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  • Lepidoptera  (357)
  • Triticum aestivum  (266)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae  (243)
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  • Springer  (918)
  • 1990-1994  (918)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Larval secretions and food odors affect orientation in femalePlodia interpunctella (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Indianmeal moth ; semiochemicals ; attraction ; oviposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Substrates contaminated by wandering fifth instar larvae ofPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) elicit oviposition by conspecific female moths, and larval rearing diet enhances oviposition and also induces upwind flight. Two-choice oviposition assays determined that four-day-old gravid femaleP. interpunctella preferred to lay eggs on dishes containing cornmeal-based rearing diet compared to empty dishes. Pieces of cheesecloth contaminated by fifth instar larvae elicited more oviposition than untreated cheesecloth or dishes with food. The combination of larval contamination and food was preferred over food only or larval contamination only in both two- and four-choice experiments. The factor(s) in larval contamination responsible for eliciting oviposition in female moths was extracted in hexane, confirming that organic semiochemicals are responsible for the effect. The oviposition-eliciting activity of larval contamination was retained on cheesecloth for up to 30 days following treatment with larvae, suggesting the active component(s) is stable and of low relative volatility. In two-choice windtunnel bioassays female moths initiated flight only when rearing food was present in one of the treatments, and they displayed the highest landing responses to a combination of larval contamination and food. Earlier work onP. interpunctella and related pyralid species found that larval contamination due to secretions from the mandibular glands acted as both a spacing pheromone for wandering larvae and as a kairomone for host-seeking parasitoid wasps. The present study suggests that the same or a similar secretion acts as an oviposition-eliciting pheromone for conspecific females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426402
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trade-offs in responses to host plants within a population of a generalist herbivore,Christoneura rosaceana (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 173-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: feeding performance ; diapausing propensity ; genetic correlation ; heritability ; host-range ; insect-plant interactions ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Evolutionary constraints on the ability of herbivores to efficiently use a set of phytochemically similar hosts, while maintaining a high performance on phytochemically different hosts, are central in explaining the predominance of host specialization in phytophagous insects. Such feeding trade-offs could be manifested within insect populations as negative genetic correlations in fitness on different host species. We tested the hypothesis that feeding trade-offs were present within a population of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Components of fitness were measured in families originating from an apple orchard that were fed on four host-plant species in the laboratory. Under the conditions of this experiment, all across-host genetic correlations were strongly positive, suggesting that this population comprised true generalists. With the exception of diapausing propensity, the heritability of the fitness components tended to be lower in caterpillars fed on apple leaves than in insects fed other hosts. This suggests a constraint on the selective response of the fitness components in the orchard environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383552
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering pupal diapause in the spotted tentiform leafminer,Phyllonorycter blancardella (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 25-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: diapause induction ; photoperiod ; temperature ; Phyllonorycter blancardella ; spotted tentiform leafminer ; Lepidoptera ; Gracillariidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of photoperiod and temperature in the induction of overwintering diapause inPhyllonorycter blancardella (F.) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) was examined in the laboratory and field using leafminers from commercial apple orchards in Ontario, Canada.P. blancardella exhibited a long-day response to photoperiod: long daylengths resulted in uninterrupted development whereas short daylengths induced diapause. The estimated critical photoperiod for diapause induction was L14.25∶D9.75. The larvae of leafminers destined to enter diapause took ca. 3× longer to complete development than the larvae of non-diapausing leafminers. The development prolonging effect of photoperiod decreased with decreasing daylength. Temperature modified the diapause inducing effect of photoperiod. At L14.25∶D9.75, diapause incidence was similar at 15 and 20°C but was lower at 25°C. Photoperiod also altered the normal relationship between development rate and temperature. At L14.25∶D9.75, the duration of larval development of diapausing leafminers was similar at 15, 20 and 25°C. Temperature alone is unlikely to have a role in the induction of diapause because leafminers exposed to natural late summer and fall temperature regimes and L16∶D8 did not enter diapause.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382412
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of volatile compounds from fungus-infected date fruit that stimulate upwind flight in femaleEctomyelois ceratoniae (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 233-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ectomyelois ceratoniae ; carob moth ; host-finding ; Phoenix dactylifera ; dates ; gas chromatography-electrophysiology ; mass spectrometry ; wind tunnel ; attraction ; volatiles ; headspace
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four volatile compounds emitted from fungus-infected date fruit,Phoenix dactylifera L., were identified using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic recordings, coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis, electroantennographic assays of synthetic standards, and wind tunnel bioassays. These compounds were ethyl hexanoate, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and 2-phenylethanol. Wind tunnel bioassays showed that ethyl hexanoate was capable of stimulating upwind flight and landing on the source by mated female carob moths,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller). Addition of both ethanol and acetaldehyde to ethyl hexanoate resulted in an increase in attraction to a level similar to that found for date fruits. No such effect was noted for additions of 2-phenylethanol at the dosages tested. In this study, it appears that ethyl hexanoate is a dominant olfactory stimulant and attractant for mated female carob moths, and represents a novel compound with regard to previously identified lepidopteran host odor attractants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383810
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluctuating asymmetry and survival ability in the forest tent caterpillar mothMalacosoma disstria: implications for pest management (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 295-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: forest tent caterpillar moth ; Malacosoma disstria ; fluctuating asymmetry ; survival ability ; pest management ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuating asymmetry of the first tarsal segment of the proleg of the forest tent caterpiller mothMalacosoma disstria Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) was significantly inversely related to survival ability in the lab. The monitoring of population levels of fluctuating asymmetry could have important implications in pest management of this and other species by providing an indication of the health of a population.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380563
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation ofHelicoverpa zea larval behavior by the parasitoidEucelatoria bryani (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Helicoverpa zea ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; Eucelatoria bryani ; Tachinidae ; Diptera ; host-parasitoid relationship ; host regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The parasitoidEucelatoria bryani Sabrosky regulates the larval behavior of its hostHelicoverpa zea (Boddie). Parasitized third, fourth and fifth instars burrow into the soil 0.7–3.4 days earlier than unparasitized larvae that normally enter the soil to pupate at the end of the fifth and final larval instar. Parasitized third instars molt once then burrow as fourth instars, one instar earlier than normal. WhenE. bryani pupariated on the soil surface in the field, none survived to the adult stage. However,E. bryani adults emerged from 49.2% of hosts that had burrowed into the soil. By accelerating the timing ofH. zea burrowing behavior and causing host larvae to enter the soil before death,E. bryani ensures its pupariation in an environment with improved protection against natural enemies and lethal temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380567
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variation in phenology and nutritional quality between host plants and its effect on larval performance in a specialist butterfly,Zerynthia rumina (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Zerynthia ; Aristolochia ; herbivory ; phenology ; nutritional indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The main host plants of the butterflyZerynthia rumina L. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in southern Spain occur in different habitats and in general do not grow sympatrically. Therefore, each single local butterfly population uses the particular host available within its range.Aristolochia longa L. is a tuberous perennial herb available only in the spring, whileA. baetica L. is an evergreen perennial vine with indeterminate growth. However, because of the toughness of older leaves, newly hatched larvae feed only on new leaves ofA. baetica, and most of these leaves are produced well before the larvae hatch. In laboratory experiments, caterpillars feeding on either new or matureA. longa leaves grew faster and converted food into biomass more efficiently than those feeding on newA. baetica leaves. These differences are related to variation in nutritional quality among the host plants. Estimates of butterfly abundance were lower in sites whereZ. rumina usesA. baetica, compared with those where the host isA. longa. The potential differential effect of these two food plants on the densities of local butterfly populations relying on them is discussed here.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02426411
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the juvenile hormone analog fenoxycarb on post-embryonic development of the eastern spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana, following treatment of the egg stage (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 181-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Choristoneura fumiferana ; juvenile hormone analog ; fenoxycarb ; postembryonic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382386
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Visual feedback in the control of pheromone-mediated flight ofHeliothis virescens males (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 605-632 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; pheromone ; visual feedback
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract MaleHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were made to fly into a uniformly white and translucent tube within a large wind tunnel while responding to sex pheromone. Different visual patterns placed within the tube greatly affected the ability of the male moths to maintain upwind progress or remain oriented to the wind while in contact with the plume. Over 89% of males attempting to fly through a blank tube, lacking visual patterns, became disoriented, the males gaining or losing altitude and repeatedly hitting the sides of the tube. Patterns of 20–40 dots placed on the sides of the tube at or slightly above plume level resulted in high levels of sustained upwind flight (47–74%) relative to patterns placed directly below (30–40%), directly above (35%), or slightly below the level of the flight path (26–44%). Optimal upwind progression in pheromone-responding males occurred when image motion could be resolved both transversely (T), orthogonally to the longitudinal axis of the body relative to the horizontal plane of the environment, and longitudinally (L), along the body axis. Even very sparse patterns (single rows of dots) could elicit high levels of sustained upwind flight (53–63%) when positioned within the tube such that the males' movements would create both L and T image motion. However, successful negotiation of the tube was also unexpectedly facilitated by patterns apparently providing no horizontal transverse component for flying males but providing longitudinal flow while centering the moth in the plume through a symmetrical left-right input (4–40%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997435
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging for solitarily and gregariously feeding caterpillars: A comparison of two related parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 585-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997434
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence of the eversion ofMamestra brassicae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) hair-pencils during courtship (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 885-889 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Mamestra brassicae ; male scents ; hair-pencils ; courtship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997133
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to high copper concentrations (1994)
    Springer
    BioMetals 7 (1994), S. 221-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8773
    Keywords: catalase ; copper resistance ; pH-dependent growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been adapted to increasing concentrations of copper at two different pH values. The growth curve at pH 5.5 is characterized by a time generation increasing with the amount of added copper. A significant decrease of cell volume as compared with the control is also observed. At pH 3 the cells grow faster than at pH 5.5 and resist higher copper concentrations (3.8 against 1.2 mm). Experimental evidence indicates that, after copper treatment, the metal is not bound to the cell wall, but is localized intracellularly. A significant precipitation of copper salts in the medium was observed only at pH 5.5. Increased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in copper-treated cells and which persisted after 20 subsequent inocula in a medium without added metal. On the contrary, catalase activity was not stimulated by copper treatment and, hence, not correlated with SOD levels. The mechanism of copper resistance, therefore, probably involves a persistent induction of SOD, but not of catalase, and it is strongly pH-dependent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00149552
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-host plant odor (Tanacetum vulgare; Asteracea) affects the reproductive behavior ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Tanacetum vulgare ; Tansy ; Lobesia botrana ; European grapevine moth ; Asteracea ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; oviposition ; behavior ; nonhost plant ; semiochemicals ; plant odor ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females ofLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) are attracted in natural conditions by volatiles released by a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.; Asteracea). We have shown that both tansy flowers and their odor inhibit oviposition behavior and mating behavior and reduce adult longevity. The mean number of eggs laid per female isolated with tansy flowers was reduced by up to 50% every 2 days during the 6 days of exposure. This reduction was maintained after the tansy was removed. In the presence of tansy essential oil, the egg-laying reduction ranged from about 30 to 80% according to the odor concentration. The number of spermatophores found in females isolated with tansy flowers was also reduced twofold compared to the control treatment, indicating that the presence of tansy reduced mating activity. This mating activity is strongly reduced, by two-thirds, when adults face the highest dose of essential oil compared to controls. The number of eggs laid by the controls cannot be explained by the number of spermatophores. Therefore, the reduction in oviposition has been attributed to the presence of tansy flowers or to the tansy odor. Tansy flowers and tansy odor increased male mortality during the exposure (10% in the control, 50% in the tansy treatment, and up to 98% in the odor treatment). The highest rates of male mortality occurred during the 4- to 6-day period of exposure to flowers or odor. Repellence resulting in sustained locomotor activity is a possible cause of such a mortality. Female mortality was increased only in response to the highest dose of odor. This increase might be due to egg retention, and not directly to a plant effect. We discuss the effects of tansy flower odor on different patterns relative to the reproductive behavior ofL. botrana and, especially, on oviposition behavior in the ecological context of plant selection and polyphagy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01990077
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From model to mimic: Age-dependent unpalatability in monarch butterflies (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 176-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Cardiac glycoside loss ; Danaus plexippus ; aging ; breakdown of chemical defense ; three trophic level interactions ; automimicry ; Lepidoptera ; Asclepias
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are unpalatable to various vertebrate predators because their larvae sequester bitter and emetic cardiac glycosides (CGs) from milkweed plants (Asclepias spp.). Here we show that the concentration of the defensive CGs decrease as individual butterflies age, regardless of the CGs' initial amounts or specific chemical structures. Consequently, individual monarch butterflies can change from being unpalatable models to palatable mimics during their lifetime. Since monarchs breed continuously over the spring and summer in North America, freshly emerged adult butterflies may serve as noxious models for older individuals which become automimics as they age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01984960
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
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    Chimeric evolution of the 2-μm genome in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 38 (1994), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2-μm circle ; DNA sequencing ; Horizontal transmission ; Site-specific recombination ; Selfish DNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We compared the nucleotide substitution pattern over the entire genome of two unique variants of the 6,300-bp selfish DNA (2 μm) plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The DNA sequence of the left-unique region is identical among 2-μm variants, while the right-unique region shows substantial divergence. This chimeric pattern cannot be explained by neutral or Darwinian selection models. We propose that horizontal transmission of the 2-μm plasmid coupled with a directed, polarized gene conversion maintains the DNA sequence of the left-unique region, whereas the right-unique region is subject to random drift and Darwinian selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00163153
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of soil pH on the requirement for water-soluble phosphorus in triple superphosphate fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750467
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  • 17
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    Effect of water supply on the response of wheat and triticale to applications of rock phosphate and superphosphate (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Bicarbonate soil test phosphorus ; relative effectiveness ; rock phosphate ; superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; ×Triticosecale
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of water supply on the response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and triticale (×Triticosecale) to levels of freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate, and the residues of these fertilizers applied 9 years previously in the field, was studied in three glasshouse experiments. The 〈 2 mm fraction of the top 10 cm of soil was used (1.8 kg soil per pot), and in one experiment, freshly-applied fertilizer was also added to the more acidic subsoil (10 to 20 cm). There were two water treatments: the soil was returned to field capacity by watering to weight, either daily (W1, adequate water) or weekly (W2, water stress). Yield of dried tops was used to calculate fertilizer effectiveness. The phosphorus (P) concentration in dried tops was used to determine critical P, which is the P concentration related to 90% of the maximum yield. Just before sowing, soil samples were collected to measure bicarbonate-extractable (soil test) P which was related to plant yield. Water stress reduced yields and maximum yield plateaus by 20 to 40%. Water stress reduced the effectiveness of all P fertilizers by between 20 to 60%, largely because of a reduction in the maximum yield potentials. In the field, water supply is seasonally dependent and it can affect the yield response of plants to freshly-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate and the residues of these fertilizers applied to the field in previous years. Relative to placing fertilizer in the topsoil, placing fertilizer in the subsoil improved effectiveness by about 26% for rock phosphate and 12% for superphosphate. The relationship between yield and P concentration in dried tops, and critical P, differed for W1 and W2. The soil test P calibration, which relates yield to soil test P, and the soil test P required to produce the same yield also differed for W1 and W2. Consequently critical P and soil test P calibrations depend on water supply, which in the field varies within and between growing seasons. This is so for freshly- and previously-applied rock phosphate and superphosphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750156
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
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    Renal eicosanoids and blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the lyon strain (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 1 (1994), S. 201-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Hypertension ; Eicosanoid ; Rat ; Genetics ; Kidney
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The present paper reviews the evidence for a possible involvement of renal eicosanoids in the pathophysiology of high blood pressure in genetically hypertensive rats of the Lyon strain. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that an increased ability to synthesize the vasoconstrictor prostaglandin H2 and/or thromboxane A2 in renal vessels (1) acts as an autocrine amplifier of pressor agents and (2) may contribute to resetting the pressure natriuresis curve which is a prerequisite for the development and maintenance of hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253302
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  • 19
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    Distribution of larval host plants of the fruit piercing moth,Othreis fullonia (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 75-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: larval host plants ; distribution ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Othreis fullonia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The adult fruit piercing moth,Othreis fullonia, a native of the indo-Malaysian region, causes severe damage to fruits grown throughout the tropical and subtropical belt from Africa through Asia and Australia to the Pacific Islands. Plants of the family Menispermaceae and the genusErythrina (Fabaceae) serve as larval hosts but the adult moths prefer Menispermaceae plants for oviposition. In Africa, Asia and Australia, the moth does not lay eggs onErythrina since members of the Menispermaceae are abundant. However in the insular Pacific region, where most islands have few or no species of Menispermaceae, the introduced fruit piercing moth utilizesErythrina as an alternate larval host, and either depletes, endangers or causes the possible extinction of Menispermaceae.
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    Oviposition stimulants and deterrents control acceptance ofAlliaria petiolata byPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 79-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; stimulants ; deterrents ; glucosinolates ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Alliaria petiolata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Differential acceptance of garlic mustard,Alliaria petiolata byPieris rapae L. andP. napi oleracea is explained by their differential sensitivities to oviposition stimulants and deterrents in the plant. Fractions containing the stimulants and deterrents were isolated by solvent partitioning between water and n-butanol and by open-column chromatography followed by HPLC.P. napi oleracea showed no preference when offered a choice ofA. petiolata or cabbage, but was strongly stimulated to oviposit by post-butanol water extracts ofA. petiolata. The most abundant glucosinolate in this extract was identified as sinigrin, which could explain the high degree of stimulatory activity.P. rapae preferred cabbage plants overA. petiolata, and the relatively low stimulatory activity was also associated with the glucosinolate-containing aqueous extract. However, this species was strongly stimulated by a fraction that contained small amounts of glucotropaeolin along with unknown compounds. Deterrents to both species were found in the butanol extract fromA. petiolata, andP. napi oleracea was more sensitive thanP. rapae to these deterrents. Some HPLC fractions from the BuOH extract were strongly deterrent toP. napi oleracea, but were inactive toP. rapae. The ecological significance of these behavioral differences between the twoPieris species is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01259436
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    Sequestration of plant secondary compounds by butterflies and moths (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 127-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: sequestration ; defence substances ; toxic substances ; pheromones ; host selection ; aristolochic acids ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; grayanotoxins ; cyanoglycosides ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A number of aposematic butterfly and moth species sequester toxic substances from their host plants. Some of these insects can detect the toxic compounds during food assessment. Some pipevine swallowtails use aristolochic acids among the host finding cues during oviposition and larval feeding and accumulate the toxins in the body tissues throughout all life stages. Likewise, a danaine butterfly,Idea leuconoe, which sequesters high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the body, lays eggs in response to the specific alkaloid components contained in the apocynad host. Insect species sharing the same poisonous host plants may differ in the degree of sequestration of toxins. Two closely ralated aposematic geometrid moth species,Arichanna gaschkevitchii andA. melanaria, sequester a series of highly toxic diterpenoids (grayanotoxins) in different degrees, while a cryptic geometrid species,Biston robstus, does not sequester the toxins, illustrating the diversity in adaptation mechanisms even within the same subfamily. By contrast, a number of lepidopteran species store the same compounds though feeding upon taxonomically diverse plant species. A bitter cyanoglycoside, sarmentosin, was characterised from several moth species in the Geometridae, Zygaenidae and Yponomeutidae, and from the apollo butterflies,Parnassius spp. (Papilionidae), although each species feeds on different groups of plants. Interspecific similarities and differences in life history and ecology are discussed in relation to variable characteristics of sequestration of plant compounds among these lepidopteran insects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240597
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    Milkweeds, monarch butterflies and the ecological significance of cardenolides (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 101-117 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: cardenolides ; cardiac glycosides ; chemical defence induction ; latex ; parasitism ; predation ; sequestration ; Insecta ; Diptera ; Tachinidae ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; Asclepiadaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The contribution of Miriam Rothschild to the “monarch cardenolide story” is reviewed in the light of the 1914 challenge by the evolutionary biologist, E.B. Poulton for North American chemists to explain the chemical basis of unpalatability in monarch butterflies and their milkweed host plants. This challenge had lain unaccepted for nearly 50 years until Miriam Rothschild took up the gauntlet and showed with the help of many able colleagues that monarchs are aposematically coloured because they sequester toxic cardenolides from milkweed host plants for use as a defence against predators. By virtue of Dr Rothschild's inspiration and industry, and subsequently that of Lincoln Brower and his colleagues, this tritrophic interaction has become a familiar paradigm for the evolution of chemical defences and warning colouration. We now know that the cardenolide contents of different milkweeds vary quantitatively, qualitatively and spatially, both within and among species and we are starting to appreciate the implications of such variation. However, as Dr Rothschild has pointed out in her publications, cardenolides have sometimes blinded us to reality and it is curious how little evidence there is for a defensive function to cardenolides in plants — especially against adapted specialists such as the monarch. Thus the review will conclude with a discussion of the significance of temporal variation and induction of cardenolide production in plants, the “lethal plant defence paradox” and an emphasis on the dynamics of the cardenolide-mediated interaction between milkweeds and monarch larvae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240595
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    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids between plants and insects: A new chapter of an old story (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 139-146 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: biochemistry of plants ; sequestration by insects ; transformation by insects ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; alkaloidN-oxides ; Asteraceae ; Senecio ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; Tyria ; Creatonotos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Among alkaloids the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) play a unique role in the interactions between plants and adapted insects. InSenecio spp. (Asteraceae) PAs are synthesized in the roots as alkaloidN-oxides which are specifically translocated into shootsvia the phloem-path and channeled to the preferred sites of storage (e.g. inflorescences) where they are stored in the cell vacuoles. In differentSenecio spp. senecionineN-oxide is produced as the common product of biosynthesis, which subsequentlyvia a number of simple but specific reactions is transformed into typical speciesspecific PA-patterns. Insects from diverse taxa sequester PAs for their own defense. Lepidopterans (e.g. arctiids such asTyria jacobaeae andCreatonotos transiens) may hydrolyze plant acquired ester-PAs and convert the resulting necine base into insect-specific PAs by esterification with an acid of their own metabolism. Adapted arctiids and the grasshopperZonocerus take up PAs in the state of the tertiary amine.N-Oxides are reduced in the guts prior to uptake. In the bodies the tertiary PAs are rapidlyN-oxidized by a specific mixed-function oxigenase and are maintained in theN-oxide state. The importance of the reversible interconversion of the nontoxicN-oxide (pro-toxine) into the toxic tertiary alkaloid is discussed as the specific feature of PAs in plant-insect interactions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240598
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    Inhibition of glycosidases by Lepidoptera; roles in the insects and leads to novel compounds? (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 167-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: inhibition ; indigestibility ; defence ; alkaloid ; glycosidases ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Glycosidase inhibitors are widespread in plants and can be sequestered by Lepidoptera, for which they can presumably serve as defences by making the insects indigestible to a range of potential predators. As a result of this study of eight British species of moth and butterfly it was found that glycosidase inhibitors in the insects could then be detected in the larval food plants which were not previously known to contain them; however, some were only detectable in the plants after concentration. In some cases the inhibition of specific glycosidases by Lepidoptera was detected even though the insects had not apparently acquired them from their food plants. Inhibition ofβ-N-acetylglucosaminidase was observed in most of the adult Lepidoptera analysed but further work is required to identify the inhibitors, though they are likely to be nitrogen-containing compounds. Weak anti-HIV activity was also observed in the glycosidase-inhibiting fractions ofAcherontia atropos and the plantUrtica dioica.
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    The iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predatorCamponotus floridanus (Formicidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 13-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: predation ; plant-insect interactions ; tritrophic level interactions ; iridoid glycosides ; catalpol ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Junonia coenia ; Hymenoptera ; Formicidae ; Camponotus floridanus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We investigated the role of the iridoid glycoside, catalpol, as a deterrent to the predator,Camponotus floridanus. Four laboratory colonies of this ant were offered buckeye caterpillars (Junonia coenia: Nymphalidae) raised on diets with and without catalpol. The same colonies were offered sugar-water solutions containing varying concentrations of catalpol, in both no-choice and choice tests. Regardless of diet, buckeye caterpillars appeared to be morphologically protected from predation by the ants, possibly because of their large spines or tough cuticle. However, buckeyes raised on diets with catalpol had high concentrations of catalpol in their hemolymph; extracts of this high-catalpol hemolymph proved to be an effective deterrent to the ants. When starved ants were not given the choice of food items, they were more likely to consume sucrose solutions that contained 5 mg catalpol/ml or 10 mg catalpol/ml than they were to consume solutions with 20 mg catalpol/ml. When they were given a choice of sugar solution or a sugar solution containing catalpol, the ants avoided solutions with catalpol at any of these concentrations. Ant colony responses to catalpol in sucrose solutions varied considerably over time and among colonies.
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    Comparative electrophysiological analysis of plant odor perception in females of threePapilio species (1994)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 5-6 (1994), S. 26-36 
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    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemoreception ; olfaction ; plant volatiles ; electroantennogram ; combined GC-EAG ; evolutionary adaptation ; Lepidoptera ; Papilionidae ; Papilio polyxenes ; Papilio machaon hippocrates ; Papilio troilus ; Apiaceae ; Daucus carota ; Pastinaca sativa ; Asteraceae ; Artemisia dracunculus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Antennae of femalePapilio butterflies perceive many volatile plant constituents with widely differing, constituent-specific sensitivities. We compared the responses of threePapilio species to volatiles from host and non-host plants to assess species-specificity and the degree of evolutionary conservatism in olfactory responses. Since previous studies had demonstrated that the polar constituents in odor fromDaucus carota stimulate oviposition behavior inPapilio polyxenes, we collected headspace volatiles fromD. carota, Pastinaca sativa (both Apiaceae) andArtemisia dracunculus (Asteraceae) and separated the polar fraction of these volatiles by gas chromatography. GC-coupled electroantennograms (GC-EAG) were recorded from the speciesPapilio polyxenes, P. machaon hippocrates andP. troilus. In addition, the responses of the three species to five compounds known as generally occurring constituents of plant odor were recorded. The relative sensitivities for these compounds were nearly identical in all threePapilio species. The response spectra to the separated plant volatiles also showed considerable similarities among the species. From the limited set of GC peaks evoking a response in one of the species, 64% (D. carota), 44% (P. sativa) and 29% (A. dracunculus) also evoked a response in both of the other species. The responses of the two closely related Apiaceae feeders (P. polyxenes, P. m. hippocrates) to volatiles fromD. carota were more similar to each other than was either to the response ofP. troilus, which feeds on Lauraceae. However, this was not true for the responses to volatiles fromP. sativa. The least congruence among the three species was found in the responses to volatiles fromA. dracunculus, a non-host for all of them. The differences and similarities found in the response profiles of the threePapilio species are discussed with respect to evolutionary adaptation to host odor versus evolutionary conservatism in adaptation of olfactory receptors.
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    Noninvasive loading of the rat ulna in vivo induces a strain-related modeling response uncomplicated by trauma or periostal pressure (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Loading ; Strain ; Modeling ; Rat ; Ulna
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Adaptive changes in bone modeling in response to noninvasive, cyclic axial loading of the rat ulna were compared with those using 4-point bending of the tibia. Twenty cycles daily of 4-point bending for 10 days were applied to rat tibiae through loading points 23 and 11 mm apart. Control bones received nonbending loads through loading points 11 mm apart. As woven bone was produced in both situations, any strain-related response was confounded by the response to direct periosteal pressure. Four-point bending is not, therefore, an ideal mode of loading for the investigation of strain-related adaptive modeling. The ulna's adaptive response to daily axial loading over 9 days was investigated in 30 rats. Groups 1–3 were loaded for 1200 cycles: Group 1 at 10 Hz and 20 N, Group 2 at 10 Hz and 15 N, and Group 3 at 20 Hz and 15 N. Groups 4 and 5 received 12,000 cycles of 20 N and 15 N at 10 Hz. Groups 1 and 4 showed a similar amount of new bone formation. Group 4 showed the same pattern of response but in reduced amount. The responses in Groups 2 and 3 were either small or absent. Strains were measured with single-element, miniature strain gauges bonded around the circumference of dissected bones. The 20 N loading induced peak strains of 3500–4500 μstrain. The width of the periosteal new bone response was proportional to the longitudinal strain at each point around the bone's circumference. It appears that when a bone is loaded in a normal strain distribution, an osteogenic response occurs when peak physiological strains are exceeded. In this situation the amount of new bone formed at each location is proportional to the local surface strain. Cycle numbers between 1200 and 12,000, and cycle frequencies between 10 and 20 Hz have no effect on the bone's adaptive response.
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    Effect of running exercise on the bone loss induced by orchidectomy in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 33-37 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteoporosis ; Rat ; Orchidectomy ; Exercise ; Strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effect of exercise on castration-induced osteoporosis in 3-month-old male rats weighing 264±4 g at the beginning of the experiment was studied. A testosterone deficiency was induced by orchidectomy (ORC), and the exercise group ran 10 m/minute for 1 hour a day on a treadmill at 0% grade. There were seven groups of eight rats (n=56) randomized into a control group killed at time 0, and sham, ORC and ORC and exercise groups killed at 4 and 8 weeks. ORC reduced body weight gain (with analysis of variance (ANOVA) P〈0.001), and at 4 weeks the body weight was 343±14 g in ORC group and 301±4 g in the ORC and exercise group (P〈0.01). The increase in femoral length was slower in the ORC+exercise groups. The ash weight of the tibia did not decrease significantly after ORC or ORC+ exercise. ORC did not affect 45Ca incorporation, but exercise slightly increased it in the whole tibia 8 weeks after ORC (with ANOVA P=0.057). ORC had significantly lowered the trabecular bone volume in the secondary spongiosa of the distal femur at 4 and 8 weeks, and exercise did not prevent this. This is an opposite finding to our previous study with ovariectomized female rats [12]. ORC also significantly had reduced the osteoblast-lined trabecular bone surface and the number of osteoclasts by 8 weeks after the operation. Exercise increased the osteoblast-lined surface and the number of osteoclasts. The mechanical strength of the femoral neck also was reduced after ORC and this was not prevented by exercise either. In conclusion, ORC reduces bone growth and turnover which leads to osteopenia in growing rats. Moderate treadmill exercise does not reverse the ORC-induced loss of trabecular bone and the reduced mechanical strength of the femoral neck, although it has a positive effect on the osteoblast and osteoclast indices and on calcium incorporation into bone.
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    The in vivo effect of a new, in vitro, extremely potent vitamin D3 analog KH1060 on the suppression of renal allograft rejection in the rat (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 54 (1994), S. 150-154 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Vitamin D analog ; KH1060 ; Kidney transplantation ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract KH1060 is a new 20-epi-vitamin D3 analog, which has exerted a considerable immunosuppressive potency in vitro. We have tested in vivo the effect of KH1060 on the suppression of renal allograft rejection in the rat. Allogenic kidney transplantation from DA donor rats to Lewis recipient rats treated intraperitoneally with KH1060 in doses from 0.2 to 6 μg/kg/day, or saline (placebo group), or CyA 10 mg/kg/day for 10 days (positive control group), was performed. Median graft survival time in KH1060-treated groups was 7–9 days, in the placebo group 6 days, whereas CyA led to long-term graft survival, 34 days in 50% of rats and 〉100 days in 50% of rats. In vivo, KH1060 failed to prolong renal allograft survival considerably, and led to development of hypercalcemia. Our results stress the existence of a large discrepancy between the in vitro and in vivo immunoregulatory effects of this vitamin D analog.
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    Effect of 1α-vitamin D3 on bone strength and composition in growing rats with and without corticosteroid treatment (1994)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 55 (1994), S. 443-450 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Bone mechanics ; Bone composition ; Vitamin D3 ; Corticosteroid ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The effects of 1α-vitamin D3 were studied for 6 months in 2-month-old male and female rats on a moderately low calcium diet with or without low-dose prednisolone treatment. Both cortical bone mechanical and biochemical properties were examined. Femoral bone specimens were subjected to torsional loading tests. With age, bone strength and stiffness increased in both sexes, accompanied by an increased degree of mineralization (bone ash and calcium concentrations). During growth, strength and stiffness increased more in male than in female rats. When 1α-vitamin D3 (0.5 μg/kg/day) was given alone, bone mechanical competence improved significantly whereas insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and calcium concentrations in the bone matrix were significantly reduced. Treatment with low-dose prednisolone (0.5 mg/kg/day) alone did not influence bone mechanical properties compared with intact control rats (without prednisolone) although a significant reduction in calcium concentration and an increased phosphorus concentration were measured. A combined therapy with prednisolone and 1α-vitamin D3 significantly increased bone strength, toughness, and stiffness compared with control bones. Both mineralization degree (ash and calcium concentration) and IGF-I concentration were decreased. We conclude that (1) mechanical properties of rat cortical bones improve relatively more in males compared with agematched females during growth which is related to increased bone mass and size, (2) low-dose prednisolone treatment does not change mechanical properties in males, and altered them only nonsignificantly in females despite a change in mineralization degree in both sexes; (3) treatment with 1α-vitamin D3 results in a consistent increase in mechanical competence of the bone accompanied by a significant decrease in IGF-I concentration in the bone matrix.
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    Measuring the effect of an abiotic stress on competition (1994)
    Springer
    Oecologia 100 (1994), S. 221-228 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Competition ; Abiotic stress ; Multiplicative interactions ; Nickel toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using recently developed solution culture techniques, the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress, nickel toxicity, was tested on intraspecific nutrient competition among wheat. The choice of an appropriate statistical model was of paramount importance in interpreting these effects. We argue that a multiplicative model is more appropriate for experiments on interactions of competition and abiotic stress. By such an analysis, nickel had no relative effect on the ability of competition to reduce plant size in two experiments, and caused a small reduction in competition in another. These results are contrary to other reports of the effect of a non-resource abiotic stress on competition and appear to be due to an increased demand for nutrients in the presence of toxic levels of nickel. The effects of an abiotic stress on competition may thus be specitic to the stress and not generalized across all abiotic stresses.
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    Gene transfer to inflorescence and flower meristems using ballistic micro-targeting (1994)
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    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 135-143 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Flower ; Meristem ; Gene transfer Particle bombardment ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Direct gene transfer to floral meristems could contribute to cell-fate mapping, to the study of flower-specific genes and promoters, and to the production of transgenic gametes via the transformation of sporogenic tissues. Despite the wide potential of its applications, direct gene transfer to floral meristems has not been achieved so far because of the lack of suitable technology. We show in this paper that ballistic micro-targeting is the technique of choice for this purpose, and in this way, we were able to transfer genes efficiently into excised wheat immature spikes. Particle size was adjusted for optimal penetration into the L1 and L2 cell layers of the spikes with limited cell damage. Spikes at different developmental stages were shot either with a plasmid containing two genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis or with a plasmid bearing the uidA (β-glucuronidase) gene. The transient expression of these marker genes was observed in the different developmental stages tested and in cells of both the L1 and the L2 layers. The transient expression of the uidA gene was significantly increased when the sucrose concentration in the culture medium was increased from 0.06 to 0.52 M. At the highest concentration, 100% of the targeted spikes expressed the uidA gene, with an average of 69 blue cells per spike. Twelve days after microtargeting, multicellular sectors showing transgene expression and containing up to 17 cells were found in 85% of the shot immature inflorescences. This indicated that targeted cells survived particle bombardment. Sectors were found in primordia of both vegetative and reproductive organs.
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    Mistranslation of human phosphoglycerate kinase in yeast in the presence of paromomycin (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 95-99 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Translational fidelity ; Paromomycin ; Stuttering ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Missense errors in the translation of mRNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were screened by looking for charge heterogeneity of proteins on two-dimensional gels resulting from the substitution of charged and neutral amino acids. No such mistranslation was detected in wild-type yeast strains grown in the presence of the translational error-inducing antibiotic paromomycin. However, paromomycin-induced mistranslation of a heterologous mRNA, encoding human phosphoglycerate kinase expressed in yeast, was seen. We suggest that the combination of error-prone translation of a heterologous mRNA, and growth in the presence of paromomycin, leads to an accumulation of mistranslated proteins that can be detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.
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    Saccharomyces cerevisiae YDR1, which encodes a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily, is required for multidrug resistance (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 285-294 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: ABC superfamily ; Multidrug resistance ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; YDR1 gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A multidrug resistance gene, YDR1, of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which encodes a 170-kDa protein of a member of the ABC superfamily, was identified. Disruption of YDR1 resulted in hypersensitivity to cycloheximide, cerulenin, compactin, staurosporine and fluphenazine, indicating that YDR1 is an important determinant of cross resistance to apparently-unrelated drugs. The Ydr1 protein bears the highest similarity to the S. cerevisiae Snq2 protein required for resistance to the mutagen 4-NQO. The drug-specificity analysis of YDR1 and SNQ2 by gene disruption, and its phenotypic suppression by the overexpressed genes, revealed overlapping, yet distinct, specificities. YDR1 was responsible for cycloheximide, cerulenin and compactin resistance, whereas, SNQ2 was responsible for 4-NQO resistance. The two genes had overlapping specificities toward staurosporine and fluphenazine. The transcription of YDR1 and SNQ2 was induced by various drugs, both relevant and irrelevant to the resistance caused by the gene, suggesting that drug specificity can be mainly attributed to the functional difference of the putative transporters. The transcription of these genes was also increased by heat shock. The yeast drug-resistance system provides a novel model for mammalian multidrug resistance.
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    Genetic effects of photoactivated psoralens during meiosis in DNA repair mutantpso3-1 ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 19-23 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Psoralen ; DNA repair mutants ; Gene conversion ; Recombination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of the DNA repair genePSO3 on photoactivated psoralen-induced meiotic recombination, gene conversion, reverse mutation, and on survival, was assayed in diploid strains ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae homozygous for the wild-type or thepso3-1 mutant allele. Sporulation was normal in thepso3-1 diploid. Wild-type and mutant strains had the same sensitivity to photoactivated monofunctional psoralen (3-CPs+UVA) in meiosis-uncommitted and meiosis-committed stages. The mutant showed higher sensitivity to photoactivated bifunctional psoralen (8-MOP+UVA) during all stages of the meiotic cycle. Mutation induction by 3-CPs+UVA or 8-MOP+UVA in meiosis-committed cells revealed no significant differences between wild-type and thepso3-1 mutant. The status of thePSO3 gene has no influence on the kinetics of induction of gene conversion and crossing-over after 3-CPs+UVA treatment in meiosis-committed cells: gene conversion was blocked while recombination was induced. After treatment with 8-MOP+UVA gene conversion was also blocked in both strains while crossing-over could only be observed in meiosis-committed wild-type cells.
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    New in-vivo cloning methods by homologous recombination in yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 180-183 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; In-vivo cloning ; Non-replicative vectors ; Homologous recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have devised a new strategy to clone DNA sequences from an yeast autonomously-propagating plasmid into a non-autonomous integrative vector by in-vivo recombination. The method consists of a first step in which the replicative plasmid carrying the DNA fragment of interest forms a co-integrate with the non-replicative plasmid by an induced in-vivo reciprocal exchange accompanied by gene conversion. The dimeric plasmid obtained is then purified and cut with an appropriate restriction enzyme and ligated independently to obtain the two intact monomeric plasmids, the original autonomous plasmid plus the new non-autonomous plasmid carrying the subcloned DNA fragment. The dimeric co-integrate can also serve as substrate for a second in-vivo reciprocal exchange that produces new autonomous plasmids carrying the desired DNA fragment. The technique considerably expands the applications of in-vivo cloning in yeast by complementing three important characteristics of previously published methods: (1) it can be used to clone into non-propagating vectors; (2) co-transformation experiments are not required; and (3) the intermediate co-integrate can be used to generate new types of autonomously-propagating plasmids directly. These characteristics are independent of whether the DNA insert is flanked by appropriate restriction sites or whether it does, or does not, express a detectable phenotype in yeast. The method is particularly useful for the cloning of large DNA fragments and can be used for plasmids from organisms other than yeasts.
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    Expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYT2 gene, encoding cytochrome c1 heme lyase (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytochrome c 1 ; Cytochrome c 1 heme lyase ; GRF2p ; Glucose repression ; HAPp ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we examine the expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYT2 gene, which encodes cytochrome c 1 heme lyase. This enzyme is required for covalent attachment of heme to apocytochrome c 1, a subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Transcription of the 1-kb CYT2 mRNA initiates at four prominent sites at a distance of 52–225 bp in front of the AUG start codon. The level of CYT2 mRNA is not influenced by the presence or absence of oxygen or of heme, but it is subject to carbonsource control. The concentration of the CYT2 mRNA is significantly reduced in glucose-grown cells as compared to cells grown under non-repressing conditions. Neither the HAPp activator proteins nor MIG1p, a repressor protein involved in glucose repression, seem to mediate this effect.
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    Mitochondrial DNA variability detected in a single wheat regenerant involves a rare recombination event across a short repeat (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 456-464 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Reciprocal recombination ; Mitochondrial genome ; Chondriome variability ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial genome of the selfed progeny of a plant regenerated from long-term somatic tissue culture displays specific structural rearrangements characterized by the appearance of novel restriction fragments. A mitochondrial DNA library was constructed from this selfed progeny in the SalI site of cosmid pHC79 and the novel fragments were subsequently studied. They were shown to arise from reciprocal recombination events involving DNA sequences present in the parental plant. The regions of recombination were sequenced and the nucleotide sequences were aligned with those of the presumptive parental fragments. We characterized an imperfect short repeated DNA sequence, 242 bp long, within which a 7-bb DNA repeat could act as a region of recombination. The use of PCR technology allowed us to show that these fragments were present in both parental plants and tissue cultures as low-abundance sequence arrangements.
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    The Escherichia coli recA gene increases UV-induced mitotic gene conversion in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 472-474 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; recA gene expression ; UV radiation ; Mitotic gene conversion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the Escherichia coli RecA protein on mitotic recombination in the diploid D7 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae damaged by UV radiation was investigated. The D7 strain was transformed by two modified versions of the pNF2 plasmid: one, containing the ADH-1 promoter, and the other containing the recA gene tandemly arranged behind the ADH-1 promoter region. Immunological analysis proved the presence of the 38-kDa RecA protein in D7/pNF2ADHrecA transformants. We observed a positive effect of recA gene expression on mitotic gene conversion, mainly at higher doses of UV radiation. The results indicate that a RecA-like activity could participate in steps preceeding mitotic conversion events in yeast.
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    ERV1 is involved in the cell-division cycle and the maintenance of mitochondrial genomes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 15-20 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cell-division cycle ; Mitochondrial genome ; Nuclear mutation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In former studies it was found that the ERV1 gene is essential for cell viability and for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria. A temperature-sensitive nuclear mutant exhibits a severe reduction in all the mitochondrial transcripts. Elimination of the gene leads to growth arrest after a few cell divisions. The putative gene product bears the characteristics of a regulatory factor since it has low expression rate and a high content of charged amino acids. In this study it is further verified that the ERV1 gene alone is responsible for the observed cellular and mitochondrial defects. The 5′ region of the gene is analysed by DNA deletions and complementation studies. Expression of the gene under the control of the GAL1-10 promoter in a disruption strain of ERV1 allows a more detailed specification of its influence on mitochondrial and cellular functions. Immediate and complete loss of mitochondrial genomes is observed after the promoter has been shut off, whereas the yeast cells are still able to grow for a limited time under these conditions. Analysis of the cells by in-vivo DNA flurorescence demonstrates a specific arrest in the cell-division cycle as the terminal phenotype. To further characterize the temperature-sensitive allele of ERV1 the mutated gene has been isolated and sequenced. A single point mutation which leads to the exchange of a single amino acid is found in the reading frame.
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    The yeast nuclear gene MRP-L13 codes for a protein of the large subunit of the mitochondrial ribosome (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 8-14 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Nuclear gene ; Mitochondria ; Mitochondrial ribosomal protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The nuclear gene MRP-L13 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which codes for the mitochondrial ribosomal protein YmL13, has been cloned and characterized. It is a single-copy gene residing on chromosome XI. Its nucleotide sequence was found to be identical to that of the previously reported ORF YK105. A comparison of the predicted protein sequence of the MRP-L13 gene product and the actual N-terminal amino-acid sequence of the isolated YmL13 protein indicated that the mature protein is preceded by a mitochondrial signal peptide of 86 amino-acid residues, which is the longest among all known mitochondrial ribosomal proteins of S. cerevisiae. No sequence similarity was found to any other ribosomal protein in the current databases. The transcription of MRP-L13 was found to be repressed in the presence of glucose. Its protein product is not strictly essential for mitochondrial functions, but disruption of the gene by insertion of LEU2 noticeably affected cellular growth on non-fermentable carbon sources.
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    Effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on soil nitrogen during growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 232-236 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: 15N-labelled fertilizer ; Added N interaction ; Fertilizer N uptake ; Soil N uptake ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied the effects of 15N-labelled ammonium nitrate and urea on the yield and uptake of labelled and unlabelled N by wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Mexi-Pak-65) in a field experiment. The dry matter and N yields were significantly increased with fertilizer N application compared to those from unfertilized soil. The wheat crop used 33.6–51.5 and 30.5–40.9% of the N from ammonium nitrate and urea, respectively. Splitting the fertilizer N application had a significant effect on the uptake of fertilizer N by the wheat. The fertilizer N uptake showed that ammonium nitrate was a more available source of N for wheat than urea. The effective use of fertilizer N (ratio of fertilizer N in grain to fertilizer N in whole plant) was statistically similar for the two N fertilizers. The application of fertilizer N increased the uptake of unlabelled soil N by wheat, a result attributed to a positive added N interaction, which varied according to the fertilizer N split; six split applications gave the highest added N interaction compared to a single application or two split applications for both fertilizers. Ammonium nitrate gave 90.5, 33.5, and 48.5% more added N interaction than urea with one, two, and six split N applications. A values were not significantly correlated with the added N interaction (r=0.557). The observed added N interaction may have been the result of pool substitution, whereby added labelled fertilizer N replaced unlabelled soil N.
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    Antisense RNA regulation of the ILV2 gene in yeast: a correction (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 289-289 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Inducible antisense gene ; Acetolactate synthase ; Bradytrophic phenocopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A previous report of the use of antisense RNA to regulate gene expression in yeast is incorrect.
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    Isolation and characterization of three mutants with increased sensitivity to photoactivated 3-carbethoxypsoralen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 407-411 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Psoralen sensitivity ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA repair ; Oxidative stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The complementation and genetical analysis of yeast mutants sensitive to photoactivated 3-carbethoxy-psoralen define three novel recessive mutant alleles pso-5-1, pso6-1, and pso7-1. Their cross-sensitivity to UV254nm, radiomimetic mutagens, and to chemicals enhancing oxidative stress suggest that these mutants are either impaired in metabolic steps protecting from oxidative stress or in mechanisms of the repair of oxygen-dependent DNA lesions. None of the three novel mutant alleles block the induction of reverse mutation by photoactivated mono- and bi-functional psoralens, nitrogen mustards, or UV254nm.
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    Suppression of a mitochondrial point mutation in a tRNA gene can cast light on the mechanisms of 3′ end-processing (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 451-455 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: tRNA processing ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We used a genetic approach to study the nuclear factors involved in the biogenesis of mitochondrial tRNAs. A point mutation in the mitochondrial tRNAAsp gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae had previously been shown to result in a temperature-sensitive respiratory-deficient phenotype as a result of the absence of 3′ end-processing of the tRNAAsp. Analysis of mitochondrial revertants has shown that all revertants sequenced have a G-A compensatory change at position 53, which restores the hydrogen-bond with the mutated nucleotide. We then searched for nuclear suppressors to identify the nuclear gene(s) involved in mitochondrial tRNA 3′ end-processing. One such suppressor mutation was further characterized: it restores tRNAAsp maturation and growth at 36°C on glycerol medium in heterozygous diploids, but leads to a defective growth phenotype in haploids.
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    Stabilization of methionine-rich protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: targeting of BZN protein into the peroxisome (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 390-397 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Overexpression ; Peroxisomes ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Stabilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have constructed a gene coding for the 12-kDa intermediate form of the 2s methionine-rich protein from Bertholletia excelsa seeds. This protein, expressed intracellularly in yeast, is characterised by a 20-min balf-life. By adding 11 amino acids corresponding to the peroxisome-targeting sequence (PTSc) of luciferase, we have significantly increased its half-life. This stabilization allowed accumulation of the BZN protein into the peroxisome as judged by cell fractionation. Accumulation of the 12-kDa protein results in a significant increase of the total methionine content in yeast cells (30%) indicating that such a microorganism could represent a practicable protected shuttl for an animal-feed additive.
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    Sequence analysis of three deficient mutants of cytochrome oxidase subunit I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their revertants (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 546-552 
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    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytochrome oxidase ; Revertant ; Mitochondria ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three respiratory-deficient mutants of cytochrome oxidase subunit I in the yeast mitochondrion have been sequenced. They are located in, or near, transmembrane segment VI, the catalytic core of the enzyme. Respiratory-competent revertants have been selected and studied. The mutant V244M was found to revert at the same site in valine (wild-type), isoleucine or threonine. The revertants of the mutant G251R were of three types: glycine (wild-type), serine and threonine at position 251. A search for second-site mutations was carried out but none were found. Among 60 revertants tested, the mutant K265M was found to revert only to the wild-type allele.
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    Kinetic studies of killer toxin K1 binding to yeast cells indicate two receptor populations (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Killer toxin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Toxin binding ; Cell wall receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A recently described new method for determination of killer toxin activity was used for kinetic measurenments of K1 toxin binding. The cells of the killer sensitive strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae S6 were shown to carry two classes of toxin binding sites differing widely in their half-saturation constants and maximum binding rates. The low-affinity and high-velocity binding component (K T1=2.6x109 L.U./ml, V max1=0.19 s-1) probably reflects diffusion-limited binding to cell wall receptors; the high-affinity and low-velocity component (K T2=3.2x107 L.U./ml, V max2=0.03 s-1) presumably indicates the binding of the toxin to plasma membrane receptors. Adsorption of most of the killer toxin K1 to the surface of sensitive cells occured within 1 min and was virtually complete within 5 min. The amount of toxin that saturated practically all cell receptors was about 600 lethal units (L.U.) per cell of S. cerevisiae S6.
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    Effect of the new fluorescent brightener Rylux BSU on morphology and biosynthesis of cell walls in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 161 (1994), S. 340-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Rylux BSU ; Fluorescent brightener ; Cell walls ; Chitin synthase ; Glucan synthase ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rylux BSU, a new fluorescent brightener from the family of 4,4′-diaminostilbene-2,2′disulfonic acid derivatives, inhibited growth and cytokinesis of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the presence of 0.1–1 mg/ml Rylux BSU the cells grew in clumps, had irregular shape and were larger than controls. They formed apparently normal primary septa but their secondary septa and lateral cell walls, especially those in older cells, were abnormally thick with large deposits of amorphous wall material in the periplasmic spaces all over the cell surface. Chitin content in the cell walls of cells grown in the presence of Rylux BSU was increased 2 to 5 times in comparison to that of the controls and glucan content was reduced by up to 30%. In the in vitro assays with particulate membrane fractions, Rylux BSU acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of β-1,3-glucan synthase with inhibitory constant K i=1.75 mg/ml whereas the chitin synthase was inhibited to a much lesser extent. From the difference of the effects of Rylux BSU on the synthesis of chitin in vivo and in vitro it is concluded that the brightener interacts with chitin synthase only indirectly, possibly by influencing the properties of integral plasma membrane.
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    Kinetic studies of killer toxin K1 binding to yeast cells indicate two receptor populations (1994)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 162 (1994), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words     Killer toxin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Toxin binding ; Cell wall receptor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract      A recently described new method for determination of killer toxin activity was used for kinetic measurements of K1 toxin binding. The cells of the killer sensitive strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae S6 were shown to carry two classes of toxin binding sites differing widely in their half-saturation constants and maximum binding rates. The low-affinity and high-velocity binding component (K T1 = 2.6 × 109 L.U./ml, V max1 = 0.19 s– 1) probably reflects diffusion-limited binding to cell wall receptors; the high-affinity and low-velocity component (K T2 = 3.2 × 107 L.U./ml, V max2 = 0.03 s– 1) presumably indicates the binding of the toxin to plasma membrane receptors. Adsorption of most of the killer toxin K1 to the surface of sensitive cells occured within 1 min and was virtually complete within 5 min. The amount of toxin that saturated practically all cell receptors was about 600 lethal units (L.U.) per cell of S. cerevisiae S6.
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    Phytate dephosphorylation by free and immobilized cells ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
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    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1994), S. 30-34 
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    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Phytate ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Polyacrylamide gel ; Inositol phosphates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the form of baker's yeast, cells cultivated on a yeast extract-peptone-glucose medium, as well as cells immobilized in 18% (w/v) polyacrylamide gel showed the ability to hydrolyze 1.727 mM sodium phytate solution at 45°C, pH 4.6, in a stirred tank reactor. Seventy percent yield of dephosphorylation was observed after 2 h using a baker's yeast concentration of 5.8 g dry matter per 100 ml. Hydrolytic activity at 1.8–2.0 μM Pi min−1 was observed between 1st and 3rd h of the reaction in cells cultured 24 or 48 h. No inhibition by the substrate was found at sodium phytate concentrations of 0.587–1.727 mM. After 1.5 h of hydrolysis a single, well distinguished peak ofmyo-inositol-triphosphate was the main product found. By means of immobilization the stability of the biocatalyst was enhanced 3.3-fold and reached its half-life at 64 ninety-minute runs.
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    Evolution of C6, C8 and C10 acids and their ethyl esters in cells and musts during fermentation with threeSaccharomyces cerevisiae races (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of industrial microbiology and biotechnology 13 (1994), S. 269-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-5535
    Keywords: Wine ; Yeasts ; Fatty acids ; Ethyl esters ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The evolution of the cell and must contents of three short-chain fatty acids (C6, C8 and C10) and their ethyl esters during fermentations withSaccharomyces cerevisiae racescerevisiae, bayanus andcapensis were studied. The former is a fermentative yeast and the last two are ‘flor’ film yeasts. The acid concentrations in the musts increased throughout the alcoholic fermentations, and maximum cell concentrations of the fatty acids were reached after 48 h of fermentation. Maximum ester concentrations in the cells were attained after 48–72 h of fermentation. In the musts, ethyl octanoate and ethyl decanoate reached a peak also at this point, and ethyl hexanoate after 10 days. After 134 days,S. cerevisiae racecapensis formed a thick ‘flor’ film whileS. cerevisiae racebayanus developed a thin film andS. cerevisiae racecerevisiae formed no film. At this point, acid contents remained constant in the wines produced byS. cerevisiae racescerevisiae andbayanus, and decreased in those obtained with racecapensis. The ethyl ester contents tended to decrease with the exception of ethyl decanoate in the fermentations carried out byS. cerevisiae racescerevisiae andbayanus.
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    Evolution of behavioral responses to sex pheromone in mutant laboratory colonies ofTrichoplusia ni (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 231-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; behavior ; evolution ; sexual selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni, from two colonies in which all females express an abnormal sex pheromone production phenotype were evaluated in a laboratory wind tunnel for upwind flight responses to the normal and abnormal sex pheromones. The abnormal sex pheromone blend consisted of 20 times as much (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate and 30-fold less (Z)-5-dodecenyl acetate compared to the normal pheromone blend. Initially, these males exhibited poor behavioral responses to the abnormal sex pheromone and maximum responses to the normal pheromone blend, indicating that there was no linkage between signal production and response. After 49 generations of laboratory rearing, males from the mutant colonies maintained good responses to the normal pheromone and increased their behavioral response to the abnormal sex pheromone to the same levels as for the normal pheromone. Over the same period, normal males maintained their preference for the normal pheromone. These results indicated that evolution had occurred in mutant colonies in favor of greater male responsiveness to the abnormal sex pheromone, resulting in the broadening of the response spectrum to pheromone blend ratios. This evolution presumably resulted from a mating advantage to those males that did not discriminate against mutant-type females in the mutant colonies.
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    Oviposition stimulants inBarbarea vulgaris forPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea: isolation, identification and differential activity (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 423-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Barbarea vulgaris ; oviposition ; stimulants ; glucosinolates ; glucobarbarin ; glucobrassicin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The closely related butterflies,Pieris rapae andP. napi oleracea, readily laid eggs onBarbarea vulgaris in greenhouse cages. When offered a choice between cabbage andB. vulgaris, P. rapae showed no preference, butP. napi oleracea preferredB. vulgaris. Bioassays of extracts ofB. vulgaris foliage revealed the presence of oviposition deterrent(s) in l-butanol extracts as well as stimulants in the postbutanol water extracts. However, the deterrent effect was apparently outweighed by the strong stimulatory effect in the whole plants. The postbutanol water extract was preferred over an equivalent cabbage extract by both species, but more significantly in the case ofP. napi oleracea. The stimulants were isolated by open column chromatography and HPLC, and the activity was associated with three glucosinolates.P. napi oleracea was more sensitive thanP. rapae to the natural concentration of compounds1 and3, whereas both species were strongly stimulated to oviposit by natural concentrations of compound2. Compounds1 and2 were identified as (2R)-glucobarbarin and (2S)-glucobarbarin, respectively, and3 was identified as glucobrassicin, on the basis of their UV, mass, and NMR spectra. When the pure compounds were tested at the same concentrations applied to bean plants, the (2R)-glucobarbarin at 0.2 mg/plant was preferred over a standard cabbage extract by both butterfly species. However, at a dose of 0.02 mg/plant,P. rapae preferred the cabbage extract whereasP. napi oleracea still preferred the (2R)-glucobarbarin. No such difference in response of the two species to the same two concentrations of (2S)-glucobarbarin was obtained. The results indicate a distinct difference in sensitivity of these butterflies to the epimers of glucobarbarin, and the differences in behavioral responses of the two butterfly species depend to a large extent on the concentration of stimulant present.
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    Cardenolides as oviposition deterrents to twoPieris species: Structure-activity relationships (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1039-1051 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Pieris napi oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; oviposition ; deterrents ; cardenolides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition responses ofPieris rapae andP. napi oleracea to 18 cardenolides were compared under the same conditions. Effects of different concentrations of selected cardenolides were also tested. Most of the compounds were deterrent to oviposition by both insects, but to significantly different degrees.P. rapae were strongly deterred by K-strophanthoside, K-strophanthin-β, cymarin, convallatoxin, oleandrin, erysimoside, erychroside, and gitoxigenin. The most deterrent compounds forP. napi oleracea were erychroside, cymarin, erysimoside, convallatoxin, and K-strophanthoside. Strophanthidin-based glycosides were more deterrent than digitoxigenin-based ones, and the number and type of sugar substitutions can have profound effects on activity. Both similarities and contrasts were found in responses ofP. rapae andP. napi oleracea to these cardenolides. Cymarin was equally deterrent to bothPieris species at all concentrations tested. However, when compared withP. rapae, P. napi oleracea was less sensitive to most of the cardenolides.P. napi oleracea was insensitive to K-strophanthin-β and oleandrin at 0.5 × 10−4 M, which were highly deterrent toP. rapae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059740
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    Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Schiffermüller) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1063-1073 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Oxime ether ; NMR data ; pheromone mimics ; ESG studies ; structure-response relationships ; turnip moth ; Agrotis segetum Schiff. ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oxime ether analogs of sex pheromone components of the turnip moth (Agrotis segetum Schiff.) were synthesized by the acidolytic opening of cyclic enol ethers withO-alkyl hydroxylamine hydrochlorides. The compounds varying in chain lengths and in the position of the C=N double bond were studied by electrophysiological single sensillum recordings (electrosen-sillography: ESG). The ESG data indicate in general reduced receptor interaction of all analogs investigated in comparison with natural pheromone components of the turnip moth. The data also show that the grade of decrease of receptor interaction depends on specific structural changes within the molecule. The results demonstrate high complementary pheromone-receptor relationships, predominantly depending on the position of the unsaturated group in the chain, whereas analogs with other structural changes are still recognized as a pheromone-like compound by the receptor.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02059743
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    Absorption and release of pheromone ofEpiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by apple leaves (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1825-1841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; electroantennogram ; pheromone ; dispenser ; apple ; mating ; disruption ; atmospheric concentration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The absorption and release of the pheromone ofEpiphyas postvititana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae),E 11–14: OAc andE,E 9, 11–14: OAc (95:5) by apple leaves was studied using electroantennograms (EAG) and sticky traps baited with pheromone-treated leaves. Leaves exposed to an airstream containing pheromone reached a constant level of pheromone release within 3 min. Release occurred over a period greater than 24 hr, following removal of leaves from the pheromone-saturated environment. Pheromone-treated leaves were effective as lures in sticky traps for at least three nights, although the average catch per night decrease logarithmically with time. In the field, pheromone was detected by EAG on leaves harvested from up to 25 cm away from a central point source of pheromone. The shape of a surface representing equal pheromone re-release from leaves around a central point source was defined by interpolation from a three-dimensional transect. Leaves harvested from 5 cm under the dispensers showed the highest pheromone release rate. Leaves downwind of the dispensers also had higher release of pheromone. In a treated orchard, significantly higher EAG measurements were recorded in the rows of trees that contained dispensers, compared to grass interrows or untreated trees. The implications of foliar pheromone adsorption and release on atmospheric concentrations and insect behavior require further investigation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02066225
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    (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal: Major sex pheromone component of the eastern blackheaded budworm,Acleris variana (Fern.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Acleris variana ; sex pheromone ; (E)-11,13-tetradecadienal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E)-11,13-Tetradecadienal (E11,13–14:Ald) is the major sex pheromone component of the eastern blackheaded budworm (EBB),Acleris variana (Fern.). The compound was identified in female pheromone gland extracts by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), coupled GC-mass spectrometry in selected ion monitoring mode, and retention index calculations of candidate pheromone components.E11,13–14:Ald alone as trap bait was very attractive to male EBB. Addition of the corresponding diene alcohol or acetate or both did not enhance attraction. (Z)-11,13-Tetradecadienal in binary combination with (E)-11,13–14:Ald neither enhanced nor reduced trap catches. Increasing the amounts of pheromone from 0.01 to 10 µg increased trap catches, but increase of pheromone quantity above 100 µg proportionately reduced attraction. Stabilization of slowly polymerizingE11,13–14:Ald and development of a sustained, adequate release rate is required for pheromone-based monitoring of EBB populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02065986
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    Isolation and characterization of a multienzyme complex containing DNA replicative enzymes from mitochondria ofS. cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 20 (1994), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: mitochondria ; multienzyme complex ; replication ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A 40 S multienzyme complex containing mtDNA polymerase was isolated from mitochondria ofS. cerevisiae by density gradient centrifugation and by gel filtration chromatography. Besides DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, primase, 3′→5′ exonuclease and an ATPase activities were found to be associated with it. The presence of some of these enzymes were confirmed by Western blot. This high molecular weight multienzyme complex containing DNA has most of the attributes of a putative replisome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00990545
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    Molecular cloning of the Arabidopsis thaliana sedoheptulose-1,7-biphosphatase gene and expression studies in wheat and Arabidopsis thaliana (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1191-1200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Calvin cycle genes ; gene expression ; SBPase ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the isolation and nucleotide sequence of genomic clones encoding the chloroplast enzyme sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase (SBPase) from Arabidopsis thaliana. The coding region of this gene contains eight exons (72–76 bp) and seven introns (75–91 bp) and encodes a polypeptide of 393 amino acids. Unusually, the 5′ non-coding region contains two additional AUG codons upstream of the translation initiation codon. A comparison of the deduced Arabidopsis and wheat SBPase polypeptide sequences reveals 78.6%, identity. Expression studies showed that the level of SBPase mRNA in Arabidopsis and wheat is regulated in a light-dependent manner and is also influenced by the developmental stage of the leaf. Although the Arabidopsis SBPase gene is present in a single copy, two hybridizing transcripts were detected in some tissues, suggesting the presence of alternate transcription start sites in the upstream region.
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    Cloning of an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA coding for farnesyl diphosphate synthase by functional complementation in yeast (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1867-1873 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; cDNA ; complementation ; erg20-2 yeast mutant ; farnesyl diphosphate synthase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA encoding farnesyl diphosphate synthase, an enzyme that synthesizes C15 isoprenoid diphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate, was cloned from an Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library by complementation of a mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae deficient in this enzyme. The A. thaliana cDNA was also able to complement the lethal phenotype of the erg20 deletion yeast mutant. As deduced from the full-length 1.22 kb cDNA nucleotide sequence, the polypeptide contains 343 amino acids and has a relative molecular mass of 39689. The predicted amino acid sequence presents about 50% identity with the yeast, rat and human FPP synthases. Southern blot analyses indicate that A. thaliana probably contains a single gene for farnesyl diphosphate synthase.
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    Transfer of Ph I genes promoting homoeologous pairing from Triticum speltoides to common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 97-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. speltoides ; Meiotic chromosome pairing ; Alien transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diploid-like chromosome pairing in polyploid wheat is controlled by several Ph (pairing homoeologous) genes with major and minor effects. Homoeologous pairing occurs in either the absence of these genes or their inhibition by genes from other species (Ph I genes). We transferred Ph I genes from Triticum speltoides (syn Aegilops speltoides) to T. aestivum, and on the basis of further analysis it appears that two duplicate and independent Ph I genes were transferred. Since Ph I genes are epistatic to the Ph genes of wheat, homoeologous pairing between the wheat and alien chromosomes occurs in the F1 hybrids. Using the Ph I gene stock, we could demonstrate homoeologous pairing between the wheat and Haynaldia villosa chromosomes. Since homoeologous pairing occurs in F1 hybrids and no cytogenetic manipulation is needed, the Ph I gene stock may be a versatile tool for effecting rapid and efficient alien genetic transfers to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222400
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    Wheat chromosome 2D carries genes controlling the activity of two DNA-degrading enzymes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 30-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; DNase ; Nuclease ; Cytogenetics ; Gene mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA-degrading enzymes of 24.0 kDa and 27.0 kDa were observed to have different activities in two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. A substrate-based SDS-PAGE assay revealed that these two enzymes were much more active in ‘Wichita’ than in ‘Cheyenne’. Genes controlling the activities of these two enzymes were localized on chromosome 2D by testing DNA-degrading activities in reciprocal chromosome substitution lines between ‘Wichita’ and ‘Cheyenne’. While the allele on ‘Wichita’ chromosome 2D stimulated the activities of the 24.0- and 27.0-kDa enzymes in Cheyenne, the allele on ‘Cheyenne’ chromosome 2D did not reduce the activities of the 24-kDa and 27-kDa enzymes in ‘Wichita’. Whether these genes code for the DNA-degrading enzymes themselves or for factors that regulate the enzyme activities remains unknown.
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    A monoclonal antibody chromosome marker analysis used to locate a loose smut resistance gene in wheat chromosome 6A (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 787-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Ustilago tritici ; Alien substitution ; Molecular marker ; Gene location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many genes have been located in wheat chromosomes, yet little is known about the location of genes for resistance to Ustilago tritici, which causes loose smut. Crosses were made between the loose smut susceptible alien substitution lines Cadet 6Ag(6A) and Rescue 6Ag(6A) (lines in which Agropyron chromosome 6 is substituted by wheat chromosome 6A) and four cultivars resistant to U. tritici race T19: ‘Cadet’, ‘Kota’, ‘Thatcher’ and ‘TD18’. The segregating progeny were tested for reaction to race T19 and for the level of binding with a monoclonal antibody specific to a chromosome 6A-coded seed protein. The antibody, which does not bind to seed protein extracts in the absence of the 6A chromosome, was used as a chromosome marker. An association was established between resistance to race T19 and the presence of chromosome 6A for each of the cultivars tested, indicating that resistance to race T19 resides in chromosome 6A. Ustilago tritici race T19 resistance in ‘Cadet’ appears to be located in the short arm of chromosome 6A, based on the evaluation of the Cadet 6A long ditelosomic stock, which was susceptible, and the Cadet 6A-short: 6-Agropyron- short alien translocation stock, which was resistant.
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
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    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
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    Identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by RFLP analysis using a set of assigned wheat DNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron cristatum ; Alien addition ; RFLP ; Non-radioactive labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled DNA method was used successfully to identify RFLP markers in 54 Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ — Agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome PPPP) P-genome monosomic addition lines. Southern analysis using a set of 14 DNA probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI, indicated that six A. cristatum chromosomes (1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P and 6P) and five A. cristatum chromosome arms (2PS, 2PL, 5PL, 6PS and 6PL) have been individually added to the wheat genome. The added chromosomes of three lines were Agropyron translocated chromosomes. It was also found that two addition plants possessed an Agropyron-wheat translocation. These results showed that RFLP analysis using the set of assigned wheat probes was a powerful tool in detecting and establishing homoeology of alien A. cristatum chromosomes, or arms, added to wheat, as well as in screening the alien addition material. The creation of the monosomic addition lines should be useful for the transfer of disease-resistance genes from A. cristatum to wheat.
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    Identification of RFLP markers linked to the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene (Cre) in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 927-930 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Restriction fragment length polymorphism ; CCN ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum aestivum ; Heterodera avenae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cereal cyst nematode (CCN) (Heterodera avenae Woll.) is an economically damaging pest of wheat in many of the worlds cereal growing areas. The development of CCN-resistant cultivars may be accelerated by the use of molecular markers. The Cre gene of the wheat line “AUS 10894” confers resistance to CCN. Using a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) that should differ only in a small chromosome segment containing the Cre locus, we screened 58 group-2 probes and found two (Tag605 and CDO588) that detect polymorphism between the NILs. Nulli-tetrasomic and ditelosomic lines confirmed that the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers identified were derived from the long arm of wheat chromosome 2. Crosses between “AUS 10894” and “Spear” and the NIL “AP” and its recurrent parent “Prins” were used to produce F2 populations that gave the expected 3∶1 segregation ratio for the resistance gene. Linkage analysis identified two RFLP markers flanking the resistance gene. Xglk605 and Xcdo588 mapped 7.3 cM (LOD=6.0) and 8.4 cM (LOD=6.7), respectively, from the Cre locus.
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    Waxy protein deficiency and chromosomal location of coding genes in common wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 179-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Waxy (Wx) protein ; Triticum aestivum ; Null allele ; Geographical distribution ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Deficiency of the wheat waxy (Wx) proteins (Wx-A1, Wx-B1 and Wx-D1) was studied in 1,960 cultivars derived from several countries. Gel electrophoretic analyses revealed that the null allele for the Wx-A1 protein occurred frequently in Korean, Japanese and Turkish wheats but was relatively rare in cultivars from other countries and regions. About 48% of the wheats deficient for the Wx-B1 protein were from Australia and India. One Chinese cultivar lacked the WxD1 protein. While 9 Japanese cultivars were deficient in both the Wx-A1 and Wx-B1 proteins, no cultivars lacked both the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 proteins, both the Wx-B1 and Wx-D1 proteins or all three Wx proteins. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed polymorphisms of the three Wx proteins that varied according to isoelectric points or molecular weight. The Wx-A1 gene coding the Wx-A1 protein and the Wx-B1 gene coding the Wx-B1 protein were localized in the distal regions of chromosome arms 7AS and 4AL, respectively, by deletion mapping using the deletion lines developed in the common wheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’.
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    Genetic control of amylose content in wheat endosperm starch and differential effects of three Wx genes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 276-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Amylose content ; Monosomic ; Substitution line ; Triticum aestivum ; Wx protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The endosperm starch of the wheat grain is composed of amylose and amylopectin. Genetic manipulation of the ratio of amylose to amylopectin or the amylose content could bring about improved texture and quality of wheat flour. The chromosomal locations of genes affecting amylose content were investigated using a monosomic series of Chinese Spring (CS) and a set of Cheyenne (CNN) chromosome substitution lines in the CS genetic background. Trials over three seasons revealed that a decrease in amylose content occurred in monosomic 4A and an increase in monosomic 7B. Allelic variation between CS and CNN was suggested for the genes on chromosomes 4A and 7B. To examine the effects of three Waxy (Wx) genes which encode a granule-bound starch synthase (Wx protein), the Wx proteins from CS monosomics of interest were analyzed using SDS-PAGE. The amount of the Wx protein coded by the Wx-B1 gene on chromosome arm 4AL was reduced in monosomic 4A, and thus accounted for its decreased amylose content. The amounts of two other Wx proteins coded by the Wx-A1 and Wx-D1 genes on chromosome arms 7AS and 7DS, respectively, showed low levels of protein in the monosomics but no effect on amylose content. The effect of chromosome 7B on the level of amylose suggested the presence of a regulator gene which suppresses the activities of the Wx genes.
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    Expression of the α-subunit of glycoprotein hormones in the pars tuberalis-specific glandular cells in rat, mouse and guinea-pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 617-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Pituitary ; Pars tuberalis ; α-Subunit ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Rat ; Mouse ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The nature of the hormone(s) secreted by the pars tuberalis (PT) is still unknown. This pituitary lobe is mainly formed by specific glandular cells that differ in their ultrastructural features from the other adenohypophysial cell types. Data from the literature indicate the presence of thyroid-stimulating hormone immunoreactivity in the PT-specific cells of the rat and the Djungarian hamster but not of other species, including the mouse and guinea-pig. The PT also encloses variable numbers of pars distalis cells, essentially gonadotrophs that are mainly dispersed in its caudal area. We studied the expression of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit in the PT of the rat, mouse and guinea-pig by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. In situ hybridization, using an oligonucleotide probe complementary to rat cDNA sequence 196–237 revealed the expression of the α-subunit gene throughout the PT of the rat and the mouse; in the guinea-pig, the probe labelled no pituitary cells. Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated α-subunit immunoreactivity in the secretory granules of the PT-specific cells in the three species examined. These cells did not react with a specific antibody against the β-subunit of luteinizing hormone, an antibody that labelled scattered gonadotrophs. The present data suggest that hormone(s) produced by the PT-specific glandular cells are, at least partly, related to glycoprotein hormones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050253
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    Expression of the α-subunit of glycoprotein hormones in the pars tuberalis-specific glandular cells in rat, mouse and guinea-pig (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 617-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary ; Pars tuberalis ; α-Subunit ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Rat ; Mouse ; Guinea-pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The nature of the hormone(s) secreted by the pars tuberalis (PT) is still unknown. This pituitary lobe is mainly formed by specific glandular cells that differ in their ultrastructural features from the other adenohypophysial cell types. Data from the literature indicate the presence of thyroid-stimulating hormone immunoreactivity in the PT-specific cells of the rat and the Djungarian hamster but not of other species, including the mouse and guinea-pig. The PT also encloses variable numbers of pars distalis cells, essentially gonadotrophs that are mainly dispersed in its caudal area. We studied the expression of the glycoprotein hormone α-subunit in the PT of the rat, mouse and guinea-pig by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. In situ hybridization, using an oligonucleotide probe complementary to rat cDNA sequence 196–237 revealed the expression of the α-subunit gene throughout the PT of the rat and the mouse; in the guinea-pig, the probe labelled no pituitary cells. Light-and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry demonstrated α-subunit immunoreactivity in the secretory granules of the PT-specific cells in the three species examined. These cells did not react with a specific antibody against the β-subunit of luteinizing hormone, an antibody that labelled scattered gonadotrops. The present data suggest that hormone(s) produced by the PT-specific glandular cells are, at least partly, related to glycoprotein hormones.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331382
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    The immunolocalization of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in testicular cells during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the adult rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 363-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: snRNPs ; Testis ; Spermatocytes ; Spermatids ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chromatoid body ; Intermitochondrial nuage ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The objective of this study was to determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) in the adult rat testis in relation to the different cell types at the various stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. The distribution of snRNPs in the nucleus and cytoplasm of germ cells was quantitated in an attempt to correlate RNA processing with morphological and functional changes occurring during the development of these cells. Light-microscopic immunoperoxidase staining of rat testes with polyclonal anti-Sm and monoclonal anti-Y12 antibodies localized spliceosome snRNPs in the nuclei and cytoplasm of germ cells up to step 10 spermatids. Nuclear staining was intense in Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and in the early steps of round spermatid development. Although comparatively weaker, cytoplasmic staining for snRNPs was strongest in mid and late pachytene spermatocytes and early round spermatids. Quantitative electron-microscopic immunogold labeling of Lowicryl embedded testicular sections confirmed the light-microscopic observations but additionally showed that the snRNP content peaked in the cytoplasm of mid-pachytene spermatocytes and in the nuclei of late pachytene spermatocytes. The immunogold label tended to aggregate into distinct loci over the nuclear chromatin. The chromatoid body of spermatids and spermatocytes and the finely granular material in the interstices of mitochondrial aggregates of spermatocytes were found to be additional sites of snRNP localization and were intensely labeled. This colocalization suggests that these dense cytoplasmic structures may be functionally related. Anti-U1 snRNP antibodies applied to frozen sections showed the same LM localization pattern as spliceosome snRNPs. Anti-U3 snRNP antibodies applied to frozen sections stained nucleoli of germ cells where pre-rRNA is spliced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414179
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    Selective association of nerve fibres immunoreactive for substance P or bombesin with putative cholinergic neurons of the male rat major pelvic ganglion (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 589-594 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Autonomic ganglia ; Neuropeptides ; Pelvic plexus ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The male rat major pelvic ganglion contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons that supply the lower urinary and digestive tracts, and the reproductive organs. The aim of this study was to describe the distribution and identify potential targets of sensory and intestinofugal axons in this ganglion. Two putative markers of these projections were chosen, substance P for primary sensory axons and bombesin for myenteric intestinofugal projections. Varicose substance P-immunoreactive axons were associated only with non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) somata, and most commonly with those that contained vasoactive intestinal peptide. Immunoreactivity for substance P was also present in a small group of non-noradrenergic somata, many of which were immunoreactive for enkephalins, neuropeptide Y or vasoactive intestinal peptide. Bombesin immunoreactivity was found only in preterminal and terminal (varicose) axons, the latter of which were exclusively associated with non-noradrenergic somata that contain neuropeptide Y-immunoreactivity. Some varicose axons containing either substance P-or bombesin-immunoreactivity were intermingled with clumps of small, intensely fluorescent cells. These studies indicate that substance P-and bombesin-immunoreactive axons are likely to connect with numerically small, but discrete, populations of pelvic neurons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331378
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    Zona glomerulosa of the adrenal gland in a transgenic strain of rat: a morphologic and functional study (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Adrenal cortex ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Steroidogenesis ; Electron microscopy ; Morphometry ; Rat ; transgenic (mRen2) 27
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Transgenic rats for the murine Ren-2 gene display high blood pressure, low circulating levels of angiotensin II, and high renin content in the adrenal glands. Moreover, transgenic rats possess an increased aldosterone secretion (maximal from 6 to 18 weeks of age), paralleling the development of hypertension. To investigate further the cytophysiology of the adrenal glands of this strain of rats, we performed a combined morphometric and functional study of the zona glomerulosa of 10-week-old female transgenic rats. Morphometry did not reveal notable differences between zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and age- and sex-matched Sprague-Dawley rats, with the exception of a marked accumulation of lipid droplets, in which cholesterol and cholesterol esters are stored. The volume of the lipid-droplet compartment underwent a significant decrease when transgenic rats were previously injected with angiotensin II or ACTH. Dispersed zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic rats showed a significantly higher basal aldosterone secretion, but their response to angiotensin II and ACTH was similar to that of Sprague-Dawley animals. Angiotensin II-receptor number and affinity were not dissimilar in zona glomerulosa cells of transgenic and Sprague-Dawley rats. These data suggest that the sustained stimulation of the adrenal renin-angiotensin system in transgenic animals causes an increase in the accumulation in zona glomerulosa cells of cholesterol available for steroidogenesis, as indicated by the expanded volume of the lipid-droplet compartment and the elevated basal steroidogenesis. However, the basal hyperfunction of the zona glomerulosa in transgenic animals does not appear to be coupled with an enhanced responsivity to its main secretagogues, at least in terms of aldosterone secretion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305774
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    The immunolocalization of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles in testicular cells during the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium of the adult rat (1994)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 278 (1994), S. 363-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: snRNPs ; Testis ; Spermatocytes ; Spermatids ; Immunocytochemistry ; Chromatoid body ; Intermitochondrial nuage ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the cellular and subcellular distribution of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs) in the adult rat testis in relation to the different cell types at the various stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. The distribution of snRNPs in the nucleus and cytoplasm of germ cells was quantitated in an attempt to correlate RNA processing with morphological and functional changes occurring during the development of these cells. Light-microscopic immunoperoxidase staining of rat testes with polyclonal anti-Sm and monoclonal anti-Y12 antibodies localized spliceosome snRNPs in the nuclei and cytoplasm of germ cells up to step 10 spermatids. Nuclear staining was intense in Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and in the early steps of round spermatid development. Although comparatively weaker, cytoplasmic staining for snRNPs was strongest in mid and late pachytene spermatocytes and early round spermatids. Quantitative electron-microscopic immunogold labeling of Lowicryl embedded testicular sections confirmed the light-microscopic observations but additionally showed that the snRNP content peaked in the cytoplasm of midpachytene spermatocytes and in the nuclei of late pachytene spermatocytes. The immunogold label tended to aggregate into distinct loci over the nuclear chromatin. The chromatoid body of spermatids and spermatocytes and the finely granular material in the interstices of mitochondrial aggregates of spermatocytes were found to be additional sites of snRNP localization and were intensely labeled. This colocalization suggests that these dense cytoplasmic structures may be functionally related. Anti-U1 snRNP antibodies applied to frozen sections showed the same LM localization pattern as spliceosome snRNPs. Anti-U3 snRNP antibodies applied to frozen sections stained nucleoli of germ cells where pre-rRNA is spliced.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00414179
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    Cerulenin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with an altered fatty acid synthase gene (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 90-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Cerulenin ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Fatty acid synthase ; β-Ketoacyl synthase ; Drug resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cerulenin, an antifungal antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium caerulens, is a potent inhibitor of fatty acid synthase in various organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antibiotic inhibits the enzyme by binding covalently to the active center cysteine of the condensing enzyme domain. We isolated 12 cerulenin-resistant mutants of S. cerevisiae following treatment with ethyl methanesulfonate. The mechanism of cerulenin resistance in one of the mutants, KNCR-1, was studied. Growth of the mutant was over 20 times more resistant to cerulenin than that of the wild-type strain. Tetrad analysis suggested that all mutants mapped at the same locus, FAS2, the gene encoding the α subunit of the fatty acid synthase. The isolated fatty acid synthase, purified from the mutant KNCR-1, was highly resistant to cerulenin. The cerulenin concentration causing 50% inhibition (IC50) of the enzyme activity was measured to be 400 μM, whereas the IC50 value was 15 μM for the enzyme isolated from the wild-type strain, indicating a 30-fold increase in resistance to cerulenin. The FAS2 gene was cloned from the mutant. Sequence replacement experiments suggested that an 0.8 kb EcoRV-HindIII fragment closely correlated with cerulenin resistance. Sequence analysis of this region revealed that the GGT codon encoding Gly-1257 of the FAS2 gene was altered to AGT in the mutant, resulting in the codon for Ser. Furthermore, a recombinant FAS2 gene, in which the 0.8 Kb EcoRV-HindIII fragment of the wild-type FAS2 gene was replaced with the same region from the mutant, when introduced into FAS2-defective S. cerevisiae complemented the FAS2 pheno-type and showed cerulenin resistance. These data indicate that one amino acid substitution (Gly → Ser) in the α subunit of fatty acid synthase is responsible for the cerulenin resistance of the mutant KNCR-1.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280191
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    Positive and negative transcriptional regulation by the yeast GAL11 protein depends on the structure of the promoter and a combination of cis elements (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 301-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcriptional regulation ; Chromatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract GAL11 was first identified as a gene required for full expression of some galactose-inducible genes that are activated by GAL4, and it was subsequently shown to be necessary for full expression of another set of genes activated by RAP1/GRFl/TUF. Genetic analysis suggests that GAL11 functions as a coactivator, mediating the interaction of sequence-specific activators with basal transcription factors. To test this hypothesis, we first tried to identify functional domains by deletion analysis and found that the 866–910 region is indispensable for function. Using reporters bearing various upstream activating sequences (UAS) and different core promoter structures, we show that the involvement of GAL11 in transcriptional activation varies with the target promoter and the particular combination of cis elements. Gel electrophoresis in the presence of chloroquine shows that GAL11 affects the chromatin structure of a circular plasmid. Based on these findings, the role of GAL 11 in regulation of transcription, including an alteration in chromatin structure, is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00290110
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    Plasmodesmal-mediated cell-to-cell transport in wheat roots is modulated by anaerobic stress (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 178 (1994), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Adenosine triphosphate ; Anaerobiosis ; Fluorescein-dextrans ; Plasmodesmata ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell-to-cell transport of small molecules and ions occurs in plants through plasmodesmata. Plant roots are frequently subjected to localized anaerobic stress, with a resultant decrease in ATP. In order to determine the effect of this stress on plasmodesmal transport, fluorescent dyes of increasing molecular weight (0.46 to 10 kDa) were injected into epidermal and cortical cells of 3-day-old wheat roots, and their movement into neighboring cells was determined by fluorescence microscopy. Anaerobiosis was generated by N2 gas or simulated by the presence of sodium azide, both of which reduced the ATP levels in the tissue by over 80%. In the absence of such stress, the upper limit for movement, or size exclusion limit (SEL), of cortical plasmodesmata was 〈1 kDa. The ATP analogue TNP-ADP (mw 681) moved across the plasmodesmata of unstressed roots, indicating that plasmodesmata may be conduits for nucleotide (ATP and ADP) exchange between cells. Upon imposition of stress, the SEL rose to between 5 and 10 kDa. This response of plasmodesmata to a decrease in the level of ATP suggests that they are constricted by an ATP-dependent process so as to maintain a restricted SEL. When roots are subjected to anaerobic stress, an increase in SEL may permit enhanced delivery of sugars to the affected cells of the root where anaerobic respiration could regenerate the needed ATP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01404123
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    Evaluation of various methods for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus by the tissue-blot immunoassay and its use for virus detection in cereals inoculated at different growth stages (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; oat ; Avena sativa ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; serology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Various modifications of the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, luteovirus) were compared. Similar results were obtained by using three different labelled molecules; goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase, protein A conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold. Blocking the nitrocellulose membrane with polyvinyl alcohol for 1 min was effective and allowed the procedure to be shortened by one hour. TBIA was sensitive enough to detect BYDV in old dry tissue wich had been soaked in water for 1 h. BYDV was monitored by TBIA in wheat, oat and barley after inoculation at heading, flowering and grain filling growth stages. The later the inoculation date, the greater the chance of detecting the virus in stem bases rather than in the upper part of the stem. The later the inoculation the less virus moved, from the inoculated tiller to other tillers of the same plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871967
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    SCM2, a tryptophan permease in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is important for cell growth (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 260-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Amino acid permeases ; Transport ; Tryptophan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract SCM2, a novel gene encoding a yeast tryptophan permease, was cloned as a high-copy-number suppressor of cse2-1. The cse2-1 mutation causes cold sensitivity, temperature sensitivity and chromosome missegregation. However, only the cold-sensitive phenotype of cse2-1 cells is suppressed by SCM2 at high copy. SCM2 is located on the left arm of yeast chromosome XV, adjacent to SUP3 and encodes a 65 kDa protein that is highly homologous to known amino acid permeases. Four out of five disrupted scm2 alleles (scm2Δ1-Δ4) cause slow growth, whereas one disrupted allele (scm2Δ5) is lethal. Cells with both the scm2Δ1 and trp1-Δ101 mutations exhibit a synthetic cold-sensitive phenotype and grow much more slowly at the permissive temperature than cells with a single scm2Δ1 or trp1-Δ101 mutation. A region of the predicted SCM2 protein is identical to the partial sequence recently reported for the yeast tryptophan permease TAP2, indicating that SCM2 and TAP2 probably encode the same protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285453
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    The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SGE1 gene product: a novel drug-resistance protein within the major facilitator superfamily (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 287-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Drug sensitivity ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Major facilitator superfamily ; Drug expulsion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several pleiotropic drug sensitivities have been described in yeast. Some involve the loss of putative drug efflux pumps analogous to mammalian P-glycoproteins, others are caused by defects in sterol synthesis resulting in higher plasma membrane permeability. We have constructed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that exhibits a strong crystal violet-sensitive phenotype. By selecting cells of the supersensitive strain for normal sensitivity after transformation with a wild-type yeast genomic library, a complementing 10-kb DNA fragment was isolated, a 3.4-kb subfragment of which was sufficient for complementation. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the complementing fragment comprised the recently sequenced SGE1 gene, a partial multicopy suppressor of gal11 mutations. The supersensitive strain was found to be a sge1 null mutant. Overexpression of SGE1 on a high-copy-number plasmid increased the resistance of the supersensitive strain. Disruption of SGE1 in a wild-type strain increased the sensitivity of the strain. These features of the SGE1 phenotype, as well as sequence homologies of SGE1 at the amino acid level, confirm that the Sge1 protein is a member of the drug-resistance protein family within the major facilitator superfamily (MFS).
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    PDR3, a new yeast regulatory gene, is homologous toPDR1 and controls the multidrug resistance phenomenon (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 501-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transcription factor ; Zinc finger ; Multidrug resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract TheSaccharomyces cerevisiae PDR3 gene, located near the centromere of chromosome II, has been completely sequenced and characterised. Mutationspdr3-1 andpdr3-2, which confer resistance to several antibiotics can be complemented by a wild-type allele of the PDR3 gene. The sequence of the wild-typePDR3 gene revealed the presence of a long open reading frame capable of encoding a 976-amino acid protein. The protein contains a single Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear-type zinc finger homologous to the DNA-binding motifs of other transcriptional activators from lower eukaryotes. Evidence that the PDR3 protein is a transcriptional activator was provided by demonstrating that DNA-bound LexA-PDR3 fusion proteins stimulate expression of a nearby promoter containing LexA binding sites. The use of LexA-PDR3 fusions revealed that the protein contains two activation domains, one localised near the N-terminal, cysteine-rich domain and the other localised at the C-terminus. The salient feature of the PDR3 protein is its similarity to the protein coded byPDR1, a gene responsible forpleiotropicdrugresistance. The two proteins show 36% amino acid identity over their entire length and their zinc finger DNA-binding domains are highly conserved. The fact that the absence of both PDR1 and PDR3 (simultaneous disruption of the two genes) enhances multidrug sensitivity strongly suggests that the two transcriptional factors have closely related functions.
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    Two adjacent nuclear genes, ISF1 and NAM7/UPF1, cooperatively participate in mitochondrial functions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 49-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Nuclear suppressor gene ; Mitochondrial functions ; Glucose repression ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We previously isolated a nuclear 5.7 kb genomic fragment carrying the NAM7/UPF1 gene, which is able to suppress mitochondrial splicing deficiency when present in multiple copies. We show here that an immediately adjacent gene ISF1 (Increasing Suppression Factor) increases the efficiency of the NAM7/UPF1 suppressor activity. The ISF1 gene has been independently isolated as the MBR3 gene and comparison of the ISF1 predicted protein sequence with data libraries revealed a significant similarity with the MBRI yeast protein. The ISF1 and NAM7 genes are transcribed in the same direction, and RNase mapping allowed the precise location of their termini within the intergenic region to be determined. The ISF1 gene is not essential for cell viability or respiratory growth. However as for many mitochondrial genes, ISF1 expression is sensitive to fermentative repression; in contrast expression of the NAM7 gene is unaffected by glucose. We propose that ISF1 could influence the NAM7/UPF1 function, possibly at the level of mRNA turnover, thus modulating the expression of nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277347
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    Characterization of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear gene CYB3 encoding a cytochrome b polypeptide of respiratory complex II (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 708-716 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondria ; Cytochrome b ; Complex II ; HAP2/3/4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Computer-assisted structural analysis of the predicted product of the previously described open reading frame (ORF) YKL4 located on the left arm of chromosome XI of Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed a high degree of similarity (〉50%) to bovine cytochrome b 560, the sdhC polypeptide of the Escherichia coli succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex and the protein specified by ORF137 located on the chloroplast DNA of Marchantia polymorpha. Disruption of the yeast gene severely impaired mitochondrial function, while Northern analysis showed it to be subject to catabolite repression. Deletion analysis of the CYB3 promoter identified a single HAP2/3/4-binding element that is necessary and sufficient for carbon source-dependent transcriptional regulation. These experiments also suggested the presence of additional, as yet unidentified, transcriptional control elements, both negative and positive. Taken together, these data lead us to conclude that the CYB3 gene encodes the yeast homolog of the bovine cytochrome b 560 component of complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain.
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    Functional analysis of the zinc cluster domain of the CYP1 (HAP1) complex regulator in heme-sufficient and heme-deficient yeast cells (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 699-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; CYP1(HAP1) protein ; Electron transport ; Oxygen and heme regulation ; Trans regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract CYP1 determines the expression of several genes whose transcription is heme-dependent in yeast. It exerts regulatory functions even in the absence of heme, usually considered to be its effector. It mediates both positive and negative effects, depending on the target gene and on the redox state of the cell. In the presence of heme, it binds through a cysteine-rich domain in which a histidine residue occupies the position of the sixth and essential cysteine of the otherwise classical zinc cluster DNA-binding domain exemplified by GAL4. We constructed specific missense mutations in the potential CYP1 zinc cluster domain by site-directed mutagenesis and looked for regulatory effects of the mutated proteins under specific physiological conditions. We show that CYP1 does belong to the zinc cluster regulatory family since a sixth essential cysteine residue is indeed present, albeit at a modified position when compared to the consensus sequence. We also show that the amino acid preceding the first cysteine residue of the DNA-binding domain critically affects the efficiency of regulation both in the presence and in the absence of heme: mutations known to affect DNA binding under heme-sufficient conditions also affect regulation under heme-deficient conditions. We therefore surmise that regulation under hemedeficient conditions is dependent upon DNA binding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283425
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    MBR1 and MBR3, two related yeast genes that can suppress the growth defect of hap2, hap3 and hap4 mutants (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 575-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Multicopy suppressors ; HAP2/3/4 activation complex ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two new yeast genes, named MBR1 and MBR3, were isolated as multicopy suppressors of the growth defect of a strain lacking the HAP2 transcriptional activator. Both genes when overexpressed can also suppress the growth defect of hap3 and hap4 null mutants. However, overexpression of MBRI cannot substitute for the HAP2/3/4 complex in activation of the CYC1 gene. Nucleotide sequencing of MBR1 and MBR3 revealed that these two genes encode serine-rich, hydrophilic proteins with regions of significant homology. The functional importance of one of these conserved regions was shown by mutagenesis. Disruption of MBR1 leads to a partial growth defect on glycerol medium. Disruption of MBR3 has no major effect but the double disruptant shows a synthetic phenotype suggesting that the MBR1 and MBR3 gene products participate in common function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00284206
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    Identification of a sporulation-specific promoter regulating divergent transcription of two novel sporulation genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 661-672 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Meiosis Sporulation ; Divergent promoter ; Developmental regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Promoters that control gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae only in a sporulation-specific manner have previously been isolated from a genomic yeast DNA library fused to a promoterless Escherichia coli lacZ gene. Two novel sporulation-specific genes, SPS18 and SPS19, were isolated using this technique. These genes are divergently controlled by the same promoter but with SPS18 expressed at four times the level of SPS19. Deletion analysis has shown that the promoter elements that exert sporulation control on each of the genes overlap, having a common 25 bp sequence located within the intergenic region. SPS18 encodes a 34-KDa protein of 300 amino acids that contains a putative zinc-binding domain and a region of highly basic residues that could target the protein to the nucleus. SPS19 encodes a 31-KDa protein of 295 amino acids, which has a peroxisomal targeting signal (SKL) at its C terminus; this protein belongs to the family of non-metallo short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases. A null mutation deleting the intergenic promoter prevented expression of both genes, and when homozygous in diploids, reduced the extent of sporulation four-fold; the spores that did form were viable, but failed to become resistant to ether, and were more sensitive to lytic enzymes. This phenotype reflects a defect in spore wall maturation, indicating that the product of at least one of the genes functions during the process of spore wall formation. Therefore these genes belong to the class of late sporulation-specific genes that are sequentially activated during the process of meiosis and spore formation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00282757
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    Use of synthetic lethal mutants to clone and characterize a novel CTP synthetase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 431-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Duplicate genes ; Synthetic lethal mutants ; CTP synthetase ; Pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, CTP synthetase catalyses the conversion of uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP) to cytidine 5′-triphosphate (CTP). In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the URA7 gene encoding this enzyme was previously shown to be nonessential for cell viability. The present paper describes the selection of synthetic lethal mutants in the CTP biosynthetic pathway that led us to clone a second gene, named URA8, which also encodes a CTP synthetase. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the products of URA7 and URA8 shows 78% identity. Deletion of the URA8 gene is viable in a haploid strain but simultaneous presence of null alleles both URA7 and URA8 is lethal. Based on the codon bias values for the two genes and the intracellular concentrations of CTP in strains deleted for one of the two genes, relative to the wild-type level, URA7 appears to be the major gene for CTP biosynthesis. Nevertheless, URA8 alone also allows yeast growth, at least under standard laboratory conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00281793
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    Temperature-sensitive mutants of hsp82 of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 517-527 
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    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; HSP82 ; Random in vitro mutagenesis ; Temperature-sensitive mutants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two HSP90-related genes per haploid genome, HSP82 and HSC82. Random mutations were induced in vitro in the HSP82 gene by treatment of the plasmid with hydroxylamine. Four temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants and one simultaneously is and cold-sensitivie (cs) mutant were then selected in a yeast strain in which HSC82 had previously been disrupted. The mutants were found to have single base changes in the coding region, which caused single amino acid substitutions in the HSP82 protein. All of these mutations occurred in amino acid residues that are well conserved among HSP90-related proteins of various species from Escherichia coli to human. Various properties including cell morphology, macromolecular syntheses and thermosensitivity were examined in each mutant at both the permissive and nonpermissive temperatures. The mutations in HSP82 caused pleiotropic effects on these properties although the phenotypes exhibited at the nonpermissive temperature varied among the mutants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00285275
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    The hypo-osmolarity-sensitive phenotype of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae hpo2 mutant is due to a mutation in PKC1, which regulates expression of β-glucanase (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 641-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell wall ; Protein kinase C ; β-Glucanase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To obtain more information about the cell wall organization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we have developed a novel screening system to obtain cell wall-defective mutants, using a density gradient centrifugation method. Nine hypo-osmolarity-sensitive mutants were classified into two complementation groups, hpo1 and hpo2. Phase contrast microscopic observation showed that mutant cells bearing lesions at either locus became abnormally large. A gene that complemented the mutant phenotype of hpo2 was cloned and sequenced. This gene turned out to be identical to PKC1, which encodes the yeast homologue of mammalian protein kinase C. Complementation tests with pkc1Δ showed that hpo2 is allelic to pkc1. To study the reason for the fragility of hpo2 cells, cell wall was isolated and the glucan was analyzed. The amount of alkali, acid-insoluble glucan, which is responsible for the rigidity of the cell wall, was reduced to about 30% that of the wild-type cell and this may be the major cause of the fragility of the hpo2 mutant cell. Analysis of total wall proteins in hpo2 mutant cells on SDS-polyacrylamide gels revealed that a 33 kDa protein was overproduced two- to threefold relative to the wild-type level. This 33 kDa protein was identified as a β-glucanase, encoded by BGL2. Disruption of BGL2 in the hpo2 mutant partially rescued the growth rate defect. This suggests that the PKC1 kinase cascade regulates BGL2 expression negatively and overproduction of the β-glucanase is partially responsible for the growth defect. Since the bgl2 disruption did not rescue the hypo-osmolarty-sensitive phenotype of the hpo2 mutant, PKC1 must negatively regulate other enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of the cell wall.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283417
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    Polyubiquitin gene expression contributes to oxidative stress resistance in respiratory yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 358-362 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Oxidative stress ; High temperature viability ; Ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract UBI4, the polyubiquitin gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is expressed at a low level in vegetative cells, yet induced strongly in response to starvation, cadmium, DNA-damaging agents and heat shock. UBI4 is also expressed at a higher basal level in cells growing by respiration as compared to glucose-repressed cells growing by fermentation. This higher UBI4 expression of respiratory cultures probably helps to counteract the greater oxidative stress of respiratory growth. The effects of inactivating UBI4 on high temperature viability are more marked with respiratory cultures. Also loss of UBI4 leads to a considerably increased rate of killing of respiring cells by hydrogen peroxide, whereas the same gene inactivation has relatively little effect on the peroxide sensitivity of cells in which mitochondrial functions are repressed. This is the first study to reveal that ubiquitin levels in cells can influence their ability to withstand oxidative stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00301072
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    Open reading frames in the antisense strands of genes coding for glycolytic enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 363-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Glycolysis ; Phosphoglucose isomerase ; Antisense ; Double-strand coding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Open reading frames longer than 300 bases were observed in the antisense strands of the genes coding for the glycolytic enzymes phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphoglycerate mutase, pyruvate kinase and alcohol dehydrogenase I. The open reading frames on both strands are in codon register. It has been suggested that proteins coded in codon register by complementary DNA strands can bind to each other. Consequently, it was interesting to investigate whether the open reading frames in the antisense strands of glycolytic enzyme genes are functional. We used oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the PGI1 phosphoglucose isomerase gene to introduce pairs of closely spaced base substitutions that resulted in stop codons in one strand and only silent replacements in the other. Introduction of the two stop codons into the PGI1 sense strand caused the same physiological defects as already observed for pgi1 deletion mutants. No detectable effects were caused by the two stop codons in the antisense strand. A deletion that removed a section from − 31 by to + 109 by of the PGI1 gene but left 83 bases of the 3′ region beyond the antisense open reading frame had the same phenotype as a deletion removing both reading frames. A similar pair of deletions of the PYK1 gene and its antisense reading frame showed identical defects. Our own Northern experiments and those reported by other authors using double-stranded probes detected only one transcript for each gene. These observations indicate that the antisense reading frames are not functional. On the other hand, evidence is provided to show that the rather long reading frames in the antisense strands of these glycolytic enzyme genes could arise from the strongly selective codon usage in highly expressed yeast genes, which reduces the frequency of stop codons in the antisense strand.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280465
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    The archaebacterial membrane protein bacterio-opsin is expressed and N-terminally processed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Bacterio-opsin ; Expression ; Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Membranes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The bop gene codes for the membrane protein bacterio-opsin (BO), which on binding all-trans-retinal, constitutes the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin (BR) in the archaebacterium Halobacterium salinarium The designation H. salinarium instead of the former designation H. halobium is used throughout this paper following the classification of Tindall (1992) . This gene was cloned in a yeast multi-copy vector and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the constitutive ADH1 promoter. Both the authentic gene and a modified form lacking the precursor sequence were expressed in yeast. Both proteins are incorporated into the membrane in S. cerevisiae. The presequence is thus not required for membrane targeting and insertion of the archaebacterial protein in budding yeast, or in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, as has been shown previously. However, in contrast to S. pombe transformants, which take on a reddish colour when all-trans-retinal is added to the culture medium as a result of the in vivo regeneration of the pigment, S. cerevisiae cells expressing BO do not take on a red colour. The precursor of BO is processed to a protein identical in size to the mature BO found in the purple membrane of Halobacterium. The efficiency of processing in S. cerevisiae is dependent on growth phase, as well as on the composition of the medium and on the strain used. The efficiency of processing of BR is reduced in S. pombe and in a retinal-deficient strain of H. salinarium, when retinal is present in the medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283521
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    Heterospecific cloning of Arabidopsis thaliana cDNAs by direct complementation of pyrimidine auxotrophic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Cloning and sequence analysis of two cDNAs catalysing the second, fifth and sixth steps of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 244 (1994), S. 23-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Arabidopsis thaliana ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Complementation ; Aspartate transcarbamylase ; Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase ; Orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA library was used to complement Saccharomyces cerevisiae pyrimidine auxotrophic mutants. Mutants in all but one (carbamylphosphate synthetase) of the six steps in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway could be complemented. We report here the cloning, sequencing and computer analysis of two cDNAs encoding the aspartate transcarbamylase (ATCase; EC 2.1.3.2) and orotate phosphoribosyltransferase-orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase (OPRTase-OMP-decase; EC 2.4.2.10, EC 4.1.1.23) enzymes. These results confirm the presence in A. thaliana of a bifunctional gene whose product catalyses the last two steps of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, as previously suggested by biochemical studies. The ATCase encoding cDNA sequence (PYRB gene) shows an open reading frame (ORF) of 1173 by coding for 390 amino acids. The cDNA encoding OPRTase-OMPdecase (PYRE-F gene) shows an ORF of 1431 by coding for 476 amino acids. Computer analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of both cDNAs shows the expected high similarity with the ATCase, ornithine transcarbamylase (OTCase; EC 2.1.3.3), OPRTase and OMPdecase families. This heterospecific cloning approach increases our understanding of the genetic organization and interspecific functional conservation of the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and underlines its usefulness as a model for evolutionary studies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00280183
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    Sequence of the HAP3 transcription factor of Kluyveromyces lactis predicts the presence of a novel 4-cysteine zinc-finger motif (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 96-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: HAP3 ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Kluyveromyces lactis ; Zinc finger ; Carbon source regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Kluyveromyces lactis homologue of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae HAP3 gene was isolated by functional complementation of the respiratory-deficient phenotype of the S. cerevisiae hap3::HIS4 strain SHY40. The KlHAP3 gene encodes a protein of 205 amino acids, of which the central B-domain of 90 residues is highly homologous to HAP3 counterparts of S. cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes. The protein contains a novel 4-cysteine zinc-finger motif and we propose by analogy that all other homologous HAP3 proteins contain the same motif, with the position containing the third cysteine being occupied by a serine residue. In contrast to the situation in S. cerevisiae, disruption of the KlHAP3 gene in K. lactis does not result in a respiratory-deficient phenotype and the growth of the null strain is indistinguishable from wild type. There is also no effect on the expression of the carbon source-regulated KlCYC1 gene, suggesting either a different role for the HAP2/3/4 complex, or the existence of a different mechanism of carbon source regulation. Sequence verification of the S. cerevisiae HAP3 locus reveals that, just as in K. lactis, a long open reading frame (ORF) is present upstream of the HAP3 gene. These highly homologous ORFs are predicted to have at least eight membrane-spanning fragments, but do not show significant homology to any known sequence present in databases. The ScORFX gene is transcribed in the opposite direction to ScHAP3, but, in contrast to an earlier report by Hahn et al. (1988), the transcripts of the two genes do not overlap. The model proposed by these authors, in which the ScHAP3 gene is regulated by an anti-sense non-coding mRNA, is therefore not correct.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279755
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    Expression of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 686-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase ; DNA repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The coding sequence for human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase was expressed inducibly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae from a low-copy-number plasmid vector. Cell free extracts of induced cells had poly(ADPribose) polymerase activity when assayed under standard conditions; activity could not be detected in non-induced cell extracts. Induced cells formed poly(ADP-ribose) in vivo, and levels of these polymers increased when cells were treated with the alkylating agent N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). The cytotoxicity of this agent was increased in induced cells, and in vivo labelling with [3H]adenine further decreased their viability. Increased levels of poly(ADP-ribose) found in cells treated with the alkylating agent were not accompanied by lowering of the NAD concentration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297275
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    A new yeast gene, HTR1, required for growth at high temperature, is needed for recovery from mating pheromone-induced G1 arrest (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 107-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ts mutant ; Recovery ; HTR1 ; MCS1/SSD1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new temperature-sensitive mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated. Arrested cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature were of dumb-bell shape and contained large vacuoles. A DNA fragment was cloned based on its ability to complement this temperature sensitivity. The HTR1 gene encodes a putative protein of 93 kDa without significant homology to any known proteins. The gene was mapped between ade5 and lys5 on the left arm of chromosome VII. The phenotype of the gene disruptant appeared to be strain-specific; disruption of the gene in strain W303 caused the cells to become temperature sensitive. The arrested phenotype here was similar to that of the original is mutant and cells in G2/M phase predominated at high temperature. Another disruptant in a strain YPH background grew slowly at high temperature due to slow progression through G2/M phase, and morphologically abnormal (elongated) cells accumulated. A single-copy suppressor that alleviated the temperature-sensitive defects in both strains was identified as MCS1/SSD1. The wild-type strains W303 and YPH are known to carry defective MCS1/SSD1 alleles; hence HTR1 may function redundantly with MCS1/SSD1 to suppress the temperature-sensitive phenotypes. In addition, based on a halo bioassay, the disruptant strains appeared to be defective in recovery from, or adaptive response to G1 arrest mediated by mating pheromone, even at the permissive temperature. Thus the gene has at least two functions and is designated HTR1 (required for high temperature growth and recovery from G1 arrest induced by mating pheromone).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279756
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    Two subclasses of guanine exchange factor (GEF) domains revealed by comparison of activities of chimeric genes constructed from CDC25, SDC25 and BUD5 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 167-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cell cycle ; Bud site selection ; Guanine exchange factor ; Ras
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Guanine Exchange Factor (GEF) activity for Ras proteins has been associated with a conserved domain in Cdc25p, Sdc25p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and several other proteins recently found in other eukaryotes. We have assessed the structure-function relationships between three different members of this family in S. cerevisiae, Cdc25p, Sdc25p and Bud5p. Cdc25p controls the Ras pathway, whereas Bud5p controls bud site localization. We demonstrate that the GEF domain of Sdc25p is closely related to that of Cdc25p. We first constructed a thermosensitive allele of SDC25 by specifically altering amino acid positions known to be changed in the cdc25-1 mutation. Secondly, we constructed three chimeric genes from CDC25 and SDC25, the products of which are as active in the Ras pathway as are the wild-type proteins. In contrast, similar chimeras made between CDC25 and BUD5 lead to proteins that are inactive both in the Ras and budding control pathways. This difference in the ability of chimeric proteins to retain activity allows us to define two subclasses of structurally different GEFs: Cdc25p and Sdc25p are Ras-specific GEFs, and Bud5p is a putative GEF for the Rsr1/Bud1 Rap-like protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283264
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