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  • Animals  (6,341)
  • AERODYNAMICS
  • 2000-2004  (4,137)
  • 1980-1984  (4,295)
  • 1935-1939  (2)
  • 1925-1929  (1)
Collection
Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 101
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    Ocean exploration. Deep-sea mountaineering (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1034-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933987" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Atlantic Ocean ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Geologic Sediments ; *Marine Biology ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 102
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    Botany. State transitions--a question of balance (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, John F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1530-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Box 124, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden. john.allen@plantbio.lu.se〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624254" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Chlorophyll/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Fluorescence ; Gene Library ; Light ; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phosphorylation ; Photosynthesis ; Photosynthetic Reaction Center Complex Proteins/*metabolism ; Plastoquinone/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Thylakoids/*enzymology ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 103
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    Derepression of BDNF transcription involves calcium-dependent phosphorylation of MeCP2 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Mutations in MeCP2, which encodes a protein that has been proposed to function as a global transcriptional repressor, are the cause of Rett syndrome (RT T), an X-linked progressive neurological disorder. Although the selective inactivation of MeCP2 in neurons is sufficient to confer a Rett-like phenotype in mice, the specific functions of MeCP2 in postmitotic neurons are not known. We find that MeCP2 binds selectively to BDNF promoter III and functions to repress expression of the BDNF gene. Membrane depolarization triggers the calcium-dependent phosphorylation and release of MeCP2 from BDNF promoter III, thereby facilitating transcription. These studies indicate that MeCP2 plays a key role in the control of neuronal activity-dependent gene regulation and suggest that the deregulation of this process may underlie the pathology of RT T.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Wen G -- Chang, Qiang -- Lin, Yingxi -- Meissner, Alexander -- West, Anne E -- Griffith, Eric C -- Jaenisch, Rudolf -- Greenberg, Michael E -- HD 18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS28829/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):885-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593183" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*genetics ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; *Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Cloning, Molecular ; CpG Islands ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Silencing ; Histones/metabolism ; Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 ; Methylation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/metabolism/physiology ; Phosphorylation ; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology ; Precipitin Tests ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rats ; *Repressor Proteins ; Rett Syndrome/genetics ; *Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 104
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    Transcription. Histones face the FACT (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Svejstrup, Jesper Q -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1053-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Research, London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, Hertfordshire, UK. j.svejstrup@cancer.org.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromatin/metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Dimerization ; Drosophila/genetics/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *High Mobility Group Proteins ; Histones/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Nucleosomes/*metabolism ; RNA Polymerase II/*metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Elongation Factors/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 105
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    Diverse psychotomimetics act through a common signaling pathway (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: Three distinct classes of drugs: dopaminergic agonists (such as D-amphetamine), serotonergic agonists (such as LSD), and glutamatergic antagonists (such as PCP) all induce psychotomimetic states in experimental animals that closely resemble schizophrenia symptoms in humans. Here we implicate a common signaling pathway in mediating these effects. In this pathway, dopamine- and an adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated phospho-protein of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP-32) is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at three sites, in a pattern predicted to cause a synergistic inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 and concomitant regulation of its downstream effector proteins glycogen synthesis kinase-3 (GSK-3), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and c-Fos. In mice with a genetic deletion of DARPP-32 or with point mutations in phosphorylation sites of DARPP-32, the effects of D-amphetamine, LSD, and PCP on two behavioral parameters-sensorimotor gating and repetitive movements-were strongly attenuated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Svenningsson, Per -- Tzavara, Eleni T -- Carruthers, Robert -- Rachleff, Ilan -- Wattler, Sigrid -- Nehls, Michael -- McKinzie, David L -- Fienberg, Allen A -- Nomikos, George G -- Greengard, Paul -- DA10044/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH40899/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1412-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631045" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects/*metabolism ; Central Nervous System Agents/*pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/drug effects/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Dextroamphetamine/pharmacology ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 ; Frontal Lobe/drug effects/metabolism ; Genes, fos ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Phencyclidine/pharmacology ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Phosphoproteins/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics/metabolism ; Reflex, Startle/drug effects ; *Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 106
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    First black carp captured in U.S (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chick, John H -- Maher, Robert J -- Burr, Brooks M -- Thomas, Matthew R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1876-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817125" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaculture ; Bivalvia ; *Carps/classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Illinois
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 107
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    Infectious diseases. Up close and personal with SARS (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):886-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738826" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.) ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/*virology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; History, 21st Century ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; SARS Virus/*classification/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity/ultrastructure ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology/*virology ; Sri Lanka ; United States ; Universities ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 108
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    Reversal and stabilization of synaptic modifications in a developing visual system (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-21
    Description: Persistent synaptic modifications are essential for experience-dependent refinement of developing circuits. However, in the developing Xenopus retinotectal system, activity-induced synaptic modifications were quickly reversed either by subsequent spontaneous activity in the tectum or by exposure to random visual inputs. This reversal depended on the burst spiking and activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of glutamate receptors. Stabilization of synaptic modifications can be achieved by an appropriately spaced pattern of induction stimuli. These findings underscore the vulnerable nature of activity-induced synaptic modifications in vivo and suggest a temporal constraint on the pattern of visual inputs for effective induction of stable synaptic modifications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhou, Qiang -- Tao, Huizhong W -- Poo, Mu-ming -- NS 36999/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 20;300(5627):1953-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12817152" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Long-Term Synaptic Depression ; Neurons/physiology ; Okadaic Acid/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Photic Stimulation ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors/physiology ; Retina/growth & development/*physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/growth & development/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; *Vision, Ocular ; Visual Pathways/growth & development/*physiology ; Xenopus
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 109
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    SARS in China. Tracking the roots of a killer (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):297-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869736" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/virology ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Carnivora/*virology ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Disease Reservoirs ; Food Handling ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; SARS Virus/genetics/immunology/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/epidemiology/*transmission/virology ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 110
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    Ecology and evolution. Darwin's hummingbirds (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Altshuler, Douglas L -- Clark, Christopher James -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):588-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91104, USA. doug@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714728" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Body Constitution ; Dominica ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Flowers/*anatomy & histology ; Heliconiaceae/*anatomy & histology ; Male ; Pigmentation ; Saint Lucia ; *Sex Characteristics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 111
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    The dog genome: survey sequencing and comparative analysis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: A survey of the dog genome sequence (6.22 million sequence reads; 1.5x coverage) demonstrates the power of sample sequencing for comparative analysis of mammalian genomes and the generation of species-specific resources. More than 650 million base pairs (〉25%) of dog sequence align uniquely to the human genome, including fragments of putative orthologs for 18,473 of 24,567 annotated human genes. Mutation rates, conserved synteny, repeat content, and phylogeny can be compared among human, mouse, and dog. A variety of polymorphic elements are identified that will be valuable for mapping the genetic basis of diseases and traits in the dog.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kirkness, Ewen F -- Bafna, Vineet -- Halpern, Aaron L -- Levy, Samuel -- Remington, Karin -- Rusch, Douglas B -- Delcher, Arthur L -- Pop, Mihai -- Wang, Wei -- Fraser, Claire M -- Venter, J Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1898-903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Contig Mapping ; DNA, Intergenic ; Dogs/*genetics ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Long Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Male ; Mice/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phylogeny ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Short Interspersed Nucleotide Elements ; Synteny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 112
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    Infectious diseases. Search for SARS origins stalls (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- Normile, Dennis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):766-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/virology ; Animals, Wild ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Carnivora/virology ; China/epidemiology ; *Disease Reservoirs ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; *SARS Virus/immunology ; *Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 113
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    Developing drugs for parasitic diseases (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Andreopoulos, Spyros -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):430-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702858" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; *Antiparasitic Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Drug Design ; *Drug Industry/economics ; Humans ; Malaria/drug therapy ; Parasitic Diseases/*drug therapy ; Private Sector ; Public Sector
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 114
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    Experience strengthening transmission by driving AMPA receptors into synapses (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: The mechanisms underlying experience-dependent plasticity in the brain may depend on the AMPA subclass of glutamate receptors (AMPA-Rs). We examined the trafficking of AMPA-Rs into synapses in the developing rat barrel cortex. In vivo gene delivery was combined with in vitro recordings to show that experience drives recombinant GluR1, an AMPA-R subunit, into synapses formed between layer 4 and layer 2/3 neurons. Moreover, expression of the GluR1 cytoplasmic tail, a construct that inhibits synaptic delivery of endogenous AMPA-Rs during long-term potentiation, blocked experience-driven synaptic potentiation. In general, synaptic incorporation of AMPA-Rs in vivo conforms to rules identified in vitro and contributes to plasticity driven by natural stimuli in the mammalian brain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takahashi, Takuya -- Svoboda, Karel -- Malinow, Roberto -- NS032827/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS038259/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1585-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jones Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Long-Term Potentiation ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*metabolism/virology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sindbis Virus/genetics ; Somatosensory Cortex/*metabolism/virology ; Synapses/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Touch ; Vibrissae/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 115
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    The threat to cone snails (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chivian, Eric -- Roberts, Callum M -- Bernstein, Aaron S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 17;302(5644):391.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14563988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa ; Biomedical Research ; Conotoxins ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Snails
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 116
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    Single molecule profiling of alternative pre-mRNA splicing (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing is an important mechanism for generating protein diversity and may explain in part how mammalian complexity arises from a surprisingly small complement of genes. Here, we describe "digital polony exon profiling,"a single molecule-based technology for studying complex alternative pre-messenger RNA splicing. This technology allows researchers to monitor the combinatorial diversity of exon inclusion in individual transcripts. A minisequencing strategy provides single nucleotide resolution, and the digital nature of the technology allows quantitation of individual splicing variants. Digital polony exon profiling can be used to investigate the physiological and pathological roles of alternately spliced messenger RNAs, as well as the mechanisms by which these messenger RNAs are produced.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Jun -- Shendure, Jay -- Mitra, Robi D -- Church, George M -- 5U54GM62119/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):836-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907803" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrylamide ; *Alternative Splicing ; Animals ; Antigens, CD44/genetics ; Brain/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ; *Exons ; Humans ; Mice ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction/*methods ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Protein Isoforms ; RNA Precursors/*genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; SMN Complex Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    A cellular framework for gut-looping morphogenesis in zebrafish (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: Many vertebrate organs adopt asymmetric positions with respect to the midline, but little is known about the cellular changes and tissue movements that occur downstream of left-right gene expression to produce this asymmetry. Here, we provide evidence that the looping of the zebrafish gut results from the asymmetric migration of the neighboring lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). Mutations that disrupt the epithelial structure of the LPM perturb this asymmetric migration and inhibit gut looping. Asymmetric LPM migration still occurs when the endoderm is ablated from the gut-looping region, suggesting that the LPM can autonomously provide a motive force for gut displacement. Finally, reducing left-sided Nodal activity randomizes the pattern of LPM migration and gut looping. These results reveal a cellular framework for the regulation of organ laterality by asymmetrically expressed genes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Horne-Badovinac, Sally -- Rebagliati, Michael -- Stainier, Didier Y R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 24;302(5645):662-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576439" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Body Patterning ; Cell Movement ; Cues ; Endoderm/physiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Guanylate Kinase ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Intestines/*embryology ; Isoenzymes ; Mesoderm/cytology/physiology ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Nucleoside-Phosphate Kinase/genetics/metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; Phenotype ; Protein Kinase C/genetics/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology ; Zebrafish/*embryology/genetics ; Zebrafish Proteins/genetics/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Scientific misconduct. The multiple repercussions of a fudged grant application (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academic Medical Centers/*legislation & jurisprudence/organization & ; administration ; Animals ; Connecticut ; Financing, Government ; Jurisprudence ; *Research Support as Topic ; Scientific Misconduct ; Ticks/*immunology ; United States ; United States Office of Research Integrity ; *Vaccines
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    Infectious diseases. Deferring competition, global net closes in on SARS (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- Vogel, Gretchen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):224-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/diagnosis/epidemiology/*virology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Metapneumovirus/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Publishing ; SARS Virus/drug effects/immunology/*isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis/epidemiology/*virology ; World Health Organization
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    Disruption of transforming growth factor-beta signaling in ELF beta-spectrin-deficient mice (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: Disruption of the adaptor protein ELF, a beta-spectrin, leads to disruption of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling by Smad proteins in mice. Elf-/- mice exhibit a phenotype similar to smad2+/-/smad3+/- mutant mice of midgestational death due to gastrointestinal, liver, neural, and heart defects. We show that TGF-beta triggers phosphorylation and association of ELF with Smad3 and Smad4, followed by nuclear translocation. ELF deficiency results in mislocalization of Smad3 and Smad4 and loss of the TGF-beta-dependent transcriptional response, which could be rescued by overexpression of the COOH-terminal region of ELF. This study reveals an unexpected molecular link between a major dynamic scaffolding protein and a key signaling pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Yi -- Katuri, Varalakshmi -- Dillner, Allan -- Mishra, Bibhuti -- Deng, Chu-Xia -- Mishra, Lopa -- R01 DK56111/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK58637/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R03 DK53861/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):574-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543979" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abnormalities, Multiple ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Contractile Proteins/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Filamins ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, fos ; Liver/abnormalities/embryology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; *Signal Transduction ; Smad2 Protein ; Smad3 Protein ; Smad4 Protein ; Spectrin/genetics/*metabolism ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Genetics. Where do male genes live? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schlotterer, Christian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):670-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Tierzucht und Genetik, Veterinarmedizinische Universitat Wien, 1210 Wien, Austria. christian.schloetterer@vu-wien.ac.at〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genes, Insect ; Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Linkage ; Male ; Models, Genetic ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Retroelements ; Sex Characteristics ; X Chromosome/*genetics ; Y Chromosome/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Infectious diseases. Taming pathogens: an elegant idea, but does it work? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zimmer, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1362-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Cholera/epidemiology/microbiology/transmission ; Communicable Disease Control ; Communicable Diseases/*microbiology/*parasitology/transmission/virology ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/transmission/virology ; *Models, Biological ; Myxoma virus/pathogenicity ; Sanitation ; Vibrio cholerae/pathogenicity ; *Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Perspectives: neurobiology. The CRYs fo flies and mice (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hardin, P E -- Glossop, N R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2460-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA. phardin@uh.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636810" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; CLOCK Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Cryptochromes ; Darkness ; Drosophila ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Eye Proteins ; Feedback ; Flavoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Light ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/physiology ; Transcription Factors/physiology ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Linkage disequilibrium and recombination in hominid mitochondrial DNA (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: The assumption that human mitochondrial DNA is inherited from one parent only and therefore does not recombine is questionable. Linkage disequilibrium in human and chimpanzee mitochondrial DNA declines as a function of the distance between sites. This pattern can be attributed to one mechanism only: recombination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Awadalla, P -- Eyre-Walker, A -- Smith, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2524-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 1JT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617471" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fathers ; Female ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; *Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; NADH Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; *Recombination, Genetic
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    Chemokines and cell migration in secondary lymphoid organs (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cyster, J G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 10;286(5447):2098-102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. cyster@itsa.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Movement ; Chemokines/*immunology ; *Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Humans ; Immunologic Memory ; Ligands ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphoid Tissue/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
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    Photic induction of mPer1 and mPer2 in cry-deficient mice lacking a biological clock (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: Mice lacking mCry1 and mCry2 are behaviorally arrhythmic. As shown here, cyclic expression of the clock genes mPer1 and mPer2 (mammalian Period genes 1 and 2) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and peripheral tissues is abolished and mPer1 and mPer2 mRNA levels are constitutively high. These findings indicate that the biological clock is eliminated in the absence of both mCRY1 and mCRY2 (mammalian cryptochromes 1 and 2) and support the idea that mammalian CRY proteins act in the negative limb of the circadian feedback loop. The mCry double-mutant mice retain the ability to have mPer1 and mPer2 expression induced by a brief light stimulus known to phase-shift the biological clock in wild-type animals. Thus, mCRY1 and mCRY2 are dispensable for light-induced phase shifting of the biological clock.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Okamura, H -- Miyake, S -- Sumi, Y -- Yamaguchi, S -- Yasui, A -- Muijtjens, M -- Hoeijmakers, J H -- van der Horst, G T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2531-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan. okamurah@kobe-u.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Cryptochromes ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Eye Proteins ; Feedback ; Flavoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation ; In Situ Hybridization ; *Light ; Liver/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics ; Period Circadian Proteins ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Retina/metabolism ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism ; Transcription Factors
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    A mutation in the C. elegans EXP-2 potassium channel that alters feeding behavior (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: The nematode pharynx has a potassium channel with unusual properties, which allows the muscles to repolarize quickly and with the proper delay. Here, the Caenorhabditis elegans exp-2 gene is shown to encode this channel. EXP-2 is a Kv-type (voltage-activated) potassium channel that has inward-rectifying properties resembling those of the structurally dissimilar human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channel. Null and gain-of-function mutations affect pharyngeal muscle excitability in ways that are consistent with the electrophysiological behavior of the channel, and thereby demonstrate a direct link between the kinetics of this unusual channel and behavior.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791429/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791429/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, M W -- Fleischhauer, R -- Dent, J A -- Joho, R H -- Avery, L -- HL46154/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS28407/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL046154/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2501-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9148, USA. wdavis@biology.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior ; Genes, Helminth ; Genes, Reporter ; Ion Channel Gating ; Kinetics ; Membrane Potentials ; Models, Molecular ; Muscles/metabolism ; Mutation ; Neurons/metabolism ; Oocytes/metabolism ; Pharyngeal Muscles/physiology ; Potassium Channels/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Protein Conformation ; RNA, Complementary/genetics ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis ; Xenopus laevis
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    Policy forum: public health. Reducing liver cancer--global control of aflatoxin (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Henry, S H -- Bosch, F X -- Troxell, T C -- Bolger, P M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2453-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Washington, DC 20204, USA. SHenry@bangate.fda.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636808" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aflatoxins/*analysis/toxicity ; Animals ; Developing Countries ; Food/*standards ; Food Analysis ; Food Contamination/*prevention & control ; *Global Health ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; *Legislation, Food ; Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology/etiology/*prevention & control ; Prevalence ; Public Health ; Public Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United Nations
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Circadian rhythms. Possible clock messenger identified (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2434-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10636797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Brain/metabolism ; CLOCK Proteins ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Darkness ; Drosophila/genetics/physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Insect ; Light ; Mutation ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neuropeptides/genetics/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Leakage-resistant blood vessels in mice transgenically overexpressing angiopoietin-1 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-01-05
    Description: Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are endothelial cell-specific growth factors. Direct comparison of transgenic mice overexpressing these factors in the skin revealed that the VEGF-induced blood vessels were leaky, whereas those induced by Ang1 were nonleaky. Moreover, vessels in Ang1-overexpressing mice were resistant to leaks caused by inflammatory agents. Coexpression of Ang1 and VEGF had an additive effect on angiogenesis but resulted in leakage-resistant vessels typical of Ang1. Ang1 therefore may be useful for reducing microvascular leakage in diseases in which the leakage results from chronic inflammation or elevated VEGF and, in combination with VEGF, for promoting growth of nonleaky vessels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thurston, G -- Suri, C -- Smith, K -- McClain, J -- Sato, T N -- Yancopoulos, G D -- McDonald, D M -- HL-24136/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL-59157/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2511-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0452, USA. gavint@itsa.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10617467" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiopoietin-1 ; Animals ; Arterioles/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Binding Sites ; Capillaries/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Capillary Permeability ; Ear ; Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics/*physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism ; Inflammation/chemically induced ; Inflammation Mediators/pharmacology ; Lymphokines/genetics/*physiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microcirculation/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Mustard Plant ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Lectins ; Plant Oils ; Plants, Medicinal ; Platelet Activating Factor/pharmacology ; Ricin/metabolism ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Skin/blood supply/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors ; Venules/anatomy & histology/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Malaria researchers wait for industry to join fight (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):1956-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10755950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antimalarials/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; *Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; *Drug Design ; *Drug Industry/economics ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Humans ; Malaria/*drug therapy ; Patents as Topic ; Plasmodium/*drug effects/genetics/metabolism ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Research Support as Topic ; Taxes
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    Role of the mouse ank gene in control of tissue calcification and arthritis (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-15
    Description: Mutation at the mouse progressive ankylosis (ank) locus causes a generalized, progressive form of arthritis accompanied by mineral deposition, formation of bony outgrowths, and joint destruction. Here, we show that the ank locus encodes a multipass transmembrane protein (ANK) that is expressed in joints and other tissues and controls pyrophosphate levels in cultured cells. A highly conserved gene is present in humans and other vertebrates. These results identify ANK-mediated control of pyrophosphate levels as a possible mechanism regulating tissue calcification and susceptibility to arthritis in higher animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ho, A M -- Johnson, M D -- Kingsley, D M -- 5T32GM07365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):265-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beckman Center B300, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5327, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894769" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Base Sequence ; Biological Transport ; COS Cells ; Calcinosis/*genetics ; Chromosome Mapping ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dna ; Diphosphates/*metabolism ; Durapatite/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Phosphate Transport Proteins ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Tissue Distribution
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    Conservation in the real world (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sinclair, A R -- Ludwig, D -- Clark, C W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 15;289(5486):1875.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11012354" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; *Ecosystem ; Humans ; Residence Characteristics
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    Translating stem and progenitor cell biology to the clinic: barriers and opportunities (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Stem cells are the natural units of embryonic generation, and also adult regeneration, of a variety of tissues. Recently, the list of tissues that use the model of differentiation from stem to progenitor to mature cell has increased from blood to include a variety of tissues, including both central and peripheral nervous systems and skeletal muscle; it is also possible that all organs and tissues are derived from, and still contain, stem cells. Because the number and activities of stem cells and their progeny are homeostatically regulated, clinical stem cell transplantation could greatly add to the physician's armamentarium against degenerative diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weissman, I L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1442-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94302-5323, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoimmune Diseases/therapy ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; *Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Humans ; Immune Tolerance ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Nervous System Diseases/therapy ; Regeneration ; *Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Transplantation, Homologous
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    The Drosophila genome sequence: implications for biology and medicine (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: The 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila melanogaster genome has been sequenced. Because the genome is compact and many genetic tools are available, and because fly cell biology and development have much in common with mammals, this sequence may be the Rosetta stone for deciphering the human genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kornberg, T B -- Krasnow, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2218-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731136" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biology ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; Genes, Insect ; *Genetics, Medical ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mutation ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Actin-based plasticity in dendritic spines (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-29
    Description: The central nervous system functions primarily to convert patterns of activity in sensory receptors into patterns of muscle activity that constitute appropriate behavior. At the anatomical level this requires two complementary processes: a set of genetically encoded rules for building the basic network of connections, and a mechanism for subsequently fine tuning these connections on the basis of experience. Identifying the locus and mechanism of these structural changes has long been among neurobiology's major objectives. Evidence has accumulated implicating a particular class of contacts, excitatory synapses made onto dendritic spines, as the sites where connective plasticity occurs. New developments in light microscopy allow changes in spine morphology to be directly visualized in living neurons and suggest that a common mechanism, based on dynamic actin filaments, is involved in both the formation of dendritic spines during development and their structural plasticity at mature synapses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matus, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):754-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. matus@fmi.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11052932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/*physiology ; Actins/*physiology ; Animals ; Brain/embryology/growth & development/physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Dendrites/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Learning ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Neural Pathways ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology
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    Regulation of area identity in the mammalian neocortex by Emx2 and Pax6 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: The contribution of extrinsic and genetic mechanisms in determining areas of the mammalian neocortex has been a contested issue. This study analyzes the roles of the regulatory genes Emx2 and Pax6, which are expressed in opposing gradients in the neocortical ventricular zone, in specifying areas. Changes in the patterning of molecular markers and area-specific connections between the cortex and thalamus suggest that arealization of the neocortex is disproportionately altered in Emx2 and Pax6 mutant mice in opposing manners predicted from their countergradients of expression: rostral areas expand and caudal areas contract in Emx2 mutants, whereas the opposite effect is seen in Pax6 mutants. These findings suggest that Emx2 and Pax6 cooperate to regulate arealization of the neocortex and to confer area identity to cortical cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bishop, K M -- Goudreau, G -- O'Leary, D D -- NS31558/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):344-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cadherins/biosynthesis/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Eye Proteins ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Homeobox ; *Genes, Regulator ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Morphogenesis ; Neocortex/*embryology/metabolism ; Neural Pathways ; Occipital Lobe/embryology/metabolism ; Paired Box Transcription Factors ; Repressor Proteins ; Somatosensory Cortex/embryology/metabolism ; Thalamus/embryology ; Transcription Factors ; Visual Cortex/embryology/metabolism
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    Effects of environment on compensatory mutations to ameliorate costs of antibiotic resistance (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Most types of antibiotic resistance impose a biological cost on bacterial fitness. These costs can be compensated, usually without loss of resistance, by second-site mutations during the evolution of the resistant bacteria in an experimental host or in a laboratory medium. Different fitness-compensating mutations were selected depending on whether the bacteria evolved through serial passage in mice or in a laboratory medium. This difference in mutation spectra was caused by either a growth condition-specific formation or selection of the compensated mutants. These results suggest that bacterial evolution to reduce the costs of antibiotic resistance can take different trajectories within and outside a host.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bjorkman, J -- Nagaev, I -- Berg, O G -- Hughes, D -- Andersson, D I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1479-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bacteriology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, S-171 82 Solna, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688795" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*pharmacology ; *Antiporters ; Carrier Proteins/genetics ; Culture Media ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/*genetics ; Escherichia coli Proteins ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fusidic Acid/pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; *Mutation ; Peptide Elongation Factor G/genetics ; Ribosomal Proteins/genetics ; Salmonella typhimurium/*drug effects/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Selection, Genetic ; Serial Passage ; Streptomycin/pharmacology ; Suppression, Genetic
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    Stem cells in epithelial tissues (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Most, if not all, epithelial tissues contain stem cells. They are responsible for normal tissue renewal or for regeneration following damage. Our present knowledge of their properties is limited and is mainly derived from studies of cell kinetics and from clonal analysis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slack, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1431-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Biology Programme, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK. j.m.w.slack@bath.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Division ; Clone Cells/cytology/physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Epithelial Cells/*cytology/pathology/physiology ; Humans ; Metaplasia ; Regeneration ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology
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    Considering manure and carbon sequestration (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, P -- Powlson, D S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):428-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10671170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Agriculture ; Animals ; *Animals, Domestic ; *Carbon ; *Manure ; Soil
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    Neuroscience. An antibiotic to treat Alzheimer's? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: An antibiotic once used to treat traveler's diarrhea might battle Alzheimer's disease as well, researchers announced here last week at the Society for Neuroscience's annual meeting. The drug dissolves Alzheimer's-like plaques in mouse brains, apparently by trapping the copper and zinc that stud these deposits. A clinical trial to test whether the drug helps people with Alzheimer's is already under way.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1273-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects/metabolism/pathology ; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic ; Clioquinol/metabolism/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Copper/metabolism/pharmacology ; Humans ; Mice ; Plaque, Amyloid/*drug effects/metabolism ; Zinc/metabolism/pharmacology
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    Prostaglandin D2 as a mediator of allergic asthma (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: Allergic asthma is caused by the aberrant expansion in the lung of T helper cells that produce type 2 (TH2) cytokines and is characterized by infiltration of eosinophils and bronchial hyperreactivity. This disease is often triggered by mast cells activated by immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergic challenge. Activated mast cells release various chemical mediators, including prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), whose role in allergic asthma has now been investigated by the generation of mice deficient in the PGD receptor (DP). Sensitization and aerosol challenge of the homozygous mutant (DP-/-) mice with ovalbumin (OVA) induced increases in the serum concentration of IgE similar to those in wild-type mice subjected to this model of asthma. However, the concentrations of TH2 cytokines and the extent of lymphocyte accumulation in the lung of OVA-challenged DP-/- mice were greatly reduced compared with those in wild-type animals. Moreover, DP-/- mice showed only marginal infiltration of eosinophils and failed to develop airway hyperreactivity. Thus, PGD2 functions as a mast cell-derived mediator to trigger asthmatic responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsuoka, T -- Hirata, M -- Tanaka, H -- Takahashi, Y -- Murata, T -- Kabashima, K -- Sugimoto, Y -- Kobayashi, T -- Ushikubi, F -- Aze, Y -- Eguchi, N -- Urade, Y -- Yoshida, N -- Kimura, K -- Mizoguchi, A -- Honda, Y -- Nagai, H -- Narumiya, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2013-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto University Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720327" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allergens/immunology ; Animals ; Asthma/immunology/metabolism/pathology/*physiopathology ; Bronchial Hyperreactivity ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology/immunology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin E/blood ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Interleukins/metabolism ; Lung/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Lymphocytes/immunology ; Male ; Mast Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mucus/secretion ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Prostaglandin D2/metabolism/*physiology ; *Receptors, Immunologic ; Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Respiratory Mucosa/secretion
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    Evolution. The benefits of allocating sex (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Organisms allocate resources to male and female offspring in a process called sex allocation. In a Perspective, Stuart West and colleagues discuss what sex allocation tells us about evolution by natural selection and how sex allocation can be applied to understanding the mating structure of parasitic protozoans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉West, S A -- Herre, E A -- Sheldon, B C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):288-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK. stu.west@ed.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Female ; Inbreeding ; Insects/physiology ; Male ; Plasmodium/physiology ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sex Characteristics ; *Sex Ratio ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
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    Localized Rac activation dynamics visualized in living cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-13
    Description: Signaling proteins are thought to be tightly regulated spatially and temporally in order to generate specific and localized effects. For Rac and other small guanosine triphosphatases, binding to guanosine triphosphate leads to interaction with downstream targets and regulates subcellular localization. A method called FLAIR (fluorescence activation indicator for Rho proteins) was developed to quantify the spatio-temporal dynamics of the Rac1 nucleotide state in living cells. FLAIR revealed precise spatial control of growth factor-induced Rac activation, in membrane ruffles and in a gradient of activation at the leading edge of motile cells. FLAIR exemplifies a generally applicable approach for examining spatio-temporal control of protein activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kraynov, V S -- Chamberlain, C -- Bokoch, G M -- Schwartz, M A -- Slabaugh, S -- Hahn, K M -- AG15430/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- GM39434/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM-57464/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):333-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; Biosensing Techniques ; Blood ; Cell Membrane/*enzymology/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Cell Movement ; Cell Nucleus/*enzymology ; Cell Polarity ; Enzyme Activation ; Fluorescence ; Guanosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Mice ; Nuclear Envelope/enzymology ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein/*metabolism
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    Neuroscience meeting draws crowds, gripes, loyalty (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Preparing for their 30th conference, neuroscientists contemplate how the field--and the annual meeting--has grown. With the Society for Neuroscience meeting routinely packing in about 25,000 people, some neuroscientists complain about long lines and related inconveniences. But others say that the best reason to go to the meeting is precisely because it's so huge and integrates the ever-growing number of subdisciplines in the field.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):698-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184193" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; *Neurosciences ; *Research ; *Societies, Scientific/organization & administration ; United States
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    Parasitology. Close encounters: good, bad, and ugly (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Microbiologists often focus on one organism and its relationship to its host at one point in time. But viewed in light of evolution, host-parasite relationships range from deadly to helpful, depending on the communication between them. At a meeting here last month of virologists, bacteriologists, parasitologists, and molecular biologists--each dealing with different microorganisms in distinct ways--researchers lamented that evolution is often considered outside the bailiwick of microbiologists, particularly those studying infectious diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1491-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Leishmania/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Leishmaniasis/parasitology ; Mutation ; Rhizobium/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Virulence
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    Genomics. The end of the beginning (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brenner, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2173-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Sciences Institute, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA. brenner@molsci.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computational Biology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes ; *Genome ; *Molecular Biology ; *Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Laboratory animals. Researchers pained by effort to define distress precisely (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: The U.S. Department of Agriculture requested comments earlier this year to help it decide whether to adopt a formal definition of "distress" as part of its responsibilities under the Animal Welfare Act. But the 2600 pieces of advice it received during a 4-month period that ended earlier this month suggest that its job won't be easy. The comments highlight a deep split between animal activists, who see the potential new regulations as a step toward eliminating all painful procedures, and most researchers, who say that the present system is working well and that no major changes are needed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1474-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; *Government Regulation ; Pain/veterinary ; *Research ; Stress, Physiological/*veterinary ; United States ; *United States Department of Agriculture/legislation & jurisprudence
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    Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by a peptide that blocks the interaction of NEMO with the IkappaB kinase complex (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-01
    Description: Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB by proinflammatory stimuli leads to increased expression of genes involved in inflammation. Activation of NF-kappaB requires the activity of an inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB)-kinase (IKK) complex containing two kinases (IKKalpha and IKKbeta) and the regulatory protein NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modifier). An amino-terminal alpha-helical region of NEMO associated with a carboxyl-terminal segment of IKKalpha and IKKbeta that we term the NEMO-binding domain (NBD). A cell-permeable NBD peptide blocked association of NEMO with the IKK complex and inhibited cytokine-induced NF-kappaB activation and NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression. The peptide also ameliorated inflammatory responses in two experimental mouse models of acute inflammation. The NBD provides a target for the development of drugs that would block proinflammatory activation of the IKK complex without inhibiting basal NF-kappaB activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉May, M J -- D'Acquisto, F -- Madge, L A -- Glockner, J -- Pober, J S -- Ghosh, S -- AI 33443/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1550-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Immunobiology and Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10968790" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry/pharmacology ; COS Cells ; Cells, Cultured ; E-Selectin/biosynthesis/genetics ; Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; I-kappa B Kinase ; Inflammation/drug therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/*metabolism ; Peptides/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Point Mutation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
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    Conservation conundrum (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brownell, R L Jr -- Curry, B E -- Van Bonn, W -- Ridgway, S H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2319-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917829" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Wild ; California ; Communicable Diseases/transmission/*veterinary ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Seals, Earless
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    A role for histone acetylation in the developmental regulation of VDJ recombination (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-01-22
    Description: VDJ recombination is developmentally regulated in vivo by enhancer-dependent changes in the accessibility of chromosomal recombination signal sequences to the recombinase, but the molecular nature of these changes is unknown. Here histone H3 acetylation was measured along versions of a transgenic VDJ recombination reporter and the endogenous T cell receptor alpha/delta locus. Enhancer activity was shown to impart long-range, developmentally regulated changes in H3 acetylation, and H3 acetylation status was tightly linked to VDJ recombination. H3 hyperacetylation is proposed as a molecular mechanism coupling enhancer activity to accessibility for VDJ recombination.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McMurry, M T -- Krangel, M S -- GM 41052/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 21;287(5452):495-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Post Office Box 3010, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Chromatin/metabolism ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte ; *Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha ; Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta ; *Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta ; Histones/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nuclear Proteins ; Protein Sorting Signals ; *Recombination, Genetic ; T-Lymphocytes/*metabolism ; Transgenes ; VDJ Recombinases
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    A potassium channel protein encoded by chlorella virus PBCV-1 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-04
    Description: The large chlorella virus PBCV-1, which contains double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), encodes a 94-codon open reading frame (ORF) that contains a motif resembling the signature sequence of the pore domain of potassium channel proteins. Phylogenetic analyses of the encoded protein, Kcv, indicate a previously unidentified type of potassium channel. The messenger RNA encoded by the ORF leads to functional expression of a potassium-selective conductance in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The channel blockers amantadine and barium, but not cesium, inhibit this conductance, in addition to virus plaque formation. Thus, PBCV-1 encodes the first known viral protein that functions as a potassium-selective channel and is essential in the virus life cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plugge, B -- Gazzarrini, S -- Nelson, M -- Cerana, R -- Van Etten, J L -- Derst, C -- DiFrancesco, D -- Moroni, A -- Thiel, G -- 971/Telethon/Italy -- GM32441/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM41333/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1641-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut fur Pflanzenwissenschaften, Universitat Gottingen, 37073 Gottingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amantadine/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Barium/pharmacology ; Cesium/pharmacology ; Chlorella/virology ; Isoelectric Point ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Oocytes ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phycodnaviridae/chemistry/drug effects/*genetics/*physiology ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sodium/metabolism ; Viral Plaque Assay ; *Viral Proteins ; Virus Replication/drug effects ; Xenopus laevis
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    Cloning: pathways to a pluripotent future (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: In this month's essay, Anne McLaren traces the winding and pitted pathways that connect the early days of the cell theory of biology in the 1830s to the new and unfolding era of cloning science and technology that came to worldwide attention in 1997 with the announcement of the birth of Dolly, the Scottish cloned sheep. The possibilities, including the potential for new medical treatments and perhaps even human cloning, are fantastic ... and ethically charged.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaren, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1775-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome/CRC Institute, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic/embryology/genetics ; Bioethics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; *Cloning, Organism/history/trends ; Cytoplasm/physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/cytology ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Therapeutics
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    Still havens for coral reefs (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Starck, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1691.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001734" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Australia ; *Cnidaria ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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    A BAC-based physical map of the major autosomes of Drosophila melanogaster (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: We constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map of chromosomes 2 and 3 of Drosophila melanogaster, which constitute 81% of the genome. Sequence tagged site (STS) content, restriction fingerprinting, and polytene chromosome in situ hybridization approaches were integrated to produce a map spanning the euchromatin. Three of five remaining gaps are in repeat-rich regions near the centromeres. A tiling path of clones spanning this map and STS maps of chromosomes X and 4 was sequenced to low coverage; the maps and tiling path sequence were used to support and verify the whole-genome sequence assembly, and tiling path BACs were used as templates in sequence finishing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoskins, R A -- Nelson, C R -- Berman, B P -- Laverty, T R -- George, R A -- Ciesiolka, L -- Naeemuddin, M -- Arenson, A D -- Durbin, J -- David, R G -- Tabor, P E -- Bailey, M R -- DeShazo, D R -- Catanese, J -- Mammoser, A -- Osoegawa, K -- de Jong, P J -- Celniker, S E -- Gibbs, R A -- Rubin, G M -- Scherer, S E -- HG00750/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2271-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. hoskins@bdgp.lbl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Centromere/genetics ; Chromatin/genetics ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Contig Mapping ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Euchromatin ; Gene Library ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Vectors ; *Genome ; In Situ Hybridization ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; Telomere/genetics
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    Bicoid-independent formation of thoracic segments in Drosophila (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-31
    Description: The maternal determinant Bicoid (Bcd) represents the paradigm of a morphogen that provides positional information for pattern formation. However, as bicoid seems to be a recently acquired gene in flies, the question was raised as to how embryonic patterning is achieved in organisms with more ancestral modes of development. Because the phylogenetically conserved Hunchback (Hb) protein had previously been shown to act as a morphogen in abdominal patterning, we asked which functions of Bcd could be performed by Hb. By reestablishing a proposed ancient regulatory circuitry in which maternal Hb controls zygotic hunchback expression, we show that Hb is able to form thoracic segments in the absence of Bcd.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wimmer, E A -- Carleton, A -- Harjes, P -- Turner, T -- Desplan, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 31;287(5462):2476-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lehrstuhl Genetik, Universitat Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10741965" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Body Patterning ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila/*embryology/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Embryonic Development ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Male ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Thorax/embryology ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology ; Transgenes ; Zinc Fingers ; Zygote/physiology
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    Dental care in chimps (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGrew, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 9;288(5472):1747.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877689" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Oral Hygiene ; *Pan troglodytes
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    Ecology. Food fight drives evolution (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: On page 441 of this issue, evolutionary biologists showcase the purple-throated carib hummingbird as a rare example of food supply--in this case, flower shape--spurring the evolution of a sexual dimorphism, or a feature that differs between males and females. On St. Lucia, an island in the West Indies, female caribs sport bills a third longer and twice as curved as those of their male counterparts--one of the most extreme bill differences between the sexes in any hummingbird species. In the paper, the researchers link these "whoppingly dimorphic bills" to the specific flowers the male and female caribs frequent.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 21;289(5478):369-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939937" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Beak/*anatomy & histology ; *Biological Evolution ; Birds/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Male ; Plant Structures/anatomy & histology ; Saint Lucia ; *Sex Characteristics ; Zingiberales/*anatomy & histology
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    Requirement of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 for the replication checkpoint (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2000-03-04
    Description: The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 has been implicated in regulating cell cycle progression. Pin1 was found to be required for the DNA replication checkpoint in Xenopus laevis. Egg extracts depleted of Pin1 inappropriately transited from the G2 to the M phase of the cell cycle in the presence of the DNA replication inhibitor aphidicolin. This defect in replication checkpoint function was reversed after the addition of recombinant wild-type Pin1, but not an isomerase-inactive mutant, to the depleted extract. Premature mitotic entry in the absence of Pin1 was accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of Cdc25, activation of Cdc2/cyclin B, and generation of epitopes recognized by the mitotic phosphoprotein antibody, MPM-2. Therefore, Pin1 appears to be required for the checkpoint delaying the onset of mitosis in response to incomplete replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winkler, K E -- Swenson, K I -- Kornbluth, S -- Means, A R -- CA 82845/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1644-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3813, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698738" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aphidicolin/pharmacology ; Cell Cycle ; *Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; *DNA Replication ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; G2 Phase ; *Mitosis ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors ; Oocytes ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Point Mutation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Xenopus Proteins ; Xenopus laevis ; cdc25 Phosphatases/metabolism
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    Functional requirement for class I MHC in CNS development and plasticity (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-16
    Description: Class I major histocompatibility complex (class I MHC) molecules, known to be important for immune responses to antigen, are expressed also by neurons that undergo activity-dependent, long-term structural and synaptic modifications. Here, we show that in mice genetically deficient for cell surface class I MHC or for a class I MHC receptor component, CD3zeta, refinement of connections between retina and central targets during development is incomplete. In the hippocampus of adult mutants, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) is enhanced, and long-term depression (LTD) is absent. Specific class I MHC messenger RNAs are expressed by distinct mosaics of neurons, reflecting a potential for diverse neuronal functions. These results demonstrate an important role for these molecules in the activity-dependent remodeling and plasticity of connections in the developing and mature mammalian central nervous system (CNS).〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2175035/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2175035/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huh, G S -- Boulanger, L M -- Du, H -- Riquelme, P A -- Brotz, T M -- Shatz, C J -- 1F32EY07016/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY06912/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- F32 EY007016/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- F32 EY007016-02/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- F32 EY007016-03/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- MH48108/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 15;290(5499):2155-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. gshuh@alum.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11118151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD3/genetics/*physiology ; Brain/growth & development/*physiology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genes, MHC Class I ; Geniculate Bodies/physiology ; Hippocampus/growth & development/physiology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics/*physiology ; In Situ Hybridization ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Neural Pathways ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*physiology ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Retina/growth & development/physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Visual Pathways
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    Property claims. A deluge of patents creates legal hassles for research (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):255-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10777404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biotechnology ; Drug Industry ; Europe ; Genome ; Mice ; *Mice, Knockout/genetics ; *Mice, Transgenic/genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; *Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Technology Transfer ; United States ; Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Neuroscience. Early insult rewires pain circuits (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: On page 628, neuroscientists report that painful stimuli delivered to rats shortly after birth permanently rewire the spinal cord circuits that respond to pain. Not only do the circuits contain more axons, but the axons extend to more areas of the spinal cord than they normally would. The results should help convince skeptics of the importance of managing pain in human infants.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):521-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939955" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways ; Aging ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Axons/*physiology ; Hindlimb/innervation ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Inflammation/physiopathology ; *Pain ; Pain Threshold ; Rats ; Sciatic Nerve/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Spinal Cord/*cytology
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  • 163
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    Epitopes involved in antibody-mediated protection from Ebola virus (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-04
    Description: To determine the ability of antibodies to provide protection from Ebola viruses, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the Ebola glycoprotein were generated and evaluated for efficacy. We identified several protective mAbs directed toward five unique epitopes on Ebola glycoprotein. One of the epitopes is conserved among all Ebola viruses that are known to be pathogenic for humans. Some protective mAbs were also effective therapeutically when administered to mice 2 days after exposure to lethal Ebola virus. The identification of protective mAbs has important implications for developing vaccines and therapies for Ebola virus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, J A -- Hevey, M -- Bakken, R -- Guest, S -- Bray, M -- Schmaljohn, A L -- Hart, M K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1664-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702-5011, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10698744" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/*immunology ; Antibody Affinity ; Antigens, Viral/immunology ; Binding, Competitive ; Complement System Proteins/immunology ; Ebolavirus/*immunology/physiology ; Epitopes/immunology ; Female ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/*prevention & control/therapy ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neutralization Tests ; Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*immunology ; Viral Plaque Assay
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Primatology. Human diseases threaten great apes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: Researchers are uncovering disturbing evidence that scientists and tourists are infecting wild primates with human pathogens. In response, ape specialists, including the American Society of Primatologists, are now calling for stricter health standards for researchers and tourists. They are also urging researchers to learn how to diagnose disease in their study animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1277-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa/epidemiology ; Animals ; Ape Diseases/epidemiology/*transmission ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology/transmission/*veterinary ; *Gorilla gorilla ; Humans ; Parasitic Diseases, Animal/epidemiology/*transmission ; Primate Diseases/epidemiology/*transmission ; Primates ; Research Personnel ; Travel
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    Crystal structure of a gammadelta T cell receptor ligand T22: a truncated MHC-like fold (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: Murine T10 and T22 are highly related nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class Ib proteins that bind to certain gammadelta T cell receptors (TCRs) in the absence of other components. The crystal structure of T22b at 3.1 angstroms reveals similarities to MHC class I molecules, but one side of the normal peptide-binding groove is severely truncated, which allows direct access to the beta-sheet floor. Potential gammadelta TCR-binding sites can be inferred from functional mapping of T10 and T22 point mutants and allelic variants. Thus, T22 represents an unusual variant of the MHC-like fold and indicates that gammadelta and alphabeta TCRs interact differently with their respective MHC ligands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wingren, C -- Crowley, M P -- Degano, M -- Chien, Y -- Wilson, I A -- AI33431/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA58896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):310-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10634787" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glycosylation ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Point Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology/*metabolism ; Surface Properties ; beta 2-Microglobulin/chemistry
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    Memory--a century of consolidation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-15
    Description: The memory consolidation hypothesis proposed 100 years ago by Muller and Pilzecker continues to guide memory research. The hypothesis that new memories consolidate slowly over time has stimulated studies revealing the hormonal and neural influences regulating memory consolidation, as well as molecular and cellular mechanisms. This review examines the progress made over the century in understanding the time-dependent processes that create our lasting memories.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGaugh, J L -- MH12526/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 14;287(5451):248-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉the Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and the Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. jlmcgaug@uci.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10634773" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amnesia, Retrograde/physiopathology ; Amygdala/*physiology ; Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; Emotions ; Hippocampus/physiology ; Humans ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Memory/*physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/physiology
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    Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcus lactis secreting interleukin-10 (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-26
    Description: The cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) has shown promise in clinical trials for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Using two mouse models, we show that the therapeutic dose of IL-10 can be reduced by localized delivery of a bacterium genetically engineered to secrete the cytokine. Intragastric administration of IL-10-secreting Lactococcus lactis caused a 50% reduction in colitis in mice treated with dextran sulfate sodium and prevented the onset of colitis in IL-10(-/-) mice. This approach may lead to better methods for cost-effective and long-term management of IBD in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steidler, L -- Hans, W -- Schotte, L -- Neirynck, S -- Obermeier, F -- Falk, W -- Fiers, W -- Remaut, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1352-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Ghent University and Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium. lothar.steidler@dmb.rug.ac.be〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10958782" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Colitis/immunology/pathology/prevention & control/therapy ; Colon/immunology/metabolism/microbiology/pathology ; Dextran Sulfate ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology/pathology/prevention & control/*therapy ; Interleukin-10/*administration & dosage/*biosynthesis/genetics/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism/pathology ; Lactococcus lactis/*genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Probiotics/*therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage/biosynthesis/metabolism
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    Genomics and gene therapy. Artificial chromosomes coming to life (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: One of the biggest obstacles to gene therapy is the delivery of the therapeutic gene to the target tissue so that it is appropriately expressed. In his Perspective, Willard looks at the potential advantages of using a human artificial chromosome to maintain expression of a therapeutic gene and discusses some of the hurdles yet to be overcome before this gene delivery system can be tried out in the clinic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Willard, H F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 17;290(5495):1308-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Center for Human Genetics at Case Western Reserve University and the Research Institute of Universi Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. hfw@po.CWRU.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Centromere/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; *Chromosomes, Artificial, Human/genetics/physiology/ultrastructure ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Mammalian ; DNA, Satellite/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; *Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Mice
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    Genomics. Rat genome off to an early start (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 25;289(5483):1267-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Financing, Government ; *Genome ; Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Mice/genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/economics ; Rats/*genetics ; Research Support as Topic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
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    Aging, chromatin, and food restriction--connecting the dots (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-14
    Description: Model organisms such as yeast have proved exceptionally valuable for revealing new information about the molecular pathways involved in the aging of cells. In her Perspective, Campisi comments on new work showing that caloric restriction increases longevity in yeast by activating the SIR2 gene, which alters the compactness of chromatin and thus regulates gene expression (Lin et al.).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campisi, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2062-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. jcampisi@lbl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11032557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Cell Division ; Chromatin/*physiology ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Circular/metabolism ; DNA, Fungal/metabolism ; DNA, Ribosomal/metabolism ; *Energy Intake ; *Gene Silencing ; Glucose/metabolism ; Histone Deacetylases/genetics/*metabolism ; Histones/metabolism ; Longevity ; Mutation ; NAD/metabolism ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*physiology ; *Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sirtuin 2 ; Sirtuins ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism
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    Is there an intrinsic period of the circadian clock? (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Campbell, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1174-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841737" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Body Temperature ; Circadian Rhythm/*physiology ; Darkness ; Humans
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  • 172
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    Cardiovascular evidence for an intermediate or higher metabolic rate in an ornithischian dinosaur (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-25
    Description: Computerized tomography scans of a ferruginous concretion within the chest region of an ornithischian dinosaur reveal structures that are suggestive of a four-chambered heart and a single systemic aorta. The apparently derived condition of the cardiovascular system in turn suggests the existence of intermediate-to-high metabolic rates among dinosaurs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fisher, P E -- Russell, D A -- Stoskopf, M K -- Barrick, R E -- Hammer, M -- Kuzmitz, A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):503-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biomedical Imaging Facility, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 4700 Hillsborough Street, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA. PaulvFisher@ncsu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10775107" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aorta/anatomy & histology ; Basal Metabolism ; Birds/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; Body Weight ; *Fossils ; Heart/*anatomy & histology/radiography ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Iron Compounds/analysis ; Minerals ; Paleontology ; Reptiles/*anatomy & histology/*metabolism ; Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Marine conservation. Virginia gets crabby about harvest limits (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 18;289(5482):1122.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10970219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Horseshoe Crabs ; Virginia
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  • 174
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    Involvement of cellular caveolae in bacterial entry into mast cells (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Caveolae are subcellular structures implicated in the import and transcytosis of macromolecules and in transmembrane signaling. To date, evidence for the existence of caveolae in hematopoietic cells has been ambiguous. Caveolae were detected in the microvilli and intracellular vesicles of cultured mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). CD48, a receptor for FimH-expressing (type 1 fimbriated) Escherichia coli, was specifically localized to plasmalemmal caveolae in BMMCs. The involvement of caveolae in bacterial entry into BMMCs was indicated because caveolae-disrupting and -usurping agents specifically blocked E. coli entry, and markers of caveolae were actively recruited to sites of bacterial entry. The formation of bacteria-encapsulating caveolar chambers in BMMCs represents a distinct mechanism of microbial entry into phagocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shin, J S -- Gao, Z -- Abraham, S N -- AI 35678/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA 14236/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK 50814/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Aug 4;289(5480):785-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10926542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adhesins, Bacterial/*metabolism ; *Adhesins, Escherichia coli ; Animals ; Antigens, CD/analysis/*metabolism ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Caveolin 1 ; *Caveolins ; Cell Fractionation ; Cell Membrane/chemistry/*metabolism/microbiology/ultrastructure ; Cholera Toxin/pharmacology ; Cyclodextrins/pharmacology ; *Endocytosis ; Escherichia coli/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; *Fimbriae Proteins ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/analysis ; Mast Cells/*metabolism/*microbiology/ultrastructure ; Membrane Proteins/analysis ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron
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    Bt toxin: assessing GM strategies (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-01-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wallimann, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 7;287(5450):41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10644219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacillus thuringiensis ; *Bacterial Proteins/genetics/toxicity ; *Bacterial Toxins ; Butterflies/physiology ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; *Endotoxins/genetics/toxicity ; Genetic Engineering ; Hemolysin Proteins ; *Insecticide Resistance ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Zea mays/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    5TH International Ancient DNA Conference. Divining diet and disease from DNA (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-12
    Description: Some 110 scientists from a range of disciplines gathered in the overcast British midlands for the 5th International Ancient DNA Conference, held here from 12 to 14 July. Among the attractions were new insights into the diets of early Americans gleaned from ancient human coprolites and intriguing reports of nuclear DNA and ancient viral sequences extracted from mammoth bones.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 28;289(5479):530-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10939960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/virology ; DNA/*analysis/history ; DNA, Viral/analysis/*history ; Diet/*history ; Elephants/*genetics/virology ; Feces/*chemistry ; Female ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Male ; Texas
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    German vote. Animal rights amendment defeated (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 21;288(5465):411-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10798967" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Experimentation ; Animal Rights/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animal Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Germany ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards
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    Honeybee navigation: nature and calibration of the "odometer" (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-05
    Description: There are two theories about how honeybees estimate the distance to food sources. One theory proposes that distance flown is estimated in terms of energy consumption. The other suggests that the cue is visual, and is derived from the extent to which the image of the world has moved on the eye during the trip. Here the two theories are tested by observing dances of bees that have flown through a short, narrow tunnel to collect a food reward. The results show that the honeybee's "odometer" is visually driven. They also provide a calibration of the dance and the odometer in visual terms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Srinivasan, M V -- Zhang, S -- Altwein, M -- Tautz, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 4;287(5454):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Visual Science, Research School of Biological Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. MSrinivasan@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10657298" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bees/*physiology ; Behavior, Animal/*physiology ; Cues ; Distance Perception/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Motion Perception/physiology
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    Granuloma-specific expression of Mycobacterium virulence proteins from the glycine-rich PE-PGRS family (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-29
    Description: Pathogenic mycobacteria, including the agent of tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, must replicate in macrophages for long-term persistence within their niche during chronic infection: organized collections of macrophages and lymphocytes called granulomas. We identified several genes preferentially expressed when Mycobacterium marinum, the cause of fish and amphibian tuberculosis, resides in host granulomas and/or macrophages. Two were homologs of M. tuberculosis PE/PE-PGRS genes, a family encoding numerous repetitive glycine-rich proteins of unknown function. Mutation of two PE-PGRS genes produced M. marinum strains incapable of replication in macrophages and with decreased persistence in granulomas. Our results establish a direct role in virulence for some PE-PGRS proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramakrishnan, L -- Federspiel, N A -- Falkow, S -- AI 32396/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K08 AI 01400/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 26;288(5470):1436-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. lalitar@cmgm.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10827956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/*genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Genes, Bacterial ; Glycine/analysis ; Granuloma/*microbiology/pathology ; Humans ; Macrophages/*microbiology ; Mutation ; Mycobacterium Infections, Nontuberculous/*microbiology/pathology ; Mycobacterium marinum/*genetics/growth & development/*pathogenicity ; Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics/pathogenicity ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Rana pipiens ; Tuberculosis/microbiology ; Virulence
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    Hominid ancestors may have knuckle walked (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2131-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10744527" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Forearm/anatomy & histology ; Gorilla gorilla/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Walking ; Wrist Joint/*anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Language discrimination by human newborns and by cotton-top tamarin monkeys (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: Humans, but no other animal, make meaningful use of spoken language. What is unclear, however, is whether this capacity depends on a unique constellation of perceptual and neurobiological mechanisms or whether a subset of such mechanisms is shared with other organisms. To explore this problem, parallel experiments were conducted on human newborns and cotton-top tamarin monkeys to assess their ability to discriminate unfamiliar languages. A habituation-dishabituation procedure was used to show that human newborns and tamarins can discriminate sentences from Dutch and Japanese but not if the sentences are played backward. Moreover, the cues for discrimination are not present in backward speech. This suggests that the human newborns' tuning to certain properties of speech relies on general processes of the primate auditory system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ramus, F -- Hauser, M D -- Miller, C -- Morris, D -- Mehler, J -- P51RR00168-37/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 14;288(5464):349-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 54 Boulevard Raspail, 75006 Paris, France. f.ramus@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10764650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cues ; Habituation, Psychophysiologic ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; *Language Development ; Saguinus ; *Speech Perception
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. When fire ants move in, others leave (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-08-05
    Description: Researchers have uncovered new evidence about the long-range, and potentially long-term, ecological damage being wrought by an invasive species of fire ant. The red imported fire ant Solenopsis invicta displaces other ant species and upsets the structures of native communities of ants--disruptions that appear to be permanent, they report in the July issue of Ecology Letters. The drop in biodiversity could represent a significant loss, experts note, because of the critical role ants play in recycling nutrients and other biological material.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jul 14;289(5477):231.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10917841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ants/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; United States
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    Reversal of antipsychotic-induced working memory deficits by short-term dopamine D1 receptor stimulation (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-17
    Description: Chronic blockade of dopamine D2 receptors, a common mechanism of action for antipsychotic drugs, down-regulates D1 receptors in the prefrontal cortex and, as shown here, produces severe impairments in working memory. These deficits were reversed in monkeys by short-term coadministration of a D1 agonist, ABT 431, and this improvement was sustained for more than a year after cessation of D1 treatment. These findings indicate that pharmacological modulation of the D1 signaling pathway can produce long-lasting changes in functional circuits underlying working memory. Resetting this pathway by brief exposure to the agonist may provide a valuable strategy for therapeutic intervention in schizophrenia and other dopamine dysfunctional states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Castner, S A -- Williams, G V -- Goldman-Rakic, P S -- P01DA10160/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- P50MH44866/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 17;287(5460):2020-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10720329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antipsychotic Agents/*pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine Agonists/*pharmacology ; Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology ; Down-Regulation ; Female ; Haloperidol/*pharmacology ; Haplorhini ; Memory/*drug effects ; Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects/metabolism ; Psychomotor Performance/drug effects ; Pyridines/*pharmacology ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/agonists/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/*pharmacology ; Time Factors
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    Intellectual property. NIH cuts deal on use of OncoMouse (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jan 28;287(5453):567.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10691532" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Mice ; *Mice, Transgenic ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Neoplasms, Experimental ; *Patents as Topic ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Lipid research. Possible new way to lower cholesterol (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-19
    Description: Clinicians may soon be able to mount a multipronged attack against cholesterol, the artery-clogging lipid whose buildup in the body is a major contributor to heart attacks and other cardiovascular diseases. In work reported on page 1524, a team has pinpointed a biological master switch in mice that controls three pathways that work together to both rid the body of excess cholesterol and prevent its absorption from the intestine. The work suggests a new mechanism for reducing cholesterol, for example, with drugs that turn up the activity of the master switch, a protein known as the retinoid X receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 1;289(5484):1446-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10991725" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1 ; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/*metabolism ; Animals ; Bile Acids and Salts ; Biological Transport/drug effects ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; Cholesterol, Dietary/administration & dosage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Intestinal Absorption/drug effects ; Intestines/drug effects/*metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Mice ; Orphan Nuclear Receptors ; *Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*metabolism ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism ; Retinoid X Receptors ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism
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    Role for rapid dendritic protein synthesis in hippocampal mGluR-dependent long-term depression (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-05-20
    Description: A hippocampal pyramidal neuron receives more than 10(4) excitatory glutamatergic synapses. Many of these synapses contain the molecular machinery for messenger RNA translation, suggesting that the protein complement (and thus function) of each synapse can be regulated on the basis of activity. Here, local postsynaptic protein synthesis, triggered by synaptic activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, was found to modify synaptic transmission within minutes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, K M -- Kayser, M S -- Bear, M F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 19;288(5469):1254-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10818003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anisomycin/pharmacology ; Dendrites/drug effects/*metabolism ; Electric Stimulation ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/*metabolism/physiology ; Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*biosynthesis/genetics ; Neural Inhibition/drug effects/*physiology ; Protein Biosynthesis/drug effects ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects/physiology ; Xanthenes/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Immunology. A touch of antibody class (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-06-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stavnezer, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 May 12;288(5468):984-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue N., Worcester, MA 01655, USA. Janet.Stavnezer@umassmed.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cytokines/immunology ; DNA/genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; *Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics ; *Immunoglobulin Switch Region ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Genetic ; *Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; RNA/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA Splicing ; Recombination, Genetic ; Ribonuclease H/genetics/metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty in evolutionary studies (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-07-06
    Description: Many evolutionary studies use comparisons across species to detect evidence of natural selection and to examine the rate of character evolution. Statistical analyses in these studies are usually performed by means of a species phylogeny to accommodate the effects of shared evolutionary history. The phylogeny is usually treated as known without error; this assumption is problematic because inferred phylogenies are subject to both stochastic and systematic errors. We describe methods for accommodating phylogenetic uncertainty in evolutionary studies by means of Bayesian inference. The methods are computationally intensive but general enough to be applied in most comparative evolutionary studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huelsenbeck, J P -- Rannala, B -- Masly, J P -- R01-HG01988/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Jun 30;288(5475):2349-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. johnh@brahms.biology.rochester.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10875916" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Aphids/genetics ; Base Sequence ; Bayes Theorem ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Markov Chains ; Monte Carlo Method ; *Phylogeny ; Probability ; Stochastic Processes
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    Regulation of cell fate decision of undifferentiated spermatogonia by GDNF (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: The molecular control of self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells has remained enigmatic. Transgenic loss-of-function and overexpression models now show that the dosage of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), produced by Sertoli cells, regulates cell fate decisions of undifferentiated spermatogonial cells that include the stem cells for spermatogenesis. Gene-targeted mice with one GDNF-null allele show depletion of stem cell reserves, whereas mice overexpressing GDNF show accumulation of undifferentiated spermatogonia. They are unable to respond properly to differentiation signals and undergo apoptosis upon retinoic acid treatment. Nonmetastatic testicular tumors are regularly formed in older GDNF-overexpressing mice. Thus, GDNF contributes to paracrine regulation of spermatogonial self-renewal and differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meng, X -- Lindahl, M -- Hyvonen, M E -- Parvinen, M -- de Rooij, D G -- Hess, M W -- Raatikainen-Ahokas, A -- Sainio, K -- Rauvala, H -- Lakso, M -- Pichel, J G -- Westphal, H -- Saarma, M -- Sariola, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1489-93.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Programs of Developmental Biology, Molecular Neurobiology, Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter, Finland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation/drug effects ; Cobalt/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Receptors ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mitosis ; *Nerve Growth Factors ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ret ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Sertoli Cells/cytology/physiology ; *Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/*cytology/drug effects ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Testicular Neoplasms/pathology ; Testis/anatomy & histology ; Vitamin A/pharmacology
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    Arabidopsis transcription factors: genome-wide comparative analysis among eukaryotes (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-12-16
    Description: The completion of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome sequence allows a comparative analysis of transcriptional regulators across the three eukaryotic kingdoms. Arabidopsis dedicates over 5% of its genome to code for more than 1500 transcription factors, about 45% of which are from families specific to plants. Arabidopsis transcription factors that belong to families common to all eukaryotes do not share significant similarity with those of the other kingdoms beyond the conserved DNA binding domains, many of which have been arranged in combinations specific to each lineage. The genome-wide comparison reveals the evolutionary generation of diversity in the regulation of transcription.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Riechmann, J L -- Heard, J -- Martin, G -- Reuber, L -- Jiang, C -- Keddie, J -- Adam, L -- Pineda, O -- Ratcliffe, O J -- Samaha, R R -- Creelman, R -- Pilgrim, M -- Broun, P -- Zhang, J Z -- Ghandehari, D -- Sherman, B K -- Yu, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 15;290(5499):2105-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mendel Biotechnology, 21375 Cabot Boulevard, Hayward, CA 94545, USA. jriechmann@mendelbio.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11118137" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Animals ; Arabidopsis/chemistry/*genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry/*genetics ; DNA/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics ; Eukaryotic Cells ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; *Genome ; Genome, Plant ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/*genetics ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 191
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    At the crocodilian heart of the matter (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Franklin, C -- Seebacher, F -- Grigg, G C -- Axelsson, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 8;289(5485):1687-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11001731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alligators and Crocodiles/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Animals ; Basal Metabolism ; Heart/*anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Hemodynamics ; Oxygen/blood ; Pulmonary Circulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 192
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    Out of Eden: stem cells and their niches (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-02-26
    Description: Stem cells are currently in the news for two reasons: the successful cultivation of human embryonic stem cell lines and reports that adult stem cells can differentiate into developmentally unrelated cell types, such as nerve cells into blood cells. Both intrinsic and extrinsic signals regulate stem cell fate and some of these signals have now been identified. Certain aspects of the stem cell microenvironment, or niche, are conserved between tissues, and this can be exploited in the application of stem cells to tissue replacement therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Watt, F M -- Hogan, B L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Feb 25;287(5457):1427-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Keratinocyte Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10688781" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Communication ; *Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Extracellular Matrix/physiology ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Integrins/physiology ; Proteins/physiology ; *Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Transcription Factors/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 193
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    Disappearing discovery of the year. Archaeoraptor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2224.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Birds/anatomy & histology ; China ; *Fossils ; Publishing ; *Reptiles/anatomy & histology
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 194
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    Ecology. Silk moth deaths show perils of biocontrol (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jensen, M N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2230-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188709" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Diptera ; Ecosystem ; Massachusetts ; *Moths ; *Pest Control, Biological
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 195
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    Learning-induced LTP in neocortex (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-20
    Description: The hypothesis that learning occurs through long-term potentiation (LTP)- and long-term depression (LTD)-like mechanisms is widely held but unproven. This hypothesis makes three assumptions: Synapses are modifiable, they modify with learning, and they strengthen through an LTP-like mechanism. We previously established the ability for synaptic modification and a synaptic strengthening with motor skill learning in horizontal connections of the rat motor cortex (MI). Here we investigated whether learning strengthened these connections through LTP. We demonstrated that synapses in the trained MI were near the ceiling of their modification range, compared with the untrained MI, but the range of synaptic modification was not affected by learning. In the trained MI, LTP was markedly reduced and LTD was enhanced. These results are consistent with the use of LTP to strengthen synapses during learning.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rioult-Pedotti, M S -- Friedman, D -- Donoghue, J P -- NS27164/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 20;290(5491):533-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. mengia_rioult@brown.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11039938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Female ; Learning/*physiology ; Long-Term Potentiation/*physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Motor Cortex/*physiology ; Motor Skills ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 196
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    Breakthrough of the year. Peering into 2001 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: BREAKTHROUGH OF THE YEAR: Peering Into 2001 Science's editors gazed into their crystal ball to predict six research areas to watch in the coming year: infectious diseases, oceans, RNA interference, research funding, quarks, and how cells tell one side from the other.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2222.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188703" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Physiological Phenomena ; Cilia/physiology ; Communicable Diseases ; Elementary Particles ; Forecasting ; Humans ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Research/*trends ; Research Support as Topic/trends
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  • 197
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    A niche maintaining germ line stem cells in the Drosophila ovary (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-10-13
    Description: Stromal cells are thought to generate specific regulatory microenviroments or "niches" that control stem cell behavior. Characterizing stem cell niches in vivo remains an important goal that has been difficult to achieve. The individual ovarioles of the Drosophila ovary each contain about two germ line stem cells that maintain oocyte production. Here we show that anterior ovariolar somatic cells comprising three cell types act as a germ line stem cell niche. Germ line stem cells lost by normal or induced differentiation are efficiently replaced, and the ability to repopulate the niche increases the functional lifetime of ovarioles in vivo. Our studies implicate one of the somatic cell types, the cap cells, as a key niche component.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xie, T -- Spradling, A C -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):328-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Embryology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 115 West University Parkway, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA. tgx@stowers-institute.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11030649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cell Communication ; Cell Differentiation ; Drosophila/*cytology/physiology ; Female ; Germ Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Intercellular Junctions/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Oocytes/*cytology/physiology ; Ovary/cytology ; Stem Cells/*cytology/physiology ; Stromal Cells/cytology/physiology ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 198
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    Activation of the DNA replication checkpoint through RNA synthesis by primase (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-09-23
    Description: When DNA replication is inhibited during the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle, a signaling pathway (checkpoint) is activated that serves to prevent mitosis from initiating before completion of replication. This replication checkpoint acts by down-regulating the activity of the mitotic inducer cdc2-cyclin B. Here, we report the relation between chromatin structure and induction of the replication checkpoint. Chromatin was competent to initiate a checkpoint response only after the DNA was unwound and DNA polymerase alpha had been loaded. Checkpoint induction did not require new DNA synthesis on the unwound template strand but did require RNA primer synthesis by primase. These findings identify the RNA portion of the primer as an important component of the signal that activates the replication checkpoint.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Michael, W M -- Ott, R -- Fanning, E -- Newport, J -- 52948/PHS HHS/ -- R01GM33523-16/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Sep 22;289(5487):2133-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0349, USA. matt@mcb.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11000117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aphidicolin/pharmacology ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Chromatin/*metabolism ; Cyclin E/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism ; DNA Helicases/metabolism ; DNA Polymerase I/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; DNA Primase/*metabolism ; *DNA Replication/drug effects ; DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Mitosis ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; RNA/*biosynthesis ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; S Phase ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Xenopus ; Xenopus Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 199
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    Neurobiology. Receptors as kissing cousins (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Milligan, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):65-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10766637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Energy Transfer ; Fluorescence ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Ligands ; Rats ; Receptor Cross-Talk ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists/*metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D5 ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Receptors, Somatostatin/agonists/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Somatostatin/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 200
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    Statistics of ancestral roots (2000)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2000-03-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freeman, L G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 3;287(5458):1592.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Continental Population Groups ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Sample Size
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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