/pharmacology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blastocyst/metabolism ; Cell Division ; Cell Nucleolus/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Gene Silencing ; Gene Targeting ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Phenotype ; RNA Polymerase I/metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; RNA Polymerase III/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; TATA-Box Binding Protein/genetics/*physiology ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Pharmacogenetics. Gene mutation may boost risk of heart arrhythmias (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 23;297(5585):1252.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12193756" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: African Continental Ancestry Group/*genetics ; Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/etiology/*genetics ; Diuretics/adverse effects ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Myocardium/metabolism ; NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel ; Pharmacogenetics ; *Point Mutation ; Risk Factors ; Sodium Channels/*genetics/metabolism
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    Women's health. More questions about hormone replacement (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):942.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Drug Combinations ; Drug Labeling ; *Estrogen Replacement Therapy/adverse effects ; *Estrogens, Conjugated (USP)/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Female ; Great Britain ; Hot Flashes/drug therapy ; Humans ; *Medroxyprogesterone Acetate/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Menopause ; Middle Aged ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Risk Factors ; United States
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    Becoming human. In search of the first hominids (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1214-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cuspid/anatomy & histology ; Dental Enamel/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Male ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Time ; Trees ; Walking
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    Melanopsin (Opn4) requirement for normal light-induced circadian phase shifting (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: The master circadian oscillator in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus is entrained to the day/night cycle by retinal photoreceptors. Melanopsin (Opn4), an opsin-based photopigment, is a primary candidate for photoreceptor-mediated entrainment. To investigate the functional role of melanopsin in light resetting of the oscillator, we generated melanopsin-null mice (Opn4-/-). These mice entrain to a light/dark cycle and do not exhibit any overt defect in circadian activity rhythms under constant darkness. However, they display severely attenuated phase resetting in response to brief pulses of monochromatic light, highlighting the critical role of melanopsin in circadian photoentrainment in mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Panda, Satchidananda -- Sato, Trey K -- Castrucci, Ana Maria -- Rollag, Mark D -- DeGrip, Willem J -- Hogenesch, John B -- Provencio, Ignacio -- Kay, Steve A -- MH 62405/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH51573/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2213-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John J. Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481141" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Darkness ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; *Light ; Light Signal Transduction ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology ; Rod Opsins/genetics/*physiology ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology
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    Intercellular communication in the mammalian ovary: oocytes carry the conversation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: The production of functional female gametes is essential for the propagation of all vertebrate species. The growth of oocytes within ovarian follicles and their development to mature eggs have fascinated biologists for centuries, and scientists have long realized the importance of the ovarian follicle's somatic cells in nurturing oogenesis and delivering the oocyte to the oviduct by ovulation. Recent studies have revealed key roles of the oocyte in folliculogenesis and established that bidirectional communication between the oocyte and companion somatic cells is essential for development of an egg competent to undergo fertilization and embryogenesis. The challenge for the future is to identify the factors that participate in this communication and their mechanisms of action.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matzuk, Martin M -- Burns, Kathleen H -- Viveiros, Maria M -- Eppig, John J -- CA60651/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA62392/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- EY07102/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- GM07330/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD07495/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD23839/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD32067/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD33438/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2178-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA. mmatzuk@bcm.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077402" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Communication ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Female ; Granulosa Cells/physiology ; Oocytes/*physiology ; *Oogenesis ; Ovarian Follicle/*physiology ; Signal Transduction
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    Transcriptional regulation of cortical neuron migration by POU domain factors (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-23
    Description: The identification of pathways mediated by the kinase Cdk5 and the ligand reelin has provided a conceptual framework for exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying proper lamination of the developing mammalian cerebral cortex. In this report, we identify a component of the regulation of Cdk5-mediated cortical lamination by genetic analysis of the roles of the class III POU domain transcription factors, Brn-1 and Brn-2, expressed during the development of the forebrain and coexpressed in most layer II-V cortical neurons. Brn-1 and Brn-2 appear to critically control the initiation of radial migration, redundantly regulating the cell-autonomous expression of the p35 and p39 regulatory subunits of Cdk5 in migrating cortical neurons, with Brn-1(-/-)/Brn-2(-/-) mice exhibiting cortical inversion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McEvilly, Robert J -- de Diaz, Marcela Ortiz -- Schonemann, Marcus D -- Hooshmand, Farideh -- Rosenfeld, Michael G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1528-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department and School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0648, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Movement ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/embryology/*metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Hippocampus/cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins ; In Situ Hybridization ; Male ; Mice ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neuropeptides/genetics/*physiology ; POU Domain Factors ; Serine Endopeptidases ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Entomology. New insect order speaks to life's diversity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):445-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Fossils ; Insects/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Terminology as Topic
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    Mother-to-child HIV transmission and ARVs (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Vlas, Sake J -- Nagelkerke, Nico J D -- Jha, Prabhat -- Plummer, Frank A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/economics/*therapeutic use ; Child ; Developing Countries ; Drug Costs ; Drug Resistance, Viral ; Female ; HIV/drug effects/physiology ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/prevention & control/*transmission/virology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/*prevention & control ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; Viral Load
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    Unpredictable evolution in a 30-year study of Darwin's finches (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: Evolution can be predicted in the short term from a knowledge of selection and inheritance. However, in the long term evolution is unpredictable because environments, which determine the directions and magnitudes of selection coefficients, fluctuate unpredictably. These two features of evolution, the predictable and unpredictable, are demonstrated in a study of two populations of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos island of Daphne Major. From 1972 to 2001, Geospiza fortis (medium ground finch) and Geospiza scandens (cactus finch) changed several times in body size and two beak traits. Natural selection occurred frequently in both species and varied from unidirectional to oscillating, episodic to gradual. Hybridization occurred repeatedly though rarely, resulting in elevated phenotypic variances in G. scandens and a change in beak shape. The phenotypic states of both species at the end of the 30-year study could not have been predicted at the beginning. Continuous, long-term studies are needed to detect and interpret rare but important events and nonuniform evolutionary change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grant, Peter R -- Grant, B Rosemary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):707-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544-1003, USA. prgrantprinceton.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Constitution ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Ecuador ; Female ; Food ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Phenotype ; Sampling Studies ; Seeds ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex Ratio ; *Songbirds/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Time Factors
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    Evolutionary biology. Evo-devo enthusiasts get down to details (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):953-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Butterflies/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development ; Caenorhabditis/anatomy & histology/genetics/physiology ; Cell Lineage ; *Developmental Biology ; Eye/anatomy & histology ; Female ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development ; *Genes ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetic Variation ; Male ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Determination Processes ; Species Specificity ; Stomatognathic System/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Herpetology. 100 frogs a-leaping for biodiversity (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 11;298(5592):339-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12376674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anura/anatomy & histology/*classification/genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Male ; Oviposition ; Sri Lanka ; Trees
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 76
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    Tangled roots? Genetics meets genealogy (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Kathryn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1634-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Commerce ; DNA/genetics ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Entrepreneurship ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Medical ; *Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation ; *Pedigree ; Y Chromosome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 77
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    No major schizophrenia locus detected on chromosome 1q in a large multicenter sample (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: Reports of substantial evidence for genetic linkage of schizophrenia to chromosome 1q were evaluated by genotyping 16 DNA markers across 107 centimorgans of this chromosome in a multicenter sample of 779 informative schizophrenia pedigrees. No significant evidence was observed for such linkage, nor for heterogeneity in allele sharing among the eight individual samples. Separate analyses of European-origin families, recessive models of inheritance, and families with larger numbers of affected cases also failed to produce significant evidence for linkage. If schizophrenia susceptibility genes are present on chromosome 1q, their population-wide genetic effects are likely to be small.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levinson, Douglas F -- Holmans, Peter A -- Laurent, Claudine -- Riley, Brien -- Pulver, Ann E -- Gejman, Pablo V -- Schwab, Sibylle G -- Williams, Nigel M -- Owen, Michael J -- Wildenauer, Dieter B -- Sanders, Alan R -- Nestadt, Gerald -- Mowry, Bryan J -- Wormley, Brandon -- Bauche, Stephanie -- Soubigou, Stephane -- Ribble, Robert -- Nertney, Deborah A -- Liang, Kung Yee -- Martinolich, Laura -- Maier, Wolfgang -- Norton, Nadine -- Williams, Hywel -- Albus, Margot -- Carpenter, Eric B -- DeMarchi, Nicola -- Ewen-White, Kelly R -- Walsh, Dermot -- Jay, Maurice -- Deleuze, Jean-Francois -- O'Neill, F Anthony -- Papadimitriou, George -- Weilbaecher, Ann -- Lerer, Bernard -- O'Donovan, Michael C -- Dikeos, Dimitris -- Silverman, Jeremy M -- Kendler, Kenneth S -- Mallet, Jacques -- Crowe, Raymond R -- Walters, Marilyn -- G9309834/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G9810900/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- K24-MH64197/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- KO2-01207/PHS HHS/ -- MH 41953/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH 45390/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH 52537/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH61602/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH57314/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH46289/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01 MH46318/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):739-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. dfl@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976456" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa ; Alleles ; Australia ; Canada ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/*genetics ; Europe ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; *Genetic Linkage ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Pedigree ; Schizophrenia/ethnology/*genetics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mother knows best (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meltzer, David J -- Grayson, Donald K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):194.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12117008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Male ; *Mothers ; *Nuclear Family
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 79
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    Colorectal cancer in mice genetically deficient in the mucin Muc2 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-02
    Description: The gastrointestinal tract is lined by a layer of mucus comprised of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins. To evaluate the importance of mucin in intestinal carcinogenesis, we constructed mice genetically deficient in Muc2, the most abundant secreted gastrointestinal mucin. Muc2-/- mice displayed aberrant intestinal crypt morphology and altered cell maturation and migration. Most notably, the mice frequently developed adenomas in the small intestine that progressed to invasive adenocarcinoma, as well as rectal tumors. Thus, Muc2 is involved in the suppression of colorectal cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Velcich, Anna -- Yang, WanCai -- Heyer, Joerg -- Fragale, Alessandra -- Nicholas, Courtney -- Viani, Stephanie -- Kucherlapati, Raju -- Lipkin, Martin -- Yang, Kan -- Augenlicht, Leonard -- CA 72835/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA 90808/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P0 CA 13330/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 1;295(5560):1726-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center/Montefiore Medical Center, 111 East 210 Street, Bronx, NY 10467, USA. velcich@aecom.yu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/chemistry/pathology ; Adenoma/chemistry/pathology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Movement ; Colon/chemistry/cytology/pathology ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*etiology/metabolism/pathology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/analysis ; Disease Progression ; Duodenal Neoplasms/chemistry/pathology ; Duodenum/chemistry/cytology/pathology ; Epithelial Cells/chemistry/physiology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Goblet Cells/cytology ; Intestinal Mucosa/chemistry/cytology/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Mucin-2 ; Mucins/analysis/*genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/analysis ; *Trans-Activators ; beta Catenin
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Creatures of our own making (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Budiansky, Stephen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):80-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Aedes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Animals ; Anopheles/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology/transmission ; Biological Evolution ; Blood ; Climate ; Culex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Culicidae/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Human Activities ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/anatomy & histology/classification/*physiology ; Malaria/epidemiology/transmission ; Male ; Mosquito Control ; Oviposition ; Reproduction ; Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    Bile Acid secreted by male sea lamprey that acts as a sex pheromone (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: We show that reproductively mature male sea lampreys release a bile acid that acts as a potent sex pheromone, inducing preference and searching behavior in ovulated female lampreys. The secreted bile acid 7alpha,12alpha,24-trihydroxy-5alpha-cholan-3-one 24-sulfate was released in much higher amounts relative to known vertebrate steroid pheromones and may be secreted through the gills. Hence, the male of this fish species signals both its reproductive status and location to females by secreting a pheromone that can act over long distances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Weiming -- Scott, Alexander P -- Siefkes, Michael J -- Yan, Honggao -- Liu, Qin -- Yun, Sang-Seon -- Gage, Douglas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):138-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. Liweim@msu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11935026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts/chemistry/isolation & purification/*physiology/secretion ; Cholic Acids/chemistry/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Chromatography, Thin Layer ; Female ; Gills/cytology/secretion ; Lampreys/*physiology ; Male ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Ovulation ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Attractants/chemistry/isolation & purification/*physiology/secretion ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Spectrometry, Mass, Fast Atom Bombardment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 82
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    What mosquitoes want: secrets of host attraction (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):90-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364778" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/*physiology ; Blood ; Carbon Dioxide ; Cues ; Culicidae/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Insect Bites and Stings ; Insect Repellents ; Male ; *Mosquito Control/instrumentation/methods ; *Odors ; Pheromones ; Receptors, Odorant/metabolism ; Sweat ; Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 83
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    Covariation of synaptonemal complex length and mammalian meiotic exchange rates (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: Analysis of recombination between loci (linkage analysis) has been a cornerstone of human genetic research, enabling investigators to localize and, ultimately, identify genetic loci. However, despite these efforts little is known about patterns of meiotic exchange in human germ cells or the mechanisms that control these patterns. Using recently developed immunofluorescence methodology to examine exchanges in human spermatocytes, we have identified remarkable variation in the rate of recombination within and among individuals. Subsequent analyses indicate that, in humans and mice, this variation is linked to differences in the length of the synaptonemal complex. Thus, at least in mammals, a physical structure, the synaptonemal complex, reflects genetic rather than physical distance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lynn, Audrey -- Koehler, Kara E -- Judis, LuAnn -- Chan, Ernest R -- Cherry, Jonathan P -- Schwartz, Stuart -- Seftel, Allen -- Hunt, Patricia A -- Hassold, Terry J -- HD07518/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD21341/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD37502/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2222-5. Epub 2002 Jun 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; Chromosomes, Human/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Crossing Over, Genetic ; Female ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Male ; *Meiosis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Proteins/analysis ; Nuclear Proteins ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Spermatocytes/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Synaptonemal Complex/*ultrastructure
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    Women's health. U.K. hormone trial to pause for review (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 2;297(5582):755-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12161626" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Trials as Topic/methods/*standards ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Estrogens/*adverse effects ; Female ; Great Britain ; Hormone Replacement Therapy/*adverse effects ; Humans ; Progestins/*adverse effects ; Risk Assessment ; Women's Health
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 85
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    Epidemiology. Despite safety concerns, U.K. hormone study to proceed (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 26;297(5581):492.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12142501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology ; Confidence Intervals ; *Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic/standards ; Coronary Disease/epidemiology/etiology ; Estrogen Replacement Therapy/*adverse effects ; Female ; Great Britain ; Humans ; Menopause ; Risk Assessment ; Stroke/epidemiology/etiology ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 86
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    Is schizophrenia linked to chromosome 1q? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Macgregor, Stuart -- Visscher, Peter M -- Knott, Sara -- Porteous, David -- Muir, Walter -- Millar, Kirsty -- Blackwood, Douglas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2277; author reply 2277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, Ashworth Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK. stuart.macgregor@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493873" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Heterogeneity ; *Genetic Linkage ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Lod Score ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Pedigree ; Schizophrenia/ethnology/*genetics ; Software
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 87
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    Sex-biased hatching order and adaptive population divergence in a passerine bird (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-12
    Description: Most species of birds can lay only one egg per day until a clutch is complete, and the order in which eggs are laid often has strong and sex-specific effects on offspring growth and survival. In two recently established populations of the house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) in Montana and Alabama, breeding females simultaneously adjusted the sex and growth of offspring in relation to their position in the laying order, thereby reducing the mortality of sons and daughters by 10 to 20% in both environments. We show experimentally that the reduction in mortality is produced by persistent and sex-specific maternal effects on the growth and morphology of offspring. These strong parental effects may have facilitated the rapid adaptive divergence among populations of house finches.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Badyaev, Alexander V -- Hill, Geoffrey E -- Beck, Michelle L -- Dervan, Anne A -- Duckworth, Renee A -- McGraw, Kevin J -- Nolan, Paul M -- Whittingham, Linda A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):316-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. abadyaev@selway.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11786641" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptation, Physiological ; Alabama ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; *Biological Evolution ; Body Weight ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Female ; Male ; Montana ; Oviposition ; *Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sex Ratio ; Songbirds/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*physiology ; Tarsus, Animal/anatomy & histology/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 88
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    Germline stem cells anchored by adherens junctions in the Drosophila ovary niches (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: How stem cells are recruited to and maintained in their niches is crucial to understanding their regulation and use in regenerative medicine. Here, we demonstrate that DE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is required for anchoring germline stem cells (GSCs) in their niches in the Drosophila ovary. Two major components of this adhesion process, DE-cadherin and Armadillo/beta-catenin, accumulate at high levels in the junctions between GSCs and cap cells, one of the niche components. Removal of these proteins from GSCs results in stem cell loss. Furthermore, DE-cadherin is required for recruiting GSCs to their niche. Our study demonstrates that anchorage of GSCs in their niche by DE-cadherin-mediated adhesion is important for stem cell maintenance and function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Song, Xiaoqing -- Zhu, Chun-Hong -- Doan, Chuong -- Xie, Ting -- 1R01 GM64428-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD 17608/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1855-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adherens Junctions/*physiology ; Alleles ; Animals ; Armadillo Domain Proteins ; Cadherins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Differentiation ; Drosophila/cytology/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; Insect Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Mutation ; Oocytes/*cytology/physiology/ultrastructure ; Ovary/cytology/growth & development/physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; *Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factors ; Wnt1 Protein
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  • 89
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    Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA ("ecstasy") (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: The prevailing view is that the popular recreational drug (+/-)3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or "ecstasy") is a selective serotonin neurotoxin in animals and possibly in humans. Nonhuman primates exposed to several sequential doses of MDMA, a regimen modeled after one used by humans, developed severe brain dopaminergic neurotoxicity, in addition to less pronounced serotonergic neurotoxicity. MDMA neurotoxicity was associated with increased vulnerability to motor dysfunction secondary to dopamine depletion. These results have implications for mechanisms of MDMA neurotoxicity and suggest that recreational MDMA users may unwittingly be putting themselves at risk, either as young adults or later in life, for developing neuropsychiatric disorders related to brain dopamine and/or serotonin deficiency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ricaurte, George A -- Yuan, Jie -- Hatzidimitriou, George -- Cord, Branden J -- McCann, Una D -- DA 00206/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA 09487/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA 10217/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA 13790/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA 5707/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 27;297(5590):2260-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA. Ricaurte@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid/metabolism ; Animals ; Autoradiography ; Axons/drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Brain/*drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Female ; Hallucinogens/administration & dosage/adverse effects/*toxicity ; Humans ; Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid/metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine/administration & dosage/adverse ; effects/*toxicity ; Nerve Degeneration ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neurons/drug effects/*metabolism ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Norepinephrine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Papio ; Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced ; Saimiri ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Symporters/metabolism ; Tremor/chemically induced ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Absence of circadian phase resetting in response to bright light behind the knees (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wright, Kenneth P Jr -- Czeisler, Charles A -- M01-RR02635/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- NIH R01-MH45130/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32-DK07529/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 26;297(5581):571.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Suite 438, Boston, MA 02115, USA. kwright@hms.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12142528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Biological Clocks ; Body Temperature ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Humans ; Knee ; *Light ; *Light Signal Transduction ; Male ; Melatonin/blood/secretion ; Sleep ; Supine Position
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Loss of sex discrimination and male-male aggression in mice deficient for TRP2 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-02
    Description: The mouse vomeronasal organ (VNO) is thought to mediate social behaviors and neuroendocrine changes elicited by pheromonal cues. The molecular mechanisms underlying the sensory response to pheromones and the behavioral repertoire induced through the VNO are not fully characterized. Using the tools of mouse genetics and multielectrode recording, we demonstrate that the sensory activation of VNO neurons requires TRP2, a putative ion channel of the transient receptor potential family that is expressed exclusively in these neurons. Moreover, we show that male mice deficient in TRP2 expression fail to display male-male aggression, and they initiate sexual and courtship behaviors toward both males and females. Our study suggests that, in the mouse, sensory activation of the VNO is essential for sex discrimination of conspecifics and thus ensures gender-specific behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stowers, Lisa -- Holy, Timothy E -- Meister, Markus -- Dulac, Catherine -- Koentges, Georgy -- DC03903/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1493-500. Epub 2002 Jan 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823606" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; Chemoreceptor Cells/*physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cues ; Electrophysiology ; Electroporation ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Male ; Maternal Behavior ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/physiology ; Olfactory Mucosa/physiology ; Pheromones/*physiology/urine ; Sex Characteristics ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Signal Transduction ; TRPC Cation Channels ; Video Recording ; Vomeronasal Organ/*innervation/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Production of alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs by nuclear transfer cloning (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: The presence of galactose alpha-1,3-galactose residues on the surface of pig cells is a major obstacle to successful xenotransplantation. Here, we report the production of four live pigs in which one allele of the alpha-1,3-galactosyltransferase locus has been knocked out. These pigs were produced by nuclear transfer technology; clonal fetal fibroblast cell lines were used as nuclear donors for embryos reconstructed with enucleated pig oocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lai, Liangxue -- Kolber-Simonds, Donna -- Park, Kwang-Wook -- Cheong, Hee-Tae -- Greenstein, Julia L -- Im, Gi-Sun -- Samuel, Melissa -- Bonk, Aaron -- Rieke, August -- Day, Billy N -- Murphy, Clifton N -- Carter, David B -- Hawley, Robert J -- Prather, Randall S -- R44 RR15198/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- T32 RR07004/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1089-92. Epub 2002 Jan 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778012" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Transfer ; Female ; Fetus ; Fibroblasts ; Galactosyltransferases/*genetics ; *Gene Targeting ; Genetic Vectors ; Male ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Pregnancy ; Recombination, Genetic ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature/embryology/*genetics ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Allelic variation in human gene expression (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yan, Hai -- Yuan, Weishi -- Velculescu, Victor E -- Vogelstein, Bert -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- CA 62924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA43460/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 16;297(5584):1143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12183620" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Calpain/genetics ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Techniques ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein Kinases/genetics
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  • 94
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    Improving the health of the global poor (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: We analyzed the technical basis for a major global program to reduce disease among the poor. Effective interventions exist against the few diseases which most account for excess mortality among the poor. Achieving high coverage of effective interventions requires a well-functioning health system, as well as overcoming a set of financial and nonfinancial constraints. The annual incremental cost would be between $40 billion and $52 billion by 2015 in 83 low-income and sub-Saharan African countries. Such a program is feasible and would avoid millions of child, maternal, and adult deaths annually in poor countries.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jha, Prabhat -- Mills, Anne -- Hanson, Kara -- Kumaranayake, Lilani -- Conteh, Lesong -- Kurowski, Christoph -- Nguyen, Son Nam -- Cruz, Valeria Oliveira -- Ranson, Kent -- Vaz, Lara M E -- Yu, Shengchao -- Morton, Oliver -- Sachs, Jeffrey D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2036-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva 01220, Switzerland. jhap@who.int〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896266" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Child ; *Delivery of Health Care/economics ; Female ; *Global Health ; Government ; Health Care Costs ; *Health Expenditures ; Health Services Accessibility ; *Health Status ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/economics ; *Medically Underserved Area ; *Poverty ; Pregnancy ; Preventive Health Services/economics ; Public Policy
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cancer risk. Nudge from Congress prompts NCI review (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):171.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Abortion, Induced ; Breast Neoplasms/*epidemiology ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Female ; *Government Publications as Topic ; Humans ; *Internet ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Politics ; Risk Factors ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in infants (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: Human infants begin to acquire their native language in the first months of life. To determine which brain regions support language processing at this young age, we measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging the brain activity evoked by normal and reversed speech in awake and sleeping 3-month-old infants. Left-lateralized brain regions similar to those of adults, including the superior temporal and angular gyri, were already active in infants. Additional activation in right prefrontal cortex was seen only in awake infants processing normal speech. Thus, precursors of adult cortical language areas are already active in infants, well before the onset of speech production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dehaene-Lambertz, Ghislaine -- Dehaene, Stanislas -- Hertz-Pannier, Lucie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):2013-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, CNRS & Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, 54 Boulevard Raspail, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France. ghis@lscp.ehess.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471265" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Infant ; Language Development ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Sleep ; *Speech Perception ; Temporal Lobe/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Wakefulness
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  • 97
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    Oscillations and sparsening of odor representations in the mushroom body (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-20
    Description: In the insect olfactory system, oscillatory synchronization is functionally relevant and reflects the coherent activation of dynamic neural assemblies. We examined the role of such oscillatory synchronization in information transfer between networks in this system. The antennal lobe is the obligatory relay for olfactory afferent signals and generates oscillatory output. The mushroom body is responsible for formation and retrieval of olfactory and other memories. The format of odor representations differs significantly across these structures. Whereas representations are dense, dynamic, and seemingly redundant in the antennal lobe, they are sparse and carried by more selective neurons in the mushroom body. This transformation relies on a combination of oscillatory dynamics and intrinsic and circuit properties that act together to selectively filter and synthesize the output from the antennal lobe. These results provide direct support for the functional relevance of correlation codes and shed some light on the role of oscillatory synchronization in sensory networks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perez-Orive, Javier -- Mazor, Ofer -- Turner, Glenn C -- Cassenaer, Stijn -- Wilson, Rachel I -- Laurent, Gilles -- P41-RR09754/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 19;297(5580):359-65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12130775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes ; Evoked Potentials ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Female ; Grasshoppers ; Interneurons/physiology ; Male ; Mushroom Bodies/*cytology/*physiology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neural Inhibition ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Odors ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Picrotoxin/pharmacology ; Smell/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology
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  • 98
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    Mantophasmatodea now in South Africa (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Picker, Mike D -- Colville, Jonathan F -- van Noort, Simon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 30;297(5586):1475.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12211240" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Insects/*classification ; Male ; Namibia ; Phylogeny ; South Africa ; Tanzania
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Female eavesdropping on male song contests in songbirds (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mennill, Daniel J -- Ratcliffe, Laurene M -- Boag, Peter T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 3;296(5569):873.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L3N6, Canada. mennilld@biology.queensu.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11988564" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Copulation ; Female ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; Social Behavior ; Songbirds/*physiology ; *Vocalization, Animal
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    Regulation of spermatogenesis by testis-specific, cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase TPAP (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: Spermatogenesis is a highly specialized process of cellular differentiation to produce spermatozoa. This differentiation process accompanies morphological changes that are controlled by a number of genes expressed in a stage-specific manner during spermatogenesis. Here we show that in mice, the absence of a testis-specific, cytoplasmic polyadenylate [poly(A)] polymerase, TPAP, results in the arrest of spermiogenesis. TPAP-deficient mice display impaired expression of haploid-specific genes that are required for the morphogenesis of germ cells. The TPAP deficiency also causes incomplete elongation of poly(A) tails of particular transcription factor messenger RNAs. Although the overall cellular level of the transcription factor TAF10 is unaffected, TAF10 is insufficiently transported into the nucleus of germ cells. We propose that TPAP governs germ cell morphogenesis by modulating specific transcription factors at posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kashiwabara, Shin-Ichi -- Noguchi, Junko -- Zhuang, Tiangang -- Ohmura, Ko -- Honda, Arata -- Sugiura, Shin -- Miyamoto, Kiyoko -- Takahashi, Satoru -- Inoue, Kimiko -- Ogura, Atsuo -- Baba, Tadashi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1999-2002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cytoplasm/enzymology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Gene Targeting ; In Situ Nick-End Labeling ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Organ Size ; Poly A/metabolism ; Polynucleotide Adenylyltransferase/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; Spermatids/physiology ; Spermatocytes/physiology ; *Spermatogenesis ; Spermatozoa/*physiology ; Testis/*enzymology/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; mRNA Cleavage and Polyadenylation Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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