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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (33,157)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999  (16,015)
  • 1990-1994  (18,901)
  • 1985-1989  (16,734)
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  • 1
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    Ice Initiation in Natural Clouds (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: Selected concentrations of ice crystal concentrations attributable to nucleation are compiled and summarized. The variability in the observations is discussed, and some conclusions related to natural precipitation formation and to seedability are discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0065-9401
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3646
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 2
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    Stochastic Lagrangian Models of Turbulent Diffusion (1996)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-08-01
    Description: No Abstract available.
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 3
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    THE REPRESENTATION OF CUMULUS CONVECTION IN NUMERICAL MODELS (1993)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-12-01
    Description: No Abstract available.
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 4
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    Precipitation Enhancement—A Scientific Challenge (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: Schaefer's 1946 cloud seeding experiment initiated a quest for weather modification techniques. Progress has been slow; but there are several reasons for believing that useful precipitation augmentation may be possible.
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 5
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    Mesoscale Modeling of the Atmosphere (1994)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-01
    Description: No Abstract available.
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
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    Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere (1998)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-01
    Description: No Abstract available.
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    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 7
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    Aggregates as Embryos in Seeded Clouds (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: The growth of ice particles through aggregation is investigated for seeded clouds using currently available field data and a numerical particle-growth model. Observations indicate that the aggregation process is fairly common, even when moderate liquid water contents, ~0.5 g m–3, are available for particle growth through accretion. The modeling study suggests that certain temperature ranges are especially conducive to aggregate formation.
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  • 8
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    Principles and Prescriptions for Improved Experimentation in Precipitation Augmentation Research (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: Proper field experimentation in precipitation augmentation, or virtually any other topic, is not an easy task. Some general research considerations, i.e., the objectives of research, the quest for believability, and the two principal types of field studies, are discussed. The anatomy and stages of life of an experiment are presented, and the three levels or classes of an experiment (i.e., preliminary, exploratory, and confirmatory) are depicted. A number of prescriptions for improved experimentation are offered in regard to conceptual models, treatment design, treatment selection and allocation, treatment effect models, and analyses for treatment effects. Lastly, a few comments are appended on the role of statisticians in quality field research efforts. When the well's dry, we know the worth of water. Ben Franklin, 1758 Poor Richard's Almanack
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  • 9
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    Testing, Implementation, and Evolution of Seeding Concepts—A Review (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: In this paper, testing, implementation, and evolution of both static and dynamic seeding concepts are reviewed. A brief review of both waterspray and hygroscopic seeding is first presented. This is followed by reviews of static seeding of stable orographic clouds and supercooled cumuli. We conclude with a review of dynamic seeding concepts with particular focus on the Florida studies. It is concluded that it is encouraging that our testing procedures have evolved from single-response-variable “blackbox” experiments to randomized experiments that attempt to test a number of components in the hypothesized chain of physical responses to seeding. It is cautioned, however, that changes in the seeding strategy to optimize detection of a physical response (in any of the intermediate links in the hypothesized chain of responses) can have an adverse effect upon rainfall on the ground.
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  • 10
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    A Comparison of Winter Orographic Storms over the San Juan Mountains and the Sierra Nevada (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: The winter orographic storms over the San Juan Mountains and the Sierra Nevada are compared. The topography of the San Juans is complex while the Sierra barrier is comparatively simple. The barrier jet is well developed upwind of the Sierra Nevada and its development is restricted upwind of the San Juans. The major difference between the storms on the two barriers is that the Sierra Nevada storms are typically maritime while the San Juan storms are continental. The implications for seeding are discussed.
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  • 11
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    Summer Cumulus Cloud Lifetime—Importance to Static Mode Seeding (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: Any observing program studying summer cumulus clouds should attempt to measure cloud lifetime. This parameter is important for determining whether a cloud will last long enough for precipitation to form by either natural or artificially stimulated mechanisms. When reporting cloud lifetime, the definition used and the method of calculation should be clearly specified. In North America, after a summer cumulus cloud has been identified and selected, lifetimes, at temperatures below –5°C, of approximately 10 to 12 min are being reported. This lifetime must be considered marginal for static mode seeding to produce precipitation by artificial ice nucleants.
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  • 12
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    Modification of Mesoscale Convective Weather Systems (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: Modification of mesoscale convective weather systems through ice-phase seeding is briefly reviewed. a simple mathematical framework for estimating the likely mesoscale response to convective cloud modification is presented, and previous mesoscale modification hypotheses are discussed in the context of this mathematical framework. Some basic differences between cloud-scale and mesoscale modification hypotheses are also discussed. Numerical model experiments to test the mesoscale sensitivity of convective weather systems are reviewed, and several focal points for identifying mesoscale modification potential are presented.
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  • 13
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    Static Mode Seeding of Summer Cumuli—A Review (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: A review of the state of knowledge of the physics of the static mode seeding hypothesis for convective clouds is presented. The central thesis of the review is that the results of past experimental work are diverse but valid and that credibility of the science depends on understanding the physical reasons for the diverse results. Areas of uncertainty and conflicts in evidence associated with the statement of physical hypothesis, the concept of seedability, the seeding operation, and the chain of physical events following seeding are highlighted to identify what issues need to be resolved to further progress in precipitation enhancement research and application. It is concluded that the only aspect of static seeding that meets scientific standards of cause-and-effect relationships and repeatability is that glaciogenic seeding agents can produce distinct “seeding signatures” in clouds. However, the reviewer argues that a body of inferential physical evidence has been amassed that provides a better understanding of which clouds are seedable (susceptible to precipitation enhancement by artificial seeding) and which are not, even though the tools for recognizing and properly treating them are imperfect. In particular, the inferred evidence appears to support the claims of physical plausibility for the positive statistical results of the Israeli experiments. It is suggested that future work continue to be designed for physical understanding and evaluation through comprehensive field studies and numerical modeling. Duplicating the Israeli experiments in another location should receive high priority but, in general, future experiments should move upscale from cumulus congestus to convective complexes. In doing so, a new, more complex physical hypothesis that accounts for cloud–environment and microphysical–dynamical interactions and their response to seeding will have to be developed.
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  • 14
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    Evaluation of “Static” and “Dynamic” Seeding Concepts through Analyses of Israeli II and FACE-2 Experiments (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: In static-mode seeding two assumptions are usually made: a deficiency in concentrations of natural ice crystals is the reason for delay, or even failure, of precipitation formation in certain cloud conditions; and, moderate increases in ice crystal concentrations, obtained by glaciogenic seeding of such clouds, will result in rainfall enhancement either by making the already existing process of rain formation more effective or by inducing precipitation formation in clouds that otherwise would not have precipitated naturally. The basic assumption behind seeding for dynamic effects is that increased cloud buoyancy, achieved through conversion of supercooled water to ice by seeding, will cause an increase in cloud depth, which in turn will result in stronger rainfall intensities, areas and durations. These basic assumptions are examined in terms of physical and statistical analyses of data from Israeli II (a static-mode seeding project) and FACE-2 (a dynamic-mode seeding project).
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  • 15
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    Seedability of Winter Orographic Clouds (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: This article is a review of work on the subject of seedability of winter orographic clouds for increasing precipitation. Various aspects of seedability are examined in the review, including definitions, distribution of supercooled liquid water, related meteorological factors, relationship of supercooled liquid water to storm stage, factors governing seedability, and the use of seeding criteria. Of particular interest is the conclusion that seedability is greatest when supercooled liquid water concentrations are large and at the same time precipitation rates are small. Such a combination of conditions is favored if the cloud-top temperature is warmer than a limiting value and as the cross-barrier wind speed at mountaintop levels increases. It is also suggested that cloud seeding is best initiated in accordance with direct measurements of supercooled liquid water, precipitation, and cross-barrier wind speed. However, in forecasting these conditions or in continuation of seeding previously initiated, the cloud-top temperature and cross-barrier wind speed are the most useful quantities.
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  • 16
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    A Review of Dynamic-Mode Seeding of Summer Cumuli (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: This paper reviews the field experiments and theoretical studies relating to the ice-phase seeding of summer convective clouds for the purpose of affecting their dynamic evolution and precipitation production. The review reports on studies of both tropical and extratropical clouds, citing the physical evidence for microphysical and dynamic changes and reviewing the numerical modeling efforts in support of the field experiments. The statistical evidence is also reviewed. A critique and discussion of the results is given, and many questions related to these dynamic-mode seeding hypotheses are posed. Strategies for attacking the many unsolved problems are presented briefly.
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  • 17
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    How Good Are Our Conceptual Models of Orographic Cloud Seeding? (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: Some of the complexities of clouds and precipitation that have been encountered in field projects are reviewed. These complexities highlight areas of cloud microstructure and precipitation development that need to be better understood before adequate conceptual or numerical models of orographic cloud seeding can be developed. Some concerns about cloud sampling with regard to the evolutionary behavior of supercooled clouds from water to ice are also discussed.
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  • 18
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    Review of Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: This review provides a sketchy background of orographic weather modification activities prior to the 1960s, followed by a more critical review of major orographic projects carried out and reported in the scientific literature during the past 25 years. In the earlier of these major projects, evaluation of results had been based largely upon comparisons of seeded and nonseeded precipitation experimental units stratified by various sounding-derived parameters in an attempt to amplify the physical significance of the seeding effects within various sub-types of orographic clouds. The later major projects are still underway with no final evaluations having been presented. However, a wealth of significant data analyses have been reported that provide important insights into the various natural and seeding precipitation mechanisms. Much of this is attributable to the new observational tools in use, which include airborne and ground microphysical sensors, doppler radar, and microwave radiometers.
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  • 19
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    Hypotheses for the Climax Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding Experiments (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: The hypothesis used for the initial Climax wintertime cloud seeding experiment and for subsequent Climax replication-type experiments are described and briefly discussed. More recent physical studies of Colorado orographic clouds and seeding hypotheses are briefly summarized. These later tests and studies of orographic cloud seeding hypotheses emphasized direct and remotely sensed cloud and precipitation measurements utilizing instrumentation and modeling capabilities not available during the Climax statistical experiments. The conclusions suggested from the hypothesis testing, considering both the statistical experiments and the later physical studies, are summarized.
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  • 20
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    An Engineer's View on the Implementation and Testing of Seeding Concepts (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
    Description: Comments are made on opportunity recognition, treatment, and evaluation aspects of the implementation and testing of seeding concepts. The main topics include experimental design, experimental units, delivery and dispersion of seeding agents, and statistical evaluation procedures.
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  • 21
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    PRECIPITATION ENHANCEMENT— A SCIENTIFIC CHALLENGE (1986)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-12-01
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  • 22
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    Suppression of volcanism during rapid extension in the basin and range province, united states (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-09
    Description: Continental extension and volcanism are generally thought to be complementary. Stratigraphic and structural data from some highly extended parts of the Basin and Range province reveal instead that rapid extension appears to have suppressed volcanism. This relation may reflect enhanced crystallization of midcrustal magmas during extension resulting from exsolution of magmatic volatiles, increased interaction of magmas with meteoric water, and dispersal of magma into smaller bodies. Some rift environments may thus be characterized by voluminous synextensional plutonism with little or no concomitant volcanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gans -- Bohrson -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):66-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences and Institute for Crustal Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9417024" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 23
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    Bimetallic system for nitrogen fixation: ruthenium-assisted protonation of coordinated N2 on tungsten with H2 (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-28
    Description: Treatment of the tungsten dinitrogen complex cis-[W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4] (Me = methyl, Ph = phenyl) with an equilibrium mixture of [RuCl(dppp)2]X and trans-[RuCl(eta2-H2)(dppp)2]X [X = BF4, PF6, or OSO2CF3; dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane] under 1 atmosphere of dihydrogen at 55 degrees Celsius for 24 hours gave NH3 in moderate yield. The same reaction in the presence of acetone produced acetone azine in high yield. None of these reactions proceeded in the absence of dihydrogen.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nishibayashi -- Iwai -- Hidai -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):540-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9438842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 24
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    Driving the growth cone (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Caroni, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1465-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich Miescher Institute, Basel, Switzerland. caroni@fmi.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/physiology ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Movement ; Cyclic AMP/*physiology ; Cyclic GMP/*physiology ; Glycoproteins/physiology ; Nerve Growth Factors/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Neurotrophin 3 ; Semaphorin-3A ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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  • 25
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    Metastasis in eggs (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9776688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/physiology ; Chick Embryo ; *Chorion/blood supply ; Humans ; Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism ; *Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Seeding ; *Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Receptors, Urokinase Plasminogen Activator ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 26
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    Activity-dependent cortical target selection by thalamic axons (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-07-24
    Description: Connections in the developing nervous system are thought to be formed initially by an activity-independent process of axon pathfinding and target selection and subsequently refined by neural activity. Blockade of sodium action potentials by intracranial infusion of tetrodotoxin in cats during the early period when axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were in the process of selecting visual cortex as their target altered the pattern and precision of this thalamocortical projection. The majority of LGN neurons, rather than projecting to visual cortex, elaborated a significant projection within the subplate of cortical areas normally bypassed. Those axons that did project to their correct target were topographically disorganized. Thus, neural activity is required for initial targeting decisions made by thalamic axons as they traverse the subplate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Catalano, S M -- Shatz, C J -- EY02838/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY06491/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 24;281(5376):559-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA. scatalan@cco.caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9677198" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Auditory Cortex/cytology/embryology ; Axons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Carbocyanines ; Cats ; Dendrites/ultrastructure ; Geniculate Bodies/cytology/*embryology ; Neural Pathways ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*embryology
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  • 27
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    Structural basis for a Ca2+-sensing function of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: The metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are widely distributed in the brain and play important roles in synaptic plasticity. Here it is shown that some types of mGluRs are activated not only by glutamate but also by extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o). A single amino acid residue was found to determine the sensitivity of mGluRs to Ca2+o. One of the receptors, mGluR1alpha, but not its point mutant with reduced sensitivity to Ca2+o, caused morphological changes when transfected into mammalian cells. Thus, the sensing of Ca2+o by mGluRs may be important in cells under physiological condition.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kubo, Y -- Miyashita, T -- Murata, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1722-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurophysiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Musashidai 2-6, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan. ykubo@tmin.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/ultrastructure ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Brain/metabolism ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cell Size ; Cricetinae ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; G Protein-Coupled Inwardly-Rectifying Potassium Channels ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism/pharmacology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oocytes ; Point Mutation ; Potassium Channels/metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; Rats ; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Second Messenger Systems ; Transfection ; Xenopus laevis
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    Long-range electrostatic trapping of single-protein molecules at a liquid-solid interface (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-11
    Description: The motion of single, dye-labeled protein molecules was monitored at various pH and ionic strengths within the 180-nanometer-thick evanescent-field layer at a fused-silica surface. Below the isoelectric point, molecules partitioning into the excitation region increased in number but maintained a random spatial distribution, implying that surface charge can influence the charged protein at distances beyond that of the electrical double-layer thickness. The residence times of the molecules in the interfacial layer also increased below the isoelectric point. However, immobilization on the solid surface for extended periods was not observed. Histograms of residence times exhibit nearly identical asymmetry as the corresponding elution peaks in capillary electrophoresis. These results are a direct verification of the statistical theory of chromatography at the single-molecule level, with the caveat that long-range trapping rather than adsorption is the dominant mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, X H -- Yeung, E S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1650-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ames Laboratory-U.S. Department of Energy and Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9733506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Chromatography ; Concanavalin A/*chemistry ; Diffusion ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; Fluorescence ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Isoelectric Point ; Osmolar Concentration ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Rhodamines ; Static Electricity
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    Spatial organization of transcription elongation complex in Escherichia coli (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-17
    Description: During RNA synthesis in the ternary elongation complex, RNA polymerase enzyme holds nucleic acids in three contiguous sites: the double-stranded DNA-binding site (DBS) ahead of the transcription bubble, the RNA-DNA heteroduplex-binding site (HBS), and the RNA-binding site (RBS) upstream of HBS. Photochemical cross-linking allowed mapping of the DNA and RNA contacts to specific positions on the amino acid sequence. Unexpectedly, the same protein regions were found to participate in both DBS and RBS. Thus, DNA entry and RNA exit occur close together in the RNA polymerase molecule, suggesting that the three sites constitute a single unit. The results explain how RNA in the integrated unit RBS-HBS-DBS may stabilize the ternary complex, whereas a hairpin in RNA result in its dissociation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nudler, E -- Gusarov, I -- Avetissova, E -- Kozlov, M -- Goldfarb, A -- GM49242/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 17;281(5375):424-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA. evgeny.nudler@med.nyu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9665887" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; DNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/metabolism ; Idoxuridine/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; RNA, Bacterial/chemistry/*metabolism ; Templates, Genetic ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Supramolecular structure of the Salmonella typhimurium type III protein secretion system (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: The type III secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium directs the translocation of proteins into host cells. Evolutionarily related to the flagellar assembly machinery, this system is also present in other pathogenic bacteria, but its organization is unknown. Electron microscopy revealed supramolecular structures spanning the inner and outer membranes of flagellated and nonflagellated strains; such structures were not detected in strains carrying null mutations in components of the type III apparatus. Isolated structures were found to contain at least three proteins of this secretion system. Thus, the type III apparatus of S. typhimurium, and presumably other bacteria, exists as a supramolecular structure in the bacterial envelope.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kubori, T -- Matsushima, Y -- Nakamura, D -- Uralil, J -- Lara-Tejero, M -- Sukhan, A -- Galan, J E -- Aizawa, S I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 24;280(5363):602-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9554854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/analysis ; Bacterial Proteins/*analysis/chemistry/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Cell Membrane/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Centrifugation, Density Gradient ; Macromolecular Substances ; Membrane Proteins/*analysis/chemistry/ultrastructure ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Porins/analysis ; Salmonella typhimurium/*chemistry/metabolism/*ultrastructure
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    Structural basis of plasticity in T cell receptor recognition of a self peptide-MHC antigen (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: The T cell receptor (TCR) inherently has dual specificity. T cells must recognize self-antigens in the thymus during maturation and then discriminate between foreign pathogens in the periphery. A molecular basis for this cross-reactivity is elucidated by the crystal structure of the alloreactive 2C TCR bound to self peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) antigen H-2Kb-dEV8 refined against anisotropic 3.0 angstrom resolution x-ray data. The interface between peptide and TCR exhibits extremely poor shape complementarity, and the TCR beta chain complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) has minimal interaction with the dEV8 peptide. Large conformational changes in three of the TCR CDR loops are induced upon binding, providing a mechanism of structural plasticity to accommodate a variety of different peptide antigens. Extensive TCR interaction with the pMHC alpha helices suggests a generalized orientation that is mediated by the Valpha domain of the TCR and rationalizes how TCRs can effectively "scan" different peptides bound within a large, low-affinity MHC structural framework for those that provide the slight additional kinetic stabilization required for signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia, K C -- Degano, M -- Pease, L R -- Huang, M -- Peterson, P A -- Teyton, L -- Wilson, I A -- AI42266/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI42267/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA58896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1166-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469799" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; H-2 Antigens/*chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Ligands ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Models, Molecular ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/*chemistry/*immunology/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins
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    Identification of alpha-dystroglycan as a receptor for lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Lassa fever virus (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-16
    Description: A peripheral membrane protein that is interactive with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was purified from cells permissive to infection. Tryptic peptides from this protein were determined to be alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG). Several strains of LCMV and other arenaviruses, including Lassa fever virus (LFV), Oliveros, and Mobala, bound to purified alpha-DG protein. Soluble alpha-DG blocked both LCMV and LFV infection. Cells bearing a null mutation of the gene encoding DG were resistant to LCMV infection, and reconstitution of DG expression in null mutant cells restored susceptibility to LCMV infection. Thus, alpha-DG is a cellular receptor for both LCMV and LFV.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cao, W -- Henry, M D -- Borrow, P -- Yamada, H -- Elder, J H -- Ravkov, E V -- Nichol, S T -- Compans, R W -- Campbell, K P -- Oldstone, M B -- AG 00080/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AI 09484/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK09712/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2079-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Virology, Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arenavirus/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Dystroglycans ; Lassa virus/*metabolism/physiology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/*metabolism/physiology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Receptors, Virus/chemistry/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication
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    Isotopic evidence for the Cretaceous-Tertiary impactor and its type (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-30
    Description: High-precision mass spectrometric analysis of chromium in sediment samples from the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary coincident with the extinction of numerous organisms on Earth confirms the cosmic origin of the K-T phenomenon. The isotopic composition of chromium in K-T boundary samples from Stevns Klint, Denmark, and Caravaca, Spain, is different from that of Earth and indicates its extraterrestrial source. The chromium isotopic signature is consistent with a carbonaceous chondrite-type impactor. The observed differences in the chromium isotopic composition among various meteorite classes can serve as a diagnostic tool for deciphering the nature of impactors that have collided with Earth during its history.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shukolyukov, A -- Lugmair, G W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 30;282(5390):927-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0212, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9794759" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromium/analysis ; Chromium Isotopes/*analysis ; Denmark ; *Earth (Planet) ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Mass Spectrometry ; *Meteoroids ; Spain
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    Induced massive star formation in the trifid nebula? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: The Trifid nebula is a young (10(5) years) galactic HII region where several protostellar sources have been detected with the infrared space observatory. The sources are massive (17 to 60 solar masses) and are associated with molecular gas condensations at the edges or inside the nebula. They appear to be in an early evolutionary stage and may represent the most recent generation of stars in the Trifid. These sources range from dense, apparently still inactive cores to more evolved sources, undergoing violent mass ejection episodes, including a source that powers an optical jet. These observations suggest that the protostellar sources may have evolved by induced star formation in the Trifid nebula.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cernicharo -- Lefloch -- Cox -- Cesarsky -- Esteban -- Yusef-Zadeh -- Mendez -- Acosta-Pulido -- Garcia Lopez RJ -- Heras -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 16;282(5388):462-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Cernicharo, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, Dpto. Fisica Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, (CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain. B. Lefloch, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, Dpto. Fisica Molecu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9774270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Plutonium-fission xenon found in Earth's mantle (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-05-19
    Description: Data from mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses indicate that the short-lived radionuclide plutonium-244 that was present during an early stage of the development of the solar system is responsible for roughly 30 percent of the fissiogenic xenon excesses in the interior of Earth today. The rest of the fissiogenic xenon can be ascribed to the spontaneous fission of still live uranium-238. This result, in combination with the refined determination of xenon-129 excesses from extinct iodine-129, implies that the accretion of Earth was finished roughly 50 million to 70 million years after solar system formation and that the atmosphere was formed by mantle degassing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kunz -- Staudacher -- Allegre -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):877-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Kunz, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Laboratoire de Geochimie et Cosmochimie, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 1758, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France. T. Staudacher, Institut de Physique du.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Quantitation of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and plasma load of viral RNA (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: Although cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to be involved in the control of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) infection, it has not been possible to demonstrate a direct relation between CTL activity and plasma RNA viral load. Human leukocyte antigen-peptide tetrameric complexes offer a specific means to directly quantitate circulating CTLs ex vivo. With the use of the tetrameric complexes, a significant inverse correlation was observed between HIV-specific CTL frequency and plasma RNA viral load. In contrast, no significant association was detected between the clearance rate of productively infected cells and frequency of HIV-specific CTLs. These data are consistent with a significant role for HIV-specific CTLs in the control of HIV infection and suggest a considerable cytopathic effect of the virus in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogg, G S -- Jin, X -- Bonhoeffer, S -- Dunbar, P R -- Nowak, M A -- Monard, S -- Segal, J P -- Cao, Y -- Rowland-Jones, S L -- Cerundolo, V -- Hurley, A -- Markowitz, M -- Ho, D D -- Nixon, D F -- McMichael, A J -- MO1-RR00102/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- U01AI41534/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2103-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516110" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; CD4 Lymphocyte Count ; Coloring Agents ; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Flow Cytometry ; Gene Products, gag ; Gene Products, pol ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/*immunology/*virology ; HIV-1/genetics/*physiology ; HLA-A Antigens ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Count/*methods ; Oligopeptides ; RNA, Viral/*blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology ; Viral Load ; Viremia
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    Gas-phase ionic reactions: dynamics and mechanism of nucleophilic displacements (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-04-02
    Description: Nucleophilic displacement reactions (the SN2 reaction) of ions in the gas phase are a prototypical reaction system that allows a study of dynamics, mechanisms, and structure-energy relations. This article reviews aspects of the kinetics (especially the applicability of statistical reaction rate theory), the relation of structure and reactivity, and the effects of small numbers of solvent molecules on the reaction and compares the behavior of the ionic reaction in the gas phase with that in solution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chabinyc -- Craig -- Regan -- Brauman -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1882-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉M. L. Chabinyc, C. K. Regan, and J. I. Brauman are in the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA. S. L. Craig is in the Central Research and Development Department, E. I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Incorporated〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9506930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Which of our genes makes us human? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1432-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Chromosomes, Human ; Gene Expression ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Hominidae/*genetics ; *Human Characteristics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sialic Acids/chemistry/physiology ; Species Specificity
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    Induction of lens differentiation by activation of a bZIP transcription factor, L-Maf (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-29
    Description: After the vertebrate lens is induced from head ectoderm, lens-specific genes are expressed. Transcriptional regulation of the lens-specific alphaA-crystallin gene is controlled by an enhancer element, alphaCE2. A gene encoding an alphaCE2-binding protein, L-maf(lens-specific maf), was isolated. L-maf expression is initiated in the lens placode and is restricted to lens cells. The gene product L-Maf regulates the expression of multiple genes expressed in the lens, and ectopic expression of this transcription factor converts chick embryonic ectodermal cells and cultured cells into lens fibers. Thus, vertebrate lens induction and differentiation can be triggered by the activation of L-Maf.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ogino, H -- Yasuda, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 3;280(5360):115-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9525857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chick Embryo ; Crystallins/genetics ; DNA, Complementary ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Ectoderm ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Eye Proteins/genetics ; G-Box Binding Factors ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Reporter ; Intermediate Filament Proteins/genetics ; Lens, Crystalline/*cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Maf Transcription Factors ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection
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    Role of IQGAP1, a target of the small GTPases Cdc42 and Rac1, in regulation of E-cadherin- mediated cell-cell adhesion (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: The small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) Cdc42 and Rac1 regulate E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. IQGAP1, a target of Cdc42 and Rac1, was localized with E-cadherin and beta-catenin at sites of cell-cell contact in mouse L fibroblasts expressing E-cadherin (EL cells), and interacted with E-cadherin and beta-catenin both in vivo and in vitro. IQGAP1 induced the dissociation of alpha-catenin from a cadherin-catenin complex in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of IQGAP1 in EL cells, but not in L cells expressing an E-cadherin-alpha-catenin chimeric protein, resulted in a decrease in E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesive activity. Thus, IQGAP1, acting downstream of Cdc42 and Rac1, appears to regulate cell-cell adhesion through the cadherin-catenin pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuroda, S -- Fukata, M -- Nakagawa, M -- Fujii, K -- Nakamura, T -- Ookubo, T -- Izawa, I -- Nagase, T -- Nomura, N -- Tani, H -- Shoji, I -- Matsuura, Y -- Yonehara, S -- Kaibuchi, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):832-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cadherins/*metabolism ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; L Cells (Cell Line) ; Mice ; Mutation ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; *Trans-Activators ; alpha Catenin ; beta Catenin ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evidence against a significant younger dryas cooling event in new zealand (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: Pollen records of deglacial sequences from northwest Nelson, New Zealand, demonstrate that there was no significant temperature decline associated with the Younger Dryas in New Zealand. Records of glacial advances at this time were either the product of increased snow accumulation under enhanced precipitation regimes or random variation rather than the result of a regional thermal decline. This finding supports those models of Younger Dryas initiation that require neither enhanced westerly circulation nor significant thermal decline in the Southern Hemisphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer -- Shulmeister -- McLea -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):812-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Earth Sciences, Victoria University, Post Office Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Coupling of Ras and Rac guanosine triphosphatases through the Ras exchanger Sos (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: The Son of Sevenless (Sos) proteins control receptor-mediated activation of Ras by catalyzing the exchange of guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate on Ras. The NH2-terminal region of Sos contains a Dbl homology (DH) domain in tandem with a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain. In COS-1 cells, the DH domain of Sos stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange on Rac but not Cdc42 in vitro and in vivo. The tandem DH-PH domain of Sos (DH-PH-Sos) was defective in Rac activation but regained Rac stimulating activity when it was coexpressed with activated Ras. Ras-mediated activation of DH-PH-Sos did not require activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase but it was dependent on activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. These results reveal a potential mechanism for coupling of Ras and Rac signaling pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nimnual, A S -- Yatsula, B A -- Bar-Sagi, D -- CA09176/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA28146/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA55360/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):560-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9438849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/ultrastructure ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Humans ; JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/chemistry ; Signal Transduction ; Son of Sevenless Proteins ; Transfection ; cdc42 GTP-Binding Protein ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins ; ras Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; ras Proteins/*metabolism
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    'Monogamous' gibbons really swing (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):677-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; Female ; *Hylobates ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Behavior
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    Essential role of CED-4 oligomerization in CED-3 activation and apoptosis (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-28
    Description: Control of the activation of apoptosis is important both in development and in protection against cancer. In the classic genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, the pro-apoptotic protein CED-4 activates the CED-3 caspase and is inhibited by the Bcl-2-like protein CED-9. Both processes are mediated by protein-protein interaction. Facilitating the proximity of CED-3 zymogen molecules was found to induce caspase activation and cell death. CED-4 protein oligomerized in cells and in vitro. This oligomerization induced CED-3 proximity and competed with CED-4:CED-9 interaction. Mutations that abolished CED-4 oligomerization inactivated its ability to activate CED-3. Thus, the mechanism of control is that CED-3 in CED-3:CED-4 complexes is activated by CED-4 oligomerization, which is inhibited by binding of CED-9 to CED-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, X -- Chang, H Y -- Baltimore, D -- CA51462/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 28;281(5381):1355-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9721101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Biopolymers ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Calcium-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Caspases ; Cell Line ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Precursors/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Helminth Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Tacrolimus/pharmacology ; Transfection ; bcl-X Protein
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    Dendritic integration and its role in computing image velocity (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-22
    Description: The mechanisms underlying visual motion detection can be studied simultaneously in different cell compartments in vivo by using calcium as a reporter of the spatiotemporal activity distribution in single motion-sensitive cells of the fly. As predicted by the Reichardt model, local dendritic calcium signals are found to indicate the direction and velocity of pattern motion but are corrupted by spatial pattern properties. The latter are canceled out by spatial integration, thus leading to a purely directional selective output signal in the axon. These findings attribute a specific computational task to the dendrites of visual interneurons and imply a functional interpretation of dendritic morphology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Single, S -- Borst, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 18;281(5384):1848-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Friedrich-Miescher-Laboratory of the Max-Planck-Society, Spemannstrasse 37-39, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9743497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/metabolism/physiology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Dendrites/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Diptera/physiology ; Female ; Interneurons/physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; *Motion Perception ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*physiology
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    Integrated optoelectronic devices based on conjugated polymers (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-06-20
    Description: An all-polymer semiconductor integrated device is demonstrated with a high-mobility conjugated polymer field-effect transistor (FET) driving a polymer light-emitting diode (LED) of similar size. The FET uses regioregular poly(hexylthiophene). Its performance approaches that of inorganic amorphous silicon FETs, with field-effect mobilities of 0.05 to 0.1 square centimeters per volt second and ON-OFF current ratios of 〉10(6). The high mobility is attributed to the formation of extended polaron states as a result of local self-organization, in contrast to the variable-range hopping of self-localized polarons found in more disordered polymers. The FET-LED device represents a step toward all-polymer optoelectronic integrated circuits such as active-matrix polymer LED displays.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sirringhaus -- Tessler -- Friend -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 12;280(5370):1741-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9624049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Structure and function in the nucleus (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: Current evidence suggests that the nucleus has a distinct substructure, albeit one that is dynamic rather than a rigid framework. Viral infection, oncogene expression, and inherited human disorders can each cause profound and specific changes in nuclear organization. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding nuclear organization, highlighting in particular the dynamic aspects of nuclear structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lamond, A I -- Earnshaw, W C -- 073915/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 24;280(5363):547-53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK. a.i.lamond@dundee.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9554838" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Nucleolus/physiology/ultrastructure ; Cell Nucleus/chemistry/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Chromatin/physiology ; Chromosomes/physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Euchromatin ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Heterochromatin/physiology ; Humans ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Interphase ; Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 ; Polycomb-Group Proteins ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/physiology ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/analysis/physiology ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins
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    Anthropologists probe genes, brains at annual meeting (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 17;280(5362):380-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9575083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*anatomy & histology ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Female ; *Genetics, Population ; *Hinduism/history ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*anatomy & histology ; Humans ; India ; Male ; Models, Anatomic ; Y Chromosome/genetics
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    Calibrating the mitochondrial clock (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 2;279(5347):28-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9441404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA Fingerprinting ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Forensic Medicine ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Point Mutation ; *Polymorphism, Genetic
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    Secretion of thiols and disulfide bond formation: retraction (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sitia, R -- Ceriotti, A -- Cabibbo, A -- Fassina, G -- Ruvo, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 27;279(5355):1288-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Oxygen reservoirs in the early solar nebula inferred from an allende CAI (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: Ultraviolet laser microprobe analyses of a calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) from the Allende meteorite suggest that a line with a slope of exactly 1.00 on a plot of delta17O against delta18O represents the primitive oxygen isotope reservoir of the early solar nebula. Most meteorites are enriched in 17O and 18O relative to this line, and their oxygen isotope ratios can be explained by mass fractionation or isotope exchange initiating from the primitive reservoir. These data establish a link between the oxygen isotopic composition of the abundant ordinary chondrites and the primitive 16O-rich component of CAIs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young -- Russell -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 16;282(5388):452-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉E. D. Young, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PR, UK. E-mail: ed.young@earth.ox.ac.uk S. S. Russell, Department of Mineralogy, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. E-mail: sar.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9774267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Role of phosphorylation in regulation of the assembly of endocytic coat complexes (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: Clathrin-mediated endocytosis involves cycles of assembly and disassembly of clathrin coat components and their accessory proteins. Dephosphorylation of rat brain extract was shown to promote the assembly of dynamin 1, synaptojanin 1, and amphiphysin into complexes that also included clathrin and AP-2. Phosphorylation of dynamin 1 and synaptojanin 1 inhibited their binding to amphiphysin, whereas phosphorylation of amphiphysin inhibited its binding to AP-2 and clathrin. Thus, phosphorylation regulates the association and dissociation cycle of the clathrin-based endocytic machinery, and calcium-dependent dephosphorylation of endocytic proteins could prepare nerve terminals for a burst of endocytosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Slepnev, V I -- Ochoa, G C -- Butler, M H -- Grabs, D -- De Camilli, P -- CA46128/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- NS36251/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):821-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Protein Complex alpha Subunits ; Adaptor Protein Complex beta Subunits ; Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Carbazoles/pharmacology ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Clathrin/*metabolism ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Dimerization ; Dynamin I ; Dynamins ; *Endocytosis ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; Indole Alkaloids ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; src Homology Domains
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  • 53
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    Oxygen reservoirs in the early solar nebula inferred from an Allende CAI (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: Ultraviolet laser microprobe analyses of a calcium-aluminum-rich inclusion (CAI) from the Allende meteorite suggest that a line with a slope of exactly 1.00 on a plot of delta (17)O against delta (18)O represents the primitive oxygen isotope reservoir of the early solar nebula. Most meteorites are enriched in (17)O and (18)O relative to this line, and their oxygen isotope ratios can be explained by mass fractionation or isotope exchange initiating from the primitive reservoir. These data establish a link between the oxygen isotopic composition of the abundant ordinary chondrites and the primitive (16)O-rich component of CAIs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, E D -- Russell, S S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 16;282(5388):452-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, UK. ed.young@earth.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Meteoroids ; *Oxygen ; Oxygen Isotopes ; *Solar System
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    Fluorescent, sequence-selective peptide detection by synthetic small molecules (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-28
    Description: Small organic sensor molecules were prepared that bind and signal the presence of unlabeled tripeptides in a sequence-selective manner. Sequence-selective peptide binding is a difficult problem because small peptides are highly flexible and there are no clear rules for designing peptide-binding molecules as there are for the nucleic acids. The signaling system involved the application of fluorescence energy transfer and provided large, real-time fluorescence increases (300 to 500 percent) upon peptide binding. With it, these sensors were sensitive enough to detect unlabeled cognate peptides both in organic solution and in the solid state at low micromolar concentrations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, C T -- Wagner, H -- Still, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):851-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9452382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Energy Transfer ; Fluorescence ; Microspheres ; Oligopeptides/*analysis/metabolism ; Peptide Library ; Peptides, Cyclic/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism ; Polystyrenes ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
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    Bid for better beef gives Japan a leg up on cattle (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1975-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Husbandry/*methods ; Animals ; Blastocyst ; Cattle/embryology/*genetics ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; *Cloning, Organism ; Embryo Transfer/veterinary ; Fallopian Tubes/cytology ; Female ; Japan ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; Oocytes ; Ovarian Follicle/cytology ; Pregnancy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins: fusogens, antigens, and immunogens (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-25
    Description: The human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoproteins interact with receptors on the target cell and mediate virus entry by fusing the viral and cell membranes. The structure of the envelope glycoproteins has evolved to fulfill these functions while evading the neutralizing antibody response. An understanding of the viral strategies for immune evasion should guide attempts to improve the immunogenicity of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and, ultimately, aid in HIV-1 vaccine development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wyatt, R -- Sodroski, J -- AI 31783/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI 39420/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI28691/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1884-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Immunology/AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/chemistry/immunology ; Animals ; Gene Products, env/chemistry/immunology/*physiology ; HIV Antibodies/biosynthesis ; HIV Antigens/immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp41/physiology ; HIV Infections/*immunology ; HIV-1/chemistry/immunology/*physiology ; Humans ; Membrane Fusion ; Receptors, HIV/metabolism
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    Anterior cingulate cortex, error detection, and the online monitoring of performance (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: An unresolved question in neuroscience and psychology is how the brain monitors performance to regulate behavior. It has been proposed that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), on the medial surface of the frontal lobe, contributes to performance monitoring by detecting errors. In this study, event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine ACC function. Results confirm that this region shows activity during erroneous responses. However, activity was also observed in the same region during correct responses under conditions of increased response competition. This suggests that the ACC detects conditions under which errors are likely to occur rather than errors themselves.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carter, C S -- Braver, T S -- Barch, D M -- Botvinick, M M -- Noll, D -- Cohen, J D -- K08MH01306/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH52864/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):747-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. cscarter+@pitt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563953" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Mapping ; Cognition/*physiology ; Frontal Lobe/*physiology ; Gyrus Cinguli/*physiology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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    A receptor/cytoskeletal movement triggered by costimulation during T cell activation (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-18
    Description: During T cell activation, the engagement of costimulatory molecules is often crucial to the development of an effective immune response, but the mechanism by which this is achieved is not known. Here, it is shown that beads attached to the surface of a T cell translocate toward the interface shortly after the start of T cell activation. This movement appears to depend on myosin motor proteins and requires the engagement of the major costimulatory receptor pairs, B7-CD28 and ICAM-1-LFA-1. This suggests that the engagement of costimulatory receptors triggers an active accumulation of molecules at the interface of the T cell and the antigen-presenting cell, which then increases the overall amplitude and duration of T cell signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wulfing, C -- Davis, M M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2266-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Antigens, CD/*metabolism ; Antigens, CD28/metabolism ; Antigens, CD86 ; Biotinylation ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cytoskeleton/*physiology ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Microspheres ; Molecular Motor Proteins/physiology ; Myosins/physiology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Femtosecond dynamics of electron localization at interfaces (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-01-16
    Description: The dynamics of two-dimensional small-polaron formation at ultrathin alkane layers on a silver(111) surface have been studied with femtosecond time- and angle-resolved two-photon photoemission spectroscopy. Optical excitation creates interfacial electrons in quasi-free states for motion parallel to the interface. These initially delocalized electrons self-trap as small polarons in a localized state within a few hundred femtoseconds. The localized electrons then decay back to the metal within picoseconds by tunneling through the adlayer potential barrier. The energy dependence of the self-trapping rate has been measured and modeled with a theory analogous to electron transfer theory. This analysis determines the inter- and intramolecular vibrational modes of the overlayer responsible for self-trapping as well as the relaxation energy of the overlayer molecular lattice. These results for a model interface contribute to the fundamental picture of electron behavior in weakly bonded solids and can lead to better understanding of carrier dynamics in many different systems, including organic light-emitting diodes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ge -- Wong -- Lingle Jr -- McNeill -- Gaffney -- Harris -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 9;279(5348):202-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA, and Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9422687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Court hears fight over safety of lab (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):213, 215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841381" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Communicable Diseases ; *Containment of Biohazards ; Expert Testimony ; Laboratories/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; *Safety ; Tokyo ; World Health Organization
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    Automating a mouse (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 15;280(5366):1101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616082" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Gene Library ; Gene Targeting ; *Genetic Techniques ; Genetic Vectors ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout/*genetics ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; *Stem Cells
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    Cholinergic switching within neocortical inhibitory networks (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-08-14
    Description: Differential actions of acetylcholine on the excitability of two subtypes of interneurons in layer V of the rat visual cortex were examined. Acetylcholine excited low-threshold spike (LTS) cells through nicotinic receptors, whereas it elicited hyperpolarization in fast spiking (FS) cells through muscarinic receptors. Axons of LTS cells were mainly distributed vertically to upper layers, and those of FS cells were primarily confined to layer V. Thus, cortical cholinergic activation may reduce some forms of intralaminar inhibition, promote intracolumnar inhibition, and change the direction of information flow within cortical circuits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xiang, Z -- Huguenard, J R -- Prince, D A -- NS 06477/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 07280/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 12151/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 14;281(5379):985-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9703513" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/*physiology ; Animals ; Hexamethonium/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Muscarinic Antagonists/pharmacology ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; *Neural Inhibition ; Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Nicotinic/physiology ; Scopolamine Hydrobromide/pharmacology ; Visual Cortex/cytology/*physiology
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    Mismatch repair co-opted by hypermutation (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: Mice homozygous for a disrupted allele of the mismatch repair gene Pms2 have a mutator phenotype. When this allele is crossed into quasi-monoclonal (QM) mice, which have a very limited B cell repertoire, homozygotes have fewer somatic mutations at the immunoglobulin heavy chain and lambda chain loci than do heterozygotes or wild-type QM mice. That is, mismatch repair seems to contribute to somatic hypermutation rather than stifling it. It is suggested that at immunoglobulin loci in hypermutable B cells, mismatched base pairs are "corrected" according to the newly synthesized DNA strand, thereby fixing incipient mutations instead of eliminating them.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cascalho, M -- Wong, J -- Steinberg, C -- Wabl, M -- 1R01 GM37699/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 20;279(5354):1207-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0670, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9469811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Crosses, Genetic ; *DNA Repair ; *DNA Repair Enzymes ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Heterozygote ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/chemistry/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/chemistry/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/chemistry/genetics ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Proteins/*genetics/physiology
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    New potential for human embryonic stem cells (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gearhart, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 6;282(5391):1061-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. gearhart@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841453" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology ; *Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Line ; Cell Lineage ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Federal Government ; Germ Cells/*cytology ; Government Regulation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mice ; Research Support as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*cytology ; Transplantation Immunology ; United States
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    Detection of atomic deuterium in the upper atmosphere of Mars (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-06-11
    Description: High-resolution spectroscopy of Mars' atmosphere with the Hubble Space Telescope revealed the deuterium Lyman alpha line at an intensity of 23 +/- 6 rayleighs. This measured intensity corresponds to HD/H2 = 1.5 +/- 0.6 x 10(-4), which is smaller by a factor of 11 than HDO/H2O. This indicates that fractionation of HD/H2 relative to that of HDO/H2O is not kinetically controlled by the rates of formation and destruction of H2 and HD but is thermodynamically controlled by the isotope exchange HD + H2O left and right arrow HDO + H2. Molecular hydrogen is strongly depleted in deuterium relative to water on Mars because of the very long lifetime of H2 (1200 years). The derived isotope fractionation corresponds to an estimate of a planetwide reservoir of water ice about 5 meters thick that is exchangeable with the atmosphere.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krasnopolsky, V A -- Mumma, M J -- Gladstone, G R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 5;280(5369):1576-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA. VKras@lepvx3.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9616115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Deuterium/*analysis ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen/*analysis ; Ice ; *Mars ; Temperature ; *Water
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    Science in Southeast Asia (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 6;279(5356):1465-82.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Asia, Southeastern ; *Science
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    A preorganized active site in the crystal structure of the Tetrahymena ribozyme (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: Group I introns possess a single active site that catalyzes the two sequential reactions of self-splicing. An RNA comprising the two domains of the Tetrahymena thermophila group I intron catalytic core retains activity, and the 5.0 angstrom crystal structure of this 247-nucleotide ribozyme is now described. Close packing of the two domains forms a shallow cleft capable of binding the short helix that contains the 5' splice site. The helix that provides the binding site for the guanosine substrate deviates significantly from A-form geometry, providing a tight binding pocket. The binding pockets for both the 5' splice site helix and guanosine are formed and oriented in the absence of these substrates. Thus, this large ribozyme is largely preorganized for catalysis, much like a globular protein enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golden, B L -- Gooding, A R -- Podell, E R -- Cech, T R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):259-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0215, USA. bgolden@petunia.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Guanosine/metabolism ; Introns ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Manganese/metabolism ; *Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phosphates/metabolism ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Catalytic/*chemistry/metabolism ; Tetrahymena thermophila/*genetics
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    Dismissal of faculty (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Soslau, G -- Rottenberg, H -- Stearns, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 23;282(5389):627-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9841412" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academic Medical Centers/manpower/*organization & administration ; *Faculty ; *Faculty, Medical ; Pennsylvania ; Schools, Medical/manpower/*organization & administration
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    Expansion of the allelic exclusion principle? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chess, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2067-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. chess@wi.mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; DNA Replication ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Interleukin-2/*genetics ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Magnetic Field and Plasma Observations at Mars: Initial Results of the Mars Global Surveyor Mission (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-03-13
    Description: The magnetometer and electron reflectometer investigation (MAG/ER) on the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft has obtained magnetic field and plasma observations throughout the near-Mars environment, from beyond the influence of Mars to just above the surface (at an altitude of approximately 100 kilometers). The solar wind interaction with Mars is in many ways similar to that at Venus and at an active comet, that is, primarily an ionospheric-atmospheric interaction. No significant planetary magnetic field of global scale has been detected to date (〈2 x 10(21) Gauss-cubic centimeter), but here the discovery of multiple magnetic anomalies of small spatial scale in the crust of Mars is reported.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Acuna -- Connerney -- Wasilewski -- Lin -- Anderson -- Carlson -- McFadden -- Curtis -- Mitchell -- Reme -- Mazelle -- Sauvaud -- d'Uston -- Cros -- Medale -- Bauer -- Cloutier -- Mayhew -- Winterhalter -- Ness -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1676-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉M. H. Acuna, J. E. P. Connerney, P. Wasilewski, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. R. P. Lin, Space Sciences Laboratory and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. K. A. Anderson, C. W. Carlson, J. McFadden, D. W. Curtis, D. Mitchell, Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. H. Reme, C. Mazelle, J. A. Sauvaud, C. d'Uston, A. Cros, J. L. Medale, Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, 31209 Toulouse Cedex, France. S. J. Bauer, University of Graz and Space Research Institute, A-8010 Graz, Austria. P. Cloutier, Department of Space Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA. M. Mayhew, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA 22230, USA. D. Winterhalter, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. N. F. Ness, Bartol Research Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497279" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Lead regulation (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1825-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874633" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Child ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects ; Government Agencies ; Humans ; Lead/adverse effects ; Lead Poisoning/*prevention & control ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    A welcome mat for leprosy and Lassa fever (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spear, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):1999-2000.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Northwestern University Medical School, Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. p-spear@nwu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Dystroglycans ; Humans ; Laminin/metabolism ; Lassa Fever/*virology ; Lassa virus/*metabolism ; Leprosy/*microbiology ; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mycobacterium leprae/*metabolism ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; Schwann Cells/microbiology
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    Solidus of Earth's deep mantle (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-10
    Description: The solidus of a pyrolite-like composition, approximating that of the lower mantle, was measured up to 59 gigapascals by using CO2 laser heating in a diamond anvil cell. The solidus temperatures are at least 700 kelvin below the melting temperatures of magnesiowustite, which in the deep mantle has the lowest melting temperatures of the three major components-magnesiowustite, Mg-Si-perovskite, and Ca-Si-perovskite. The solidus in the deep mantle is more than 1500 kelvin above the average present-day geotherm, but at the core-mantle boundary it is near the core temperature. Thus, partial melting of the mantle is possible at the core-mantle boundary.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zerr -- Diegeler -- Boehler -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 10;281(5374):243-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉A. Zerr and R. Boehler, Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany. A. Diegeler, Institut fur Mineralogie und Geochemie der Universitat zu Koln, 50674 Koln, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9657715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Evidence of soft-mode quantum phase transitions in electron double layers (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: Inelastic light scattering by low-energy spin-excitations reveals three distinct configurations of spin of electron double layers in gallium arsenide quantum wells at even-integer quantum Hall states. The transformations among these spin states appear as quantum phase transitions driven by the interplay between Coulomb interactions and Zeeman splittings. One of the transformations correlates with the emergence of a spin-flip intersubband excitation at vanishingly low energy and provides direct evidence of a link between quantum phase transitions and soft collective excitations in a two-dimensional electron system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pellegrini V -- Pinczuk -- Dennis -- Plaut -- Pfeiffer -- West -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):799-802.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉V. Pellegrini, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA, and Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia, Pisa, Italy. A. Pinczuk, Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies, Murray Hill.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694645" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Impact of a catastrophic hurricane on island populations (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-31
    Description: Lizard and spider populations were censused immediately before and after Hurricane Lili on islands differentially affected by the storm surge. The results support three general propositions. First, the larger organisms, lizards, are more resistant to the immediate impact of moderate disturbance, whereas the more prolific spiders recover faster. Second, extinction risk is related to population size when disturbance is moderate but not when it is catastrophic. Third, after catastrophic disturbance, the recovery rate among different types of organisms is related to dispersal ability. The absence of the poorer dispersers, lizards, from many suitable islands is probably the result of long-lasting effects of catastrophes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spiller -- Losos -- Schoener -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 31;281(5377):695-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9685262" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Structure of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase alpha subunit amino-terminal domain (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-10
    Description: The 2.5 angstrom resolution x-ray crystal structure of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase (RNAP) alpha subunit amino-terminal domain (alphaNTD), which is necessary and sufficient to dimerize and assemble the other RNAP subunits into a transcriptionally active enzyme and contains all of the sequence elements conserved among eukaryotic alpha homologs, has been determined. The alphaNTD monomer comprises two distinct, flexibly linked domains, only one of which participates in the dimer interface. In the alphaNTD dimer, a pair of helices from one monomer interact with the cognate helices of the other to form an extensive hydrophobic core. All of the determinants for interactions with the other RNAP subunits lie on one face of the alphaNTD dimer. Sequence alignments, combined with secondary-structure predictions, support proposals that a heterodimer of the eukaryotic RNAP subunits related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rpb3 and Rpb11 plays the role of the alphaNTD dimer in prokaryotic RNAP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, G -- Darst, S A -- GM19441-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM53759/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 10;281(5374):262-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9657722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/*chemistry ; Dimerization ; Escherichia coli/*enzymology ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; RNA Polymerase II/chemistry ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Sequence Alignment
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    Impaired locomotion and dopamine signaling in retinoid receptor mutant mice (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-28
    Description: In the adult mouse, single and compound null mutations in the genes for retinoic acid receptor beta and retinoid X receptors beta and gamma resulted in locomotor defects related to dysfunction of the mesolimbic dopamine signaling pathway. Expression of the D1 and D2 receptors for dopamine was reduced in the ventral striatum of mutant mice, and the response of double null mutant mice to cocaine, which affects dopamine signaling in the mesolimbic system, was blunted. Thus, retinoid receptors are involved in the regulation of brain functions, and retinoic acid signaling defects may contribute to pathologies such as Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krezel, W -- Ghyselinck, N -- Samad, T A -- Dupe, V -- Kastner, P -- Borrelli, E -- Chambon, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Feb 6;279(5352):863-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS, INSERM, Universite Louis Pasteur, College de France, Boite Postale 163, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9452386" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cocaine/pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Locomotion ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; *Motor Activity/drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Parkinson Disease/etiology ; Peripheral Nervous System/physiology ; Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics/*physiology ; Retinoid X Receptors ; Schizophrenia/etiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology
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    Pinpoint assays (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1967-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9537908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biochemistry/*methods ; Carbocyanines ; DNA/metabolism ; Deoxyribonuclease EcoRI/*metabolism ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Rhodamines ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence/*methods
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    An Arabidopsis MADS box gene that controls nutrient-induced changes in root architecture (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-07
    Description: The development of plant root systems is sensitive to the availability and distribution of nutrients within the soil. For example, lateral roots proliferate preferentially within nitrate (NO3-)-rich soil patches. A NO3--inducible Arabidopsis gene (ANR1), was identified that encodes a member of the MADS box family of transcription factors. Transgenic plants in which ANR1 was repressed had an altered sensitivity to NO3- and no longer responded to NO3--rich zones by lateral root proliferation, indicating that ANR1 is a key determinant of developmental plasticity in Arabidopsis roots.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, H -- Forde, B G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 16;279(5349):407-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biochemistry and Physiology Department, IACR-Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9430595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; *Genes, Plant ; MADS Domain Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nitrates/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Plant Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Plant Roots/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/physiology
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    Competition in retinogeniculate patterning driven by spontaneous activity (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: When contacts are first forming in the developing nervous system, many neurons generate spontaneous activity that has been hypothesized to shape appropriately patterned connections. In Mustela putorius furo, monocular intraocular blockade of spontaneous retinal waves of action potentials by cholinergic agents altered the subsequent eye-specific lamination pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The projection from the active retina was greatly expanded into territory normally belonging to the other eye, and the projection from the inactive retina was substantially reduced. Thus, interocular competition driven by endogenous retinal activity determines the pattern of eye-specific connections from retina to LGN, demonstrating that spontaneous activity can produce highly stereotyped patterns of connections before the onset of visual experience.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Penn, A A -- Riquelme, P A -- Feller, M B -- Shatz, C J -- MH 98108/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 27;279(5359):2108-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. apenn@uclink2.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9516112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Axons/physiology ; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology ; Bungarotoxins/pharmacology ; *Conotoxins ; Ferrets ; Geniculate Bodies/*anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Microspheres ; Nicotinic Agonists/pharmacology ; Peptides/pharmacology ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; Retina/drug effects/*physiology ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects/*physiology ; *Visual Pathways
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    Molecular basis of T cell inactivation by CTLA-4 (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-12-18
    Description: CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T cell function, was found to associate with the T cell receptor (TCR) complex zeta chain in primary T cells. The association of TCRzeta with CTLA-4, reconstituted in 293 transfectants, was enhanced by p56(lck)-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. Coexpression of the CTLA-4-associated tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2, resulted in dephosphorylation of TCRzeta bound to CTLA-4 and abolished the p56(lck)-inducible TCRzeta-CTLA-4 interaction. Thus, CTLA-4 inhibits TCR signal transduction by binding to TCRzeta and inhibiting tyrosine phosphorylation after T cell activation. These findings have broad implications for the negative regulation of T cell function and T cell tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, K M -- Chuang, E -- Griffin, M -- Khattri, R -- Hong, D K -- Zhang, W -- Straus, D -- Samelson, L E -- Thompson, C B -- Bluestone, J A -- P01 AI35294-6/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 18;282(5397):2263-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, and Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9856951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, Differentiation/*metabolism ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)/genetics/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Models, Immunological ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SH2 Domain-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases ; *Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Transfection ; src Homology Domains
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    Laser control of chemical reactions (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-04-02
    Description: Experiments show how product pathways can be controlled by irradiation with one or more laser beams during individual bimolecular collisions or during unimolecular decompositions. For bimolecular collisions, control has been achieved by selective excitation of reagent vibrational modes, by control of reagent approach geometry, and by control of orbital alignment. For unimolecular reactions, control has been achieved by quantum interference between different reaction pathways connecting the same initial and final states and by adjusting the temporal shape and spectral content of ultrashort, chirped pulses of radiation. These collision-control experiments deeply enrich the understanding of how chemical reactions occur.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zare -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1875-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The author is in the Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA. E-mail: zare@stanford.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9506928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Sulfur isotopic composition of cenozoic seawater sulfate (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-11-20
    Description: A continuous seawater sulfate sulfur isotope curve for the Cenozoic with a resolution of approximately 1 million years was generated using marine barite. The sulfur isotopic composition decreased from 19 to 17 per mil between 65 and 55 million years ago, increased abruptly from 17 to 22 per mil between 55 and 45 million years ago, remained nearly constant from 35 to approximately 2 million years ago, and has decreased by 0.8 per mil during the past 2 million years. A comparison between seawater sulfate and marine carbonate carbon isotope records reveals no clear systematic coupling between the sulfur and carbon cycles over one to several millions of years, indicating that changes in the burial rate of pyrite sulfur and organic carbon did not singularly control the atmospheric oxygen content over short time intervals in the Cenozoic. This finding has implications for the modeling of controls on atmospheric oxygen concentration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paytan -- Kastner -- Campbell -- Thiemens -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 20;282(5393):1459-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉A. Paytan, M. Kastner, and D. Campbell are in the Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. M. H. Thiemens is in the Chemistry Department, University of California, San Dieg.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9822370" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Methylmercury risks (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, L R -- Farland, W H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):640-1; author reply 641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9471723" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Fishes ; *Food Contamination ; Humans ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Methylmercury Compounds/*adverse effects ; *Nutrition Policy ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Post-cambrian trilobite diversity and evolutionary faunas (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-06-25
    Description: A cluster analysis of the stratigraphic distribution of all Ordovician trilobite families, based on a comprehensive taxonomic database, identified two major faunas with disjunct temporal diversity trends. The Ibex Fauna behaved as a cohort, declining through the Ordovician and disappearing at the end-Ordovician mass extinction. In contrast, the Whiterock Fauna radiated rapidly during the Middle Ordovician and gave rise to all post-Ordovician trilobite diversity. Its pattern of diversification matches that of the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna; hence, trilobites were active participants in the great Ordovician radiations. Extinction patterns at the end of the Ordovician are related to clade size: Surviving trilobite families show higher genus diversity than extinguished families.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adrain -- Fortey -- Westrop -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jun 19;280(5371):1922-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. M. Adrain and R. A. Fortey, Department of Palaeontology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK. S. R. Westrop, Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9632387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Freedom of information requests (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gough, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 4;282(5395):1823.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9874631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid/adverse effects ; Confidentiality/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Defoliants, Chemical ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; *Public Policy ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Research Support as Topic ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/adverse effects ; United States
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  • 87
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    Multiple-step melting in two-dimensional hexatic liquid-crystal films (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-06-05
    Description: An unexpected three-stage melting transition has been observed in two-dimensional (2D) free-standing liquid-crystal films by in situ electron-diffraction and optical-reflectivity measurements. These data suggest the existence of two phases between the 2D solid and liquid: a hexatic phase and, at a higher temperature, an intermediate liquid phase with hexatic-like positional correlations ( approximately 40 angstroms) but no long-range orientational order. Previous high-resolution heat-capacity measurements have revealed a divergent-like anomaly at the hexatic-liquid transition that sharply contradicts the predictions of 2D melting theories. The observation of an intermediate isotropic phase may alter our understanding of 2D melting and lead to reconciliation between current experiments and theories.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chou -- Jin -- Hui -- Huang -- Ho -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 29;280(5368):1424-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉C.-F. Chou, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. A. J. Jin, Applied Materials, 3320 Scott Boulevard, Mailstop 1114, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA. S. W. Hui, Department of Biophysics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buf.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9603729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 88
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    Localization of bacterial DNA polymerase: evidence for a factory model of replication (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-11-20
    Description: Two general models have been proposed for DNA replication. In one model, DNA polymerase moves along the DNA (like a train on a track); in the other model, the polymerase is stationary (like a factory), and DNA is pulled through. To distinguish between these models, we visualized DNA polymerase of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis in living cells by the creation of a fusion protein containing the catalytic subunit (PolC) and green fluorescent protein (GFP). PolC-GFP was localized at discrete intracellular positions, predominantly at or near midcell, rather than being distributed randomly. These results suggest that the polymerase is anchored in place and thus support the model in which the DNA template moves through the polymerase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lemon, K P -- Grossman, A D -- GM41934/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Nov 20;282(5393):1516-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Building 68-530, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9822387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacillus subtilis/enzymology/growth & development/*metabolism ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/*metabolism ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Bacterial/*biosynthesis ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/*analysis/metabolism ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins ; Models, Biological ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Replication Origin ; Templates, Genetic
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  • 89
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    Chimp research (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leigh, S R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 2;282(5386):47.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9786794" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics/*growth & development ; Research
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  • 90
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    Differential use of CREB binding protein-coactivator complexes (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-02-21
    Description: CREB binding protein (CBP) functions as an essential coactivator of transcription factors that are inhibited by the adenovirus early gene product E1A. Transcriptional activation by the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) protein requires the C/H3 domain in CBP, which is the primary target of E1A inhibition. Here it was found that the C/H3 domain is not required for retinoic acid receptor (RAR) function, nor is it involved in E1A inhibition. Instead, E1A inhibits RAR function by preventing the assembly of CBP-nuclear receptor coactivator complexes, revealing differences in required CBP domains for transcriptional activation by RAR and STAT1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurokawa, R -- Kalafus, D -- Ogliastro, M H -- Kioussi, C -- Xu, L -- Torchia, J -- Rosenfeld, M G -- Glass, C K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jan 30;279(5351):700-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9445474" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenovirus E1A Proteins/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; CREB-Binding Protein ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 1 ; Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 3 ; Protein Binding ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; STAT1 Transcription Factor ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tretinoin/pharmacology
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  • 91
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    Nucleation of COPII vesicular coat complex by endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle SNAREs (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-07-31
    Description: Protein trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus involves specific uptake into coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles of secretory and of vesicle targeting (v-SNARE) proteins. Here, two ER to Golgi v-SNAREs, Bet1p and Bos1p, were shown to interact specifically with Sar1p, Sec23p, and Sec24p, components of the COPII coat, in a guanine nucleotide-dependent fashion. Other v-SNAREs, Sec22p and Ykt6p, might interact more weakly with the COPII coat or interact indirectly by binding to Bet1p or Bos1p. The data suggest that transmembrane proteins can be taken up into COPII vesicles by direct interactions with the coat proteins and may play a structural role in the assembly of the COPII coat complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Springer, S -- Schekman, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Jul 31;281(5377):698-700.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3202, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9685263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; COP-Coated Vesicles ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/*metabolism ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Golgi Apparatus/*metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate/metabolism/pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; *Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins ; Qb-SNARE Proteins ; Qc-SNARE Proteins ; R-SNARE Proteins ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; SNARE Proteins ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Genes put mammals in age of dinosaurs (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):675-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Mammals/*genetics ; *Paleontology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    The future of long life (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olshansky, S J -- Carnes, B A -- Cassel, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 11;281(5383):1612-3; author reply 1613-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9767025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Forecasting ; Humans ; Life Expectancy/*trends ; *Longevity ; Mortality/*trends
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-25
    Description: Highly luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (zinc sulfide-capped cadmium selenide) have been covalently coupled to biomolecules for use in ultrasensitive biological detection. In comparison with organic dyes such as rhodamine, this class of luminescent labels is 20 times as bright, 100 times as stable against photobleaching, and one-third as wide in spectral linewidth. These nanometer-sized conjugates are water-soluble and biocompatible. Quantum dots that were labeled with the protein transferrin underwent receptor-mediated endocytosis in cultured HeLa cells, and those dots that were labeled with immunomolecules recognized specific antibodies or antigens.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, W C -- Nie, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 25;281(5385):2016-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9748158" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cadmium Compounds/chemistry ; Endocytosis ; *Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; *Fluorescent Dyes ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Luminescence ; Molecular Probe Techniques ; Particle Size ; Receptors, Transferrin/metabolism ; *Selenium Compounds/chemistry ; *Semiconductors ; Solubility ; *Sulfides/chemistry ; Transferrin/metabolism ; *Zinc Compounds/chemistry
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  • 95
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    Visual input to the efferent control system of a fly's "gyroscope" (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-02
    Description: Dipterous insects (the true flies) have a sophisticated pair of equilibrium organs called halteres that evolved from hind wings. The halteres are sensitive to Coriolis forces that result from angular rotations of the body and mediate corrective reflexes during flight. Like the aerodynamically functional fore wings, the halteres beat during flight and are equipped with their own set of control muscles. It is shown that motoneurons innervating muscles of the haltere receive strong excitatory input from directionally sensitive visual interneurons. Visually guided flight maneuvers of flies may be mediated in part by efferent modulation of hard-wired equilibrium reflexes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, W P -- Prete, F -- Dickinson, M H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Apr 10;280(5361):289-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9535659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Diptera/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Female ; Flight, Animal/*physiology ; Interneurons/*physiology ; Male ; Mechanoreceptors/physiology ; Motor Neurons/*physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/innervation/physiology ; Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate/*physiology ; Reflex/physiology ; Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology/innervation/*physiology
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  • 96
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    Errors in genome reviews (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-09-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kyrpides, N C -- Ouzounis, C A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Sep 4;281(5382):1457.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9750114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; *Genes, Archaeal ; Open Reading Frames ; Publishing/*standards ; *Review Literature as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*standards
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  • 97
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    Triplet-repeat transcripts: a role for DNA in disease (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Singer, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):696-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. rhsinger@aecom.yu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9599147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: CELF1 Protein ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Exons ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Myotonic Dystrophy/*genetics/metabolism ; Myotonin-Protein Kinase ; Protein Binding ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*genetics ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; *Trinucleotide Repeats ; Troponin/genetics ; Troponin T
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  • 98
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    FADD: essential for embryo development and signaling from some, but not all, inducers of apoptosis (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-04-16
    Description: FADD (also known as Mort-1) is a signal transducer downstream of cell death receptor CD95 (also called Fas). CD95, tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNFR-1), and death receptor 3 (DR3) did not induce apoptosis in FADD-deficient embryonic fibroblasts, whereas DR4, oncogenes E1A and c-myc, and chemotherapeutic agent adriamycin did. Mice with a deletion in the FADD gene did not survive beyond day 11.5 of embryogenesis; these mice showed signs of cardiac failure and abdominal hemorrhage. Chimeric embryos showing a high contribution of FADD null mutant cells to the heart reproduce the phenotype of FADD-deficient mutants. Thus, not only death receptors, but also receptors that couple to developmental programs, may use FADD for signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yeh, W C -- de la Pompa, J L -- McCurrach, M E -- Shu, H B -- Elia, A J -- Shahinian, A -- Ng, M -- Wakeham, A -- Khoo, W -- Mitchell, K -- El-Deiry, W S -- Lowe, S W -- Goeddel, D V -- Mak, T W -- CA13106/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 20;279(5358):1954-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Amgen Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9506948" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Animals ; Antigens, CD95/genetics/physiology ; *Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Doxorubicin/pharmacology ; *Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Endothelium, Vascular/embryology ; Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gene Targeting ; Heart/*embryology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Oncogenes ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Actin mutations in dilated cardiomyopathy, a heritable form of heart failure (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: To test the hypothesis that actin dysfunction leads to heart failure, patients with hereditary idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) were examined for mutations in the cardiac actin gene (ACTC). Missense mutations in ACTC that cosegregate with IDC were identified in two unrelated families. Both mutations affect universally conserved amino acids in domains of actin that attach to Z bands and intercalated discs. Coupled with previous data showing that dystrophin mutations also cause dilated cardiomyopathy, these results raise the possibility that defective transmission of force in cardiac myocytes is a mechanism underlying heart failure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olson, T M -- Michels, V V -- Thibodeau, S N -- Tai, Y S -- Keating, M T -- 5-P50-HL-53773/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- M01-RR00064/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 1;280(5364):750-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. timo@howard.genetics.utah.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9563954" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15 ; Exons ; Female ; Heart/physiopathology ; Humans ; Male ; *Mutation ; Myocardium/chemistry/pathology ; Pedigree ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Protein Conformation ; Sarcomeres/physiology
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  • 100
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    RNA-mediated trans-activation of transcription from a viral RNA (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-08-07
    Description: The red clover necrotic mosaic virus genome is composed of two single-stranded RNA components, RNA-1 and RNA-2. The viral capsid protein is translated from a subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) that is transcribed from genomic RNA-1. Here, a 34-nucleotide sequence in RNA-2 is shown to be required for transcription of sgRNA. Mutations that prevent base-pairing between the RNA-1 subgenomic promoter and the 34-nucleotide trans-activator prevent expression of a reporter gene. A model is proposed in which direct binding of RNA-2 to RNA-1 trans-activates sgRNA synthesis. This RNA-mediated regulation of transcription is unusual among RNA viruses, which typically rely on protein regulators.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sit, T L -- Vaewhongs, A A -- Lommel, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Aug 7;281(5378):829-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9694655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Complementary ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Reporter ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosaic Viruses/*genetics ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis/genetics ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/chemistry/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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