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  • 1
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    13CO and C18O emission from a dense gas disc at z = 2.3: abundance variations, cosmic rays and the initial conditions for star formation (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-17
    Description: We analyse the spectral line energy distributions of 13 CO and C 18 O for the J  = 1-〉0 up to J  = 7-〉6 transitions in the gravitationally lensed ultraluminous infrared galaxy SMM J2135–0102 at z  = 2.3. This is the first detection of 13 CO and C 18 O in a high-redshift star-forming galaxy. These data comprise observations of six transitions taken with Plateau de Bure Interferometer and we combine these with ~33 GHz Jansky Very Large Array data and our previous spatially resolved 12 CO and continuum emission information to better constrain the properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) within this system. We study both the velocity-integrated and kinematically decomposed properties of the galaxy and coupled with a large velocity gradient (LVG) model we find that the star-forming regions in the system vary in their cold gas properties, in particular in their chemical abundance ratios. We find strong C 18 O emission both in the velocity-integrated emission and in the two kinematic components at the periphery of the system, where the C 18 O line flux is equivalent to or higher than the 13 CO. We derive an average velocity-integrated flux ratio of 13 CO/C 18 O ~ 1 which suggests an abundance ratio of [ 13 CO]/[C 18 O] which is at least seven times lower than that in the Milky Way. This is suggestive of enhanced C 18 O abundance, perhaps indicating star formation preferentially biased to high-mass stars. We estimate the relative contribution to the ISM heating from cosmic rays and UV of (30–3300) 10 –25 erg s –1 and 45 10 –25 erg s –1 per H 2 molecule respectively and find them to be comparable to the total cooling rate of (0.8–20) 10 –25 erg s –1 from the CO. However, our LVG models indicate high (〉100 K) temperatures and densities (〉10 3 ) cm –3 in the ISM which may suggest that cosmic rays play a more important role than UV heating in this system. If cosmic rays dominate the heating of the ISM, the increased temperature in the star-forming regions may favour the formation of massive stars and so explain the enhanced C 18 O abundance. This is a potentially important result for a system which may evolve into a local elliptical galaxy.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 2
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    Distributed acoustic sensing for reservoir monitoring with VSP (2013)
    Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-27
    Description: 3D VSP has long been viewed as conceptually attractive for illuminating targets under complex overburden, both for exploration purposes and for time-lapse monitoring of reservoirs. However, the widespread use of 3D VSP has been hindered by the cost and risk of deploying geophones in a borehole, and by the limited availability of accessible wells. These hurdles are largely removed when acquiring downhole seismic with a new measurement called distributed acoustic sensing (DAS).
    Print ISSN: 1070-485X
    Electronic ISSN: 1938-3789
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG)
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  • 3
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    A cytosine deaminase for programmable single-base RNA editing (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Programmable RNA editing enables reversible recoding of RNA information for research and disease treatment. Previously, we developed a programmable A to I RNA editing approach by fusing catalytically inactivated RNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas13 (dCas13) with the adenine deaminase domain of ADAR2. Here, we report a C to U RNA editor, referred to as RNA Editing for Specific C to U Exchange (RESCUE), by directly evolving ADAR2 into a cytidine deaminase. RESCUE doubles the number of pathogenic mutations targetable by RNA editing and enables modulation of phospho-signaling-relevant residues. We apply RESCUE to drive β-catenin activation and cellular growth. Furthermore, RESCUE retains A to I editing activity, enabling multiplexed C to U and A to I editing through the use of tailored guide RNAs.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    Cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics: Instrumentation and first results (2014)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-25
    Description: Author(s): S. Gerstl, R. Voutta, S. Casalbuoni, A. W. Grau, T. Holubek, D. Saez de Jauregui, R. Bartolini, M. P. Cox, E. C. Longhi, G. Rehm, J. C. Schouten, R. P. Walker, G. Sikler, M. Migliorati, and B. Spataro For a proper design of the cryogenic layout of superconducting insertion devices it is necessary to take into account the heat load from the beam to the cold beam tube. In order to measure and possibly understand the beam heat load to a cold bore, a cold vacuum chamber for diagnostics (COLDDIAG) has... [Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 17, 103201] Published Fri Oct 24, 2014
    Keywords: Cryogenics and Vacuum Technology
    Electronic ISSN: 1098-4402
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 5
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    Induced massive star formation in the trifid nebula? (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-17
    Description: The Trifid nebula is a young (10(5) years) galactic HII region where several protostellar sources have been detected with the infrared space observatory. The sources are massive (17 to 60 solar masses) and are associated with molecular gas condensations at the edges or inside the nebula. They appear to be in an early evolutionary stage and may represent the most recent generation of stars in the Trifid. These sources range from dense, apparently still inactive cores to more evolved sources, undergoing violent mass ejection episodes, including a source that powers an optical jet. These observations suggest that the protostellar sources may have evolved by induced star formation in the Trifid nebula.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cernicharo -- Lefloch -- Cox -- Cesarsky -- Esteban -- Yusef-Zadeh -- Mendez -- Acosta-Pulido -- Garcia Lopez RJ -- Heras -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 16;282(5388):462-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Cernicharo, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, Dpto. Fisica Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, (CSIC), Serrano 123, 28006 Madrid, Spain. B. Lefloch, Instituto de Estructura de la Materia, Dpto. Fisica Molecu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9774270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    A kiloparsec-scale hyper-starburst in a quasar host less than 1 gigayear after the Big Bang (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-02-06
    Description: The host galaxy of the quasar SDSS J114816.64+525150.3 (at redshift z = 6.42, when the Universe was less than a billion years old) has an infrared luminosity of 2.2 x 10(13) times that of the Sun, presumably significantly powered by a massive burst of star formation. In local examples of extremely luminous galaxies, such as Arp 220, the burst of star formation is concentrated in a relatively small central region of 〈100 pc radius. It is not known on which scales stars are forming in active galaxies in the early Universe, at a time when they are probably undergoing their initial burst of star formation. We do know that at some early time, structures comparable to the spheroidal bulge of the Milky Way must have formed. Here we report a spatially resolved image of [C ii] emission of the host galaxy of J114816.64+525150.3 that demonstrates that its star-forming gas is distributed over a radius of about 750 pc around the centre. The surface density of the star formation rate averaged over this region is approximately 1,000 year(-1) kpc(-2). This surface density is comparable to the peak in Arp 220, although about two orders of magnitude larger in area. This vigorous star-forming event is likely to give rise to a massive spheroidal component in this system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walter, Fabian -- Riechers, Dominik -- Cox, Pierre -- Neri, Roberto -- Carilli, Chris -- Bertoldi, Frank -- Weiss, Axel -- Maiolino, Roberto -- England -- Nature. 2009 Feb 5;457(7230):699-701. doi: 10.1038/nature07681.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Konigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. walter@mpia.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19194445" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 7
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    Intense star formation within resolved compact regions in a galaxy at z = 2.3 (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-23
    Description: Massive galaxies in the early Universe have been shown to be forming stars at surprisingly high rates. Prominent examples are dust-obscured galaxies which are luminous when observed at sub-millimetre wavelengths and which may be forming stars at a rate of 1,000 solar masses (M(middle dot in circle)) per year. These intense bursts of star formation are believed to be driven by mergers between gas-rich galaxies. Probing the properties of individual star-forming regions within these galaxies, however, is beyond the spatial resolution and sensitivity of even the largest telescopes at present. Here we report observations of the sub-millimetre galaxy SMMJ2135-0102 at redshift z = 2.3259, which has been gravitationally magnified by a factor of 32 by a massive foreground galaxy cluster lens. This magnification, when combined with high-resolution sub-millimetre imaging, resolves the star-forming regions at a linear scale of only 100 parsecs. We find that the luminosity densities of these star-forming regions are comparable to the dense cores of giant molecular clouds in the local Universe, but they are about a hundred times larger and 10(7) times more luminous. Although vigorously star-forming, the underlying physics of the star-formation processes at z approximately 2 appears to be similar to that seen in local galaxies, although the energetics are unlike anything found in the present-day Universe.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Swinbank, A M -- Smail, I -- Longmore, S -- Harris, A I -- Baker, A J -- De Breuck, C -- Richard, J -- Edge, A C -- Ivison, R J -- Blundell, R -- Coppin, K E K -- Cox, P -- Gurwell, M -- Hainline, L J -- Krips, M -- Lundgren, A -- Neri, R -- Siana, B -- Siringo, G -- Stark, D P -- Wilner, D -- Younger, J D -- England -- Nature. 2010 Apr 1;464(7289):733-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08880. Epub 2010 Mar 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. a.m.swinbank@dur.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20305639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    High molecular gas fractions in normal massive star-forming galaxies in the young Universe (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-02-12
    Description: Stars form from cold molecular interstellar gas. As this is relatively rare in the local Universe, galaxies like the Milky Way form only a few new stars per year. Typical massive galaxies in the distant Universe formed stars an order of magnitude more rapidly. Unless star formation was significantly more efficient, this difference suggests that young galaxies were much more molecular-gas rich. Molecular gas observations in the distant Universe have so far largely been restricted to very luminous, rare objects, including mergers and quasars, and accordingly we do not yet have a clear idea about the gas content of more normal (albeit massive) galaxies. Here we report the results of a survey of molecular gas in samples of typical massive-star-forming galaxies at mean redshifts 〈z〉 of about 1.2 and 2.3, when the Universe was respectively 40% and 24% of its current age. Our measurements reveal that distant star forming galaxies were indeed gas rich, and that the star formation efficiency is not strongly dependent on cosmic epoch. The average fraction of cold gas relative to total galaxy baryonic mass at z = 2.3 and z = 1.2 is respectively about 44% and 34%, three to ten times higher than in today's massive spiral galaxies. The slow decrease between z approximately 2 and z approximately 1 probably requires a mechanism of semi-continuous replenishment of fresh gas to the young galaxies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tacconi, L J -- Genzel, R -- Neri, R -- Cox, P -- Cooper, M C -- Shapiro, K -- Bolatto, A -- Bouche, N -- Bournaud, F -- Burkert, A -- Combes, F -- Comerford, J -- Davis, M -- Schreiber, N M Forster -- Garcia-Burillo, S -- Gracia-Carpio, J -- Lutz, D -- Naab, T -- Omont, A -- Shapley, A -- Sternberg, A -- Weiner, B -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 11;463(7282):781-4. doi: 10.1038/nature08773.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Giessenbachstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany. linda@mpe.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20148033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 9
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    Regions of strong coupling between soil moisture and precipitation (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-25
    Description: Previous estimates of land-atmosphere interaction (the impact of soil moisture on precipitation) have been limited by a lack of observational data and by the model dependence of computational estimates. To counter the second limitation, a dozen climate-modeling groups have recently performed the same highly controlled numerical experiment as part of a coordinated comparison project. This allows a multimodel estimation of the regions on Earth where precipitation is affected by soil moisture anomalies during Northern Hemisphere summer. Potential benefits of this estimation may include improved seasonal rainfall forecasts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koster, Randal D -- Dirmeyer, Paul A -- Guo, Zhichang -- Bonan, Gordon -- Chan, Edmond -- Cox, Peter -- Gordon, C T -- Kanae, Shinjiro -- Kowalczyk, Eva -- Lawrence, David -- Liu, Ping -- Lu, Cheng-Hsuan -- Malyshev, Sergey -- McAvaney, Bryant -- Mitchell, Ken -- Mocko, David -- Oki, Taikan -- Oleson, Keith -- Pitman, Andrew -- Sud, Y C -- Taylor, Christopher M -- Verseghy, Diana -- Vasic, Ratko -- Xue, Yongkang -- Yamada, Tomohito -- GLACE Team -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Aug 20;305(5687):1138-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. randal.d.koster@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15326351" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    A molecular Einstein ring: imaging a starburst disk surrounding a quasi-stellar object (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: Images of the molecular CO 2-1 line emission and the radio continuum emission from the redshift 4.12 gravitationally lensed quasi-stellar object (QSO) PSS J2322+1944 reveal an Einstein ring with a diameter of 1.5". These observations are modeled as a star-forming disk surrounding the QSO nucleus with a radius of 2 kiloparsecs. The implied massive star formation rate is 900 solar masses per year. At this rate, a substantial fraction of the stars in a large elliptical galaxy could form on a dynamical time scale of 108 years. The observation of active star formation in the host galaxy of a high-redshift QSO supports the hypothesis of coeval formation of supermassive black holes and stars in spheroidal galaxies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carilli, C L -- Lewis, G F -- Djorgovski, S G -- Mahabal, A -- Cox, P -- Bertoldi, F -- Omont, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):773-5. Epub 2003 Apr 3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Post Office Box O, Socorro, NM 87801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677071" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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