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  • Emerald  (5,931)
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  • 1999  (3,058)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The confluence of gender and culture: sexual harassment in the international arena (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 417-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Two trends in business currently receiving much practical and theoretical discussion are diversity and globalization. Issues related to these trends can create significant challenges for managers but may also represent potentially rich learning experiences. This paper explores the confluence of gender and globalization, particularly in the context of sexual harassment. Two hypothetical dilemmas are presented. Information on demographic and global trends is presented. The legal and economic status of women in a number of different countries is reviewed, as is the legal definition of sexual harassment in the United States. Finally, directions for future research focusing on diversity-related training and the issue of cultural relativism are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274199
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organisational futures: unprepared for the surprises to come (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 411-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Quantitative research, with 1,000 organisations over four years, is the basis for an exploration of their views of future issues affecting them and, in particular, of changes in their structures and working patterns. The main impression, though is one of widespread conservatism, where they give a relatively low level of importance to the key issues which other research indicates may have the greatest impact on their long-term survival. Thus, they report that the current form of structure is still overwhelmingly that of the traditional hierarchy. Although they show one indication of a more radical approach, in expecting hierarchical organisation to halve its share by 2020 AD, they do not look for major changes in stakeholder power (currently dominated, as might be expected, by shareholders and senior managers) or in the work activities that are undertaken; though the most prevalent form of activity is already that of "communication" in some form or other.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274180
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Downsizing: an examination of some successes and more failures (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 424-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Focuses on downsizing and reviews selected research on organizational change and downsizing. Addresses the issues of "survivors", and also covers the strategic concerns in planning a downsizing operation and attempts to determine some specific reasons why some companies succeed at downsizing while others do not. Discusses an organization's context, composed of culture, level of trust and level of leadership, since it has a profound effect on a company's downsizing strategy. Examines case studies of Compaq Computer, the State of Oregon, and Patagonia and supports the need for the concerns of the surviving employees to be listened to. In the case of these downsizings, the surviving employees were successfully shown that they should not feel victimized by the downsizing process, but instead should see this process as an opportunity for personal growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274207
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A framework for integrated risk management in information technology (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 437-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The use of information technology (IT) in organizations is subject to various kinds of potential risks. Explores the environment of IT in organizations, identifies the probable threats, and proposes a framework for integrated risk management. The risk management process has four major components -- risk identification, risk analysis, risk-reducing measures, and risk monitoring. The framework can be used to guide organizations in reducing the losses resulting from the realization of threats to IT use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274216
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Governance structures, size and corporate performance in UK firms (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 457-464 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Analyses the extent of Cadbury compliance and its impact on corporate performance in the UK. Comparing 1992 and 1995, we find that UK public companies have, in general, complied with the Cadbury Committee's Code of Best Practice and have adopted the recommended governance structures. However, compliance is more common among larger firms. Thus we find that duality is less common, firms tend to have more than three non-executive directors and that there has been an almost universal adoption of board subcommittees such as the remuneration and audit committees. However, little evidence is found to suggest either that the board characteristics recommended by Cadbury lead to improved performance or that moving towards them improves performance. The only governance mechanism which does positively affect performance is the presence of remuneration and audit committees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910274234
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why organizations fail: the view from the front-line (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 503-513 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this research is to review the perceptions of 359 front-line management personnel as to why their organizations fail to achieve desired results and to draw lessons for organizational practice on how to prevent failure and improve organizational performance. Managers from 30 organizations were asked to rate the impact that 25 different performance factors have on their ability to get desired results. The results of the study identified a variety of people and leadership factors as the primary causes of poor performance, while factors such as technology, finances, and government regulations ranked significantly lower in the rankings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910278023
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Downsizing failures: an examination of convergence/reorientation and antecedents - processes - outcomes (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 473-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines varied empirical studies on downsizing which have revealed that, as a result of its aftermath, high percentages of companies have judged these efforts as unsuccessful. Corporate restructuring encompasses multiple forms of change, which are classified into three distinct categories: portfolio, financial and organizational. An analysis of the Freeman and Cameron theoretical framework on downsizing implementation processes is examined in terms of where the process occurs, during periods either of convergence and/or of reorientation, and the results associated with each approach. A case study of the Kansas Department of Health and Environment revealed that restructuring did not provide visible improvements in efficiency, economy and responsiveness. Cultural impact of this intervention revealed negative intergroup reactions, i.e. denial, dissatisfaction. An analysis of Richard Johnson's model of the antecedents, processes and outcomes of downsizing revealed the impact upon strategy, productivity, human resources and finance. Interrelationships suggested diminished performances of firms which downsized without a lucid blueprint, adversely impacting upon these businesses. Finally, 30 recommendations are given for the human resource executive for effective downsizing, focusing upon: approach, involvement, leadership, communication, preparation, support, cost cutting, measurement, and implementation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910277961
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Strategic downsizing: critical success factors (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 535-552 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Aims to review the literature pertaining to downsizing with an emphasis on the organization level, and establish the critical success factors of downsizing, that is, guidelines to the successful implementation of downsizing activities. Addresses these objectives by examining first, how downsizing is defined in the literature reviewed, then discusses the different ways in which or measures by which organizations carry out downsizing activities and the reasons that prompt companies to downsize. Addresses the rationale utilized by firms to downsize, the expected outcomes in terms of economic and human consequences, the approaches to downsizing (reorientation and convergence) and specific strategies such as workforce reduction, work redesign and systemic strategy. Also downsizing tactics, human resources as assets vs costs, planning, participation, leadership, communications, and support to victims/survivors are examined. Both laboratory experiments and empirical research concerning survivors' reactions are explored. The role of trust as well as the human resource professional in the process are included. Conclusions and recommendations complete the article.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910285674
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embedded systems and the year-2000 problem (the other year-2000 problem) (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 561-572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the context of the "year-2000" problem, focuses on the risk involved in real time clocks and their interactions with associated embedded processors and logic arrays, dedicated electronic control and monitoring logic incorporated into larger systems. These are essential to the operation of a vast portfolio of infrastructures, from medical equipment, to buildings (phone, security, heating, plumbing and lighting), to transportation, to financial networks, to just-in-time delivery systems, and so on. According to a recent study, the firmware (permanently loaded instructions) that enables these systems to run is date sensitive and not year-2000-compliant in less than 1 percent of the 50 billion microprocessors and microcontrollers used in embedded systems installed worldwide by the end of the twentieth century. This small fraction will fail, causing the systems they control to begin failing around 1 January 2000 and for the first few years of the next century. Presents a pessimistic, illustrative scenario, describing the disruption of essential infrastructure from electric power, to food and fuel distribution, to communications, to financial networks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910285728
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eastern and Western management practices: myth or reality? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 628-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper sets out to question whether managers should really talk of a West/East style of management. It does so by first examining the practices across a variety of Eastern and Western countries. The paper then analyses key changes in the global business environment that are having a huge influence on the adoption of management practices across the globe. There is much evidence to suggest a degree of convergence and this needs to be taken very much on board by firms engaging further in global trade. To assess management practices, this will involve careful analysis of the main organisation of business across various countries, as well as analysis of the environment in which they operate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910291596
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality concepts and litigation: the role of record-keeping in products liability litigation in the USA (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 633-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this paper is to examine the myriad ways record-keeping can affect the course and outcome of products liability litigation. The examination includes an overview of the civil jury system in the USA, as well as an analysis of the benefits gained from instituting quality concepts and principles regarding the creation, management, storage and protection of quality-related documents. Frequently the "star witness" in a products liability lawsuit is not a witness at all - it is a document. The written record a company generates plays a critical role in presenting a case to the jury in the event of litigation. With regard to retaining and storing company records, serious legal problems arise when documents are lost, damaged or destroyed without adequate explanation. Accordingly, embracing and implementing quality concepts and principles with regard to record-keeping provides numerous rewards in the event of litigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910291604
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Building organizational citizenship (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 678-685 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Since every organization's success is built on the participation and good work of its staff, this article advises leaders to view their organization as a country, and frames their primary management challenge as creating "organizational citizenship", defined as a voluntary consistent commitment to the goals, methods, and ultimate success of the organization. Most leadership strategies are designed to create specific business results; their effectiveness will depend on the creation of a culture of patriotism throughout the organization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910298968
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Beyond downsizing: recreating in Australia (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 657-670 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The management literature is replete with articles on total quality management, just-in-time manufacturing, strategic partnerships between customers and vendors, re-engineering the company, flattening the organisation, teams that replace individual decision making and horizontal organisational structures. The terms and descriptions used in the literature for these organisational changes vary, but the overall objective is the same, to increase organisational effectiveness and to ensure the future of these organisations by establishing more efficient operations. In many companies positive organisational change is often undertaken simultaneously with, or following on from a "downsizing" or "restructuring" programme. In business recreation, whether in Australia or any other country, operational efficiency built upon enhanced processes must not be seen as the final objective - the opportunities are much greater. Examples of successful Australian organisational recreation are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910291622
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Value and information - concepts and issues for management (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 643-656 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The notion of what is meant by "value" is explored and summarised in terms of its involvement in delivering the product/service attributes, considered necessary to create customer satisfaction. Investigates the business system in relation to the value chain, as well as citing the conflicting views of a number of authors upon this topic. A specific company is used as a template to bring out many of the notions that have been put forward. Concludes with the fact that the traditional value chain begins with the company's core competences, whereas evidence suggests that modern value chain analysis reverses this approach and uses customers as its starting point.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910291613
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perception configurations in business relationships (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 686-696 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: There is a growing interest in relationships in the marketing literature, which has resulted in increasing attention to relational aspects of business. How the actors perceive the relationship thus emerges as a key issue. Traditionally, customer perceptions, for example, perceived service quality, satisfaction and value have played an important role in service management. However, in a business setting it is more appropriate to study both the seller's and the buyer's perceptions. This paper proposes a configuration map to depict both parties' perceptions. This map can be used to capture both the composition and the dynamics of perception configurations, and it is generically applicable to dyadic perception studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910299020
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anatomy of competitive advantage: a SELECT framework (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Management decision 37 (1999), S. 709-718 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-1747
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Competitive advantage is the basis for superior performance. Understanding the anatomy of competitive advantage is of paramount importance to general managers who bear the ultimate responsibility for a firm's long term survival and success. Advances an integrative framework called SELECT to help general managers systematically examine the various facets of the anatomy of competitive advantage: its substance, expression, locale, effect, cause, and time-span. Analyzing the causes of competitive advantage helps a firm create and gain advantage. Studying the substance, expression, locale, and effect of competitive advantage allows the firm to better utilize the advantage. Examining the time span of competitive advantage enables the firm to fully exploit the advantage according to its potential and sustainability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251749910299129
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uniform change: an ethnography on organizational symbolism, volunteer motivation and dysfunctional change in a paramilitary organization (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 22-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The United States Air Force's (USAF) unpaid civilian auxiliary, the Civil Air Patrol (CAP) wears USAF uniforms and performs search and rescue missions looking for downed aircraft. After CAP members miswore the USAF uniform (Cheng, 1996), the USAF instituted a top-down uniform change making the CAP uniform more distinct from the USAF uniform. CAP members, who affirmed that they were to be motivated solely by a desire to perform CAP's mission, and not motivated by wearing USAF uniforms, quit and withdrew commitment. This participant observation ethnography studies how USAF's misunderstanding of volunteer motivation and the symbolism of organizational uniforms led to dysfunctional organizational change. An alternative solution that makes positive symbolic change is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810368802
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technical note: a study of Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 113-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study empirically tested Hersey and Blanchard's situational leadership theory (SLT) among 151 senior executives within service and manufacturing businesses of a large Fortune 100 company. SLT focuses on the interaction of the leader's behaviour and follower readiness to determine leader effectiveness. SLT suggests that the appropriate level of task and relationship behaviour is the one that "matches" the level of follower readiness. A variety of statistical techniques were used to test the central hypotheses of SLT and the matching concept. The study produced 18 matches and 126 mismatches. One statistical technique, the partitioned test, was found to provide the most insight about SLT and the concept of matching. The researchers recommend its utilization in future research of SLT. The researchers conclude that SLT remains intuitively appealing and empirically contradictory. The concepts of SLT and matching are engaging and further research is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810208692
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An integrated model and approach for the design of effective leadership development programs (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 44-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Leadership has been a major topic in management and business literature over the last few years. The rapid changes in business, technology, political and social factors has required the development of effective leadership skills. As a result leadership development programs have become an increasing priority for business and government organisations. This article puts forward an integrated model for leadership development. The major focus of this model is to develop leadership competencies which directly contribute to the strategic imperatives of the business. In addition, it describes the key elements that contribute to a successful leadership experience such as changing mindsets, a global focus, personal development and improved business and leadership skills. Finally, the most widely used leadership methods and processes are covered under three major themes; contributing to the strategic business direction, building leadership and team skills, and self-development. The ideas put forward in this paper provide senior managers and human resource professionals with an integrated and comprehensive framework to plan and build a leadership development program in their organisation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810368820
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regrounding the concept of leadership (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 128-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports the initial exploratory studies in a programme of research that aims to investigate the role of mental models in leadership. Drawing from a cognitive approach, the studies use metaphors as tools to illustrate the models of the leadership construct that are prevalent in lay psychology in an atheoretical, decontextualised manner. The findings show that lay concepts of leadership are less complex and more robust than academic concepts. Implications for both research and the transfer of knowledge to industry are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210176
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
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    Transformational leadership and learning orientation (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 164-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: States that two goal orientations may be held by individuals: a performance goal and a learning goal (Ames and Archer, 1988; Dweck and Leggett, 1988). The much-discussed learning organisation requires individuals either to possess or to develop a learning orientation. Leadership theorists (Bass, 1985; Burns, 1978) have identified characteristics of leadership which may be classified as transactional or transformational. The links between leadership and goal orientation are explored. It was conjectured that transformational leadership would be associated with a learning-goal orientation and transactional leadership would be associated with a performance-goal orientation. These propositions are supported by evidence from an empirical study of professional accountants in the UK. The findings suggest that desirable leadership behaviour for a learning organisation is transformational and desirable follower behaviour should include a learning orientation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810210211
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
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    Leaders developing leaders: an effective way to enhance leadership development programs (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 194-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The purpose of this article is to examine how senior leaders in organizations can play a greater role in the development of leadership within their organizations. Innovative "leaders developing leaders" programs in PepsiCo, General Electric and Shell are described as examples of tangible and effective ways that can be used for successful leadership development which can also contribute to strategic change and business profitability. Suggestions and various options to incorporate senior executive involvement in leadership development programs are put forward as well as factors that need to be considered when first implementing this approach. At a time when leadership development is recognised as a vital ingredient for organization success, the involvement of senior leaders in the teaching and learning of future leaders has been shown to be a powerful and effective tool.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810217179
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  • 23
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    The collective culture shock in transition countries - theoretical and empirical implications (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 302-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Individual culture shock is a well known and evidenced phenomenon. It describes the psychological and also physical reactions of a person staying abroad. These reactions are the result of confrontation with a foreign culture. According to the authors such reactions also exist on the level of society as a whole. This "collective culture shock" influences management and business relations and causes problems. A theory of the collective culture shock is developed that analyses these problems and provides a framework for solutions. This theory suggests that cultural processes and features in transition countries that are usually attributed to the communist heritage are the result of collective culture shock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810240821
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  • 24
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    Correlates of perceived leadership style in a culturally mixed environment (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 275-284 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study is concerned with the determination of the most common and effective leadership style in a non-Western culturally mixed environment, and with the exploration of the correlates of leadership style in such a context. Results indicate that consultative style was the most common and effective leadership style in such an environment. Furthermore, findings indicate that leaders' personal attributes such as national culture, experience, education and age; subordinates' personal attributes such as gender, national culture, age and tenure in present organization and organizational factors such as the organization's ownership have a significant relationship with leadership style. Additionally, leaders' personal attributes such as gender, marital status and tenure in present organization, and subordinates' personal attributes such as education, experience and marital status, in addition to organizational factors such as the organization's activity and age have no relationship with leadership style.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810234341
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  • 25
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    Barriers, boundaries and leaks in an organization development intervention (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 353-361 
    Details
    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reflects on an organizational development (OD) intervention which addressed strategic culture change with the senior management team of a UK-based international manufacturing organization. In line with emergent theory and practice OD consultants, authors intervened at the three levels: strategy, culture and top team dynamics. Whilst the client seemed happy with the outcomes, the authors believed that the intervention had failed to effect transformational change and were thus motivated to re-examine practice in the light of recent contributions to the OD and organizational learning literature. This analysis suggests that future OD practice should be grounded in processes of dialogue permeating all phases of the intervention. At the diagnostic phase, there is a need to identify more clearly the enablers and barriers to productive learning. Subsequently, during implementation, the boundaries of the intervention with particular reference to politics, authority and task should be managed more carefully and explicitly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01437739810242496
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  • 26
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    Utilizing organizational culture gap analysis to determine human resource development needs (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 374-385 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The effectiveness of the Competing Values Framework (CVF) as a means to determine human resource development needs was examined. Members of the board of directors and all full-time employees of a Cooperative assessed the current status of the organizational culture and the nature of culture desired in the future utilizing a CVF based instrument. Both groups desired a future culture different from the present state, and both groups desired movement in the same directions. The study concludes that CVF analysis is a beneficial means for determining information about human resource skills needing to be developed and/or activated and which activities need to be rewarded or reduced in order to effect this movement.
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    Emotional dissonance in organizations: conceptualizing the roles of self-esteem and job-induced tension (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 18-25 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the workplace, emotional dissonance is the conflict between emotions experienced by the employee and those required by the organization. Earlier studies have established that emotional dissonance reduces job satisfaction and exacerbates emotional exhaustion. Emotional dissonance typically occurs during interactions between employees and customers in service industries. As Western economies are dominated by service industries, emotional dissonance may result in rising numbers of dissatisfied and burned out employees. This study examined the process by which emotional dissonance operates, and the impact of self-esteem on emotional dissonance. Emotional dissonance was found to induce job tension leading, in turn, to emotional exhaustion. Employees with innately low self-esteem were more likely to experience emotional dissonance and suffer from emotional exhaustion. Other employees found that emotional dissonance reduced their self-esteem leaving them dissatisfied.
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    Predictors of decision-making styles in a non-western country (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 19 (1998), S. 366-373 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study focuses primarily on exploring the role of organizational culture and level of technology used in the organization as predictors of decision-making styles in a non-western country, the United Arab Emirates. Results suggest that organizational culture, and level of technology used in the organization in addition to decision-maker's education and management levels are good predictors of decision-making styles in such an environment. Results also indicate that a tendency towards the participative style prevails among Arab, young, middle management and highly educated managers.
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    Working patterns and working hours: their impact on UK managers (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 6-10 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports on the UMIST-Institute of Management five-year study into the changing experiences of UK managers and the impact of organizational change. Examines the patterns of actual working hours generally and by managerial level before going on to explore the reasons managers give to explain their work patterns (over contract hours, evening and weekend working). Contains an assessment of how managers trade-off work and non-work activity and the impact of long working hours on managers' health, morale, productivity, social life and relationships with their partners and children. The analysis reveals a strong relationship between actual hours worked and an increasingly negative impact on all the factors tested.
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    Beyond codes of ethics: an integrated framework for stimulating morally responsible behaviour in organisations (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 133-147 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper contributes to the study of ethics programmes by the building of a theoretical model for implementing an ethics programme and examining the application of this model to an actual implementation case study. Ethics programmes aim at stimulating ethical behaviour in the organisation and assisting employees to act in a morally responsible way. It is proposed that for an organisational ethics programme to be effective, five dominant conditions are necessary: awareness of formal organisational goals and corresponding informal norms; suitable procedures for decision making; correct distribution of resources; presence of necessary skills; and personal intentions for ethical behaviour. Following detailed discussion of each condition, and with reference to an actual case example, the conditions will be further developed and supplemented with suggested organisational activities that could be used to support these conditions.
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    Management consultants: what do they do? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 181-188 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Although much has been written on skills and strategies of management consultants, little research has been done on what management consultants actually do. In this study, three senior consultants were shadowed, each for a one week period. Management consultancy turns out to be a hectic and highly interactive job. Important interaction partners are clients, colleagues, and secretaries, although only the first are highlighted in literature. Catalytic intervention is the most dominant approach in client contacts. The relatively rare desk work sessions of management consultants are even more interrupted than those of managers. An important function of their desk work (and of their work as a whole) is structuring information gained in client contacts.
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    Evolution of organizations in the new millennium (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 198-207 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Progressive stages in the evolution of organizations correspond to progressively deeper aspects of the mind. The stage of task-based management emphasized the more superficial sensorimotor and concrete thinking capacities; this approach of rigid rules and structures is now unsuited for an increasingly knowledge-based economy. The next stage, process-based management, makes greater use of the intellect of organizational members to design, implement, and evaluate systemic productivity improvements. A few organizations today demonstrate the lasting success of values-based organizing, managing on the level of feelings and ego. The new millennium will see organizations that utilize the deepest level of human consciousness, connecting the human mind to the intelligence of natural law which spontaneously organizes for optimal simplicity, synergy, and holistic progress.
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    Three contemporary challenges for OD practitioners (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 216-221 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Contemporary organisational realities challenge consultants to develop: more up-to-date motivational knowledge; the ability and willingness to work with change agents unsympathetic to applied social science; and, facility with methodologies for both cultural and structural change. Changes over the last two decades have resulted in a more diverse motivational picture than the 1950s to 1970s humanistic motivational theories that underlie most organisational development theory and practice. In response, consultants need to develop a portfolio of consultancy methods that enable them to address not only cultural changes (e.g. attitudinal and change) but also structural changes (e.g. organisational design). Today, most clients who hire organisational consultants do so to complement technological and strategic changes anticipated or already undertaken. OD practitioners need to increase their ability to understand and work with change managers, and their consultants, who see the world predominantly through technological and economic eyes.
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    The advocacy approach to OD consulting: neutral is not enough (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Leadership & organization development journal 20 (1999), S. 262-268 
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    ISSN: 0143-7739
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Conventional wisdom suggests that a consultant serving a joint union-management organization development (OD) change effort acts as a third-party neutral. However, this paper documents why both parties may distrust the OD consultant and other dangers associated with claims of neutrality. Drawing on the OD literature and that of psychotherapy, as well as over 20 years of experience that the authors have had as consultants to joint efforts, this paper suggests that OD change agents should take on the role as advocates not neutrals. The advantages of actively advocating for the differing and joint interests of union and management are outlined. Clear strategies for using the advocacy approach are identified.
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    The long-run relation between a black market exchange rate and the trade balance: Evidence from Iran (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 121-130 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper investigates the long-run relationship between Iranian trade balance and the black market value of Iranian rial by employing cointegration technique. It is shown that in a oil producing country like Iran due to rent-seeking opportunities, depreciation of the rial in the black market has an adverse effect on the Iranian trade balance.
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    New evidence on Allyn Young's style and influence as a teacher (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 453-480 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reproduces the main texts of hitherto unpublished reminiscences of the style and influence, as a teacher, of Allyn Abbott Young (1876-1929) by 17 of his distinguished students. They include Bertil Ohlin, Nicholas Kaldor, James Angell, Lauchlin Currie, Colin Clark, Howard Ellis, Frank Fetter, Earl Hamilton, and Melvin Knight (brother of Frank Knight who, with Edward Chamberlin, was perhaps Young's most famous PhD student). There has recently been a revival of interest in Young's influence on US monetary thought and in his theory of economic growth based on endogenous increasing returns. These recollections of his students (addressed to Young's biographer, Charles Blitch) shed light on why Young has, at least until recently, been renowned more for his massive erudition than for his published writings.
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    Laissez-faire and, therefore, jeopardized national priorities in the process of transition (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 404-412 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Former socialist economies, as they are trying to engage in a process of transition from state socialism towards forms of a market economy, and as they are trying to open themselves up to international trade, find that extreme social tensions accompany this process which go right to the heart of national identity. This is being discussed with the example of Hungary in mind.
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    The Kanitz Act Proposal: European agricultural policy in theoretical and historical perspective (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 438-448 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Understanding chances of reforming the common agricultural policy (CAP) of the European Union, for instance, requires an appreciation of its intellectual roots. Seeking such an understanding is the purpose of this article, which has the following structure. Next to this introduction and the conclusions at the end, there are three parts. Part I details what an economist may want to know about Count von Kanitz and the context of his political and intellectual work. Part II explains the proposal first by staying close to its original verbiage, then, however, by translating this proposal into modern micro-economic and public finance analytical terms. Part III gives an account of the scholarly literature on the proposal. The only piece of theoretical and practical relevance is found to be Gustav (von) Schmoller's article of 1895: this article is briefly summarized and appreciated as being a classic piece in agricultural political economy.
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    Review article - Learning by Doing in Markets, Firms and Countries (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 497-509 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Based on the proceedings of a conference organised by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Chicago, 1999. The Editors demonstrate, through contributions from business historians and economists, that "advanced research" has superceded the neo-classical theory of the firm.
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    Does money cause prices, or the other way around?: Multi-country econometric evidence including error-correction modelling from South-east Asia (1998)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 25 (1998), S. 138-160 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Attempts to look into the question of causality between money and prices in the context of international comparison in four South-east Asian developing countries, based on an improved methodology. Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines were used as case studies. Regarding the money-price causality direction, the study based on both bivariate and multivariate tests, tends to suggest strongly that in those four countries during much of the three decades since 1960, it was money supply that was the leading variable as the monetarists maintain and not the other way around as the structuralists maintain.
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    Budget deficits and exchange rates: further evidence from cointegration and causality tests (1998)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 25 (1998), S. 161-178 
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    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Attempts to examine the relationship between budget (or public) deficits and exchange rates in eight OECD countries, namely Germany, the UK, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy, France, and Canada over the period 1980-1995 by using quarterly data and the methodologies of cointegration, long-run causality and Granger (or short-run) causality tests. The empirical findings provide evidence in favour of the association between exchange rates and budget deficits with the impact of these deficits on the exchange rate, however, not being uniform. In certain cases budget deficits seem to have led to a currency depreciation, while in others to a currency appreciation.
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    Young's increasing returns, the factory system and Kaldor's admonition (1998)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 25 (1998), S. 179-192 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen's analysis of the factory system is used to show how an expanded market makes possible increasing returns in manufacturing, which can in turn lead to the kind of cumulative growth process envisioned by Allyn Young. The analysis is then extended to take into account Nicholas Kaldor's admonition to pay attention to the fact that manufacturing is a process that uses inputs that are the products of nature. It is found that the inability to use the factory system in agriculture limits the extent of increasing returns in manufacturing. Increasing returns in manufacturing and an accompanying pattern of cumulative growth require a continuing infusion of exogenous technological innovation in agriculture.
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    Total factor productivity growth in Singapore's service industries (1998)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 25 (1998), S. 392-409 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines and analyses the TFPG performance of individual service industries in Singapore. TFPG of services were highly cyclical, indicating the overwhelming vagaries of external demand in this small and open economy. Although the TFPG of most services were dismal during 1976-93, the rates were higher for the post-1985 recession period, compared with those in the pre-1985 recession years. This trend reflects the Government's concerted efforts to upgrade the workforce and promote higher technology services. Besides, the service industries which did not conform to this trend had in common massive infrastructural investments which were primarily undertaken by government-linked enterprises with a longer-term interest of the economy at large. Thus it seems that the paternal role of government has a vital influence on Singapore's TFPG performance. The study implies that the role of government could constitute an important factor in the estimation of TFPG, and in comparing TFPG among economies where government roles differ significantly.
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    Foreign direct investment and industry structure (1999)
    [S.l.] : Emerald
    Journal of economic studies 26 (1999), S. 38-57 
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    ISSN: 0144-3585
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using a differentiated oligopoly, this paper studies the effects of tax incentives on the structure of a domestic industry in terms of price, output, profit, and entry/exit, taking account of technology transfer through FDI. It is found that if the government of the host country provides more tax relief for foreign firms, it will raise total output and reduce the price index. More foreign firms will enter the industry while certain existing host firms will have to exit. Consumers are better off if income is unchanged; otherwise, the change in social welfare is ambiguous in general and several sufficient conditions ensuring definite outcomes have been identified. This suggests that the government should be cautious in reducing taxes to attract FDI and should differ their preferential tax treatments across industries.
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    Repair methods for tile-clad buildings in Hong Kong (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 34-38 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: A popular façade treatment for buildings in Hong Kong is tile cladding. It is used for the majority of low and high-rise residential buildings and the less expensive office developments in lower grade business districts. Mosaic and ceramic tiles are generally durable, versatile, waterproof and need little maintenance. However, tile defects such as dislodgement and water penetration can affect buildings that are only a few years old. The paper examines the typical causes of tiling defects and the range of repair methods that are being adopted in Hong Kong.
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    Fully digital survey systems for property (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 61-66 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Realistic digital data entry and data handling is the key to unlocking the power of modern computer tools for all forms of building management functions. A survey system is needed to get the vital data about property collected and entered into any management database. Three discrete usage areas for computer technology are identified: data collection, manipulation and presentation. The key differences between the various types of building survey are outlined. The conceptual and actual challenges in each survey system area are explored. Past problems and mistakes in applying technology are discussed. Innovative automated, efficient, and integrated solutions are suggested. A new multi-media and completely digital approach is recommended for applying new computer-based tools to all kinds of property inspection. The future tools for super-efficient building surveys in the next century are considered and predicted.
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    Better doors and windows for the elderly and disabled (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 16 (1998), S. 23-24 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Many elderly people and people with disabilities, who form a significant part of society, are unable to use doors and windows due to the physical effort required. Research at BRE over the past two years has produced a guide for the specification of automatic controls for doors and windows in homes that aid access and improve facilities. The research began in April 1995 and has been undertaken as part of a DETR funded Partners in Technology project with support from numerous industry partners. To assist development of the guide, laboratory and field testing of prototype doors and windows with automatic controls has been undertaken. The results of these studies are described.
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    Rapport in telemarketing - mirror, mirror on the call? (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 12-21 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Examines the hypothesis that the UK population has not yet fully developed a telemarketing culture and that there is, therefore, a particular need for telemarketers to understand how rapport might be developed on the telephone. Relevant literature from the fields of social psychology, applied psychology and marketing are reviewed and a programme of research was carried out, comprising an Omnibus to measure the extent of telemarketing experience in the UK population and a study among organisations with in-house telemarketing facilities to explore the types of practices that might foster rapport. It concludes that a telemarketing culture still has some way to develop and that, while many organisations used a number of seemingly relevant techniques, in particular NLP mirroring and matching, there are a number of issues still to be resolved regarding measurement of rapport as well as the theory and "measuring instruments" associated with NLP. Other factors affecting the development of rapport in a telemarketing environment are also considered
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    Maximising the effectiveness of Web-based marketing communications (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 31-37 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Explores the nature and potential of marketing communications in hypermedia, and assesses the role of computer-mediated communication to assist the marketing communications mix. The activities of one company (MCB UP Ltd) are reviewed, as it develops its Web site towards a high value-added, effective and integrated marketing communications environment. Explains why Internet marketers must provide high value-added Internet resources, allowing communication both with and between players in the organisation's supply chain. The impact of computer-mediated "connectivity" and "interactivity" is discussed in terms of the effectiveness of Web-based marketing communications. Commercial opportunities for capitalising on the marketing potential of "virtual communities" are identified. Examples of how such communities may be created and sustained are presented.
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    Direct marketing in postmodernity: neo-tribes and direct communications (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 68-74 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper argues for the consideration by managers of postmodern phenomena and how they might impact on the field of direct marketing communications. It begins by outlining the conditions of postmodernism and then discusses the decline of individualism and the emergence of neo-tribes (Cova, 1997). The paper then progresses by identifying the role which direct marketing might have to play within a postmodern world and argues for a focus on direct response television advertising.
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    Communication in the salesperson/customer dyad: an empirical investigation (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 100-106 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The "Sales Orientation-Customer Orientation (SOCO)" scale, is a popular and insightful measure used for determining the degree to which salespeople have a long-term-oriented, customer-focused selling approach. Endeavours to investigate applicability of the SOCO scale in the context of the pharmaceutical industry's salesperson-general practitioner relationship. Found that the SOCO scale possesses reliability. Furthermore, discovers a significant rift between a salesperson's perception of his/her orientation and their customer's perception of his/her particular orientation.
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    Country of origin effects: a literature review (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 150-199 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the effect of country of origin on consumer perceptions of products and services. Results reveal that consumer perceptions differ significantly on the basis of product/service and country of origin. The country of origin may be an important element in the perceptions consumers have of products and services especially where little other information is known. However, the question of how much influence the country of origin provides in product and service evaluations remains unanswered and a number of other major issues have yet to be resolved. Directions for future research are developed.
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    Radon and remedial issues (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 154-159 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: The Government has recognised the significance of exposures in houses to the natural radioactive gas radon and has over the past decade initiated various campaigns in conjunction with NRPB, BRE and local authorities to mitigate its effects. This article explains the principal features of the programme to reduce radon exposures in existing housing, which is based on encouraging occupiers to measure radon levels in their homes and publicising the availability of cheap and effective remedies. The important role is noted of professional groups such as surveyors in the housing market and detailed descriptions provided of the main methods of reducing radon levels and their suitability for particular buildings. The importance of raising radon awareness amongst professionals is noted and sources of further information are provided including technical reports on remedial measures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910291334
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    Dissatisfaction with stock condition surveys in social housing (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 211-215 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper arises from findings which emerged during the preparation of the Good Practice Guide to Maintenance Cost Forecasting. This Guide was commissioned by the Housing Corporation to assist Registered Social Landlords forecast the future maintenance costs of their stocks. It became apparent during the work that client experiences of stock condition surveys had been far from satisfactory. The surveys had often been carried out by professional surveyors and yet many had fundamental weaknesses in their specification, execution and use of data. The level of dissatisfaction expressed, coupled with recent evidence regarding the quality of domestic building surveys, should give cause for concern to the surveying profession. The paper identifies some causes of this dissatisfaction and suggests lessons that can be drawn from the experience. Further investigation is recommended into this crucial area of practice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910302935
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    Evaluation of defect influencing factors in public housing in the UK (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 170-178 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: This paper sets out to analyse and interpret factors which bear upon building components and to explore underlying relationships among the number of building components forming a construction entity. The research hypothesis was set as follows: building surveyors do not agree in assessing the strength of each of design, construction, age, changing standards and vandalism as a causative factor for defects on building components. Previous studies have established the factors pertaining to defects in the building structure. What is in dispute is the extent to which these factors are important in causing defects. The objective of the study presented in this paper is therefore to assess the impact of each of five key factors - design, construction, standards, vandalism and age - on 28 selected building components with the aid of questionnaire information provided by 45 local authority building surveyors involved in the day-to-day diagnosis of defects in public housing stock. In so doing, the tangible influence of the factors in terms of how they affect defect causation in building components for the sample is established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910291352
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    Determinants of Hong Kong manufacturing investment in China: a survey (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 260-267 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper aims to examine the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) in China by investigating Hong Kong's manufacturing industries established in Guangdong province, and to compare the difference between market-oriented and export-oriented, and between capital intensive and labor intensive FDI in investment decision making. A questionnaire survey is used to verify our argument. It is found that most of Hong Kong's manufacturing investments are labor-intensive and export-oriented. The most important determinants of Hong Kong's manufacturing investment in China are cheap labor and land, stable political environment, government incentive policies and high investment return. The most important location-specific advantages are geographical proximity to Hong Kong, better preferential treatment, good infrastructure, and absence of language barrier. It is also found that export-oriented FDI tends to be efficiency-seeking while market-oriented FDI appears to be resource-seeking.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509810224446
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    Performance and the service encounter: an exploration of narrative expectations and relationship management in the outdoor leisure market (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 311-317 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study of rockclimbers and outdoor leisure consumers, manufacturers and retailers, sets out to discover the nature and outcomes of the consumer/producer relationship centred around the retail setting. Initial theoretical views on the self, participant role, performance and communitas are explored as a background to the discussion. Data collection involved participant observation, in-depth interviews and a study of both commercially and consumer generated secondary materials (climbing club literature for example). The researchers identified an environment in which temporary leisure identities were supported and at times modified by the retail relationships and were embedded in a rich sub-cultural narrative. Postmodern concepts pertaining to the consumption of place and space corresponded with the observational data, to the extent that recommendations for retailers are less overtly managerial, and more about facilitating the consumer's ownership of the spaces and relationships within them.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509810229928
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    The personalised marketplace: beyond the 4Ps (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 178-185 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Theories of marketing management and strategy need to evolve and change to keep pace with changes in the marketplace and in marketing practice. As the next century draws closer, it is apparent that some marketing managers are basing their relationships with customers on policies and procedures called either "individualisation", "mass-customisation", or as we prefer, "personalisation". The core of this practice involves tailoring goods and services to the individual needs and wants of specific consumers, just the opposite of one-size-fits-all. We propose that personalisation is so important to marketing strategy that it should become one of the featured elements of the marketing mix, alongside product, price, promotion, place, personnel, physical assets, and procedures, to form a new marketing mix, the 8Ps.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910275917
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    The development of ground floor constructions: part 8 (review and summary) (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 216-220 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Reviews the development of ground floor constructions. Explores the reasons for insulating the various types of ground floor constructions. Discusses the reasons for and methods of enhancing the thermal efficiency of floors. Shows that the earliest type of insulated floor was of lime concrete construction. Modern ground floors, whether suspended or ground-supported, must be insulated to an adequate level to achieve a more sustainable construction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910302944
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    The conservation of historic buildings in Britain and The Netherlands: a comparative study (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Structural survey 17 (1999), S. 227-230 
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    ISSN: 0263-080X
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Britain and The Netherlands both have a large stock of historic buildings dating from pre-Roman to modern. Both provide some degree of state funding and each has a series of national bodies that concern themselves with historic building preservation both by the allocation of grants and the awarding of special "listing" status. In both cases the creation of societies to protect historic buildings dates to the second half of the nineteenth century. Despite these similarities, there are substantive differences in the current approach to the preservation of historic buildings. In terms of government intervention The Netherlands employs a far more localised approach than is found in Britain. Tax deduction and government subsidies provide a substantial incentive to building maintenance in contrast to the British laissez faire approach. The private sector in The Netherlands also contrasts substantively with that of Britain. Most conservation work is undertaken by a relatively small number of large firms who belong to a close-knit federation, in contrast to the British approach of a large number of small firms operating in a free market.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809910302999
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    The strategic orientation of marketing information systems - an empirical study (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 262-272 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Previous research suggests that most of the applications of marketing information systems (MkIS) appear to support marketing routine function rather than marketing strategic function. By conducting a survey of 55 UK marketing managers in computer and financial industries, this study examines the current practice of the strategic function of marketing, and the application of information systems in supporting the strategic function. Reveals that the strategic function of marketing has been perceived important by marketing managers, and many companies perform some of the strategic functions, such as market segmentation/targeting, competition and market analysis. Yet, the application of MkIS does not keep abreast with the current practice of marketing strategic function. Suggests that a knowledge-enriched, strategic oriented MkIS with an emphasis on environmental scanning, competition mapping, market positioning, and SWOT analysis needs to be developed through advanced computing technology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910293070
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    Post-materialism's "silent revolution" in consumer research (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 288-297 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: While the idea of post-materialism is more than 20 years old, consumer researchers have given it little attention. This paper engages in an interdisciplinary exploration of this important cultural phenomenon. The Protestant work ethic, with its emphasis on ever-increasing levels of production, contributed to the rise of the consumption culture and the legitimation of the market society. It appears that the very premise which facilitates the market society - specialization and the production of consumption - also paves the way for a post-materialist revolution. This paper advocates a macro, more humanistic, and socially relevant perspective of consumer research.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910293106
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    Do consumers' star signs influence what they buy? (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 249-259 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Original and provocative findings that date of birth could have an effect on consumption prompted replication of this exploratory work. Date of birth potentially combines the measurement advantages of demographics with the psychological insights of psychographics when interpreted through an astrological framework. Using a different general household survey data set, consumption was again found to vary by date of birth within the alcohol, leisure and cigarette markets. Implications for segmentation and promotion are discussed.
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    Strategic group analysis in strategic marketing: an application to Spanish savings banks (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 277-286 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The analysis of strategic groups has important implications in marketing in the identification of a firm's competitive position. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that differences in the performance between the strategic groups within an industry exist. The initial hypothesis is that mobility barriers between the groups mean that their members have a relative advantage over other participants in the sector as far as expenses regarding imitation are concerned. Therefore, differences in profits tend to be maintained on a medium- and long-term basis. However, the majority of empirical studies do not show the differences in the perfomance in a clear way. The methodology used consists of different multivariant statistical techniques. On their application to the Spanish savings banks, a limited support for this relation is obtained for some variables.
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    The gay lifestyle - spaces for a subculture of consumption (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 318-326 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Presents a study of designated gay service environments. Conceptually, the study draws together ideas and frameworks from the consumption literature and from the study of service environments. Analyses issues surrounding gay cultural socialization and its effect on consumption patterns and expression through service environments. The study of the interplay between gay subculture and servicescapes is grounded in qualitative and observational data through field work conducted in the Manchester "gay village". Findings indicate that communitas, individualism and diversity are key facets of the subculture, with bars being used as individual expressions of identity, moods and emotions. Other influences on consumption patterns include interpersonal interaction with friends, the hetero- and homosexual cultural interface, and the ambience of the service environment. Discusses implications for the service marketer, such as the application of marketing models to the creation of servicescapes which reflect and suit the subcultures they are designed for; and raises issues for marketing methodology by noting the value of consumption-based research in creating a picture of the "gay" lifestyle.
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    Managerial mindsets and the symbiotic relationship between sponsorship and advertising (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 16 (1998), S. 369-374 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Both advertising and sponsorship are key areas of marketing communications activity, though the latter has acted as a somewhat "Cinderella" subject. In the heightened and increasing consumer-oriented marketing communications world of the 1990s, this paper asks whether these two marketing communications methods exist in an uneasy alliance or strategic symbiosis. Given the press (both practitioner and academic) coverage concerning integrated marketing communications, it may seem self-evident that the latter alternative is preferred, but a rationale behind this preferstment is advanced. Notably, the shared conventions of the two communications activities constitute the text of their interactions. This sharing, or as we have termed it, a symbiotic relationship, leads in turn to the what can be described as the unity of a marketing communications culture, or its objective (managerial) mind.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509810237578
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    In pursuit of youth: what's wrong with the older market? (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 222-231 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The media today remain focused on capturing the "youth market", despite the population changes which suggest that older rather than younger consumers are becoming demographically and economically more attractive. Advertisers in particular are guilty of portraying older consumers in stereotypical ways, or else ignore them, resulting in offence and alienation within the 50-plus market. This paper examines the reasons why the over-50s are such an important market; discusses why advertisers and marketers are so reluctant to target older consumers and concludes by recommending how advertisers and marketers might better serve this market, for both economic and ethical reasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910285637
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    Measuring service quality: current thinking and future requirements (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 21-32 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The publication of the first results of the SERVQUAL instrument provoked a debate on how best to measure service quality. With more than a decade since the publication of those results many researchers have attempted to demonstrate the efficacy, or not, of the SERVQUAL instrument, or to develop their own measurement methods. This paper reviews this debate in relation to six key aspects: the purpose of the measurement instrument; the definition of service quality; models for service quality measurement; the dimensionality of service quality; issues relating to expectations; and the format of the measurement instrument. The main areas of agreement and disagreement are identified. As a result the continued use of the SERVQUAL instrument is called into question, and areas for further research are identified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910253777
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    The extension of construction partnering for relationship marketing (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 155-162 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Relationship marketing focuses on building strong relationships with individual customers. Its emergence in the 1980s was however not so much a discovery, but a rediscovery of a truth which formed the foundation of many businesses. Partnering, at its best, is a long term commitment between two or more organisations for the purpose of achieving specific business objectives by maximising the effectiveness of each participant's resources. The relationship is based upon trust, dedication to common goals and understanding each other's individual expectations and values. This seems to suggest many similarities between relationship marketing and partnering. It is, however, still unclear as to what these similarities are. The objectives of this paper are, firstly, to compare relationship marketing with the partnering concept in the construction industry and, secondly, draw lessons from partnering in construction for relationship marketing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910271614
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    Segmenting high-tech markets: a value-added taxonomy (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 186-191 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports findings from a major study done by a Boston consulting firm showing four solution-based market segments in high-tech industries. They are the specialized solution, the customized solution, the value solution, and the packaged solution. One segment is the be-first "contrarian" buyer. One segment responds to aggressive selling while another reacts to market pull. And the fourth segment is retail-oriented. This article may be useful to both buyers and sellers of technology in emerging, unsaturated markets.
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    Measuring the effect of political advertising and the case of the 1995 Irish Divorce Referendum (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 272-280 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reviews the political advertising literature at the start of the run-up to the 1997 UK general election and looks at the 1995 Irish Divorce Referendum result and assesses the consequent High Court Appeal case which cast doubt on the possibility that one can measure the effectiveness of political advertising. Outlines the literature on the measurement of political advertising, analyses data from the result and posits ways in which some of these doubts in measurement could be resolved. Suggests a number of methods of measurement of available data from the Irish Divorce Referendum which indicate the effectiveness of the political communication campaign. Finally proposes a number of critical areas of research which will need further exploration if we are to be able to prove our effectiveness in political markets, "beyond reasonable doubt".
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    Managing market intelligence: an Asian marketing research perspective (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 298-306 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In recent years, world growth has slowed and markets have matured or become more protective. It appears that the only way for many companies to grow is at the expense of their competitors. Many large companies in Asia are turning to market intelligence for input into their strategic management system and decision making. The marketing intelligence cycle typically consists of directing, collecting, compiling, cataloguing, analysing and communicating data. The processing stage of intelligence gathering is the critical stage where the raw material is recorded and analyzed. In this article we use the SWOT framework for the analysis of a manufacturing industry - the lawn mower. This case illustrates how market intelligence could be used as an important and effective instrument for management planning, implementation and control.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910293124
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    Telecommunications issues: the marketing managers' viewpoint (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Marketing intelligence & planning 17 (1999), S. 127-135 
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    ISSN: 0263-4503
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Reports the results of a survey of marketing managers with respect to the importance of telecommunications issues and the quality of their telecommunications training. The responses of the marketing managers identified three categories of issues: standard or clerical applications, such as e-mail or voice mail; advanced applications, such as conducting business on the Internet and EDI; and managerial and technical issues, such as the use of telecommunications to gain a competitive advantage. Surprisingly, marketing managers rated the standard applications as the most important. The explanation was found in the quality of their training. Marketing managers expressed major dissatisfaction with all areas of telecommunications training, but especially in the advanced applications and managerial issues. Rather than placing emphasis on the strategic, more training effort was spent on telecommunications training in the clerical functions. Without knowledge about the advanced or cutting-edge applications, marketing managers do not understand the potential of these applications and issues in the organization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02634509910271579
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    The development of property taxation in the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Property management 16 (1998), S. 145-159 
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    ISSN: 0263-7472
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Within the new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe, radical and far-reaching programmes of reform are taking place. Central to these are the processes of privatisation and decentralisation which require the newly-created tiers of local government to develop their own sources of locally-based revenue. The property tax represents what is, from an international perspective, the most important, stable source of revenue for local government. The majority of the new emerging democracies have introduced or are in the process of introducing ad valorem-based property taxes. This paper begins by focusing on those key elements which are central to the successful implementation of such systems and then gives a brief summary of developments in two transitional countries, namely, Armenia and the Czech Republic.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02637479810232952
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    Valuation of real estate in global markets (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Property management 17 (1999), S. 353-367 
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    ISSN: 0263-7472
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper considers the development of national and international standards for valuers. Examines in outline the variations in market practice arising from variations in law, culture and custom while noting the general acceptance internationally of the underlying meaning of "market value".
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02637479910299651
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    Reform of UK local government domestic property taxes (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    Property management 17 (1999), S. 336-352 
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    ISSN: 0263-7472
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The importance of local government within the UK has never been stronger, and this has direct implications as to the most appropriate method of financing this level of government. The council tax in Great Britain and traditional domestic rates in Northern Ireland represent the two primary sources of local government finance based on domestic property, which currently require significant reform. Weaknesses of the existing systems include the lack of buoyancy due to infrequent revaluations, horizontal and vertical inequities and the need to ensure that domestic property tax systems are seen to be fair. The paper makes a number of important recommendations which would enhance the acceptability and ultimately improve the operation of these forms of ad valorem taxation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02637479910299642
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    Research and publishing issues in large scale cross-national studies (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 137-142 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Recently there has been a significant increase in the number of academic international research teams (AIRTs) which are conducting large scale cross-national research studies. These efforts hold much potential to advance international comparative research. However, there are a number of issues associated with these studies that rarely occur in other research efforts. The purpose of this manuscript is to articulate a number of these issues which can be categorized into two main groups, research methodology and publishing. Research methodology issues include the comparability and matching of samples, the timing of data collection, and the comparability of research instruments. Publishing issues include manuscript length, the timing of publications, and cross-cultural authorship issues. It is essential that these issues are addressed if the field is to reap the full benefits of these large cross-national studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810214850
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    Measuring export performance in service industries (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 15 (1998), S. 188-204 
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    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Increases in the international marketing of services have created a need to better understand the determinants of service export performance measures. While numerous studies suggest using either the ratio of a firm's foreign sales over its total sales, number of markets, perceptions of export profitability, or management's satisfaction with export performance as surrogate indicators of export performance, these measures are based upon the fundamentals of manufacturing industries. To better equip service managers with appropriate evaluative tools, this study analyzes the alternative methods of measuring export performance within the context of the services industry, Results of a survey of US-based, international business-to-business service firm indicate that each measure captures different components of overall export performance. This research identifies the key input variables of each export performance measure to help international managers of service firms select the export performance measure that is most appropriate for them to use in determining whether or not they are achieving their goals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339810221106
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    Key to key account management: relationship () model (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 15 (1998), S. 215-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Key account management has been increasingly important in international markets. Key account programs differ considerably across countries and firms but all organizations have to decide how to identify their own major accounts and how to organize for effective relationship building with them. The purpose of this article is to assist organisations to determine the positioning of their major customer relationships so as to formulate key account relationship marketing strategies and implement them effectively in China and other Asian countries. A key account relationship model is described, with an empirical survey on the measurement components of the model. Also, conclusions about the research questions are given in the form of various perspectives and perceptions. Finally, a summary of both theoretical and practical implications for business practice and applications is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339810221142
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  • 80
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    Cultural values and personal selling: A comparison of Australian and Hong Kong retailers' promotion preferences (1998)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 15 (1998), S. 246-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper compares the promotional practices and perceptions between two countries of disparate cultural backgrounds, namely Australia and Hong Kong. The paper argues that the preference for a particular promotional tool is influenced by the degree of cultural orientation as measured by Hofstede's collectivism index. The central hypothesis is that countries with a higher score on the collectivism index are likely to favour personal selling promotion tools than will countries with a lower score. This hypothesis is tested with two separate samples of clothing and shoe retailers from Australia and Hong Kong. The hypothesis is supported from the statistical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339810227533
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    Stress indicators among medical personnel in Germany: A comparison of the "old" and "new" Länder (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 22-27 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: In a large-scale survey of medical practitioners and consultant practices throughout Germany, job-related pressure was found to be significantly higher among the eastern German Federal States (former GDR) compared to the older Federal States (former West Germany). More specifically, those practising in East Germany reported significantly more stress regarding the "work-leisure interface" (problems associated with clearly demarcating work and private time). In addition, medical staff in the new Federal States displayed slightly lower levels of job satisfaction, and less risk taking and were more cautious in their attitudes than their West German counterparts. The implications of these findings are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810201683
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    A study of the impact of training in a management development program based on 360 feedback (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 77-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Training programs are infrequently evaluated and when they are evaluated they often rely on pre-experimental designs and feedback of the participants. This statement is also true of management development programs based on 360 feedback. In this study the effects of a training program administered with 360 feedback are evaluated using pre- and post-observations of the participants' managerial skills in control and experimental groups. The results indicate that changes in individual skills could not be contributed to the training program, but that changes in the overall profiles of skills could. Why this could occur is discussed as well as suggestions for improving training evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810369147
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  • 83
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    Doing research with foreign colleagues: a project-life cycle approach (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 206-213 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Managing international research projects in the academic field is far from being easy. Apart from the problems of language and semantics, it requires awareness not only of cultural differences but also of the different phases of such projects. The authors analyse and elaborate on each of these phases. According to their own experiences, they conclude that what is difficult in such projects is not so much to monitor the cultural variables as to manage peers who usually behave independently in their academic circles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810215011
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  • 84
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    A brief history of GLOBE (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 230-240 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This paper discusses the issues relating to the origin, development, and management of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness research program (GLOBE) project. GLOBE is a cross-cultural research program involving 160 scholars in research teams in 60 nations. The discussion includes designing the research program; recruiting participating scholars; obtaining commitment to the program objectives; replacing country teams which fail to meet their objectives; establishing electronic and Web links; designing the documentation for data collection and coding; establishing rights to data sharing and authorship; and dividing responsibility for data analysis and writing. Special attention is given to lessons learned from managing the project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810215048
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    The effects of individual time urgency on group polychronicity (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 244-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Recent work concerning the effects of time on group behavior suggests that individuals' time-oriented behaviors may act as a catalyst or pacing mechanism for subsequent group behaviors. Other work suggests that group polychronic behavior (the group's performance of multiple tasks simultaneously) has significant effects on both individual and group outcomes. In this paper, we examine the relationship between individuals' time-oriented behavior and group-level polychronic behavior. Based on results from a laboratory simulation involving 26 small groups, we conclude that the presence of time-urgent group members increases group-level monochronic (versus polychronic) behavior and has a positive effect on groups' primary task activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263765
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    Dysfunctionality in "citizenship" behaviour in decentralized organizations: A research note (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 526-544 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Emerging in the literature on organizational design is the question of the efficacy of self-managed work groups. From task-forces and matrix prescriptions of the 1970s, imperatives towards de-centralization, networked capabilities and self-managed teams seem to be part of the IT-driven prescriptions emanating from contemporary re-structuring and social re-engineering of workplaces. This article explores some interesting dysfunctionality dynamics of corporate "citizenship" behaviour in de-centralized contexts and suggests the necessity to study, in some further depth, the unquestioned virtues of self-regulated and de-centralized teams. As the article implies, cultural engineering, leadership dynamics and complex motivation/citizenship behaviour within such organized settings also require critical re-examination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910292132
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  • 87
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    A five-country study of national identity: Implications for international marketing research and practice (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 16 (1999), S. 65-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A number of studies in the international marketing literature have focused on the identification and discussion of differences across nations and cultures. Unfortunately, the majority of these investigations focus on existing differences without addressing which of these differences have the potential to substantially affect international operations or how to make comparisons within a framework which allows some measure of flexibility across nations and cultures. The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to develop and measure the national identify of several different cultures in order to establish a means by which similarities and differences can be placed into a practically applicable context for international marketing decision making; and (2) to establish initial generalizable national identity norms for making broad cross-cultural/cross-national comparisons. The results based on a five-country sample (i.e. the USA, Mexico, Japan, Sweden and Hong Kong) show that, within the theoretical framework of national identity it is possible to identify such differences. Implications for both academic research as well as managerial decision making in an international marketing context are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339910257656
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    The importance of country images in the formation of consumer product perceptions (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 16 (1999), S. 108-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Presents the results of a survey conducted among 194 retail salesmen of electronic equipment and 190 male consumers. According to salesmen, country of origin is a much less important attribute for shoppers of video-cassette recorders and themselves than brand reputation. For the purpose of comparison, both salesmen and consumers provided direct evaluative judgements of 13 countries on their design and assembly capabilities, of three VCR brands and of the quality and purchase value of nine VCR conjoint profiles varying systematically with respect to country of design, country of assembly, brand, price and warranty. Salesmen's direct importance weights were found to differ greatly from conjoint derived weights in that, in the latter case, country of origin cues had a significant and, with regard to quality perceptions, greater impact than the other attributes. Multiple regression models relating the direct perceptions of the countries of origin to brand evaluations indicate that the nesting of country perceptions in brand evaluation may partly explain this apparent inconsistency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339910267772
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    Export information acquisition modes: measure development and validation (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 16 (1999), S. 143-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Export information acquisition has mostly been examined disparately as researchers have tended to focus on certain modes of information acquisition independently of others. Furthermore, past studies have typically employed single-item measures to operationalize information acquisition. The present study attempts to redress these deficiencies by considering a comprehensive set of export information acquisition modes and by developing psychometrically sound measures for each. The results show the adequacy of considering three broad export information acquisition modes (export marketing research, export assistance, and export market intelligence), each of which is operationalized by means of a multi-item scale. The latter are shown to be reliable and to possess content, convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339910267835
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    Cultural closeness as a facet of cultural affinity: A contribution to the theory of psychic distance (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 16 (1999), S. 182-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Deals with the relationship between cultural closeness and cultural affinity. The basis of the research is that a correlation exists between the level of affinity (or "liking") executives feel for a foreign culture, and the extent to which they feel psychologically close to that culture. Findings indicate a moderate level of correlation between cultural closeness and cultural liking (r = 0.4048, p = 0.0000), which would suggest that cultural closeness is a contributory element to psychic closeness. Looks at the concept of psychic distance, examining the component elements. It then details the empirical research on which the conclusions are based, explaining how a sample of industry executives was identified, and how the research was carried out. Concludes with an overview of culture as an element of distance in international business, and makes some suggestions for pre-departure executive training.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339910274684
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    Case study: Developing a pan-European co-marketing alliance: the case of BP-Mobil (1999)
    Bingley : Emerald
    International marketing review 16 (1999), S. 216-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 0265-1335
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Over the past 15 years, firms have entered increasingly into international strategic alliances, often with a partner firm in the same business in order to accelerate market growth. However, limited empirical attention has been devoted to this alternative means of organizing international marketing strategy. The purpose of this case study of the pan-European BP-Mobil collaboration is to provide readers interested in international co-marketing alliances with insights into organizational problems and likely success impediments germane to these business entities. In this context, the extent to which the singular BP-Mobil experience complies with criteria underpinned by the two important perspectives on the effectiveness of these phenomena, namely, symbiotic marketing and inter-organizational exchange behavior, is examined. With BP-Mobil already showing strong signs of success, certain important lessons can be learned by business practitioners.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339910274701
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    Managing in polychronic times: Exploring individual creativity and performance in intellectually intensive venues (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 358-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: As competitive pressures mount, firms are attempting to do more with less - and far more quickly. They are downsizing, using teams, and pushing the time to market. These trends promote polychronic behavior in that they require additional variety in the tasks, activities, and roles that individuals must handle simultaneously. Although evidence suggests that creativity and polychronic preferences are positively related, demands for polychronic behavior appear to be defeating - and resisted - in creative venues such as R&D. This paper addresses this apparent disjunction by focusing on the definition of polychronicity, emphasizing the critical role of agency and the need to count as activities the not particularly visible workings of the mind. The paper proposes, in part, that among creative workers, individual creativity is more related to polychronicity than to monochronicity. Further, volition will play a moderating role in that the relationship between creative performance and either chronicity will be stronger the higher personal agency is in choosing tasks and schedules.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910277111
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    The impact of monochronic and Type A behavior patterns on research productivity and stress (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 374-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: To examine the relationship between monochronic work behavior (behavior that minimizes interruptions on the job) and Type A behavior, 147 faculty members of a midsized private university responded to a set of questionnaires which measured monochronic work behaviors, Type A behavior, job-induced stress, research productivity, and number of working projects. Type A behavior was significantly and positively correlated with monochronic behaviors - in other words, Type As were more likely to use behavioral strategies that reduced polychronic thought. Type A and monochronic behaviors were also significantly correlated with job-induced stress and number of publications. Contrary to the hypothesis, Type A and monochronic behaviors were also positively and significantly correlated with number of working projects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910277139
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    Creating a significant and sustainable executive education experience: A case study (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 404-420 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: This article reports on the development and assessment of a customized executive education experience, designed for the managers of a large financial services organization. It was designed to incorporate many of the desirable outcomes of "action learning" such as organizational impact and sustainability, while being more parsimonious in the involvement of senior executives and, in a single-period design, in the time intensity of participant involvement. A total of 542 managers who participated in the program, over a four year period, were surveyed concerning the effectiveness of the program. Hypotheses are developed and the results examined to determine whether participants believed that the value of their learning diminished over time, the effects of demographic characteristics, and the extent to which the sharing of the learning and support of organizational colleagues affected participants' perception of the program's effectiveness. Results reveal less degradation over time than anticipated, and more powerful influence by subordinates, in sustaining learning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910277157
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    Reflections: Personal development for managers - getting the process right (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 502-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The success of contemporary structures relies on the personal competence of managers. This can imply a significant change in the attitudes and behaviour of individual managers. Personal development, a process that aims to help individuals learn about and change their style and approach, has consequently become an important feature of management development for many organisations. But personal development does not always achieve lasting and significant change. Development with ambitious objectives demands a particular process incorporating four essential prerequisites: a focus on the development of meta-abilities; a period of discomfort, where inappropriate behaviours can be examined and "unlearned"; a focused "transition" which moves the individual towards the most pertinent of objectives; an understanding of how these abilities are used in the context of an organisational agenda. A process used on programmes at a leading European business school based on these components is described.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910287921
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    Re-thinking organisational stress: the transition to the new employment age (1999)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 14 (1999), S. 545-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Stress has been largely addressed from an individual perspective yet a strategic initiative on stress can only be achieved by understanding stress as part of the fabric of organisation life. Organisation membership and work require psychological adaptations by individuals in order to accommodate the demands of the organisation. The organisation develops mechanisms for protecting individuals from psychological disturbance and the individual adapts to the organisation. Organisation change will raise some of the concerns that have been kept unconscious by the adaptation process. This requires that psychological adaptation be re-worked. However, in the new employment age, employees will need to be more mature and autonomous. This requires that different processes be adopted. A model is presented that provides insight into the adaptation process at three levels, including unconscious adaptation, an understanding of which will be necessary to address stress in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949910292141
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    Machiavellianism and retail banking executives in Hong Kong (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 28-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Banks in Pacific-rim countries have widely and aggressively used retail banking and branch networking to provide services. However, it is widely believed that Machiavellianism is counter to conservative banking practices. This paper reports the research findings of the Machiavellian orientation of retail banking executives in Hong Kong and the relationship between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction in the banking sector. The results indicate that a relation between Machiavellianism and job satisfaction, but not career satisfaction, exists in retail banking executives.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810369101
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    The impact of behaviors and structure on corporate entrepreneurial success (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 38-46 
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    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: By more closely examining the structural "support" necessary to enhance corporate entrepreneurship - that is, to enhance the entrepreneurial behaviors of a firm's employees - firms may increase their success with innovation. We specifically suggest that enabling employees to detect, facilitate and pursue opportunities while fostering an organic, organizational structure with shared vision and values increases a firm's breadth and depth of commercialized innovations. Our rationale for these proposed relationships, as well as suggestions for implementing an entrepreneurial corporate structure, are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810369110
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    The academic international research team: Small world after all (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 150-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: The number of academic international research teams (AIRTs) is rapidly increasing. While AIRTs are essential to addressing complex international research issues they can also often involve a large number of challenging issues. Like corporate international teams, AIRTs must face the challenge of cross-national differences including large distances, multiple languages, and numerous cultural values. In addition, they must deal with a number of unique issues involving the abstract nature of an intellectual endeavor, differences in academic career motivations and discipline fields, and the necessity of often completing projects on scarce resources. This manuscript reviews five articles which tackle the complexity of AIRTs. In doing so we seek to bring out the most interesting observations as well as the most important recommendations for how to tackle these challenges in future AIRTs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810214878
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    An integrating perspective on interdisciplinary, cross-cultural research (1998)
    Bradford : Emerald
    Journal of managerial psychology 13 (1998), S. 199-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-3946
    Source: Emerald Fulltext Archive Database 1994-2005
    Topics: Psychology , Economics
    Notes: Interest in methods, processes and problems associated with conducting interdisciplinary, cross-cultural research in team-based settings has increased dramatically in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of six different viewpoints regarding identifying and managing problems inherent to the successful creation of intellectual, internationally based joint ventures. Following a detailed description of each article, integrative conclusions are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02683949810215002
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