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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1990), S. 827-834 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Bombus ; Flower signals ; Innate releasing mechanism ; Spectral purity ; Colour saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Innate behavioural reactions, i.e. reactions of untrained, flower-naive bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L., B. lucorum L.; Apidae) were observed in flower dummy experiments. It was proven that an innate releasing mechanism responds to optical flower signals: the spectral purity of ‘corolla colour’ was found to be crucial for far attraction toward flower dummies. During the subsequent near orientation, that is when a bumblebee finally reaches a flower dummy, the bumblebee's antennae contact the part of highest spectral purity while the bee is still in flight. ‘Guides’ such as ‘stamen patches’ present in the center of flower dummies are used only for near orientation. Flower dummies receiving the greatest number of antennae reactions at the guide were always those with low spectral purity in the surrounding background colour, high spectral purity at the corolla colour and highest spectral purity at the guide colour. In contrast, dominant wavelength and intensity of flower dummy colours had no detectable influence on innate behavioural reactions, while colour contrast had some. These results are interpreted as follows: orientation toward guides is based upon a gradient of centripetally increasing, bee-subjective colour saturation which directs the bumblebee's approach toward the center of the flower dummy where additional factors may contribute to stimulating the landing reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: euglossine flowers ; perfume collection ; euglossophily ; floral fragrant exudates ; nesting behaviour ; mating behaviour ; bee pheromones ; nest mimicry ; signal evolution ; Hymenoptera ; Apidae ; Euglossinae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A fascinating pollination system has been evolved between perfume producing flowers and perfume collecting male euglossine bees in the neotropics. Detailed investigations have contributed to an understanding of the interactions between euglossine males and flowers as a pollination system. The role which the collected perfume plays in the reproductive behaviour of euglossine bees is not fully understood. A favoured hypothesis suggests that the collected fragrances are used as precursors for male sex pheromones and thus serve to attract conspecific males or females. It is not known how perfume collection behaviour evolved. Here, an evolutionary approach presents a new hypothesis which suggests that the evolution of perfume collection in euglossine males is based upon pre-existing signals which were attractive to females and males. It is further suggested that, at the evolutionary outset, flowers mimicked nest sites to deceive nest-seeking euglossine bees. In addition, a comparative study was undertaken on the phenomena of nest-mimicking flowers in related bee families.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 183 (1992), S. 51-65 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Melittophily ; flower colour ; colour signal ; UV-pattern ; spectral purity ; colour saturation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In melittophilous plants the colour pattern of the flowers, as perceived by bumblebees, is a gradient of centripetally increasing spectral purity. This pattern serves as a signal for innate flower recognition in naive bumblebees permitting orientation to flowers and landing on flowers. Structures which make up the total signal pattern can include the background (e.g., green leaves), corollas, and stamens or floral guides. How various colour parameters, such as dominant wavelength, intensity, and spectral purity influence the colour signal pattern of flowers is analyzed. The process of strong absorption of ultraviolet light is shown to be a mechanism for the enhancement of spectral purity in flower guides. The importance of other mechanisms is also demonstrated. The presence of a gradient of centripetally increasing spectral purity in floral colour patterns as perceived by a bumblebee's eyes is demonstrated by a comparison of the spectral reflectance in different parts of the flower and a representation of colour loci in the colour triangle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 198 (1995), S. 235-252 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Pollen ; pollen colour ; pollen signal ; spectral reflection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The spectral reflection of pollen in 67 plant species out of 28 families was measured by means of mass recording of pollen grains. Various types of spectral reflection curves were found, but 75% belonged to two categories: 1. Human-yellow pollen with strong reflection in the green and red, and low reflection in the ultraviolet and blue range of wavelengths. 2. Human-whitish pollen with strong reflection in the green and red and additional reflection of shorter wavelengths. It is shown that it is important to have information about the mode of the visual pollen display — crypsis or colour contrast against the corolla, pollen advertisement, or concealment — and the visual capabilities of the presumed pollinators in order to be able to discuss the signalling function of pollen colours.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 200 (1996), S. 125-140 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Colour change ; floral colour phase ; innate flower detection ; colour preference ; pollination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many angiosperms have arranged their flowers in inflorescences forming a distinct signalling unit to flower visitors. In some species, the flowers of inflorescences undergo a temporal colour change corresponding exactly to a change in the reward status. Based on information obtained from the spectral reflection curves of pre-change and postchage colours of flower corollas and/or floral guides, it was possible to demonstrate that the colour phase associated with reward closely corresponds to the visual stimuli which trigger behavioural responses of inexperienced flower visitors, and that the colour phase associated with less reward corresponds to visual stimuli less attractive to naïve flower visitors. Reciprocal colour changes were not observed. It is to be assumed that the unidirectionality of floral colour changes is an adaptation of angiosperms aimed at the guidance of first-time flower visitors. Signalling reward to inexperienced flower visitors is an additional function of floral colour changes. The main function of floral colour changes, however, is to provide cues with which the flower visitors can learn to associate one colour phase with reward.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 27 (1997), S. 169-181 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Die ursprüngliche und wichtigste Funktion des Pollens ist die Bestäubung, also der Transport des Erbguts von den Staubgefäßen zu den Griffeln. In Anpassung an diese Funktion haben Pollenkörner eine derbe Pollenkornwand mit Schutzpigmenten entwickelt, die das Erbgut vor den Extrembedingungen während des Transportes wie hohen Temperaturen, Trockenheit, UV-Strahlung sowie vor Pilzund Bakterienbefall schützen. Viele blütenbesuchende Käfer, Fliegen und Bienen fressen und/oder sammeln Pollen. Pollen stellt für sie oft die einzige eiweißhaltige Nahrung dar. Da der Fortpflanzungserfolg dieser Blütenbesucher unmittelbar von der Aufnahme oder vom Sammeln von Pollen abhängig ist, ist es nicht verwunderlich, daß Pollen für diese Tiere attraktive ist, und daß tierbestäubte Blütenpflanzen mit Pollen Blütenbestäuber anlocken können. Die optische Signalfunktion von Staubgefäßen und Pollen läßt sich am Aufbau des Schauapparates vieler Blüten erkennen. Pollen und Staubgefäße sind nicht nur kräftig gefärbt, sondern kontrastieren auch farblich mit der Blütenkrone, zumindest wenn das für Menschen unsichtbare, für viele Insekten aber sichtbare UV-Licht in die Betrachtung mit einbezogen wird.Viele Pflanzen haben die Staubgfäße im Inneren der Blütenkrone geborgen und auf diese Weise den Pollen vor Regen und vor der Ausbeutung durch illegitime Blütenbesucher besser geschützt. Bei den Blüten dieser Pflanzen sind der Pollen und die den Pollen bergenden Staubgefäße für den anfliegenden Blütenbesucher unsichtbar: Oftmals übernehmen dann Blütenmale, die sich in vielen Fällen als Signalkopien von echten Staubgefäßen erweisen, die Signalfunktion der Stamina. Die Signalfunktion von Pollen beschränkt sich nicht auf optische, sondern umfaßt auch olfaktorische und gustatorische Signale. Die Evolution der optischen Signale bei Blütenpflanzen wurde von Osche [11] erkannt und erarbeiter. In dieser Arbeit wollen wir die Signalfunktion von Pollen durch sinnesphysiologische Experimente mit Signalempfängern (Blütenbesuchern) belegen und durch eine Analyse der Signalsender (Blumen) ergänzen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biologie in unserer Zeit 23 (1993), S. 48-54 
    ISSN: 0045-205X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Blumen zählen zu den ästhetisch schönsten „Kunstformen der Natur“. Vor 200 Jahren hat Christian Konrad Sprengel „das Geheimnis der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen“ [I] entdeckt: Duft, Form und Färbung von Blumen ermöglichen die Kommunikation mit Bestäubern. Diese Blütensignale dienen den Blütenbesuchern in allen Phasen des Blütenbesuchs zur Orientierung. Frisch geschlüpfte Tiere, die noch keine Erfahrungen mit Blüten gemacht haben, reagieren bereits auf die Locksignale. Die Bestäuber sind aber auch in der Lage, Merkmale von Blüten zu erlernen und dann mit ihrer Hilfe diese Blüten gezielt anzufliegen. Schwebfliegen, Hummeln, Nachtfalter und andere Insekten haben unterschiedliche Strategien der Blütenerkennung entwickelt.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-04-27
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2020-06-23
    Print ISSN: 1461-023X
    Electronic ISSN: 1461-0248
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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