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  • Angiosperms  (680)
  • Springer  (680)
  • 101
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 119-123 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Melastomataceae ; Nodal and petiolar vascularization ; common gap and split laterals ; flank bridge ; cortical bundles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nodal anatomy inMelastomataceae is variable. The (two times) unilacunar one trace type is wide-spread. In addition, species ofHeterocentron and ofTribouchina exhibit one pair of common gaps with split laterals. Others possess a distinct “flank bridge” of vascular tissue. Species with internodes quadrangular and four-winged in transsect exhibit up to five concentric cortical bundles per wing; they are involved in both petiolar vascularization and formation of flank bridges.
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  • 102
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Saxifragaceae ; Bergenia cordifolia ; Gynoecium ontogenesis ; meristem incorporation ; meristem fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Scanning electron microscopical investigations of flower buds of the perennial herbBergenia cordifolia (Haw.)A. Br. (Saxifragaceae) reveal a primitive gynoecium. During ontogenesis the margins of the carpel lamina transgress on the apical cone of the axis by meristem incorporation and finally fuse with the margins of the opposite carpel. These processes of meristem incorporation and fusion first lead to gamophylly and furthermore to carpel peltation, as is demonstrated by SEM-photographs (ring-shaped dike and common septum of the two carpels). As a result of carpel peltation, the lowest point of the septum deliminates the synascidiate zone. Above this point, the symplicate and, eventually, the plicate zone follows (vid. ventral suture). The margins of the carpel lamina merely touch each other without being coalesced. The preparation of a window in the carpel's dorsal side permits a look at a massive lateral placenta (Leinfellner 1951) developing the ovules. In the lower third—in lateral position at the placenta's margin—the first ovules are seen, the next ones follow in acropetal and basipetal direction, as well as to the periphery of the placenta.
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  • 103
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 177-188 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; microsporogenesis ; karyogeobotany ; karyotaxonomy ; karyotype evolution ; basic number
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosome numbers of the 24 species of sect.Pelargonium were determined from field collected and cultivated plants of known localities in S. Africa. Twelve species are diploid (2n = 22), eight tetraploid (2n = 44), one hexaploid (2n = 66), and three octoploid (2n = 88). The chromosome numbers correlate well with the proposed subdivision of sect.Pelargonium. Its chromosomes are relatively small (1.0–1.5 µm) in comparison to most of the other sections, and its diploid karyotype is considered to be primitive. The occurrence of the basic number x = 11 in this section, in other sections of the genus, and in related genera (Monsonia, Sarcocaulon) leads to the conclusion that x = 11 probably is basic for the whole genus. — The pollen meiosis, microsporogenesis and pollen fertility of the diploid species is normal, with the exception of one, possibly young taxon from the Greyton Nature Reserve. The tetraploid species could be of autoploid origin, the higher polyploids exhibit a mixed auto-alloploid nature. — The 20 diploid and tetraploid species have a relatively small distribution range, most of them occur in the SW. Cape Province of South Africa. This area may therefore be considered as the centre of origin of the genus. Three of the four high polyploid species occupy rather large areas.
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  • 104
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 189-203 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ericaceae ; Onagraceae ; Mimosaceae ; Musaceae ; Ultrastructure ; function of pollen connecting threads and viscin threads ; palynology ; pollination ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Viscin threads and other pollen connecting threads of some angiosperm families were investigated, especially those ofEricaceae. According to the definition adopted, viscin threads are ± long exinous processes which consist of exinous material and connect pollen grains or tetrads. Such viscin threads are found within theOnagraceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Ericaceae, andMimosaceae only. While they differ in structure and composition, they always consist of sporopollenin and exhibit a very strong stickiness, even after all viscid substances have been removed by acetolysis. In contrast, the pollen connecting scleroprotein threads ofOrchidaceae and the cellular threads ofStrelitzia reginae Aiton. (Musaceae) are not connected with the exine surface, are destroyed by acetolysis, and thus do not correspond to viscin threads.
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  • 105
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Pappus part number ; meristic characters ; canalized numbers ; quantitative genetics ; evolutionary genetics ; marker enzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microseris strain C34 is a hybrid between the Chilean speciesM. pygmaea (10 pappus parts) and the CalifornianM. bigelovii (5 pappus parts). The plants are propagated by selfing from the original hybrid specimen. Each plant has from 5 to 10 pappus parts per achene with an average value that is additively determined by four unlinked quantitatively acting genes. Single-gene heterozygote sublines have been obtained for two of these,pp-1 (shown to be linked to a modifier of acid phosphatase-1) andpp-4. Sublines homozygous for all four additive genes show residual genetic variation influencing pappus part number. At least one additional gene can be demonstrated by its linkage with leucine aminopeptidase-1. Lines for the further characterization of these hypostatic genes are selected.
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  • 106
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    Plant systematics and evolution 147 (1984), S. 253-266 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lauraceae ; Meliponinae ; Pollination ; dispersal ; reproductive biology ; dichogamy ; dioecy ; Neotropics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In hermaphrodite neotropicalLauraceae a highly evolved dichogamous system is present which represents a kind of temporal dioecy. This system involves the existence of two flower morphs which are characterized by reciprocal phases of receptivity of the stigmas and pollen release. In some genera (Persea, Cinnamomum), nectar is produced as a reward for the flower visitors, while in other genera (Aniba, Clinostemon, Licaria), nectar is absent and pollen seems to be the only reward. This implies that in this case the flowers in the female stage must be deceptive flowers. In dioecious species of the generaOcotea andNectandra, both the male and female flowers attract the visitors with nectar. The pollen-ovule ratio of theLauraceae is comparatively low. — The type of reproductive system that characterizes theLauraceae, comprising functional dioecy, small, inconspicuously coloured flowers, pollination by small bees, and large, one-seeded fruits dispersed by birds, is quite prominent among trees of various families in the tropical lowland forest. The relationship between the different modes of flowering within theLauraceae and the causes for the correlation of their reproductive traits are discussed.
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  • 107
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 223-236 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lamiaceae ; Plectranthus ; P. vestitus ; Pollination ; melittophily ; hovering bees ; Flora of madagascar
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a primary forest on the Central Plateau of MadagascarPlectranthus vestitus (Lamiaceae) was principally pollinated by the beePachymelus limbatus (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae). A species ofStylogaster (Diptera, Conopidae) acted as a co-pollinator. Flower — pollinator interactions are described. The bee performed pollination while hovering, a flower-visit lasting onlyc. 0.3 seconds. Floral features such as shape and size of the corolla tube, and the lack of a landing place suggest specialization to hovering anthophorid beepollinators. Floral biology and pollination in the genusPlectranthus are discussed.
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  • 108
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 205-222 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; cereals ; Protein content ; kernel weight ; correlation with allozyme markers and environmental parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Geographic variation in protein content of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, and the associations of protein content with ecological and allozyme markers were tested in an attempt to derive predictive guidelines for conservation and utilization in breeding programs. The study involved 195 genotypes of wild barley from 25 populations, 15 central and 10 marginal. These populations had been tested earlier for allozymic variation (Nevo & al. 1979 a, b). The results indicate that protein content varies both within, but particularly between populations. Notably, the 10 marginal populations exhibit high protein content but low kernel weight, as compared with the 15 central populations which displayed lower protein content but high kernel weight. Three variable combinations of climatic factors explain 40% of the variability in protein content among populations. Likewise, 3 variable combinations of allozyme allele frequencies explain a significant degree of spatial variance in protein content (R square = 0.63). — We conclude that natural populations of wild barley in Israel contain large amounts of yet untapped genes for protein content. These could be effectively screened and utilized for producing high protein cultivars of barley by following ecological and allozymic markers as predictive guidelines in screening natural populations of wild barley.
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  • 109
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    Plant systematics and evolution 150 (1985), S. 237-262 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Verbesina ; V. breedlovei ; sp. n. ; V. cronquistii ; sp. n. ; V. olsenii ; sp. n. ; Taxonomic revision ; chromosome numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Verbesina sect.Pseudomontanoa is revised. The last treatment of the group byRobinson & Greenman (1899) recognized 5 species; the present treatment recognizes 12 species, 3 of which (V. breedlovei, V. cronquistii andV. olsenii) are described as new. A key to species, phyletic diagram and distribution maps are provided.
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  • 110
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae ; Apiaceae ; Ferula communis ; rDNA variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The rDNA of five accessions of the giant fennel (Ferula communis, Umbelliferae) was analyzed. The restriction map of Bam H 1, Eco R 1 and Hind III sites was established for one of them. Variation between the five accessions was observed at several levels. Three have a homogeneous repeat size, whereas the two others are heterogeneous, one presenting an additional site heterogeneity. However, the general pattern of organization is very similar and there is much greater similarity between theFerula accessions than with the pattern observed for carrot, a plant from the same family. Variation was also observed in the copy number of the rDNA repeats, which ranges from ≃ 900 to 3 500. The results demonstrate that the five accessions can be clearly differentiated by molecular analysis of their DNA although they belong to the same species or subspecies. They also demonstrate that different isolated populations of a species evolve independently, thus shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of speciation.
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  • 111
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 119-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Crocus ; C. speciosus ; Embryo sac ; intraspecific hybrids ; chromosome numbers ; karyotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed description of female reproductive structures inCrocus is given, using three different techniques: wax embedding and sectioning, SEM, and observation of cleared ovules by interference contrast microscopy. The results of this examination, and a chromosomal investigation of the intraspecific hybrids obtained by crossing specimens ofC. speciosus of different karyotypes, are used to test the hypothesis thatCrocus is apomictic. Although facultative diplospory cannot be entirely ruled out, it is suggested that apomixis is an unlikely explanation from the unusual amount of chromosomal variation found in some species ofCrocus, and alternative causes are discussed.
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  • 112
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1984), S. 149-164 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Heterocarpy ; organ differentiation ; polygenic inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microseris B87 is derived from a single hybrid specimen betweenM. pygmaea with few, weakly hairy peripheral achenes and aM. bigelovii with many, strongly hairy peripheral achenes. Offspring through the F4 and F5 generations obtained by spontaneous selfing were analyzed for the segregation of quantitative and qualitative characters relating to achene dimorphism. The phenotypic effects of two previously identified unlinked genes determining the relative number of outer achenes are characterized in partially and completely homozygous sublines. We show that two morphological markers genetically linked to one of these genes are themselves regulated by the system inducing heterocarpy. Not more than two more unlinked genes are involved in the genetic basis of the heterocarpic response. The interaction of these genes in determining the heterocarpy phenotypes is discussed in the framework of a model postulating genes for a morphogen gradient across the capitulum and genes responding to this gradient.
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  • 113
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 215-237 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. hirtella ; E. drosocalyx ; Infraspecific classification ; chorology of the Alpine Flora ; Flora of Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A more precise taxonomic concept ofE. hirtella and its infraspecific synonymy is presented. Its diploid nature (2n = 22) is confirmed. Within the European area ofE. hirtella five different races may be recognised: “typical”, “brandisii”, “capitulata”, “Rofan” and “Bretagne”. Taxonomic rank is not yet attributed to these races. The heterogeneous taxonomic assembly “E. drosocalyx” is disentangled. The type refers to products of hybrid introgression ofE. rostkoviana-characters (long glandular hairs) intoE. minima.
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  • 114
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 31-41 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cucurbitaceae ; Cucumis sativus L. — Giemsa C-banding ; heterochromatin ; infraspecific classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Infraspecific cytogenetical variation was studied in a diverse collection of five non-cultivated and cultivatedCucumis sativus accessions. The individual chromosomes of different accessions could be identified by the C-banding pattern and chromosome measurements. About 40–50% of the genomic area are made up of heterochromatin inC. sativus. The non-cultivated accessions exhibit more heterochromatin and lower chiasma frequencies per pollen mother cell than cultivated accessions. There is infraspecific variation in C-banding pattern, karyomorphology and multinucleolate cells. The use of C-banding in infraspecific classification is discussed.
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  • 115
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    Plant systematics and evolution 148 (1985), S. 317-319 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae ; Rumex ; New species ; hybrids ; Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rumex bithynicus sp. n. (sect.Rumex) with two new hybrids from NW Turkey is close toR. alveolatus (from NE Iran, Afghanistan, NW Pakistan and Turkmenistan).
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  • 116
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 73-87 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Eupatorieae ; Oxylobus.—Taxonomy.—Flora of Mexico ; Central America ; Guatemala ; Columbia ; Venezuela
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A revisionary treatment ofOxylobus is rendered. Four species are recognized. All are confined to the mountainous regions of southern Mexico and Central America, except forO. glanduliferus which has disjunct populations in the highlands of north-central South America. Descriptions, illustrations, dot-maps and a key to species are presented.
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  • 117
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 89-101 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) ; Peucedanum ; Lomatium. — Chromosome numbers ; karyotypes ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A study of morphometric karyotype characters was carried out in 14 species ofPeucedanum s. lat. (Umbelliferae — Apioideae) and in one species of the related genusLomatium. The differences of the species in their karyotype characters are correlated only to a limited degree with their similarities of dissimilarities in morphological (i. a. carpological) characters, and thus with their taxonomic position. The evolution of these two sets of characters seems to have proceeded not synchronously or even in different directions in the group of platycarpousUmbelliferae united in the genusPeucedanum. Therefore, it is unlikely that morphometric chromosome characters revealed by monochrome staining can be used appropriately in the taxonomic revision of the polymorphous genusPeucedanum.
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  • 118
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1985), S. 121-130 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Loranthaceae ; Desmaria mutabilis. — Shoot dimorphism ; bud scales ; deciduousness ; heterocotyly ; parasitism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Desmaria mutabilis is unique inLoranthaceae in having dimorphic shoots, the short shoots producing a terminal inflorescence. Other unusual features in the family are well differentiated bud scales and deciduousness. The normal position of mature plants on the trunks of large trees is shown to be a consequence of profuse vegetative reproduction from the epicortical roots, the predominant growth direction of the latter towards the trunk from the original site of establishment on a lateral branch, and the ability of epicortical roots to generate haustorial contacts through heavy host bark. The seedling is heterocotylar, one cotyledon being phanerocotylar, the other cryptocotylar and functioning as a haustorial organ in the endosperm. It is suggested thatDesmaria is a member of the primitive complex of loranthaceous genera which includesGaiadendron.
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  • 119
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 205-210 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae (Gramineae) ; Hordeum bulbosum ; H. murinum ; Seed collections ; lodicule characters ; spikelet morphology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is sometimes necessary to identify eitherH. bulbosum orH. murinum on the basis of the inflorescence or “seeds” alone. The majority of taxonomic keys use the presence of swollen basal culms for the former against the annual habit for the latter. Confusion is due to similarities in inflorescences and spikelet morphology. Lodicules which always persist and are present beside the fruit in a mature caryopsis, and other characters such as the awns of the lemmas of the lateral spikelets enable conclusive distinction.
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  • 120
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    Plant systematics and evolution 149 (1985), S. 287-297 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Hyacinthaceae ; Scilloideae ; Ornithogalum ; O. umbellatum ; O. angustifolium ; Polyploid complex ; pollen shape ; pollen fertility ; seed formation ; seedlings ; weather circumstances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen fertility and seed formation of six species of theOrnithogalum umbellatum/angustifolium complex and of seven related species were studied. Four types of pollen grains could be recognized. The pollen fertility varied greatly in this complex and is not related to the ploidy level. The seed formation ofO. umbellatum showed an adaptation to a subcontinental-Mediterranean climate, that ofO. angustifolium to an Atlantic climate. In both cases raindrops seem to be important for pollination, in view of the absence of insect pollinators. After open pollination 113 seedlings were obtained in four species. Their chromosome numbers were determined. Nearly all the cultivated seedlings were aneuploid, which points to a positive selection of euploids in nature, because aneuploid individuals are rare in the wild.
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  • 121
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 223-228 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Hydrophyllaceae ; Nama. — Chemotaxonomy ; flavones ; 6-methoxy flavones ; C-glycosyl flavones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eight flavonoids, four 6-oxygenated flavones, two methyl ethers of luteolin, apigenin 6,8-C-diglucoside and quercetin 3-O-glucoside, were isolated fromNama lobbii andN. rothrockii, sole members of sects.Arachnoidea andCinerascentia, respectively. Both taxa diverge markedly from other namas in morphology and chromosome number and their placement inNama has been questioned. The occurrence of 6-oxygenated flavones in these taxa adds to their already distinctive nature. Flavonoid evidence argues that both are more closely allied toEriodictyon than either is toNama.
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  • 122
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 229-239 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Astereae ; Osbertia ; O. chihuahua sp. n. ; Heterotheca ; Chrysopsis ; Pityopsis ; Noticastrum ; Erigeron ; Haplopappus. — Taxonomy. — Flora of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Osbertia, a stoloniferous group confined to the montane regions of Mexico and adjacent Guatemala, was first proposed as a genus byGreene (1895), but most workers have retained the taxon as part ofHaplopappus. It is clearly closer toNoticastrum, Erigeron orHeterotheca than it is toHaplopappus sensu stricto. The present treatment recognizes two species, a widespread highly variableOsbertia stolonifera and a newly describedO. chihuahuana from northwestern Mexico. Distribution maps, distinguishing features, full synonymy and illustrations are presented.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 151 (1986), S. 241-269 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariacae ; Rhinanthoideae ; Euphrasia ; E. minima ; E. tatrae ; E. mendonçae ; E. willkommii. — Polyploid complex ; evolution of tetraploid species ; chorology and history of the Alpic flora ; new chromosome counts. — Flora of Europe ; of Turkey
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A systematic analysis of the variable and probably allotetraploidE. minima is presented, its infraspecific taxonomy is discussed.E. tatrae is provisionally included intoE. minima although some differences may exist;E. mendonçae may be a relic of a formerly wider distribution ofE. minima; E. willkommii seems to be closer toE. stricta s. lat. than toE. minima. 4x-E. minima is supposed to be derived from phylogenetic lines close to extant dwarf alpine forms of 2x-E. alpina (including its yellow flowering subsp.christii;Vitek 1985b) and 2x-E. hirtella (vgl.Vitek 1985a). Some characteristics (e.g., its small flowers) could have been introduced through hybrid introgression from other 2x-species, particularlyE. inopinata and/orE. sinuata (vgl.Ehrendorfer & Vitek 1984).
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  • 124
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    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Evolution ; phylogenetic trees ; 18 S rRNA ; 26 S rRNA ; direct rRNA sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have isolated RNA from nine different grass species and fromPsilotum, a modern representative of a primitive land plant lineage. By direct RNA sequencing with reverse transcriptase, we have determined the nucleotide sequence for five regions of the 18 S rRNA molecule and three regions of the 26 S rRNA molecule. Over 1 600 positions have been elucidated for each plant species. These sequences were aligned by computer and the variable positions were identified by inspection. The data from the variable positions were input into phylogenetic inference computer programs to generate an evolutionary relationship among the grass species. This evolutionary tree based on nucleotide sequence data was compared to a recent classification of thePoaceae based on morphological data.
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  • 125
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    Plant systematics and evolution 160 (1988), S. 1-28 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Systematics ; phylogeny ; cladistic ; phytogeography ; isozyme analyses ; chromosome pairing ; DNA analyses ; relationships ; molecular evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The evolution and taxonomic relationships in theTriticeae are discussed with the view to highlight aspects of this agronomically important group of plants, which may be of interest to molecular biology. Some of these aspects are addressed in more detail in adjoining papers in which specific genomic loci have been examined at the DNA sequence or isozyme level. Aspects discussed include the systematics and geographic distribution of theTriticeae species, isozyme and chromosome pairing studies on some of the species as well as more recent developments in DNA analyses. A survey of the systematics of theTriticeae indicated that the genomic system ofLöve is probably the most useful starting point for interpreting molecular data even though the system has many problems from a taxonomic point of view. The geographical distribution ofTriticeae species, using both published and unpublished data, suggested that information of this type taken together with the theory of continental drift provides a broad time-span for considering data from DNA sequence studies. The significance, and modes of analyses, of isozyme studies were assessed because they often provide valuable characters in determining relationships between species. The main character underlyingLöve's andDewey's analyses of theTriticeae, namely chromosome pairing, is discussed with particular reference to isozyme studies to show that in some cases, such as species ofHordeum sensu lato, consistent relationships are obtained. Finally, new developments in understanding chromosome structure are considered in relation to the above variables in the taxonomy and evolution of theTriticeae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 173-181 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Eragrostis curvula ; Lovegrasses ; Esterase isozymes ; disc electrophoresis ; biosystematics
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    Notes: Abstract The biosystematic relationships of the apomictic complexEragrostis curvula s. lato, is investigated by disc electrophoresis of seed extracts to obtain esterase patterns of 23 accessions representing the morphological variants of this complex: curvula, conferta, robusta, chloromelas and lehmanniana. The zymograms thus obtained were classified into four groups on the basis of the presence of certain bands taken as characteristic and constant markers. Within each group variations were found in strict accordance with the morphological and cytogenetic data available on the complex. Cluster analysis showed similarity levels between the strains studied, representing different genomic groups. The esterase pattern proved useful as an additional criterion for identifying the individual taxa making up the complex and for evaluating their reciprocal relationships.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 165 (1989), S. 227-237 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eucalyptus ; Eudesmieae ; Floral morphology ; calyx ; corolla ; operculum ; growth ; allometry ; convergence
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    Notes: Abstract In theEudesmieae B eucalypts and inEucalyptus caesia, the perianth of the mature flower consists of a single, anatomically continuous, opercular structure that is crowned by the tips of the original free and separate calycine and corolline whorls. Ontogenetic and comparative evidence supports the hypothesis that this operculum is mostly corolline in composition, and that the calycine parts have been elevated distally onto the dorsal surface. In theEudesmieae B eucalypts this condition appears to be due to precocious initiation of the corolline primordia, followed by expansion and continuity of their growth centres which incorporates the areas at or below the base of the still differentiating calycine whorl. InEucalyptus caesia the corolline primordia are not precocious, but a similar situation is effected by a seemingly retarded increase in receptacle diameter relative to lateral expansion of the corolline growth centre(s). In these two examples the same final perianth form apparently derives from two different sets of growth processes which, nonetheless, result in the same allometric relationships within the developing flower. Although identical at maturity, the operculum form in these two taxa is best described in terms of convergence, rather than homology.
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  • 128
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 265-278 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Fabaceae ; Genisteae ; Sophoreae ; Thermopsideae ; Lupinus ; Serological systematics ; phylogeny
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    Notes: Abstract The immunological comparison of the seed reserve proteins suggests thatLupinus is a natural genus, the American and the Euro-African species belonging to the same stock. Among the Lupines of the Old World, the smooth-seeded and the rough-seeded species from two natural segregates. The genusLupinus is serologically related to the rest of theGenisteae and to the AsiaticSophoreae rather than to AmericanSophoreae andThermopsideae. The data suggest thatLupinus may have originated with the remainder of theGenisteae from primitiveSophoreae of temperate-subtropical Asia. America and the Mediterranean-African region are regarded as secondary centres of speciation.
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  • 129
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    Plant systematics and evolution 167 (1989), S. 43-57 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Chenopodium ; Taxonomic trees ; phenograms ; cladograms ; natural classifications ; predictivity ; information content ; probability of trees
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    Notes: Abstract The contribution ofJ. S. L. Gilmour to numerical taxonomy is reviewed. His important concept of natural classification, as being general-purpose classifications with high predictivity, led to the development of ideas of information content, unit characters and equal character-weighting. The concept of predicitivity is extended to taxonomic trees (phenograms or cladograms). Under certain assumption of random sampling of characters it is shown that the probability of recovering the correct tree topology or tree-form may be small if characters are few. There may be very many topologies or tree-forms, every one of which has individually a low probability. It is, however, possible to estimate the aggregate probability of trees which have more than some specified resemblance to the “correct” tree. The practical prospects of estimating the distribution of tree probabilities are discussed.
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  • 130
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 105-117 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Piperaceae ; Piper ; Pothomorphe ; Peperomia ; Chromosome numbers ; karyomorphology ; banding patterns ; polyploidy ; evolution and systematics in tropical plants
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome numbers for 26 different species of the generaPiper, Peperomia andPothomorphe (Piperaceae) are reported. The basic chromosome numbers are 2n = 26, x = 13 (Piper, Pothomorphe) and 2n = 22, x = 11 (Peperomia), polyploid series are characteristic forPiper andPeperomia. Piper has the smallest chromosomes and prochromosomal interphase nuclei,Peperomia the largest ones and mostly reticulate to euchromatic nuclei.Pothomorphe is intermediate in both characters. The karyomorphological differences betweenPothomorphe andPiper underline their generic separation. Interspecific size variation of chromosomes occurs inPiper andPeperomia. Infraspecific polyploidy was observed inPiper betle. C-banding reveals different patterns of heterochromatin (hc) distribution between the genera investigated. The genome evolution is discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 166 (1989), S. 119-129 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Heliotropioideae ; Ceballosia ; Messerschmidia ; Fruit morphology ; anatomy ; systematics ; Flora of Macaronesia
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ontogeny of the flower and the fruit of the Macaronesian endemicCeballosia were investigated morphologically and anatomically by SEM and LM. The fruit does not break into four mericarps, but splits into two two-seeded carpids. Exo- and mesocarp wither after fruit-ripening and the endocarp constitutes the remaining outer wall. Within the stony endocarp tubular parenchymatic isles develop which are linked with the mesocarp. Subsequent disintegration pretends additional locules in the mature fruit. Similar pericarp formations are also found in someHeliotropium species but result from a different ontogeny. Therefore, although a close relationship ofCeballosia toHeliotropium is obvious, the taxon should be treated as a separate genus.
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  • 132
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 227-236 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Crepis tectorum ; Alvar habitats ; autogamy ; floral display ; evolution ; genetic differentiation ; weediness
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    Notes: Abstract The extent of self-fertility was examined in 16 populations ofCrepis tectorum. A hypothesis that a weedy habit favours autogamy was only partly supported. Low levels of self-fertility characterized non-weedy populations from calcareous grasslands (“alvars”) on the Baltic island in Öland. By contrast, plants in nearly all weed populations studied were more or less self-fertile. However, the trend towards autogamy may have occurred independently of the trend towards a weedy habit, as shown by moderately to high levels of self-fertility in alvar populations from two other Baltic islands. In the weed group, there was a tendency for plants from two field populations to be more autogamous than plants from more “ruderal” habitats. There was an association between self-fertility and small, inconspicious heads in the alvar group but the association was weaker when weed populations were also considered. The relatively wide heads characterizing the ruderal weed populations may, at least partly, be an indirect effect of increases in overall plant size and/or in the size of the fruit associated with each flower.
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  • 133
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticum araraticum ; Karyotype ; C-banding ; intraspecific divergence
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    Notes: Abstract DifferentTriticum araraticum lines were studied by C-banding method. The intraspecific divergence ofT. araraticum was shown to be caused mainly by large chromosomal rearrangements. Two main chromosomal types were distinguished among the studied lines: (1) a karyotype similar to that ofT. timopheevii and (2) different one. The first type includes some lines ofT. araraticum subspp.kurdistanicum andararaticum; the second comprises most lines ofT. araraticum subsp.araraticum. The lines of the first type can give fertile F1 hybrids withT. timopheevii.
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  • 134
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 7-18 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fagaceae ; Castanea ; Lithocarpus ; Comparative morphology ; cupule ; ontogenetic development
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    Notes: Abstract Two contradicting theories have been proposed for the morphological nature of fagaceous cupules; the intercalary growth theory and the higher order dichasial branch theory. All the previous ontogenetic studies insist on the latter one, but the genera investigated have been rather restricted and have not covered all the cupule types. A comparative study of the ontogenetic development of cupules inCastanea crenata andLithocarpus edulis, which are representatives of fundamentally different cupule types, revealed that both the theories are incomplete. InL. edulis, the higher order dichasial branches contribute to cupule formation along the anterior portions of the lateral flowers. However, along the adaxial portion of the central flower, the cupule develops as an intercalary growth, represented by rapid increase of tangentially oblong epidermal cells. InCastanea, intercalary growth is not clearly observable, for presumably, the flowers are surrounded by a well-developed partial inflorescence mound from the beginning of development.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Fabaceae ; pigeonpea ; Cajanus cajan ; Sex allocation ; mating systems ; fruit and seed set
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    Notes: Abstract Sex allocation theory predicts that: (1) resources allocated to androecium should decrease with an increase in selfing, (2) a decrease in androecium biomass should be accompanied by an increase in the biomass of pistils, and (3) a decrease in androecium biomass should be coupled with a decrease in flower size, specifically corolla biomass. Another predicted change in reproductive traits associated with variation in selfing concerns seed to ovule ratios, but does not directly stem from sex allocation theory. It has been postulated that seed to ovule ratios should be positively correlated with the amount of selfing. These predictions were tested for six accessions of pigeonpea,Cajanus cajan L., that differed in selfing rates. The results were remarkably in accordance with the predictions. We conclude that sex allocation theory provides a powerful tool to understand the evolution of many reproductive traits in plants.
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  • 136
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 87-94 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Apiaceae ; Pimpinella major ; P. saxifraga ; P. alpina ; Asteraceae ; Solidago virgaurea ; S. canadensis ; S. gigantea ; Exploratory data analysis (EDA) ; classification algorithm ; MOBCENTR
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    Notes: Abstract MOBCENTR is a classification algorithm combining features of classification about mobile centres, Ward algorithm and of the Hard-Isodata method. The results of this new algorithm and of Ward algorithm are compared by morphological characters of species ofSolidago andPimpinella.
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  • 137
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    Plant systematics and evolution 168 (1989), S. 1-5 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Dilleniaceae ; Hibbertia hypericoides ; Mimosaceae ; Acacia ; Coleoptera ; Scarabaeidae ; Diphucephala ; Beetle/plant associations ; non-pollinator ofHibbertia ; potentialAcacia pollinator ; Flora of Australia
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    Notes: Abstract Notes are provided on the association of the beetleDiphucephala affinis (Scarabaeidae) with yellow flowers ofHibbertia hypericoides, H. huegelii (Dilleniaceae),Acacia pulchella, andA. stenoptera (Mimosaceae). Observations were undertaken during September 9–19, 1979 at S. Perth, Western Australia. They indicated thatD. affinis is not a pollinator ofHibbertia as suggested in the literature, but may play a small role in the pollination of someAcacia species.
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  • 138
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Liliaceae ; Asphodelus tenuifolius ; A. fistulosus ; Cytogenetics ; electrophoretics ; morphology ; duplication genes ; speciation
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    Notes: Abstract The biological analysis of six populations ofAsphodelus tenuifolius and 12 populations ofA. fistulosus has confirmed that they are separate species. Both their floral structures (length of the tepals, stamens, anthers and style) and also their pollen size are clearly different.A. tenuifolius has only the 2n = 28 chromosome race, whileA. fistulosus has 2n = 28 and 2n = 56.A. tenuifolius is genetically less variable thanA. fistulosus and they have different electrophoretic mobilities. Gene duplication phenomena exist in the 2n = 28 level of both species.
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  • 139
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Symphytum tuberosum complex ; S. grandiflorum agg ; Chemotaxonomy ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; triterpenes
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    Notes: Abstract InS. tuberosum subspp.tuberosum andnodosum, S. grandiflorum andS. ibericum the presence of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids lycopsamine, echimidine and symphytine could be demonstrated. The taxonS. tuberosum contains an unknown compound that seems to be specific for this taxon. This compound is not the pyrrolizidine alkaloid anadoline which has previously been reported for this species. It is possibly represented by a peak on GC/MS with a molecular ion peak at m/z 623 (as TMS derivative) and can be used as a chemotaxonomic marker for the speciesS. tuberosum. The pyrrolizidine alkaloid pattern of the two subspecies ofS. tuberosum reinforces the close relationship. Fresh material ofS. tuberosum contained the triterpene isobauerenol, but in herbarium material isobauerenol was lacking. InS. grandiflorum, neither fresh nor dried material contains isobauerenol. In herbarium material ofS. ibericum also no isobauerenol could be found. More extensive chemotaxonomical research is necessary to support the view thatS. abchasicum is more closely related toS. ibericum than toS. grandiflorum.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 25-29 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Oxalis tuberosa alliance ; Chromosome numbers ; karyotype analyses ; cytotaxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract Twelve taxa of theOxalis tuberosa alliance were analysed and found to share the same basic chromosome number x = 8. The karyotypes are composed by small metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes. Different ploidy levels were found among the taxa: there were 9 diploids, 1 tetraploid, 1 hexaploid and 1 octoploid. The last ploidy level corresponds toO. tuberosa, the only tuber bearing taxon found so far in the alliance. Cytotaxonomic evidence and evolutionary considerations suggest to classify theO. tuberosa alliance in sect.Herrerea.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 169 (1990), S. 65-68 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Onosma gigantea ; Trichodesma africana ; Trichodesma boissieri ; Buzz-pollination
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    Notes: Abstract Buzz-pollination was observed in three nectariferousBoraginaceae spp.:Onosma gigantea Lam.,Trichodesma africana (L.)R. Br. andT. boissieri Post. An evolutionary pathway from usual nectariferous flowers to typical buzz-pollinated flowers is suggested.
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  • 142
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    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 107-124 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Betulaceae ; Alnus ; Isozymes ; population genetics ; hybridization ; genetic distance ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract The actinorhizal genusAlnus contains numerous taxa that have been morphologically classified into different subgenera, species and subspecies. The genetic divergence has been evaluated within subg.Alnobetula between the parapatric taxaAlnus sinuata andA. crispa, using diversity of allozyme markers at 15 structural loci among 20 populations. Evidence for introgressive hybridization at the overlap of their ranges was noted in three populations. However, the width of the hybrid zone appeared tenuous. The average genetic distance derived from the comparisons of conspecific populations was much smaller than the interspecific distance (D = 0.047). This allelic divergence was also paralleled with larger amounts of allelic and genotypic diversity within and among populations ofA. sinuata, which are occupying a more heterogenous ecological niche. It is proposed that the repeated advances and retreats of the ice sheet during the Pleistocene may have promoted the divergence and allopatric evolution of these subspecies, and that secondary contact may have occurred repeatedly during the interglacial periods. The dynamic-equilibrium model would predict in such cases that narrow hybrid zones, formed at the contact of parapatric ranges, would impede gene exchange between parental taxa by selection against hybrids. The results obtained in this study seemed concordant with this hypothesis, as they were also in agreement with the existent taxonomical treatment of these taxa based on morphology.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 257-263 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Striga ; Buchnera ; Seed coat morphology ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract Seeds of the root parasitesStriga (several spp.) andBuchnera americana were examined by means of SEM. The surface patterns of the seeds in both genera resemble each other closely, especially those ofS. angustifolia andB. americana. SomeStriga spp. can be clearly distinguished by their surface characteristics, while this is quite difficult in others. The taxonomic value of the seed surface features ofStriga andBuchnera is discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 57-88 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Inflorescence ; pseudanthium ; pseudocorolla ; flower symmetry
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    Notes: Abstract Pseudanthia occur in more than 40 angiosperm families. With regard to the underlying inflorescence structure they can be classified into the following groups: (a) floral and (b) hyperfloral pseudanthia, each with (c) or without (d) pseudocorollas. Pseudanthia have developed along independent evolutionary lines and are not bound to a particular inflorescence structure. They are the result of (a) the specific morphological predisposition of the taxon concerned, (b) aggregation and diminution of the flowers, giving rise to the formation of an attraction unit (for animal pollination), (c) variation, and (d) selection. Ontogenetical abbreviation is regarded to play an essential role in the origin and elaboration of pseudanthia.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 27-55 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Theales ; Medusagynaceae ; Medusagyne ; Systematics ; anatomy ; pollen ; morphology
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    Notes: Abstract The comparative vegetative and reproductive morphology and anatomy of the endangered, monotypic, dicotyledonous genusMedusagyne was studied, and detailed descriptions of leaf, axis, nodal, wood, floral, pollen, fruit, and seed structure are presented. Overall, the genus has many specialized features, including the possession of extreme, habitat-related specializations. Flowers are either bisexual or staminate, and are interpreted as retaining some primitive aspects, such as many free parts spirally arranged on an elongate floral axis. One of the most salient structural features of the plant is the massive development of ensheathing fibrous elements around the vascular system of both vegetative and reproductive tissues. Diffuse foliar sclereids are absent. Particular attention is paid to the unusual multicarpellate, synovarial gynoecium and comparisons are made with theCaryocaraceae. The totality of morphological and anatomical evidence confirms the view thatMedusagyne is a very distinct and evolutionarily isolated genus, best treated as forming the monotypic familyMedusagynaceae. Observations are presented, including the occurrence of stamen fascicle traces, that link the family to the dillenialean and thealean assemblage. Like other isolated thealean taxa,Medusagyne shows affinities to several different families, without having especially close relationships with any particular extant taxon.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 147-155 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Oxalidaceae ; Oxalis violacea ; Andrenidae ; Bombyliidae ; Halictidae ; Megachilidae ; Pollination ecology ; heterostyly
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    Notes: Abstract Vernal grass fires may encourage profuse flowering in clonal, colonies ofOxalis violacea. Long-styled colonies appear to be more floriferous than short-styled colonies and set a greater number of capsules. Individual flowers of both morphs live one or two days, change position on their respective pedicels and advertise nectar concealed at the base of the floral throat. AlthoughDiptera, Hymenoptera, andLepidoptera forage for nectar, bees (Andrenidae,Anthophoridae, Halictidae, andMegachilidae) probably make the only effective pollen transfers between the two morphs. Both male and female bees may transport pollen of both morphs and short-tongued bees (e.g.,Augochlorella spp.,Dialictus spp.) may be more common but as effective as pollinators as long-tongued bees (e.g.,Calliopsis andreniformis andHoplitis spp.). The conversion rate of flowers into capsules is only 13–17%. The spreading style in the short-styled morph is interpreted as an adaptation restricting insect-mediated, self-pollination but encouraging bee-stigma contact during nectar foraging.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 233-248 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Lactuca sativa ; L. serriola ; L. saligna ; L. virosa ; Hybridization
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    Notes: Abstract The degree of relationships withinLactuca sativa and three wild relativesL. serriola, L. saligna, andL. virosa was studied by observing the performance, vigour and fertility of the F 1 hybrids obtained from crosses made in and between the four species. The crosses ofL. saligna ×L. virosa and the reciprocal crosses produced no hybrids.L. saligna andL. virosa are the least related of the four species.L. sativa ×L. serriola and the reciprocal crosses were successful and produced fertile hybrids These two species are genetically very closely related.L. saligna is known to produce, as a female parent, hybrids withL. sativa andL. serriola. Now the reciprocal cross was successful for the first time, so the unability to obtain hybrids in the past was based on the choice of accessions and not caused by unilateral incompatibility.L. virosa ×L. sativa and the reciprocal combination produced hybrids. The combinationL. serriola ×L. virosa produced hybrids with very limited fertility. In contrast to earlier reports (sterile hybrids) one combination of the reciprocal cross too produced hybrids with very limited fertility.—Some of theL. saligna ×L. sativa (and reciprocal) hybrids were found to look strikingly likeL. serriola. This adds evidence for the descent ofL. serriola andL. sativa:L. saligna also made part of the ancestral complex of the cultivated lettuce.
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  • 148
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Ixora ; I. platythyrsa ; Moth-pollination ; secondary pollen presentation ; Flora of Madagascar
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    Notes: Abstract The pollination biology ofIxora platythyrsa (Rubiaceae) was studied in NW. Madagascar. The plant displayed cream-yellow, nocturnally fragrant, nectariferous, tubular and strongly protandrous flowers. These had an “ixoroid” secondary pollen presentation mechanism: prior to anthesis, anthers exhausted their pollen onto unripe stylar heads. From this position pollen of male-stage flowers later adhered to primarily the probosces of small visiting nocturnal noctuid and geometrid moths. — Pollen was subsequently raked off moths' probosces by receptive, copiously papillose stigmas of female-stage flowers. Principal pollination adaptation was probably to the noctuid moth subfam.Sarrothripinae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 171 (1990), S. 15-26 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Geraniaceae ; Pelargonium sect.Glaucophyllum ; Morphology ; pollen ; chromosome numbers ; flavonoids
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    Notes: Abstract Pelargonium otaviense Knuth andP. spinosum Willd. are excluded from sect.Glaucophyllum, whileP. grandiflorum (Andr.)Willd.,P. patulum Jacq. andP. tabulare (Burm. f.)L'Hérit. of sect.Eumorpha are included. Sect.Glaucophyllum is characterized by green to glaucous vegetative organs and zygomorphic white to pink corolla with five narrow petals. All the species have an identical pollen and chromosome morphology, the same basic chromosome number (x = 11) and similar flavonoid patterns. A close relationship between sect.Glaucophyllum and sect.Pelargonium is indicated by the occurrence of natural hybrids and concordant characters. Isorhamnetin and luteolin have been detected in the genus for the first time.
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  • 150
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Cardueae ; Onopordum nervosum ; Carthamus arborescens ; Cirsium scabrum ; Life cycle ; adaptive strategies ; autoecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The life cycle and autoecology of three Mediterranean thorny species,Onopordum nervosum (Iberian endemic),Cirsium scabrum (Western Mediterranean) andCarthamus arborescens (Iberian-North African), of potential use in agriculture as bioenergetic, forage or oil producing plants were studied. These threeCardueae spp. are good examples of ways in which Mediterranean plants adapt their typical annual cycle to avoid summer droughts.O. nervosum is a perennial, monocarpic, heliophilous species which flowers in early summer and grows even under the extreme xeric conditions of the Mediterranean summers. It is a basiphilous plant usually found in sandy-loamy and sandy-clayey-loamy soils with a marked geographical variability in its seed germination.C. scabrum is a perennial, monocarpic species which has a long life cycle, flowering in summer and growing only during the wet months. It is not well-adapted to droughts and is usually restricted to acid soils.C. arborescens is a perennial, polycarpic species which flowers in spring and dries up in summer. It is usually found in basic loamy-sandy or sandy-loamy soils poor in organic matter.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 170 (1990), S. 205-214 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polemoniaceae ; Pollen ; ovule ratio ; stigmatic pollen germination ; breeding systems
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    Notes: Abstract Pollen — ovule ratios and percentages of stigmatic pollen germination (SPG) were measured for over 160 taxa of thePolemoniaceae. When related to taxa with known breeding systems, it is found that low SPGs and high P:O ratios characterize xenogamous plants, high SPGs and low P:Os characterize autogamous plants. There is a significant negative correlation between P:O ratio and SPG in the whole family as well as in certain genera. Both measures can serve as reliable indicators of the breeding systems in taxa of thePolemoniaceae and can be measured in dried or living specimens. Accordingly, most polemons feature “mixed” breeding system, i.e. facultative xenogamy or facultative autogamy. Xenogamy is common among the tropical genera and in theLeptodactylon, Phlox andPolemonium. Autogamy is more frequent in the tribeGilieae (particularly inGilia) than in the other tribes. Annual taxa tend to be autogamous, showing on the average higher SPG and lower P:O ratio. The lepidopteran-pollinated group of species have a higher mean P:O ratio and lower mean SPG thus indicating that such plants are associated with crosspollination more than the others.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 49-56 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Aceraceae ; Acer negundo ; box elder ; RFLPs ; minisatellite DNA ; M13 probe ; DNA analysis ; genetic variation
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    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA samples from 21 box elder plants collected in Missouri (U.S.A.) were digested with restriction enzyme and southern blot hybridized with the M13 minisatellite probe. Each plant was found to have a unique DNA fragment pattern. Moreover, levels of genetic variation estimated from a similarity index appear to be related to sampling distances. However, size of the fragments utilized in the analysis affects the estimates of genetic variation to a considerable degree.
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  • 153
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    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 109-118 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Labiatae ; Exudate flavonoids ; ecological biochemistry ; biochemical systematics
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    Notes: Abstract The distribution of excreted flavonoid aglycones within the familyLabiatae was studied and differences were found, especially in the A-ring substitution patterns. Thus, 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavones with substituted B-rings are characteristic of species ofSalvia (sect.Salvia),Rosmarinus andOcimum; 5,7-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavones occur only inOcimum and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavones inThymus and related species. Members of the two subfamiliesLamioideae andNepetoideae produce exudate flavonoids, but some genera are devoid of these compounds. There is a correlation between the habitat where the plant grows and production of these compounds, the species from (semi-)arid habitats being those which generally accumulate external flavonoids.
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  • 154
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    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 143-157 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Winteraceae ; Zygogynum ; Lepidoptera ; Micropterigidae ; Sabatinca ; Coleoptera ; Pollination biology ; coevolution ; floral volatiles ; parallel radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Flower visitors on 12 species of New CaledonianWinteraceae were studied. The visitors were two species of ancestral moths (Sabatinca; Micropterigidae), three species of weevils (Palontus; Curculionidae), and a species of thrips. Behavior observations and pollen records suggest that the beetles and occasionally the moths serve as pollinators ofZygogynum and Exospermum, andBelliolum is pollinated primarily by thrips. The floral volatiles are simple in composition, usually dominated by short esters. Preliminary experiments showed that ethyl acetate elicited alighting, and a distinctive huddling behavior was elicited by artificially mixed fragrance. The host associations of otherSabatinca andPalontus spp. do not support the hypothesis that theWinteraceae have radiated in association with their pollinators. The available evidence supports the notion of opportunistic isolated host colonizations at some point in the radiation of the pollinator groups.
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  • 155
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    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 197-208 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Velloziaceae ; Vellozia hirsuta ; Morphological and anatomical variation ; geographical differentiation ; taxonomy ; Flora of the campos rupestres ; Brazil
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    Notes: Abstract The morphological and leaf anatomical differentiation ofVellozia hirsuta is analysed and classified into several types (A1, A2, A4, B3, B5, C3). The species has a relatively wide distribution in the campos rupestres of Minas Gerais in Brazil. The variation of the isolated populations on different mountain ranges is complex, does not follow a clear geographical pattern, and defies taxonomic classification.
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  • 156
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 1-4 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Zingiberaceae ; Globba ; Taxonomy ; Flora of Malesia and Malaysia
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    Notes: Abstract Based on personal collections ofGlobba unifolia Ridl. andG. unifolia var.sessiliflora Holtt., the latter is recognized as a distinct species. As the nameG. sessiliflora is already occupied, the nomen novumG. corneri is proposed in honour of Prof. DrE. J. H. Corner, who was the first collector of the plant.
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  • 157
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 17-35 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Nierembergia ; Tapinotaspis ; Centris ; Lanthanomelissa ; Paratetrapedia ; Pollination biology ; oil-flowers
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    Notes: Abstract A morphological and anatomical description of the floral syndrome ofNierembergia is given, including a survey of the presence of elaiophores in most of its species, chromatography of the floral oils and observations on the pollinator behaviour. The principal pollinators areTapinotaspis spp. includingT. chalybaea which is endowed with oil collectors on the middle legs. Other exomalopsines (Lanthanomelissa andParatetrapedia) and centridines (Centris) also visitNierembergia for pollen and oil. Based on these observations and on a morphological study of the fertile parts, different pollination modes are recognized and the biogeography and evolution of the genus is discussed.
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  • 158
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Sorghum vulgare ; great millet ; DNA hybridization ; repetitive DNA
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    Notes: Abstract The 1.4 kbp Xba I and the 1.3 kbp EcoRI repeat families in great millet were partially characterized with respect to their genomic distribution and their homology with the EcoRI and Xba I families of five other millet DNAs. The digestions of great millet DNA using increasing amounts of the two enzymes show that these two families are disperse in nature. The hybridization of these two families to the genomic digests of great millet indicates that they are arranged in a clustered and scrambled manner. Similarly, the hybridization with the EcoRI and Xba I digests of five other millet DNAs reveals the speciesspecific nature of these two repeat families. The latter also hybridize to the total repetitive fraction of great millet isolated at a highly stringent temperature of 75°C suggesting that the members of these two families are probably largely homogeneous.
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  • 159
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 115-123 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Anacamptis pyramidalis ; A. urvilleana ; Polyploidy ; isolation mechanisms ; speciation ; Flora of the Mediterranean ; Malta
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    Notes: Abstract Anacamptis pyramidalis is a variable and wide-spread European-Mediterranean taxon. Beside a dominant cytotype with 2n = 36 it includes cytotypes with 2n = 54 and 63 in northern Tuscany (and the Eastern Pyrenees) and one with 2n = 72 on Malta. In contrast,A. urvilleana, formerly often misidentified and included inA. pyramidalis, is a monomorphic and distinct species, endemic to the Maltese Islands. It has 2n = 36, can be clearly separated by morphological and anatomical features and is isolated from partly sympatric populations ofA. pyramidalis with 2n = 72 by differences in chromosome number, flowering time and habitat preference.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 187-196 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Salicaceae ; Populus ; Ribosomal RNA genes ; restriction enzyme maps ; rDNA
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    Notes: Abstract The tandemly repeated multigene families encoding 18S and 25S rRNAs were studied at the restriction enzyme level inPopulus alba L.,Populus deltoides Bartr. exMarsh.,Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray and in the hybrids between the last two mentioned species. The analysis of single and double digestion with EcoRI, BamHI, XbaI, and SstI endonucleases showed the presence of single repetitive unit types of 12.25 and 11.75kb inP. alba andP. trichocarpa, respectively.P. deltoides showed two rDNA gene types having the same length (12.25Kb) but different nucleotide sequence in the IGS. The rDNAs genes ofP. deltoides andP. triochocarpa are inherited codominantly in their hybrids.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 174 (1991), S. 5-16 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Scleranthus ; Floral morphology ; within-population crosses
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    Notes: Abstract I used a discontinuous population ofScleranthus annuus (Caryophyllaceae) to study the effect of crossing distances on flower morphology of the progeny. Four types of progeny were produced by artificial selfing, crossing with pollen-donors from the same patch in the population, crossing with pollen from donors from other patches in the population and inter-population crosses. The size of gynoecium parts and 12 sepal characters in this petal-lacking species were significantly influenced by the type of cross and the patch in the population from where the seed-parents originated. All comparisons of progeny types except selfed vs progeny produced by within-patch crosses were significantly separated from each other, while all four seed-parent patches used were significantly separated in a multidimensional space.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 11-21 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Cicer ; Allozymes ; isozyme gene duplication ; phylogenetic relations ; polymorphism
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    Notes: Abstract Allozymic variation at 30 isozyme loci was examined electrophoretically in nine annual and one perennial species ofCicer. While most of the accessions examined were monomorphic, species can be differentiated on the basis of their enzyme phenotypes. Several groups of species were identified based upon genetic distance values. For example,C. arietinum, C. reticulatum, andC. echinospermum shared the same alleles for most of the loci exmained. PerennialC. anatolicum is also closely related to this group. Similarly,C. judaicum, C. bijugum, andC. pinnatifidum formed another group. Two annual species,C. chorassanicum andC. yamashitae clustered together, whereasC. cuneatum was the most distantly related species. Correlations were found between genetic distances and geographic distribution. Results from enzyme electrophoresis tend to support the previously reported taxonomic treatments based upon crossability and morphological similarity. However,C. yamashitae, which has been classified in the second crossability group, is quite distinct genetically and morphologically from the remaining species of the group. An isozyme gene duplication observed in the genus suggested the monophyletic origin of the species examined in the present study.
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  • 163
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    Plant systematics and evolution 173 (1990), S. 209-222 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Scrophulariaceae ; Monttea ; Hymenoptera ; Anthophoridae ; Centris ; Oil-flowers ; oil-bees ; Flora of Argentina
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    Notes: Abstract Plant species that secrete oil as their primary floral reward are rare and sporadically found in the angiosperms. We report here thatMonttea, a genus previously unsuspected of being an oil-plant, produces lipids from trichome elaiophores on the inside of the lower (anterior) lip. The discovery of the production of oils by species of this S. American genus explains the occurrence of unusual dual-function collecting structures in ArgentineCentris (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae) and explains the presence of oil-collecting bees in regions where oil-secreting flowers were previously thought to be absent. The behavior of these centridine pollinators onMonttea flowers parallels that of oil-collecting bees onDiascia (Scrophulariaceae) in S. Africa.
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  • 164
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 87-92 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Compositae ; Eupatorieae ; Mikania ; Mikania swartziana complex ; Dioecy ; Flora of the Greater Antilles
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    Notes: Abstract For the first time dioecy inMikania and in the tribeEupatorieae is described and discussed. The condition is known only in members of theMikania swartziana Griseb. complex, a group of eight species, all endemic to the Greater Antillean Islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, and Jamaica.
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  • 165
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Salicaceae ; Populus tremuloides ; Alpine community ecology ; clonal organisms ; DNA fingerprinting ; population genetics ; rflp analysis
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    Notes: Abstract A recently developed class of DNA endonuclease fragment probes (variously termed “minisatellite,” “DNA fingerprinting,” or “variable number tandem repeat loci” probes) has detected extensive intraspecific genetic variation in tetrapods. Here we use one probe from this class, the M 13 repeat probe (shown previously to yield ”DNA fingerprints” in humans) to examine genetic diversity in the quaking aspen. Comparisons of endonuclease fragment profiles of individuals separated by at least 6km reveals that diversification of alleles in this species has occurred to such an extent that the likelihood of two randomly chosen individuals having indistinguishableHaeIII fragment profiles is c. 3.17 × 10−4. Based on this finding, members of interdigitating clones can be assigned to one or another clone with high statistical confidence. Interdigitating, morphologically cryptic clones were also identifiable. These results demonstrate that some minisatellite probes can be applied to very distant taxa to obtain useful information about genetic variation.
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  • 166
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 161-223 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Coryciinae ; Ceratandra ; Evota ; Evotella ; Ommatodium ; Pterygodium ; Anochilus ; Corycium ; Morphology ; phylogeny ; cladistics ; phytogeography ; speciation ; classification ; Flora of southern Africa
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    Notes: Abstract The leaf-anatomy, palynology, seed-morphology, vegetative morphology and especially the highly complicated floral morphology of theCoryciinae s. str. (Diseae: Orchidoideae: Orchidaceae) are described and illustrated in detail. On the basis of these characters the presumed phylogeny, based on a rigorous cladistic analysis, is presented. The cladistic biogeographical analysis of theCoryciinae s. str. shows that it is a member of the Afrotemperate Track, with a pattern of vicariance events typical of the members of this track. An analysis of the patterns of speciation shows that allopatric speciation appears to be rare, and that parapatric speciation across edaphic boundaries may be the most important factor. Proceeding from the information presented, a new classification of the group is proposed in which we recognize the four generaCeratandra, Evotella, Pterygodium andCorycium. The new monotypic genusEvotella comprises a species originally described asPterygodium rubiginosum. The three species of the genusAnochilus are transferred toCorycium andPterygodium. P. magnum, which was originally described asPterygodium but was transferred toCorycium lately, is placed in a monotypic section ofPterygodium.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 53-61 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; monocotyledons ; Orchidaceae ; Cephalanthera ; Allozymes ; electrophoresis ; genetic variation ; breeding type
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    Notes: Abstract The genetic variation of seven enzymes for a total of nine loci was investigated in three species of terrestrial orchids of the genusCephalanthera:C. longifolia, C. rubra, andC. damasonium. These species are characterized by presenting different breeding types: outbreeding , outbreeding with facultative vegetative reproduction, and inbreeding, respectively. Electrophoretic evidence points to a difference in the behaviour of each of the three species which seems strictly related to the breeding type. On the basis of our resultsC. longifolia behaves as a normal outbreeder, whileC. rubra presents the influence of vegetative reproduction in some populations and not in others.C. damasonium shows a total lack of both among and within populations genetic variation, which is most probably due to the autogamic breeding type.
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  • 168
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 145-177 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Plucheeae ; Cladistics ; phylogeny ; taxonomy
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    Notes: Abstract The tribePlucheeae (Benth.)A. Anderb., has been analysed cladistically by means of a computerized parsimony program (Hennig 86), using theArctotideae as outgroup. The results of the analysis are presented in a consensus tree and one cladogram. Four major monophyletic subgroups can be recognized: TheColeocoma group (3 genera), thePterocaulon group (3 genera), theLaggera group (6 genera), and thePluchea group (12 genera). All recognized genera are described and most genera are supplied with taxonomical notes including comments on their taxonomic status. Genera such asBlumea, Pluchea, andEpaltes are demonstrated to be unnatural assemblages.Monarrhenus andTessaria are both closely related to thePluchea complex. The old generic nameLitogyne Harv. has been taken up for one species ofEpaltes, the genusRhodogeron is reduced to a synonym ofSachsia, and the following new combinations are made;Litogyne gariepina (DC.)A. Anderb., andSachsia coronopifolia (Griseb.)A. Anderb.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 175 (1991), S. 1-10 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Iridaceae ; Tigridieae ; Leaf anatomy ; systematics
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    Notes: Abstract Leaf anatomy is described in 32 species of 16 genera of the New World tribeTigridieae (Iridaceae, Iridoideae), including examples from both subtribesCipurinae andTigridiinae. Both plicate (pleated) and foliated (with flanges, or keel extensions) leaf types occur in both subtribes. However, amongTigridiinae, foliated leaves are restricted toTigridia and differ from the foliated leaves ofCipurinae in that they lack subepidermal marginal sclerenchyma, which is present in all the foliated species ofCipurinae. This indicates that the foliated leaf type has evolved at least twice in the tribe, since the plicate leaf, which most closely resembles the equitant leaf typical ofIridaceae, is probably plesiomorphic.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 177 (1991), S. 53-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Krigia ; Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) ; inter-cistronic spacer (ITS) ; intergenic spacer (IGS) ; subrepeating unit ; chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) ; allopolyploid ; restriction site mapping ; methylation ; bootstrap resampling analysis ; sequence divergence value ; cladistics
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    Notes: Abstract Restriction site and length variations of nrDNA were examined for 51 populations of seven species ofKrigia. The nrDNA repeat ranged in size from 8.7 to 9.6 kilobase (kb). The transcribed region, including the two ITSs, was 5.35 kb long in all examinedKrigia populations. In contrast, the size of the nontranscribed IGS varied from 3.35 to 4.25 kb. Eight different types of length-variations were identified among the 51 populations, including distinct nrDNA lengths in the tetraploid and diploid populations of bothK. biflora andK. virginica. However, a few variations were detected among populations of the same species or within a cytotype. All populations ofKrigia sect.Cymbia share a 600 bp insertion in IGS near the 18 S gene, and this feature suggests monophyly of the section. AllKrigia spp. had a conjugated type of subrepeat composed of approximately 75 basepairs (bp) and 125 bp. Base modifications in the gene coding regions were highly conserved among species. Forty-five restriction sites from 15 enzymes were mapped, 24 of which were variable among populations. Only four of the variable sites occurred in the rRNA coding region while 20 variable sites were detected in the noncoding regions. Collectively, 25 enzymes generated about 66 restriction sites in each nrDNA; this amounts to about 4.3% of the nrDNA repeat. A total of 50 restriction sites was variable, 28 of which were phylogenetically informative. Phylogenetic analyses of site mutations indicated that two sections ofKrigia, sect.Cymbia and sect.Krigia, are monophyletic. In addition, relationships among several species were congruent with other sources of data, such as cpDNA restriction site variation and morphology. Both length and restriction site variation supported an allopolyploid origin of the hexaploidK. montana. The average sequence divergence value inKrigia nrDNA was 40 times greater than that of the chloroplast DNA. The rapid evolution of nrDNA sequences was primarily due to changes of the IGS sequences.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Tillandsia pallidoflavens ; Microsporogenesis ; organelle ultrastructure ; plastids ; periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazine-silver proteinate staining
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    Notes: Abstract InTillandsia pallidoflavens none of the organelles undergoes fundamental de- and redifferentiation during microsporogenesis. The plastids are amoeboid, exhibit complex internal structures and gradually start accumulating polysaccharides from meiotic prophase I onwards. These observations contradict reports for other taxa. The ultrastructure of mitochondria and dictyosomes, respectively, is more or less orthodox. The extensive ER, which is only poorly stained by standard methods was identified by image intensifiying techniques. The ribosomes are not only associated with the ER or occur as polyribosomes free in the cytoplasm, but can also form more or less dense clusters.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 125-131 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Polygonaceae Aconogonon campanulatum ; Heterostyly ; floral dimorphism ; pollination ; dioecy ; evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Heterostyly is clearly confirmed inAconogonon campanulatum. This distylous species is dimorphic for tepals, styles, stigma surface, stamens, pollen grain size, and pollen sexine ornamentation. The floral shape is campanulate and thrum flowers are slightly larger than pin flowers. Small solitary bees were observed as flower visitors and probably effected pollination. The possible evolution of dioecy via heterostyly within the genusAconogonon is discussed.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 179-203 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; dicotyledons ; Urticaceae ; Pilea pumila ; Urtica dioica ; Guttation ; hydathodes ; leaf anatomy
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    Notes: Abstract Laminar hydathodes are known from only three dicot families. InUrticaceae they are associated with minor vein junctions in all five tribes, as surveyed from cleared leaves of 43 species in 30 genera. Only one species lacked hydathodes. Exclusively adaxial hydathodes were found in 28 genera. In tribeElatostemeae, laminar hydathodes inPilea andPellionia species are abaxial, adaxial, or on both surfaces. Guttation was observed in four species.Urtica dioica (adaxial) andPilea pumila (abaxial) were studied anatomically in detail. Hydathodes in the former have normal bundle structure but xylem gaps sometimes occur. In the latter, phloem is displaced in three previously undescribed ways: 1) ends abruptly near hydathode, 2) curves into connecting vein at adjacent junction, or 3) departs xylem, skirts hydathode independently, and rejoins adjacent xylem strand. Laminar hydathodes are a unifying character of theUrticaceae, and they also strengthen its close relationship to theMoraceae.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 176 (1991), S. 227-253 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asclepiadaceae ; Pollination ultrastructure ; tube germination ; autogamy ; floral biology ; floral structures
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An sieben Asclepiadaceen-Arten wird der Zusammenhang von Blütenstrukturen mit dem Bestäubungsprozeß untersucht. Die Analyse erfaßt die Bandbreite von einfacher organisierten (Secamone) bis zu hochdifferenziertenAsclepiadaceae, wobei neben dem offenen Blütentyp auch zwei Formen von geschlossenen Blüten (Sisyranthus, Microloma) untersucht werden. Die Blüten weisen unterschiedlich stark elaborierte Strukturen auf, die als Führungshilfen für den Insektenrüssel dienen. Neben der eigentlichen Leitschiene, die teilweise einen hohen Grad an innerer Differenzierung besitzt, sind vor allem Haare und Coronastrukturen an der primären Führung des Bestäuberrüssels beteiligt. Die interstaminale Lage der Nektarien sowie ihr Hinaufreichen bis zur Leitschiene sichert ebenfalls das Zurückziehen des Rüssels durch die Leitschiene. Die Einführung des Rüssels in den Spalt des Klemmkörpers erfordert einen relativ festen Sitz des Corpusculums, der in den hier untersuchten Arten auf drei verschiedenen Wegen erreicht wird: Anheftung an den Antherenrändern, basales Ankleben am Griffelkopf und Fixierung durch einen distalen Vorsprung des Griffelkopfes. MitTylophora spec. wird ein Fall vorgestellt, bei dem Fremdbestäubung wie auch Auskeimen der Pollenschläuche in situ und damit vermutlich Autogamie zugleich vorkommen. — Die übertragenen Pollinien werden gewöhnlich in die Narbenkammer eingezogen, dort keimen die Pollenschläuche aus und dringen an der Unterseite des Narbenkopfes in diesen ein. BeiSecamone erfolgt der Eintritt der Pollenschläuche an der Flanke des Griffelkopfes, beiMicroloma ist eine exakte Positionierung des Polliniums unnötig, auch vor der Leitschiene abgelegte Pollinien keimen und senden ihre Pollenschläuche durch die innere Leitschiene zum Griffelkopf. BeiSecamone undTylophora ist ein gemeinsamer Anfang der Griffelkanäle (Compitum) im Griffelkopf vorhanden, die Pollenschläuche werden hier auf beide Ovarien verteilt, auch wenn sie nur von einem einzigen eingeführten Pollinium stammen. Bei den übrigen fünf Arten sind beide Griffelkanäle isoliert voneinander, eine direkte Zuweisung der Pollenschläuche eines Polliniums zu nur einem Ovar ist hier die Regel. Damit verfolgen diese höher evolviertenAsclepiadaceae eher die Strategie der resource allocation, indem sie bei der vorherrschenden Belegung mit nur einem Pollinium durch die strukturell gelenkte Zuweisung der Pollenschläuche auch nur ein Fruchtblatt zur Reife bringen müssen.
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of floral biology in relation to floral structures are investigated in seven species ofAsclepiadaceae. Pollinaria removal and insertion by the insect pollinator is aided by various structural devices such as hairs or corona elements guiding the proboscis towards the entrance of the anther slit. The nectary is situated directly below this opening, thus increasing the probability of the proboscis being introduced into the anther slit during retraction. The anther slit itself often displays structural differentiation in adaptation to the guiding of the proboscis and the insertion of a pollinium in cross pollination. These mechanisms are highly elaborated so that they work as well in closed flower types, in which the pollinator does not enter the flower directly, but only introduces its proboscis (Sisyranthus, Microloma). A special feature of pollinaria removal is the variety of ways of fixing the corpusculum against the force of the proboscis when it is drawn into the cleft. — The stigma of all species exceptSecamone is located on the lower surface of the stigma head where it is appressed to the filament tube. In some cases a direct contact of the inserted pollinium with the stigmatic surface does not seem to be necessary for pollen tube germination, probably moistening by nectar suffices in these flowers. WithTylophora spec., a case of in situ pollen tube germination has been studied. — Concerning the path of the pollen tubes, two different strategies are followed.Secamone andTylophora develop a structurally defined compitum, while the other five species have strictly divided stylar canals. In these higher evolved species, the pollen tubes of one inserted pollinium are all directed into one ovary only, thus enabling the plant to allocate its resources to one carpel only in the frequent case of fertilization by one pollinium.
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  • 175
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    Plant systematics and evolution 179 (1992), S. 43-58 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Orchis morio subsp.morio ; O. morio subsp.picta ; O. longicornu ; Multilocus electrophoresis ; genetic variation ; gene flow ; morphology ; Flora of Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Data are presented on genetic variation at 27 enzyme loci of the Green-Winged orchid,Orchis morio, in 18 population samples from Italy. The existence in Italy of two subspecies, i.e. subspp.morio andpicta, is not supported by allozyme data. No genetic heterogeneity was found betweenmorio-like andpicta-like samples and specimens. Moreover, morphological transition between the two forms was observed in different Italian populations. The parameters of genetic variability estimated forO. morio populations are consistent with those found among monocotyledon plants, and among those outcrossing, animal-pollinated and with wind-dispersed seeds. Genetic diversity of ItalianO. morio is mostly within populations. Correspondingly, low values of interpopulational genetic distance were found. This appears to be due to high levels of gene flow, which were estimated with different methods. The lack ofO. longicornu from Italian samples, as well as of any hybrid withO. morio (F1, backcrossed or recombinant individuals) is demonstrated on the basis of genetic data. It is concluded that recurrent reports ofO. longicornu from Italy are due to confusion withO. morio or with otherOrchis species.
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  • 176
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    Plant systematics and evolution 179 (1992), S. 95-105 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Epidendreae ; Malaxidinae ; Malaxis saprophyta ; Embryology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract InMalaxis saprophyta, anther wall development corresponds to the Monocotyledonous type. The uninucleate tapetum is of secretory type and the endothecium develops U- and V-shaped thickenings on the inner tangential and radial walls. Cytokinesis is simultaneous; tetrahedral, isobilateral and T-shaped tetrads are formed which are compactly aggregated in pollinia. At anthesis the microspore tetrads are 2-celled. The ovule is anatropous, bitegmic and both integuments are dermal in origin. A single hypodermal cell develops directly into a megaspore mother cell. Embryo sac development is predominantly monosporic and less often bisporic. Irrespective of the type of development, the mature embryo sac is 6-nucleate. Although double fertilization occurs, the primary endosperm nucleus degenerates. Embryogeny is of the Onagrad type. The mature embryo lacks differentiation into cotyledon, plumule and radicle. The reticulate seed coat is formed entirely by the outer layer of outer integument. There are three sterile and three fertile valves in the ovary. Although initially parenchymatous, the entire three sterile valves in the ovary and the upper half of the three fertile valves become sclerified after fertilization. The embryological characters support the disputed systematic position ofMalaxis within subtribeMalaxidinae ofEpidendreae.
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  • 177
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops ; Genome D cluster ; alpha-gliadins ; storage proteins ; phylogeny ; introgression ; electrophoresis ; restriction enzyme analysis
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    Notes: Abstract The D genome cluster includes six allopolyploidAegilops species having as pivotal genome that ofAegilops squarrosa. Alpha-gliadins, endosperm proteins coded by multigenic families, have been analyzed in the D genome species cluster and in their putative progenitors. They can be present or weakly expressed when analyzed in acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular analysis has shown the possibility to distinguish subsp.strangulata from subsp.eusquarrosa and to confirm the presence ofAe. caudata and ofAe. umbellulata in the polyploidsAe. cylindrica andAe. juvenalis, respectively. Finally, introgression fromAe. longissima orAe. searsii in tetraploid and hexaploidAe. crassa, Ae. juvenalis, andAe. vavilovii is supposed.
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  • 178
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eriotheca ; Bombacaceae ; Anthophoridae ; Neotropical savanna ; bee pollination ; polyembryony ; apomixis ; polyploidy
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    Notes: Abstract The pollination biology and breeding systems ofEriotheca pubescens andE. gracilipes have been studied. These two species occur as trees in cerrado vegetation, the neotropical savannas of Central Brazil, with partially sympatric distributions. They have similar phenology and floral structure, although the flowers ofE. pubescens are larger. Both species have nectar flowers pollinated by largeAnthophoridae bees but the main pollinators of each species differ in size. The species have markedly different breeding systems: late-acting self-incompatibility inE. gracilipes and apomixis stimulated by pollination inE. pubescens.
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  • 179
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    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 1-13 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Triticeae ; Elymus ; Genome analysis ; morphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Seven tetraploid species ofElymus, viz.E. sibiricus, E. caninus, E. gmelinii, E. semicostatus, E. caucasicus, E. parviglume, andE. longearistatus subsp.canaliculatus, representing five sections were studied morphologically and used in interspecific hybridizations. The aim was to investigate whether the present sectional delimitation of the genus was in agreement with genomic data and if there was a correlation between genome constitution and morphology. The study revealed: (i) further information on the genomic affinities between the different species, (ii) that there is no congruence between genome constitution of the species and current sectional delimitation, and (iii) that there is a correlation between genome constitution and morphology in the palea apex shape and in the size of cilia of the palea.
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  • 180
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    Plant systematics and evolution 179 (1992), S. 175-185 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Gramineae ; Deschampsia cespitosa ; Zinc tolerance ; heavy metal ; tolerant populations ; genetic basis ; heritability
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    Notes: Abstract Patterns of zinc tolerance were examined in eightDeschampsia cespitosa (L.)Beauv. populations from normal and zinc-contaminated soils, using solution culture methods. Zinc-tolerant populations have evolved beneath pylons, and their tolerance patterns (degree, variance, heritability) vary. Tolerance is genetically based in all of them. In contrast to the cases of other species previously reported, some within-population differences are considerable, and may be due to both heterogeneity of the soils zinc contents, various gene combinations and gene recombinations between genotypes. One control population contains many tolerant plants, an original result which is discussed.
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  • 181
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    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 15-28 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Cruciferae ; Erysimum ; Multivariate analysis ; cladistics
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    Notes: Abstract A taxonomically difficult purple-flowered group within the genusErysimum, restricted to the Iberian Peninsula, is analyzed by multivariate and cladistic analyses. 51 specimens have been scored for 14 characters. Both principal components and discriminant analyses provide support to the recognition of the five species considered by the author, namelyE. linifolium, E. lagascae, E. baeticum, E. popovii, andE. cazorlense. Cladistic analysis, using 7 characters resulted in a single most parsimonious cladogram containing no homoplasies. The pattern of morphologic divergence follows a clear NW.-SE. trend, which is congruent with the topology of the cladogram. This trend significantly affects growth-form as well as fruit characters, both providing the main grounds for species recognition. The different behavior and significance of several characters in both kinds of analysis is discussed. The co-occurrence of morphologically similar individuals differing in the flower color is discussed, too. Possible explanations for this phenomenon involve hybridization in a wide sense or, alternatively, rejecting the assumption of monophyly for the group.
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  • 182
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    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 137-156 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; evolution ; origin ; ancestral angiosperm ; morphology
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    Notes: Abstract The ancestral angiosperm is commonly interpreted as an arborescent to shrubby magnolialean with large, multiparted, complex flowers. We examined this hypothesis using a phylogenetic analysis of new and reevaluated characters polarizabled with outgroup comparison. Our cladistic analysis of basal angiosperms placed the nonmagnolialeanChloranthaceae andPiperaceae at the bottom of the tree. We further inferred the probable ancestral states of characters not polarizable with outgroup comparison by examining their distribution among taxa at the base of our cladogram. The sum of ancestral character states suggests that the protoangiosperm was a diminutive, rhizomatous to scrambling perennial herb, with small, simple flowers.
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  • 183
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    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 97-108 
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    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Campanula ; Pollination biology ; pollen germinability ; pollen collecting hairs ; self-compatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Pollination mechanisms within the genusCampanula were studied. Tests were undertaken to examine whether in vitro culture of pollen grains can serve as a useful tool for understanding the self- and cross-pollination mechanisms among species. Characteristics of pollen germination were interpreted in relation to mating system and floral biology. Four annual species (Campanula kremeri, C. dichotoma, C. afra, C. lusitanica), and two perennial species (C. rotundifolia andC. persicifolia) were investigated. In the annual species pollen germinability is controlled by (1) the age of pollen and/or (2) in what position pollen is deposited around the style. Correlations were found between pollen germinability and mating system in three of the four annual species. No correlations were found either between germinability and age of pollen or position on the style in the perennial species. Pollen germinability reached its maximum in the middle of the male phase in all species, except forC. dichotoma, which had a decreasing germinability throughout anthesis. The germinability was lowest at the time of stigma receptivity for all species except forC. persicifolia, where the stigma did not develop as long as pollen remained on the style. The pollen collecting hairs and pollen removal have been found to play an important role controlling the stigma development, thus affecting self-pollination. This was especially pronounced inC. persicifolia. Further studies will be undertaken to elucidate factors influencing pollination within the genusCampanula.
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  • 184
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    Plant systematics and evolution 181 (1992), S. 133-141 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Thymelaeaceae ; Thymelaea hirsuta ; Dioecy ; heterodichogamy ; sex ratio ; breeding system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The sex expression inThymelaea hirsuta was assessed in five habitats in the western Mediterranean desert of Egypt. The survey over two main flowering periods indicated that the sexual expression of this plant is complex and labile. Beside the dioecious male and female states, five monoecious states were detected. The dioecious states are more abundant and less labile. There is a clear shift from monoecious towards dioecious states and in general favour of males from the first (late autumn) to the second (late winter) flowering period. These results are discussed in view of the adaptive theories and evolution.
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  • 185
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    Plant systematics and evolution 183 (1992), S. 51-65 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Melittophily ; flower colour ; colour signal ; UV-pattern ; spectral purity ; colour saturation
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    Notes: Abstract In melittophilous plants the colour pattern of the flowers, as perceived by bumblebees, is a gradient of centripetally increasing spectral purity. This pattern serves as a signal for innate flower recognition in naive bumblebees permitting orientation to flowers and landing on flowers. Structures which make up the total signal pattern can include the background (e.g., green leaves), corollas, and stamens or floral guides. How various colour parameters, such as dominant wavelength, intensity, and spectral purity influence the colour signal pattern of flowers is analyzed. The process of strong absorption of ultraviolet light is shown to be a mechanism for the enhancement of spectral purity in flower guides. The importance of other mechanisms is also demonstrated. The presence of a gradient of centripetally increasing spectral purity in floral colour patterns as perceived by a bumblebee's eyes is demonstrated by a comparison of the spectral reflectance in different parts of the flower and a representation of colour loci in the colour triangle.
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  • 186
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    Plant systematics and evolution 183 (1992), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Plant 5S DNA ; spacer variation ; sequence conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract The DNA sequence properties of 5S DNA (5S RNA gene plus spacer) from a wide range of families of plants is reviewed with particular reference to the possibility of using the information for phylogenetic inference. Although the data-base is extremely limited, the available evidence suggests that within a subclass or tribe phylogenetic inference can be made, provided that a knowledge about the number of chromosomal locations of the gene loci (5S Dna loci) is available. The evidence suggests little, if any, exchange occurs between the 5S DNA units at different chromosomal loci and the available data favour a mechanism involving amplification/deletion processes for creating structural changes at the5S Dna loci. Sequences originating from species in the familiesRosaceae, Poaceae, andBrassicaceae tended to group together in cladistic analyses but with low confidence limits. Surprisingly little of the spacer region showed conservation of sequence that may relate to a function in the control of transcription by RNA polymerase III.
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  • 187
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    Plant systematics and evolution 180 (1992), S. 105-114 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Aegilops comosa subsp.comosa var.comosa ; C-banding pattern polymorphism
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    Notes: Abstract The Giemsa C-banding pattern of the chromosomes of the native self-pollinatedAegilops comosa subsp.comosa var.comosa was studied. Six of the seven chromosomes of the haploid genome were found to be polymorphic for C-banding patterns. Chromosome A had four variants, chromosome E three variants and each of the chromosomes B, D, and F two variants. Chromosomes E and G were polymorphic for arm length and arm ratio.
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  • 188
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    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 83-104 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; androecium ; Merosity ; phyllotaxis ; pseudowhorl ; zygomorphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The term merosity stands for the number of parts within whorls of floral organs, leaves, or stems. Trimery is considered to be a basic condition that arose through the cyclisation of a spiral flower. Pentamery is mostly derived from trimery by the repetitive fusion of two different whorls. Dimery is either directly derived from trimery, or through pentamery as an intermediate stage. Tetramery is linked with pentamery and should not be confused with dimery. Possible causes for a change in merosity are the reduction of the number of carpels and zygomorphy in flowers. Derivations of different merosities have important consequences for the arrangement of the androecium (the insertion of stamen whorls, their identifications, and their number). It is concluded that two main groups can be identified within the angiosperms: magnolialean and monocotyledonean taxa are mostly trimerous or dimerous; non-magnolialean dicots are mostly pentamerous or tetramerous.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 165-191 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Zanthoxylum ; Fagara ; Flower morphology ; perianth ; gynoecium ; acrostylous and anacrostylous-basistylous carpels ; compitum ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The question whether the uniseriate perianth ofZanthoxylum L. s. str. is homologous with the calyx or the corolla of taxa included inFagara, or of an independent origin, has been controversial for a long time, but the arguments mostly have remained theoretical. The present investigation of floral structures indicates that there are two different types of uniseriate perianth inZanthoxylum s. str. Therefore, this taxon does not represent a natural group and should be united withFagara asZanthoxylum s.l. The infrageneric taxonomy of this genus is still very ambiguous. It is shown that differences in indumentum, number of sepals and petals (5-4-3) resp. perianth segments (4–9), stamens (3–6), and free carpels (1–5) are of systematic relevance. Particularly important but so far neglected is carpel shape, where an acrostylous and an anacrostylous-basistylous type can be recognized. Stigmata of 2 or more carpels mostly fuse to form a compitum. 4–5-merous flowers with calyx and corolla, and acrostylous carpels are considered as plesiomorphic character states in the genus. On the basis of ± corresponding morphological and phytochemical progressions a working hypothesis about the relationships withinZanthoxylum s.l. is presented in graphical form (Fig. 9).
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    Plant systematics and evolution 196 (1995), S. 227-241 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; gymnosperms ; bryophytes ; Telomeres ; fluorescent in situ hybridization ; karyotype evolution
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    Notes: Abstract Data for chromosomal localization of theArabidopsis-type of telomeric sequence repeats (TTTAGGG)n are compiled for 44 species belonging to 14 families of angiosperms, gymnosperms and bryophytes. For 23 species and seven families this is the first report. Species of all families, except theAlliaceae, revealed these sequences at their chromosome termini. This indicates thatArabidopsis-type telomeric repeats are highly conserved. It is inferred that they represent the basic telomere sequence of higher plant phyla. In theAlliaceae, a deviating sequence (and mechanism?) for the stabilization of chromosome termini has possibly evolved secondarily. Nine species revealed interstitial telomeric sequences in addition to the terminal ones, in three species (Vicia faba, Pinus elliottii, P. sylvestris) also at centromeric positions. Interstitial telomeric sequences may indicate karyotype reconstructions, in particular alterations of chromosome numbers by chromosome fusion — or inversions with one breakpoint within the terminal array of repeats. They may contribute to stabilization of chromosome breaks, especially centric fissions, and increase the frequency of meiotic and illegitimate recombination.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 197 (1995), S. 59-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Lemnaceae ; Wolffia ; Allozymes ; genetic divergence ; electrophoresis
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    Notes: Abstract The genusWolffia was surveyed electrophoretically at 14 allozyme loci. A total of 133 clones representing 10 of the 11 recognized species was examined. Genetic identities among most pairs of species are zero, with non-zero values ranging from 0.14 to 0.40.Wolffia angusta and the newly describedW. neglecta show the highest similarity, and the former species has an identity of 0.14 withW. australiana. The next highest similarity (0.34) occurs betweenW. globosa of Southeast Asia andW. cylindracea of southern Africa, which until recently, had generally been viewed as members of the same species. Other species showing some common alleles are members of a complex involvingW. arrhiza, W. columbiana, W. cylindracea, andW. globosa. WithinW. arrhiza, plants from South Africa and Europe are easily distinguished electrophoretically because each contains unique alleles at two loci. Strains from other parts of Africa vary at these loci and are not totally distinct from either the plants from South Africa or from Europe. Species ofWolffia are much more divergent at allozyme loci than the majority of congeners of flowering plants. This suggests that the species are quite old and that the difficulties in distinguishing taxa morphologically are the result of reduction rather than lack of divergence due to recent speciation. Because of the lack of shared alleles between the majority of species pairs inWolffia, enzyme electrophoresis provides limited resolution of species relationships in the genus.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 199 (1996), S. 121-152 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leaf development ; organismal approach ; blastozone ; organogenetic competence ; primary morphogenesis ; marginal meristems ; topography ; eumeristem ; cytohistological gradients
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    Notes: Abstract A new term — the “blastozone” — is proposed to designate regions of the shoot competent for organogenesis. It is argued that the notion of “marginal meristems” is based on the cell theory and thus may not be appropriate to elucidate the process of organ formation. For instance, with respect to the occurrence of initials and of an elevated cell division rate marginal meristems have been shown to be doubtful structures. Furthermore, organogenetic competent regions form only parts of the meristems of the shoot. The study of blastozones from an organismic perspective reveals primary morphogenetic events such as initiation, incorporation, and fusion processes. Loss of morphogenetic competence is associated with histogenetic events, e.g., trichome outgrowth, and indicates the onset of processes leading to maturation. The marginal blastozone of the leaf is then used up although meristem features continue to be expressed. A series of SEM studies in several genera exemplifies the proposed viewpoint, demonstrating some of the morphogenetic potentialities of angiosperm leaf marginal blastozones.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 235-252 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pollen ; pollen colour ; pollen signal ; spectral reflection
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    Notes: Abstract The spectral reflection of pollen in 67 plant species out of 28 families was measured by means of mass recording of pollen grains. Various types of spectral reflection curves were found, but 75% belonged to two categories: 1. Human-yellow pollen with strong reflection in the green and red, and low reflection in the ultraviolet and blue range of wavelengths. 2. Human-whitish pollen with strong reflection in the green and red and additional reflection of shorter wavelengths. It is shown that it is important to have information about the mode of the visual pollen display — crypsis or colour contrast against the corolla, pollen advertisement, or concealment — and the visual capabilities of the presumed pollinators in order to be able to discuss the signalling function of pollen colours.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 217 (1999), S. 43-53 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Caesalpinia ; Angiosperms ; bee-pollination ; andromonoecy ; late-acting self-incompatibility ; fruiting success
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollination biology, breeding system and fruiting success ofCaesalpinia calycina andC. pluviosa var.sanfranciscana were studied in caatinga vegetation in Bahia, NE Brazil. The principal pollinators for both species were carpenter bees.Caesalpinia calycina is andromonoecious but inC. pluviosa all flowers are hermaphrodite. InC. calycina all selfed flowers were abscised within 72 h despite rapid self-pollen tube growth to the ovary and ovule penetration. Prevention of selfing therefore seems to be controlled by a post-zygotic mechanism. Both species had very low fruit-set and it is suggested that this is at least in part due to geitonogamous pollinations with ovule penetration by self pollen tubes.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 222 (2000), S. 1-17 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; pollen ; pollen wall ; pollination ; exine ; intine ; aperture ; ornamentation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Qualities of the stratified pollen walls were evaluated for their possible role in pollination (pollination modes, and pollen tube formation). The importance of studying pollen grains in their respective natural state is noted. Examples of pollen morphological features specific to pollination vectors are rare and difficult to demonstrate. However, some complex, but significant correlations are reported.
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  • 196
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    Plant systematics and evolution 155 (1987), S. 67-69 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Acanthophyllum ; Diaphanoptera ; Ochotonophila ; Scleranthopsis ; Capsule dehiscence ; Flora of Iran ; Afghanistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The shape and the mode of dehiscence of the capsule had been regarded as good differential characters betweenAcanthophyllum and related genera.—Studies of these characters, including the shape of the ovary, in species ofAcanthophyllum, Diaphanoptera, Ochotonophila andScleranthopsis show, however, that they cannot be used as differential characters for the genusAcanthophyllum.
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  • 197
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    Plant systematics and evolution 155 (1987), S. 71-75 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Rubieae ; Galium ; G. subfalcatum ; spec. nova ; G. campylotrichum ; spec. nova ; G. tetraphyllum ; spec. nova ; Flora of Pakistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three new species ofGalium from the NW. Himalaya in Pakistan are described and illustrated.
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  • 198
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    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 137-148 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Juncaceae ; Juncus bufonius ; J. ambiguus ; J. minutulus ; Analysis of variance ; cluster analysis ; chromosome numbers ; karyotaxonomy ; numerical taxonomy ; ordination ; Flora of Slovakia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Samples of 34 populations of theJuncus bufonius aggregate in Slovakia have been submitted to a numerical-taxonomic treatment. Three species corresponding to three known cytodemes, i.e.J. bufonius L. s. str. (2n = c. 100–110),J. ambiguus Guss. (2n = 34) andJ. minutulus (Alb. etJahan.)Prain et al. emend.Snog. (2n = c. 72), have been confirmed for the study area. A survey of quantitative characters by various ordination and cluster techniques reveals that the length of capsules, seeds, inner tepals and anthers as well as the ratio of anther to filament length are significant for the segregation of the cytodemes.
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  • 199
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    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 171-185 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Monocotyledonae ; Epicuticular wax ; micromorphology ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on SEM examinations of some 1600 species of monocotyledons out of 61 families the characteristics of their epicuticular waxes are described in this preliminary paper and illustrated by 20 SEM micrographs. Four basic types of waxes are recognized. Two of them occur throughout the monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous orders of angiosperms; two others are of high systematic significance and restricted to particular orders of the monocotyledons: The “Convallaria-Type” is characterized by fine wax platelets with parallel orientation, forming a pattern around the stomata reminiscent of electromagnetic field lines. This type is restricted to the three liliiflorous ordersAsparagales, Liliales, andBurmanniales. The “Strelitzia-Type” is characterized by massive compound wax rodlets; it is restricted to the superordersAreciflorae, Commeliniflorae, Zingiberiflorae, plus the two liliiflorous ordersBromeliales andVelloziales. The data are compared with the classifications ofDahlgren & Clifford (1982); they tentatively indicate the exclusion ofBromeliales, Velloziales, andTyphales from theLiliiflorae.
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  • 200
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    Plant systematics and evolution 142 (1983), S. 207-221 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Caryophyllaceae ; Silene burchelli ; Silene cobalticola ; Cobalt uptake ; cobalt tolerance ; copper uptake ; copper tolerance-‚evolution ; flower morphology ; leaf anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The flora of the copper-cobalt ores of Upper Shaba, Zaïre, comprises some 220 taxa including 42 endemics. The origin of this flora is examined and an assessment has been made of its relationship with the flora of the high plateaux steppe-savannah (dilunguan flora). A first group consists of undifferentiated species limited to these two floras. A second group comprises cupriphilous taxa derived from closely-related and widely distributed species observed on the high plateaux and elsewhere. A third group consists of closely-related species or ecotypes confined to the areas. In theSilene burchelli complex (Caryophyllaceae) there is a gradual transition from the widespreadS. burchelli var.angustifolia on the high plateaux to a newly discoveredS. burchelli ecotype from a cupriferous outcrop at Luita, and toS. cobalticola from highly mineralized copper-cobalt deposits at Mindigi. This ecophyletic series provides a gradient of morphological anatomical, and physiological changes whose end members are distinct species. The subject of palaeoendemism and neoendemism in relation to metallophytes of Upper Shaba is also discussed. Colonisation of metalliferous soils by elements of the non-mineralised high plateau is believed to be a neoendemic process.
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