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  • Angiosperms  (221)
  • RFLP  (201)
  • Zea mays  (193)
  • Springer  (612)
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Wien : Geolog. Bundesanst.
  • 2005-2009
  • 1990-1994  (612)
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Keywords
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Years
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Examination of anAspergillus flavus resistant inbred of maize for crossresistance to sap beetle vectors (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 71 (1994), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: aflatoxin ; Carophilus ; Zea mays ; corn ; plant resistance ; Coleoptera ; Nitidulidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382385
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological activity of maize leaf extracts against the African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 72 (1994), S. 17-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: plant varietal resistance ; armyworm ; Spodoptera exempta ; leaf extracts ; Zea mays ; feeding deterrent ; toxicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) leaf tissue of cv Bastille and cv Michoacan 12 was extracted with n-hexane. The extracts were bioassayed against 5th instar African armyworm,Spodoptera exempta (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), by feeding the larvae on agar based media or sucrose impregnated glass fibre discs. The hexane extract of the ‘resistant’ cv Bastille exhibited feeding deterrency and toxicity which were not shown by the ‘susceptible’ cv Michoacan 12. The hexane extract of cv Bastille was adsorbed onto silica gel, the solution filtered off and the adsorbed component taken up into ethyl acetate. Bioassay of these fractions indicated that the toxic and deterrent action was retained in the ethyl acetate fraction. Preparative thin layer chromatography of the ethyl acetate fraction isolated two biologically active constituents. These were both growth inhibitors and lethal by ingestion to the 5th instar African armyworm. Implications for resistance in maize varieties to insect pests are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382411
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Manganese reduction in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal maize (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Manganese uptake ; Root exudation ; Manganese reduction ; Mycorrhizal effect ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of rhizosphere microorganisms and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza on manganese (Mn) uptake in maize (Zea mays L. cv. Tau) plants was studied in pot experiments under controlled environmental conditions. The plants were grown for 7 weeks in sterilized calcareous soil in pots having separate compartments for growth of roots and of VA mycorrhizal fungal hyphae. The soil was left either uninoculated (control) or prior to planting was inoculated with rhizosphere microorganisms only (MO-VA) or with rhizosphere microorganisms together with a VA mycorrhizal fungus [Glomus mosseae (Nicol and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe] (MO+VA). Mycorrhiza treatment did not affect shoot dry weight, but root dry weight was slightly inhibited in the MO+VA and MO-VA treatments compared with the uninoculated control. Concentrations of Mn in shoots decreased in the order MO-VA〉MO+VA〉control. In the rhizosphere soil, the total microbial population was higher in mycorrhizal (MO+VA) than nonmycorrhizal (MO-VA) treatments, but the proportion of Mn-reducing microbial populations was fivefold higher in the nonmycorrhizal treatment, suggesting substantial qualitative changes in rhizosphere microbial populations upon root infection with the mycorrhizal fungi. The most important microbial group taking part in the reduction of Mn was fluorescent Pseudomonas. Mycorrhizal treatment decreased not only the number of Mn reducers but also the release of Mn-solubilizing root exudates, which were collected by percolation from maize plants cultivated in plastic tubes filled with gravel quartz sand. Compared with mycorrhizal plants, the root exudates of nonmycorrhizal plants had two fold higher capacity for reduction of Mn. Therefore, changes in both rhizosphere microbial population and root exudation are probably responsible for the lower acquisition of Mn in mycorrhizal plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050048
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficacy of root litter as a biofertiliser (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 18 (1994), S. 228-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Fine root ; Root litter ; Biofertiliser ; Leucaena leucocephala ; Trigonella foenum-graecum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The efficacy ofLeucaena leucocephala root litter as a natural biological fertiliser was assessed usingZea mays as a test plant. Up to 8% of the fine roots of the plants constituted root litter. This fine root litter was better than that ofTrigonella foenum-graecum at increasing the growth and productivity ofZea mays. The root litter increased the growth of maize shoots more than the growth of roots. This appears to be a general phenomenon when plant nutrients are insufficient, as in the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647671
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nucleotide distribution in gymnosperm nuclear sequences suggests a model for GC-content change in land-plant nuclear genomes (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 39 (1994), S. 34-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: CpG suppression ; GC content ; Angiosperms ; Isochores ; GC bias ; Mutational pressure ; Error-prone repair ; Transcriptionally coupled repair
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nuclear protein coding sequences from gymnosperms are currently scarce. We have determined 4 kb of nuclear protein coding sequences from gymnosperms and have collected and analyzed 〉60 kb of nuclear sequences from gymnosperms and nonspermatophytes in order to better understand processes influencing genome evolution in plants. We show that conifers possess both biased and nonbiased genes with respect to GC content, as found in monocots, suggesting that the common ancestor of conifers and monocots may have possessed both biased and nonbiased genes. The lack of biased genes in dicots is suggested to be a derived character for this lineage. We present a simple but speculative model of land-plant genome evolution which considers changes in GC bias and CpG frequency, respectively, as independent processes and which can account for several puzzling aspects of observed nucleotide frequencies in plant genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00178247
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of low-temperature stress on general phenylpropanoid and anthocyanin pathways: Enhancement of transcript abundance and anthocyanin pigmentation in maize seedlings (1994)
    Springer
    Planta 194 (1994), S. 541-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Anthocyanin ; Cold stress ; mRNA ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Changes in anthocyanin content and transcript abundance for genes whose products function in general phenylpropanoid metabolism and the anthocyanin pathway were monitored in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings during short-term, low-temperature treatment. Anthocyanin and mRNA abundance in sheaths of maize seedlings increased with the severity and duration of cold. Anthocyanin accumulation was found in all tested lines that were genotypically capable of any anthocyanin production. Within 24 h of transferring 7-d maize (B37N) seedlings to 10° C, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (Pal) (EC 4.3.1.5)-homologous and chalcone synthase (C2) (EC 2.3.1.74) transcript levels increased at least 8- and 50-fold, respectively, and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase (4Cl) (EC 6.2.1.12)-homologous and chalcone isomerase (Chi) (EC 5.5.1.6)-homologous transcripts increased at least 3-fold over levels in unstressed plants. Time-course studies showed thatPal (EC 4.3.1.5) andC2-transcript levels remained relatively constant for the first 12 h of cold stress, dramatically increased over the next 12 h, and declined to pretreatment levels within 2 d of returning coldstressed seedlings to ambient (25° C) temperature. Transcripts4Cl (EC 6.2.1.12) andChi (EC 5.5.1.6) increased in abundance within 6 h of cold stress, exhibited no further increase over the next 36 h, and declined to pretreatment levels upon returning seedlings to 25° C. Transcripts homologous to two regulatory (R, C1) and three structural (A1,A2, andBz2) anthocyanin genes increased at least 7- to 10-fold during cold treatment, exhibiting similar kinetics of accumulation as forPal (EC 4.3.1.5) andC2 transcripts. Transcripts encoded byBz1, the anthocyanin structural gene for UDP:glucose-flavonol glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.91), were relatively abundant in control tissues and exhibited only a transient increase during the cold period. Our studies suggest that the genes of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway can be consideredcor (Cold-Regulation) genes, and because this pathway is well defined, it is an excellent subject for characterizing plant molecular responses to low temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714468
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Self-incompatibility is codominant in intraspecific hybrids of self-compatible and self-incompatible Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum based on protein and DNA marker analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 7 (1994), S. 297-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Gametophytic self incompatibilityself-compatibility ; Lycopersicon peruvianum Lycopersicon hirsutum ; S-associated proteins ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Self-compatibility was investigated separately in two species of tomato, Lycopersicon peruvianum and L. hirsutum. The codominant expression of self-compatibility (SC)/self incompatibility (SI) was established using intraspecific hybrids of SC and SI hybrids. In SC L. peruvianum, a major stylar protein of approximately 29 kDa cosegregates with self-compatibility in the progeny of SC/SI hybrids. The SC/SI hybrids are self-fertile, but only partially so, since the SI allele present in the hybrids is capable of eliminating certain genotypes in the resultant progeny. In L. hirsutum, the majority of hybrids between one accession of SI L. hirsutum f. hirsutum and one of SC L. hirsutum f. glabratum are self-fertile. Analysis of the progeny revealed that the SC and SI alleles are codominant in this species as well. A protein product for the SC allele is not obvious in style extracts of L. hirsutum f. glabratum. Segregating progeny from SC/SI hybrids of L. hirsutum were used to map the S locus against five RFLP markers on chromosome 1, and estimated map distances are given. In addition, evidence is presented that indicates that one of the DNA markers, CD15, is duplicated in L. hirsutum f. glabratum, and the duplication is not linked to the S locus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227713
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability in genome organization of the zygomycete Parasitella parasitica (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 26 (1994), S. 456-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Parasitella parasitica ; Zygomycetes ; RAPD ; PCR ; RFLP ; Electrophoretic karyotype ; Molecular taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In addition to conventional methods for the identification of fungi, molecular techniques at the DNA level are increasingly being employed. In order to check the validity of such experimental approaches, we have analyzed the well-defined species Parasitella parasitica, which belongs to the family Mucoraceae (Mucorales, Zygometes). The seven strains of this species, which are available from international strain collections, were analyzed by several molecular methods: restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP), the random primer-dependent polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR), and electrophoretic karyotyping. Unexpectedly, these strains are highly diverse at the molecular level. By these techniques they can be divided consistently into two different groups. Nevertheless, all seven strains belong to a single species. They show no morphological differences and sexual spores (zygospores) were found in all possible combinations either within or between the two groups. Southern-blot analysis of genomic DNA of all P. parasitica strains with RAPD-PCR-derived labelled probes shows the existence of repetitive elements characteristic for only one group of P. parasitica. In addition, chromosome sizes, which were separated by rotating-field electrophoresis, were highly divergent, and ranged from 3 to 6.5 Mb in one group and between 2 and 4.5 Mb in the other. The RAPD-PCR patterns also discriminate both groups of P. parasitica. However, they are very similar if strains of a single group are compared. Therefore, we propose that the determination of fungal species by molecular techniques should be vetted at least by morphological and physiological parameters and, whenever possible, by mating experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00309934
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ammonium-excreting Azospirillum sp. become intracellularly established in maize (Zea mays) para-nodules (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonium excretion ; Azospirillum brasilense ; Auxine ; 2,4-Dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid ; Nitrogen fixation ; Paranodulation ; Maize ; Zea mays ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Maize seedlings develop nodule-like tumour knots (para-nodules) along primary roots when treated with the auxin 2,4-dichlor-phenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D). Inoculated NH 4 + -excreting Azospirillum brasilense cells were shown to colonize these tumours, mostly intracellularly, promoting a high level of N2 fixation when microaerophilic conditions were imposed. The nitrogenase activity inside the para-nodules was less sensitive to free O2 than in non-para-nodulating roots. Both light and electron microscopy showed a dense bacterial population inside intact tumour cells, with the major part of the cell infection along a central tumour tissue. The bacteria colonized the cytoplasm with a close attachment to inner cell membranes. In an auxin-free growth medium, young 2,4-D-induced para-nodules grew further to become mature differentiated root organs in which introduced bacteria survived with a stable population. These results provide evidence that gramineous plants are potentially able to create a symbiosis with diazotrophic bacteria in which the NH 4 + -excreting symbiont will colonize para-nodule tissue intracellularly, thus becoming well protected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418663
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A unique sequence located downstream from the rice mitochondrialatp6 may cause male sterility (1994)
    Springer
    Current genetics 25 (1994), S. 52-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Antisense RNA ; RFLP ; Cybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Asymmetric cell-fusion of the japonica cultivar ofOryza sativa (rice) with cytoplasmic-male-sterile (CMS) plants bearing cytoplasm derived from Chinsurah Boro II, resulted in two classes of cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids), fertile and CMS. Southern-blot analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicates recombination events around a number of genes; however, the appearance of the CMS character is tightly correlated to reorganization around theatp6 gene, suggesting recombination downstream from theatp6 gene is involved in CMS. The nucleotide sequence downstream fromatp6 contains a pseudogene which was probably created by recombination of the mitochondrial genome. Sense and antisense transcripts of the downstream region ofatp6 were found in CMS-and restored CMS (fertile)-lines, but not in the normal (fertile) line. In the CMS line, several antisense transcripts of theatp6 gene were also found. However, in the restored line which contains a nuclear-encoded gene,Rf-1, the levels of these transcripts were lower than in the CMS line. These results suggest abnormal transcripts of theatp6 gene produced in the antisense direction may be involved in CMS, and that products of the nuclear-encoded restorer gene may reduce abnormal transcription in this region of the mitochondrial genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00712968
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of two different cDNAs for maize acetyl CoA carboxylase (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 35-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: acetyl CoA carboxylase ; cDNA Cloning ; herbicide ; nucleotide sequence ; purification ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetyl CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) in plants is a chloroplast-localized, biotin-containing enzyme that catalyses the carboxylation of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA, the first committed step of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. Acetyl CoA carboxylase is the target site for the monocotyledon-specific aryloxy-phenoxypropionate and cyclohexanedione groups of herbicides. We have purifed a herbicide-sensitive acetyl CoA carboxylase from maize leaves to homogeneity (specific activity 7 μmol min-1 mg-1), separating it during the purification from a minor herbicide-resistant acetyl CoA carboxylase. The purified enzyme is a dimer of 230 kDa subunits. Antibodies raised to the purified acetyl CoA carboxylase detected three cross-reacting clones in a maize leaf cDNA expression library, each having an insert of 4–4.5 kb. Restriction analysis and sequencing showed that the cDNAs were derived from two different transcripts. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with those of chicken and yeast acetyl CoA carboxylases confirmed that both types encoded acetyl CoA carboxylase, corresponding to the C-terminal half of the enzyme. The overall identity of the maize and chicken sequences was 37% (58% similarity) but for some shorter regions was much higher. Analysis of six other acetyl CoA carboxylase clones recovered from the maize cDNA library showed four belonged to one type and two to the other. The nucleotide sequence similarity between the two types of cDNA was approximately 95% in the coding region but considerably less in the 3′-untranslated region. Northern blot analysis of maize RNA showed a single band of 8.2–8.5 kb for acetyl CoA carboxylase mRNA. Southern blot hybridisations indicated that there are probably no more than two genes in maize for acetyl CoA carboxylase. The possible significance of two different cDNAs for acetyl CoA carboxylase is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040572
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular analysis of wild-type and mutant alleles at the Opaque-2 regulatory locus of maize reveals different mutations and types of O2 products (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 949-959 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Opaque-2 and opaque-2 genes ; allelic diversity ; Opaque-2 proteins ; transcriptional activator ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The expression of the various members of the zein multigene family in maize endosperm is controlled by different regulatory loci. One of these loci, Opaque-2, coding for a bZIP transcriptional factor, controls the expression of a subset of zein genes. Analysis of genomic DNA from plants carrying wild-type (O2) or mutant o2 alleles shows specific DNA restriction patterns that correlate with transcript types and their various gene products. Northern and western analyses show the presence in different wild types of a 1.7 kb transcript coding for different sizes of normal O2 proteins that migrate as doublets in the 68–72 kDa range. Among the various o2 mutants analysed we showed the occurrence of various null-transcript alleles, the presence of alleles with a normal size transcript which, however, produce a different-sized o2 protein, and a mutant producing both a normal size transcript and a longer transcript, but generating only a single o2 product migrating around 40 kDa. Analysis of other mutations (o7, fl2) known to affect zien polypeptide synthesis shows no interference of these mutations in the expression of the O2 gene products. The overall results indicate the occurrence of micro heterogeneity in the O2 wild-type genes and a broad spectrum of o2 mutations, both producing different sizes of O2 or o2 proteins. A nomenclature of the O2 and o2 genes based on the RFLP, transcripts and products of the various alleles is presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014448
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of the cytosolic hsp70 gene family inZea mays (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 909-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: heat shock 70 kDa protein ; multigene family ; polymerase chain reaction ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study we have analysed the multigene family coding for the cytoplasmic heat shock 70 kDa proteins (hsp70) inZea mays. Fully degenerate primers were used in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify selected regions of the hsp70 genes. Sequence and Southern blot analysis reveals that at least three highly conserved genes exist in maize. In addition, amplification reveals the presence of a conserved intron in all genes examined. Expression analysis shows that the hsp70 genes studied represent members of the inducible and constitutive families. The results obtained may indicate that there are subfamilies of cytoplasmic hsp70 genes expressed in higher plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028885
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of a cytochrome P450 homologue preferentially expressed in developing inflorescences ofZea mays (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 343-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cytochrome P450 ; flower development ; meristem-specific gene ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four cDNA clones exhibiting preferential hybridization to transcripts present in developing maize tassels were isolated by differential screening. One of these cDNA clones hybridizes to transcripts detectable only in the shoot apex. The abundance of this transcript is significantly higher in developing inflorescence apices than in vegetative apices. DNA sequence analysis of a 2107 nucleotide cDNA clone corresponding to this transcript revealed that the transcript encodes a polypeptide of 547 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 58.4 kDa. This polypeptide shares significant sequence similarity with members of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene superfamily, including the conserved C-terminal domains typical of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043864
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stability of the maize chromosomal high-mobility-group proteins, HMGa and HMGb,in vivo (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 565-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromatin ; high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins ; protein stability ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosomal non-histone high-mobility-group (HMG) proteins represent essential components of eukaryotic chromatin and have also been isolated from a variety of plants. In maize, studies on structure and function of the two larger of the four major HMG proteins have recently been performed and are now extended by analysis of theirin vivo stability using pulse-chase experiments in a cell suspension culture. The half-life of the analyzed HMGa and HMGb proteins was found to be 65 h or more than 78 h, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043885
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large tandem duplication associated with aMu2 insertion inZea mays B-Peru gene (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 817-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: B-Peru ; germinal revertants ; Mutator ; tandem duplication ; unequal recombination ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Theb locus ofZea mays encodes a transcriptional activator of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. TheB-Peru allele is expressed in the aleurone layer of the seed, which results in dark purple pigmentation of this tissue. An unstableMutator-inducedB-Peru mutant allele,b-Perum220, displays weak, variable pigment and a high germinal reversion rate not characteristic of otherMutator insertions. Characterization of relevant regions ofb-Perum220 revealed aMu2 element insertion in one copy of a 534 bp sequence. This 534 bp sequence is tandemly triplicated in the progenitorB-Peru allele, upstream of theB-Peru transcription start site. In addition to theMu2 insertion, theb-Perum220 allele contains a newly formed large tandem duplication of 4.0 kb, which includes the promoter region and the first three exons of theB-Peru gene. TheMu2 element does not reside at any of the duplication breakpoints. The molecular study of eleven independent germinal revertants revealed five structural classes including structures in which the 4.0 kb tandem duplication is partially or completely deleted, theMu2 element is partially or completely deleted, or a combination of these events has occurred. We hypothesize that most of the revertants arose by unequal recombination between the duplicated regions. Based on these structural analyses, models are discussed to explain the reducedb gene expression inb-Perum220.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00028876
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of a maize root transcript expressed in the primary response to nitrate: characterization of a cDNA with homology to ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 679-690 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: primary response ; ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase ; nitrate ; cycloheximide ; Zea mays ; roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To more fully understand the biochemical and molecular events which occur in plants exposed to nitrate, cDNAs whose accumulation was enhanced in nitrate- and cycloheximide-treated maize (Zea mays L. W64A × W182E) roots were isolated. The 340 bp Zmrprn 1 (for Zea mays root primary response to nitrate) cDNA also hybridized with a probe enriched for nitrate-induced sequences, and was characterized further. Sequence analysis of a near full-length cDNA (Zmrprn 1A) showed strong homology (〉90% amino acid identity) with a root ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) of rice, and 45–50% amino acid identity with leaf FNR genes. When expressed in Escherichia coli, the Zmrprn 1A cDNA produced a protein with NADPH: ferricyanide reductase activity, consistent with the enzymatic properties of an FNR. The Zmrprn 1 cDNA hybridized with a 1.4 kb transcript which was expressed in the maize root primary response to nitrate. That is, mRNA levels in roots increased rapidly and transiently in response to external nitrate, and low levels of nitrate (10 μM) induced transcript accumulation. The accumulation of the Zmrprn 1 transcript was not prevented by cycloheximide, indicating that the cellular factor(s) required for expression were constitutively present in maize roots. The Zmrprn 1 mRNA accumulated specifically in response to nitrate, since neither K+ nor NH4 + treatment of roots caused transcript accumulation. Maize leaves had about 5% of the transcript level found in roots, indicating a strong preference for expression of Zmrprn 1 in roots. Analysis of maize genomic DNA indicated the presence of only a single gene or very small gene family for the Zmrprn 1. Together, the data indicate that Zmrprn 1A encodes a nitrate regulated maize root FNR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013753
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A method for examining expression of homologous genes in plant polyploids (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1065-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica ; polyploid ; gene expression ; RT-PCR ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One of the essential issues regarding evolution of polyploid species is how duplicate genes are expressed. Most studies on gene expression in polyploids have been based on isozyme analyses; RNA analysis has not been widely used partially due to difficulties in distinguishing homologous transcripts which usually have the same length and similar or almost identical sequences. In this study, a method combining RT-PCR with RFLP was used to analyze transcripts of homologous genes in natural and synthetic Brassica amphidiploids. Sequences coding for several known genes were selected and used to synthesize gene-specific primers. Total RNAs were used as templates for RT-PCR to amplify homologous transcripts in three diploid parental species, three cultivated amphidiploid species and six synthetic amphidiploids. For each gene, initial PCR products amplified in all species had identical length; however, homologous transcripts in the diploid and amphidiploid species could be distinguished after digesting the PCR products with restriction enzymes. Preliminary results based on three genes indicated that both transcripts from the diploid parents were expressed in the synthetic and natural amphidiploids. This study represents the first application of RT-PCR and RFLP analysis to investigate expression of homologous genes in higher plants. The technique is a sensitive, simple and efficient method for distinguishing homologous transcripts in a mixed RNA population and can be applied to many types of studies on expression of homologous genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040689
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    Root- and shoot-specific responses of individual glutamine synthetase genes of maize to nitrate and ammonium (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1935-1946 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: glutamine synthetase genes ; regulation ; nitrate ; ammonium ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The responses of the five cytosolic-type glutamine synthetase (GS1) genes of maize to treatment of hydroponically grown seedlings with 10 mM KNO3 or 10 mM NH4Cl were analyzed. Non-coding 3′ gene-specific hybridization probes and radioanalytic imaging were used to quantitate individual gene transcript levels in excised roots and shoots before treatment and at selected times after treatment. Genes GS1−1 and GS1−2 exhibited distinct organ-specific responses to treatment with either nitrogen source. The GS1−1 transcript level increased over three-fold in roots, but changed little if any in shoots. In contrast, the GS1−2 transcript level increased over two-fold in shoots, but decreased in roots after treatment. Increased transcript levels were evident at 4 h after treatment with either nitrogen source, with maximum accumulations present at 8 h after treatment with ammonium and at 10–12 h after treatment with nitrate. The GS1−3 gene transcript level showed little or no change after treatment with either nitrogen source. The GS1−4 gene transcript level remained constant in shoots of treated seedlings, whereas in roots, it exhibited relatively minor, but complex responses to these two nitrogen sources. The GS1−5 gene transcript is present in very small amounts in seedlings, making it difficult to analyze its response to metabolites in young plants. These results provide support for the possibility that different cytosolic GS genes of maize play distinct roles in nitrogen metabolism during plant growth and differentiation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019504
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    Capturing of host DNA by a plant retroelement: Bs1 encodes plasma membrane H+-ATPase domains (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 137-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: DNA acquisition ; retrotransposon ; retrovirus ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recently identified maize retroelement Bs1 encodes domains of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. This is the first example of host DNA captured by a plant retroelement and resembles the acquisition of oncogenes by vertebrate retroviruses. The ability to capture sequences from its host provides plant retroelements with a mechanism to alter gene structure which could be important for evolutionary adaptive change.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023232
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    In vivo analysis of intron processing using splicing-dependent reporter gene assays (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1785-1795 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: intron ; maize ; splicing ; vectors ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mechanisms of intron recognition and processing have been well-studied in mammals and yeast, but in plants the biochemistry of splicing is not known and the rules for intron recognition are not clearly defined. To increase understanding of intron processing in plants, we have constructed new pairs of vectors, pSuccess and pFail, to assess the efficiency of splicing in maize cultured cells. In the pFail series we use translation of pre-mRNA to monitor the amount of unspliced RNA. We inserted an ATG codon in the Bz2 (Bronze-2) intron in frame with luciferase: this construct will express luciferase activity only when splicing fails. In the pSuccess series the spliced message is monitored by inserting an ATG upstream of the Bz2 intron in frame with luciferase: this construct will express luciferase activity only when splicing succeeds. We show here, using both the wild-type Bz2 intron and the same intron with splice site mutations, that the efficiency of splicing can be estimated by the ratio between the luciferase activities of the vector pairs. We also show that mutations in the unique U-rich motif inside the intron can modulate splicing. In addition, a GC-rich insertion in the first exon increases the efficiency of splicing, suggesting that exons also play an important role in intron recognition and/or processing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019492
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    Cloning and characterization of maize herbicide safener-induced cDNAs encoding subunits of glutathione S-transferase isoforms I, II and IV (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1855-1866 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Glutathione S-transferase ; herbicide safener ; inducible gene expression ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several GSTs have been characterised in maize. GST I is a homodimer of 29 kDa subunits, GST II a hetrodimer of 27 kDa and 29 kDa subunits and GST IV a homodimer of 27 kDa subunits. We report the isolation and characterization of a herbicide-safener inducible cDNA clone, GST-27. Based on partial amino acid sequence, GST-27 encodes the 27 kDa subunit present in both glutathione S-transferase isoforms GST II and IV. Northern blotting was used to compare the expression patterns of GST-27 with that of GST-29. Transcripts corresponding to GST-27 were found to be constitutively expressed in RNA isolated from the root, but no expression was detected in RNA isolated from aerial parts of the plant. The application of herbicide safener caused a dramatic increase in the expression of GST-27 in all aerial plant parts tested. GST-29 was found to be constitutively expressed in RNA isolated from a number of maize tissues. The basal level of GST-29 expression showed a minimal increase upon herbicide safener treatment. Although a range of hormonal, environmental and physiological stimuli failed to elevate GST-27 levels, some increase in GST-27 mRNA was observed in the late stages of leaf senescence and after treatments resulting in phytotoxic effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019498
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    Manganese reduction in the rhizosphere of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal maize (1994)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1994), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus mosseae ; Manganese uptake ; Root exudation ; Manganese reduction ; Mycorrhizal effect ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of rhizosphere microorganisms and vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhiza on manganese (Mn) uptake in maize (Zea mays L. cv. Tau) plants was studied in pot experiments under controlled environmental conditions. The plants were grown for 7 weeks in sterilized calcareous soil in pots having separate compartments for growth of roots and of VA mycorrhizal fungal hyphae. The soil was left either uninoculated (control) or prior to planting was inoculated with rhizosphere microorganisms only (MO-VA) or with rhizosphere microorganisms together with a VA mycorrhizal fungus [Glomus mosseae (Nicol and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe] (MO+VA). Mycorrhiza treatment did not affect shoot dry weight, but root dry weight was slightly inhibited in the MO+VA and MO-VA treatments compared with the uninoculated control. Concentrations of Mn in shoots decreased in the order MO-VA 〉 MO+VA 〉 control. In the rhizosphere soil, the total microbial population was higher in mycorrhizal (MO+VA) than nonmycorrhizal (MO-VA) treatments, but the proportion of Mn-reducing microbial populations was fivefold higher in the nonmycorrhizal treatment, suggesting substantial qualitative changes in rhizosphere microbial populations upon root infection with the mycorrhizal fungi. The most important microbial group taking part in the reduction of Mn was fluorescent Pseudomonas. Mycorrhizal treatment decreased not only the number of Mn reducers but also the release of Mn-solubilizing root exudates, which were collected by percolation from maize plants cultivated in plastic tubes filled with gravel quartz sand. Compared with mycorrhizal plants, the root exudates of nonmycorrhizal plants had two fold higher capacity for reduction of Mn. Therefore, changes in both rhizosphere microbial population and root exudation are probably responsible for the lower acquisition of Mn in mycorrhizal plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00202343
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    An RFLP linkage map for loblolly pine based on a three-generation outbred pedigree (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Genetic linkage mapping ; Pinus taeda L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genetic linkage map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree consisting of four grandparents, two parents, and 95 F2 progeny. The map was based predominantly on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci detected by cDNA probes. Sixty-five cDNA and three genomic DNA probes revealed 90 RFLP loci. Six polymorphic isozyme loci were also scored. One-fourth (24%) of the cDNA probes detected more than 1 segregating locus, an indication that multigene families are common in pines. As many as six alleles were observed at a single segregating locus among grandparents and it was not unusual for the progeny to segregate for three or four alleles per locus. Multipoint linkage analysis placed 73 RFLP and 2 isozyme loci into 20 linkage groups; the remaining 17 RFLP and 4 isozyme loci were unlinked. The mapped RFLP probes provide a new set of codominant markers for genetic analyses in loblolly pine.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223631
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    Genetic diversity among wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis assessed by nuclear RFLP analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hevea brasiliensis ; RFLP ; Nuclear probes ; Isozyme ; Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism was assessed in wild and cultivated populations of Hevea brasiliensis using random probes from an Hevea nuclear library. One-hundred-and-sixty-four individuals were surveyed, and the results discussed in the light of previous work performed on isozyme variation. Both studies show that germplasm collections have led to an effective enrichment of the genetic resources available for Hevea breeding, and that cultivated clones have conserved a relatively high level of polymorphism, despite their narrow genetic base and their high level of inbreeding. An equivalent level of polymorphism is revealed by random nuclear probes and isozymes. However, the genetic structuring of the diversity appears more striking using RFLP markers. Wild accessions can be divided into three genetic groups according to their geographical origin. The present results are an essential guide to the incorporation of wild material in breeding schemes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225898
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    Chromosome assignment of four photosynthesis-related genes and their variability in wheat species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 383-394 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Photosynthesis-related genes ; Copy numbers ; Chromosome assignments ; RFLP ; Origin of polyploid wheats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Copy numbers of four photosynthesis-related genes, PhyA, Ppc, RbcS and Lhcb1 *1, in wheat genomes were estimated by slot-blot analysis, and these genes were assigned to the chromosome arms of common wheat by Southern hybridization of DNA from an aneuploid series of the cultivar Chinese Spring. The copy number of PhyA was estimated to be one locus per haploid genome, and this gene was assigned to chromosomes 4AL, 4BS and 4DS. The Ppc gene showed a low copy number of small multigenes, and was located on the short arm of homoeologous group 3 chromosomes and the long arm of chromosomes of homoeologous group 7. RbcS consisted of a multigene family, with approximately 100 copies in the common wheat genome, and was located on the short arm of group 2 chromosomes and the long arm of group 5 chromosomes. Lhcb1 *1 also consisted of a multigene family with about 50 copies in common wheat. Only a limited number of restriction fragments (approximately 15%) were used to determine the locations of members of this family on the long arm of group 1 chromosomes owing to the multiplicity of DNA bands. The variability of hybridized bands with the four genes was less in polyploids, but was more in the case of multigene families. RFLP analysis of polyploid wheats and their presumed ancestors was carried out with probes of the oat PhyA gene, the maize Ppc gene, the wheat RbcS gene and the wheat Lhcb1 *1 gene. The RFLP patterns of common wheat most closely resembled those of T. Dicoccum (Emmer wheat), T. urartu (A genome), Ae. speltoides (S genome) and Ae. squarrosa (D genome). Diversification of genes in the wheat complex appear to have occurred mainly at the diploid level. Based on RFLP patterns, B and S genomes were clustered into two major groups. The fragment numbers per genome were reduced in proportion to the increase of ploidy level for all four genes, suggesting that some mechanism(s) might operate to restrict, and so keep to a minimum, the gene numbers in the polyploid genomes. However, the RbcS genes, located on 2BS, were more conserved (double dosage), indicating that the above mechanism(s) does not operate equally on individual genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223649
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    RFLP analysis in chrysanthemum. I. Probe and primer development (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 472-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; PCR ; Chrysanthemum ; Genetic diversity ; Polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to study genetic variability at the DNA level in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev) PstI and HindIII genomic libraries were constructed. Probes from both libraries were tested for the presence of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Of the probes from the PstI library 91% appeared to hybridize to low-copy genes, while only 35% of those from the HindIII library appeared to do so. The PstI probes were used in further analyses as 79% of them showed RFLPs, whereas the HindIII low-copy number probes gave only 14% polymorphic patterns. Because of the hexaploid character of chrysanthemum, complex patterns generally consisting of 6–12 fragments were visible on a Southern blot after hybridization. To simplify the genetic analysis, locus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers were developed that gave simple polymorphic patterns in a number of cases. The RFLP probes and primers developed will be used in future marker-assisted selection in this polyploid crop.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223663
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    Comparative RFLP mapping of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum tauschii (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 865-872 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Comparative mapping ; RFLP ; Barley ; Triticum tauschii ; Genome evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Hordeum vulgare (barley) and Triticum tauschii are related, but sexually incompatible, species. This study was conducted to determine the extent of homology between the genomes of barley and T. tauschii using a common set of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Results showed that 〉95% of low-copy sequences are shared, but 42% of the conserved sequences showed copy-number differences. Sixty-three loci were mapped in T. tauschii using RFLP markers previously mapped in barley. A comparison of RFLP marker order showed that, in general, barley and T. tauschii have conserved linkage groups, with markers in the same linear orders. However, six of the seven linkage groups of T. tauschii contained markers which mapped to unrelated (i.e., non-homoeologous) barley chromosomes. Additionally, four of the T. tauschii linkage groups contained markers that were switched in order with respect to barley. All the chromosome segments differing between T. tauschii and barley contained markers that were detected by multi-copy probes. The results suggest that the observed differences between the T. tauschii and barley genomes were brought about by duplications or deletions of segments in one or both species. The implications of these findings for genetic mapping, breeding, and plant genome evolution are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224511
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    RFLP-based genetic relationships of Einkorn wheats (1994)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 818-823 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Diploid wheat ; Einkorn ; RFLP ; Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To study the relationships between different species of the Einkorn group, 55 different accessions ofTriticum monococcum,T. boeoticum,T. urartu,T. sinskajae,T. thaoudar andT. aegilopoides were analyzed. Fifteen anonymous probes and four clones corresponding to storage protein genes were used for detecting restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The DNA was restricted with the restriction enzymesAluI,HaeIII,RsaI andTaqI. The 25 probe/enzyme combinations employed yielded a total of 488 polymorphic fragments. Statistical analyses were performed using Jaccard's coefficient of similarity and principal coordinate analysis. Different values of similarity within the three main taxa,monococcum,boeoticum andurartu, were obtained; the grouping at the species level was quite well reflected by the RFLP analysis done here. The coincidence between RFLP data and the subspecies classification of theT. monococcum group was only partial. OneT. urartu accession is clearly different from all of the other 54 accessions. The need for an RFLP based revision of the Einkorn taxonomy is evident.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253991
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    Restriction site and length polymorphism of the rDNA unit in the cultivated basidiomycetePleurotus cornucopiae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 824-830 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pleurotus cornucopiae ; rDNA unit ; RFLP ; Ribosomal polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the ribosomal DNA unit ofPleurotus cornucopiae, the rDNA coding regions are in the order 5′, 5S-18S-5.8S-25S, 3′, with the 5′ location of the 5S gene differing from its 3′ location found in other basidiomycetes. The most discriminating probe used to study the rDNA polymorphism consisted of a fragment that included the 5S, 18S and part of the 5.8S and 25S genes flanking three intergenic sequences. A high degree of rDNA polymorphism was observed in the sevenP. cornucopiae dikaryons studied. For the first time within a basidiomycete species, the restrictions maps distinguished two types of rDNA units (I and II). In each rDNA type, length variations in the external intergenic sequence IGS 1 located between the 25S and 5S genes allowed characterization of two different rDNA units in type I and four rDNA units in type II. This suggested that theP. cornucopiae rDNA units were derived from two kinds of ancestors (type I and II) by insertion or deletion events (100–700 bp) in the IGS 1. In four dikaryotic strains, two rDNA units of the same type (I or II) differing only by the IGS 1 length, were found in a similar number of copies, and presented a meiotic segregation in homokaryotic progeny. In one progeny, some homokaryotic strains possessed two different rDNA units: one with a high copy number and another with a lower one, showing that two different rDNA units could coexist in a single nucleus.
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    Comparison of RFLP and RAPD markers to estimating genetic relationships within and among cruciferous species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 973-980 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: DNA ; RFLP ; RAPD ; Brassica ; Genetic relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers are being used widely for evaluating genetic relationships of crop germplasm. Differences in the properties of these two markers could result in different estimates of genetic relationships among some accessions. Nuclear RFLP markers detected by genomic DNA and cDNA clones and RAPD markers were compared for evaluating genetic relationships among 18 accessions from six cultivated Brassica species and one accession from Raphanus sativus. Based on comparisons of genetic-similarity matrices and cophenetic values, RAPD markers were very similar to RFLP markers for estimating intraspecific genetic relationships; however, the two marker types gave different results for interspecific genetic relationships. The presence of amplified mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA fragments in the RAPD data set did not appear to account for differences in RAPD- and RFLP-based dendrograms. However, hybridization tests of RAPD fragments with similar molecular weights demonstrated that some fragments, scored as identical, were not homologous. In all these cases, the differences occurred at the interspecific level. Our results suggest that RAPD data may be less reliable than RFLP data when estimating genetic relationships of accessions from more than one species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220804
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    Genetic diversity in European wheat and spelt breeding material based on RFLP data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 994-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Spelt ; RFLP ; Marker Genetic diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fifty-two winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), nine spring wheat, and 20 spelt (Triticum spelta L.) lines representing part of the European breeding germplasm, were assayed for RFLPs (restriction fragment length polymorphisms) with 56 wheat DNA clones and two barley cDNA clones. Objectives of this study were to (1) determine the level of variation for RFLPs in the wheat and spelt breeding lines, (2) characterize the genetic diversity within the European winter wheat germplasm, and (3) evaluate the usefulness of RFLP markers for pedigree analysis and the grouping of wheat and spelt lines of various origins. Seventy-three of the 166 RFLP loci detected with 58 probes and one restriction enzyme were polymorphic for the 81 lines. The percentage of polymorphic loci was greatest for the B genome (58%) and smallest for the D genome (21%). Among the 81 lines, 271 different RFLP bands were detected. RFLP band frequencies of the winter wheat lines differed considerably (≥0.5) from those of the spring wheat lines at five loci, and from those of the spelt lines at 17 loci. Eight cultivars that had a major impact as progenitors on the development of improved winter wheat cultivars accounted for 93% of the observed RFLP bands in winter wheat. Genetic distance (GD) estimates between two lines ranged between 0.01 and 0.21. Mean GD estimates within winter wheat (0.083), within spring wheat (0.108) and within spelt (0.096) were smaller than between spring and winter wheat (0.114), and greatest between winter wheat and spelt (0.132) and spring wheat and spelt (0.148). Principal coordinate analysis performed on GD estimates revealed a clear separation of wheat and spelt germplasm. Novel spelt lines with various proportions of wheat germplasm were positioned between wheat and traditional spelt lines. The spring wheat lines formed a distinct group at the periphery of the distribution of the winter wheat lines. Subgroupings of the winter wheat lines according to the cluster analysis were in good agreement with their origin, and lines with common ancestors were grouped together.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220807
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    Phylogenetic analysis of Sorghum and related taxa using internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 26-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sorghum ; Zea mays ; Phylogeny rDNA sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic relationships of the genus Sorghum and related genera were studied by sequencing the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). DNA was extracted from 15 Sorghum accessions, including one accession from each of the sections Chaetosorghum and Heterosorghum, four accessions from Parasorghum, two accessions from Stiposorghum, and seven representatives from three species of the section Sorghum (one accession from each of S. propinquum and S. halepense, and five races of S. bicolor). The maize (Zea mays) line, H95, and an accession from Cleistachne sorghoides were also included in the study. Variable nucleotides were used to construct a strict consensus phylogenetic tree. The analyses indicate that S. propinquum, S. halepense and S. bicolor subsp. arundinaceum race aethiopicum may be the closest wild relatives of cultivated sorghum; Sorghum nitidum may be the closest 2n=10 relative to S. bicolor, the sections Chaetosorghum and Heterosorghum appear closely related to each other and more closely related to the section Sorghum than Parasorghum; and the section Parasorghum is not monophyletic. The results also indicate that the genus Sorghum is a very ancient and diverse group.
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    Crossover distribution in barley analysed through RFLP linkage data (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 211-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum vulgare ; RFLP ; Genetic map ; Recombination ; Crossover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of recombination in barley with regard to (1) the distribution of crossover points among whole gametes, (2) the distribution of crossover points among individual chromosomes and (3) the distribution of crossover points within chromosomes has been analysed using data sets underlying two recently published restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage maps representing male and female meiosis, respectively. The data indicated that the process of recombination had been random with no interference. The two data sets gave similar results, indicating that male and female meiosis in barley do no differ significantly. The possibility of using RFLP data in studies of crossover distribution is stressed.
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    Characterization of a family of tandemly repeated DNA sequences in Triticeae (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 217-225 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Evolution ; Tandemly repeated DNA sequences ; Phylogenetic relationships ; RFLP ; Poaceae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The recombinant plasmid dpTa1 has an insert of relic wheat DNA that represents a family of tandemly organized DNA sequences with a monomeric length of approximately 340 bp. This insert was used to investigate the structural organization of this element in the genomes of 58 species within the tribe Triticeae and in 7 species representing other tribes of the Poaceae. The main characteristic of the genomic organization of dpTa1 is a classical ladder-type pattern which is typical for tandemly organized sequences. The dpTa1 sequence is present in all of the genomes of the Triticeae species examined and in 1 species from a closely related tribe (Bromus inermis, Bromeae). DNA from Hordelymus europaeus (Triticeae) did not hybridize under the standard conditions used in this study. Prolonged exposure was necessary to obtain a weak signal. Our data suggest that the dpTa1 family is quite old in evolutionary terms, probably more ancient than the tribe Triticeae. The dpTa1 sequence is more abundant in the D-genome of wheat than in other genomes in Triticeae. DNA from several species also have bands in addition to the tandem repeats. The dpTa1 sequence contains short direct and inverted subrepeats and is homologous to a tandemly repeated DNA sequence from Hordeum chilense.
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    Estimation of sampling variance of molecular marker data using the bootstrap procedure (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 259-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Bootstrap ; Sampling variance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Knowledge of genetic relationships among genotypes is useful in a plant breeding program because it permits the organization of germplasm and provides for more efficient sampling. The genetic distance (GD) among genotypes can be estimated using random restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) as molecular markers. Knowledge of the sampling variance associated with RFLP markers is needed to determine how many markers are required for a given level of precision in the estimate of GD. The sampling variance for GD among all pairs of 37 maize (Z. mays L.) inbred lines was estimated from 1202 RFLPs. The 1202 polymorphisms were generated from 251 enzyme-probe combinations (EPC). The sampling variance was used to determine how large a sample of RFLPs was required to provide a given level of precision. The coefficient of variation (CV) associated with GD has a nearly linear relationship between its expected standard deviation and mean. The magnitude of the decrease in the mean CV for GD with increasing numbers of bands was dependent upon the sampling unit; e.g., individual polymorphic bands vs EPC, and the degree of relatedness among the inbreds compared. The rate of reduction in mean CV with increasing sample size was the same regardless of the restriction enzyme used, BamHI, EcoRI or HindIII, when the bootstrap sampling units were individual polymorphic bands. In constrast, although the rate of reduction (slopes) was the same, the intercepts of the mean CVs were different when EPCs were used as the bootstrap sampling unit. This difference was due to the higher number of bands per EPC in BamHI (4.94) compared with EcoRI (4.83) and HindIII (4.63).
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    A study of genetic variation and evolution of Phyllostachys (Bambusoideae: Poaceae) using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 265-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Bamboo ; Phyllostachys ; RFLP ; Variation ; Evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phylogenetic and taxonomic difficulties are common within the woody bamboos, due to their unique life cycle, which severely limits the availability of floral characters. To addresss some of these problems, 20 species of woody bamboos in the genus Phyllostachys were analyzed using nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). The RFLP data were used to generate genetic distances between all pairs of taxa and to examine the degree of genetic variation within and among bamboo species. The genetic distances were also used to create dendrograms of accessions and species. These trees supported the current division of the genus into two sections and provided some information on the thorny taxonomic problems in this group. We show that RFLPs can be used for species identification and the delineation of species limits.
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    Molecular evidence for the hybrid origin of Paulownia Taiwaniana based on RAPD markers and RFLP of chloroplast DNA (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 271-275 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RAPD ; RFLP ; Chloroplast DNA ; Natural hybrid ; Paulownia taiwaniana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genomic DNA of Paulownia fortunei, P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana were amplified with 10-base primers of arbitrary sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 351 DNA fragments were amplified from 23 primers and of these 265 fragments (75.5%) were polymorphic. Almost all of the PCR-amplified products of P. taiwaniana were shared by either P. fortunei or P. kawakamii, or both, and the number of polymorphic fragments shared by P. taiwaniana and P. fortunei was about equivalent to those shared by P. taiwaniana and P. kawakamii. Restriction fragments of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) purified from Paulownia species and from reciprocal crosses between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii were analyzed. Restriction enzyme SalI-digested cpDNA showed an identical pattern in both P. kawakamii and P. taiwaniana. These results further support the hypothesis that P. taiwaniana is the natural hybrid between P. fortunei and P. kawakamii and that the maternal parent of P. taiwaniana is P. kawakamii.
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    Molecular markers shared by diverse apomictic Pennisetum species (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 636-642 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Apomixis ; Agamospermy ; Pearl Millet ; Interspecific hybrids ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two molecular markers, a RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) and a RFLP/STS (restriction fragment length polymorphism/sequence-tagged site), previously were found associated with apomictic reproductive behavior in a backcross population produced to transfer apomixis from Pennisetum squamulatum to pearl millet. The occurrence of these molecular markers in a range of 29 accessions of Pennisetum comprising 11 apomictic and 8 sexual species was investigated. Both markers were specific for apomictic species in Pennisetum. The RFLP/STS marker, UGT 197, was found to be associated with all taxa that displayed apomictic reproductive behavior except those in section Brevivalvula. Neither UGT197 nor the cloned RAPD fragment OPC-04600 hybridized with any sexually reproducing representatives of the genus. The cloned C04600 was associated with 3 of the 11 apomictic species, P. ciliare, P. massaicum, and P. squamulatum. UGT197 was more consistently associated with apomictic reproductive behavior than OPC04600 or cloned C04600, thus it could be inferred that UGT197 is more closely linked to the gene(s) for apomixis than the cloned C04600. The successful use of these probes to survey other Pennisetum species indicates that apomixis is a trait that can be followed across species by using molecular means. This technique of surveying species within a genus will be useful in determining the relative importance of newly isolated markers and may facilitate the identification of the apomixis gene(s).
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    RFLP analysis of mitochondrial DNA from cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of pearl millet (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 441-448 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Cytoplasmic male sterility ; Pearl millet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from 13 cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) lines from diverse sources were characterized by Southern blot hybridization to pearl millet and maize mtDNA probes. Hybridization patterns of mtDNA digested with PstI, BamHI, SmaI or XhoI and probed with 13.6-, 10.9-, 9.7- or 4.7-kb pearl millet mtDNA clones revealed similarities among the cms lines 5141 A and ICMA 1 (classified as the S-A1 type of cytoplasm based on fertility restoration patterns), PMC 30A and ICMA 2. The remaining cms lines formed a distinct group, within which three subgroups were evident. Among the maize mitochondiral gene clones used, the coxI probe revealed two distinct groups of cytoplasms similar to the pearl millet mtDNA clones. The atp9 probe differentiated the cms line 81 A4, derived from P. glaucum subsp. monodii, while the coxII gene probe did not detect any polymorphism among the cms lines studied. MtDNA digested with BamHI, PstI or XhoI and hybridized to the atp6 probe revealed distinct differences among the cms lines. The maize atp6 gene clone identified four distinct cytoplasmic groups and four subgroups within a main group. The mtDNA fragments hybridized to the atp6 gene probe with differing intensities, suggesting the presence of more than one copy of the gene in different stoichiometries. Rearrangements involving the coxI and/or rrn18-rrn5 genes (mapped within the pearl millet clones) probably resulted in the S-A1 type of sterility. Rearrangements involving the atp6 gene (probably resulting in chimeric form) may be responsible for male sterility in other cms lines of pearl millet.
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    Haplo-diploid gene expression and pollen selection for tolerance to acetochlor in maize (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 780-784 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Acetochlor tolerance ; Gene expression Pollen selection ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objectives of this research were to determine if genes controlling the reaction to the herbicide acetochlor in maize (Zea mays L.) are active during both the haploid and the diploid phases of the life cycle and if pollen selection can be utilized for improving sporophytic resistance. Pollen of eight inbred lines, previously characterized through sporophytic analysis for the level of tolerance to acetochlor, showed a differential reaction to the herbicide forin vitro tube length; moreover, such pollen reactions proved to be significantly correlated (r =0.786*,df=6) with those of the sporophytes producing the pollen. Pollen analysis of two inbred lines (i.e. Mo17, tolerant, and B79, susceptible) and their single cross showed that thein vitro pollen-tube length reaction of the hybrid was intermediate between those of two parents. An experiment on pollen selection was then performed by growing tassels of Mo17xB79 in the presence of the herbicide. Pollen obtained from treated tassels showed a greater tolerance to acetochlor, assessed asin vitro tube length reaction, than pollen obtained from control tassels. Moreover, the backcross [B79 (Mo17xB79)] sporophytic population obtained using pollen from the treated tassels was more tolerant (as indicated by the fresh weight of plants grown in the presence of the herbicide) than was the control backcross population. The two populations did not differ when grown without the herbicide. These findings indicate that genes controlling the reaction to acetochlor in maize have haplodiploid expression; consequently, pollen selection can be applied for improving plant tolerance.
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    Use of recombinant substitution lines in the construction of RFLP-based genetic maps of chromosomes 6A and 6B of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 703-712 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Genetic mapping ; Triticum turgidum Recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) ; Mapmaker G-Mendel
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLP-based genetic maps of chromosomes 6A and 6B of Triticum turgidum have been constructed using data obtained by the study of Triticum turgidum var ‘durum’ cv ‘Langdon’-T. t. var ‘dicoccoides’ recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) supplemented with data obtained from F3 families derived from ‘Langdon’ dicoccoides 6A and 6B disomic substitution lines. The average RFLP frequencies detected for the two chromosomes in a test of 45 DNA clones with six restriction enzymes were 56% and 53%, respectively, and a subset of 32 clones gave frequencies of 75% and 72%, respectively. Seventeen loci were mapped in 6A and 18 in 6B. With the possible exception of 5 loci in the centromeric region of 6A, all of the mapped 6A and 6B loci are located in the same arm as are homologous loci in hexaploid wheat, and the linear order of the loci is the same in the two chromosomes, except possibly close to the centromere. Major differences in genetic distances exist between homologous loci located in the proximal regions of the 6AL and 6BL linkage groups, however, the distances being much larger in the former than in the latter. The 6B maps that were constructed using data from both the RSL and the F2 populations and using data from the RSL population alone closely resemble one another, indicating that the 6B RSL population, composed of 85 lines, can be reliably used for genetic mapping. Additional studies must be conducted before the utility of the 6A RSL population, composed of 66 lines, can be adequately assessed.
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    Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) as standard landmarkers in the rice genome (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 728-734 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: STS ; RFLP ; Rice ; Genetic map ; Coding region
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Generating sequence-tagged sites (STSs) is a prerequisite to convert a genetic map to a physical map. With the help of sequence information from these STSs one can also isolate specific genes. For these purposes, we have designed PCR primer sets, of 20 bases each, by reference to sequences of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) landmarkers consisting of rice genomic clones. These markers were evenly distributed over the 12 chromosomes and were shown to be single copy by Southern-blot analysis. With improved PCR protocols, 63 standard STS landmarkers in the rice genome were generated. Similarity searches of all partial sequences of RFLP landmarkers by the FASTA algorithm showed that 2 of the 63 RFLP landmarkers, G357 and G385, contained part of the ORFs of aspartate aminotransferase and protein kinase, respectively.
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    Somatic hybrids between Solanum etuberosum and diploid, tuber bearing Solanum clones (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 775-782 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Somatic hybrid ; Solanum etuberosum ; S. tuberosum ; S. berthaultii ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Electrofusion was used to obtain somatic hybrids between Solanum etuberosum (2n=2x=24) and two diploid potato lines. These hybridizations were conducted to determine if haploidxwild species hybrids are better fusion partners than conventional S. tuberosumGp. Tuberosum haploids. Restriction fragment length polymerase (RFLP) analyses of the putative somatic hybrids confirmed that each parental genome was present. The somatic hybrids between S. etuberosum and a haploid S. tuberosum clone, US-W730, were stunted and had curled, purple leaves. In contrast, somatic hybrids between S. etuberosum and a haploidxwild species hybrid (US-W 730 haploidx S. berthaultii), were vigorous and generally tuberized under field conditions. These hybrids were designated as E+BT somatic hybrids. Analyses of 23 E+BT somatic hybrids revealed a statistically significant bias towards the retention of S. etuberosum chloroplasts. Stylar incompatibilities were observed when the E+BT somatic hybrids were used as pollen donors in crosses with S. tuberosum cultivars. Reciprocal crosses did not show this incompatibility. The progeny were vigorous and had improved tuber traits when compared to the maternal E+BT parent. RFLP analyses of three sexual progeny lines confirmed the presence of all 12 S. etuberosum chromosomes. In two of these lines, RFLPs that marked each of the 24 chromosome arms of S. etuberosum were present. However, RFLP markers specific for regions on chromosomes 2, 7, and 11 were missing from the third clone. Because other markers for these chromosomes were present in the progeny line, these results indicated the likelihood of pairing and recombination between S. etuberosum and S. tuberosum chromosomes.
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    Molecular analysis of plants regenerated from embryogenic cultures of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 821-828 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Total DNAs of plants regenerated from immature embryo-derived 2-month-old embryogenic calli of wheat (cultivars Florida 302, Chris, Pavon, RH770019) were probed with six maize mitochondrial genes (atpA, atp6, apt9, coxI, coxII, rrn18-rrn5), three hypervariable wheat mitochondrial clones (K′, K3, X2), five random pearl millet mitochondrial clones (4A9, 4D1, 4D12, 4E1, 4E11) and the often-used wheat Nor locus probe (pTA71), in order to assess the molecular changes induced in vitro. In addition, protoplast-derived plants, and 24-month-old embryogenic and non-embryogenic calli and cell suspension cultures of Florida 302 were also analyzed. No variation was revealed by the wheat or millet mitochondrial clones. Qualitative variation was detected in the nonembryogenic suspension culture by three maize mitochondrial genes (coxI, rrn18-rrn5, atp6). A callus-specific 3.8-kb Hind III fragment was detected in all four cultivars after hybridization with the coxI gene. The organization of the Nor locus of the plants regenerated from Florida 302 and Chris was stable when compared to their respective control plants and calli. The Nor locus in regenerants of Pavon and RH, on the other hand, was found to be variable. However, Nor locus variability was not observed in 14 individual seed-derived control plants from either Pavon or RH sources. In Pavon, a 3.6-kb Taq I or a 5.6-kb Bam HI+ Eco RI fragment was lost after regeneration. In one of the RH regenerants, which lost a fragment, an additional fragment was observed.
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    QTL analysis of trichome-mediated insect resistance in potato (1994)
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 87 (1994), S. 973-987 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Potato ; Trichome ; Insect resistance ; RFLP ; QTL
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic mapping of several components of a complex type of insect resistance has been undertaken as a means toward more efficient use of the valuable characteristics of a wild relative of potato. RFLP maps constructed on interspecific diploid progenies of Solanum tuberosum × S. berthaultii were used in conjunction with morphological, biochemical and biological phenotyping to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) contributing to trichome-mediated insect resistance. By superimposing QTL data for a wide range of phenotypes including biochemical assays, correlative and direct screens for insect resistance, and adaptation to the target environment on the genetic maps, we have addressed the organization, action and interaction of genes controlling the resistance mechanism. The outcome contributes to an understanding of the association between component traits and between desirable and undesirable features of the donor species generated in an applied breeding program. Research is proceeding toward the development of selectable markers for the introgression and transfer of this resistance among potato gene pools.
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    RFLP-based phylogenetic analysis of wide compatibility varieties in Oryza sativa L. (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 65-69 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; RFLP ; Wide compatibility ; Subspecies differentiation ; Heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-one wide compatibility varieties (WCVs) of rice together with three indica and three japonica testers were assayed with 160 DNA probes that were selected to represent the entire RFLP map at an average interval of 11 cM. On the basis of four enzyme digestion 125 probes detected polymorphisms among the WCVs and subspecies' testers. Among these polymorphic probes there were 68 that could distinguish the indica from the japonica testers. Two dendrograms were constructed on the basis of 398 polymorphic fragments of 125 probes and 139 polymorphic fragments of 68 subspecies' differentiating probes in combination with single enzymes, respectively. The reliability and representativeness of the testers and the levels of DNA variations among WCVs were estimated. The potential of WCVs in the utilization of intersubspecific heterosis is discussed.
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    Identification and localization of molecular markers linked to the Lr9 leaf rust resistance gene of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 110-115 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Leaf rust ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum spelta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Near-isogenic lines (NILs) for the leaf rust resistance gene Lr9 were screened for polymorphisms at the molecular level. RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) primers as well as RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) markers were used. Out of 395 RAPD primers tested, three showed polymorphisms between NILs, i.e., an additional band was found in resistant lines. One of these polymorphic bands was cloned and sequenced. Specific primers were synthesized, and after amplification only resistant lines showed an amplified product. Thus, these primers define a sequence-tagged site that is specific for the translocated fragment carrying the Lr9 gene. A cross between a resistant NIL and the spelt (Triticum spelta) variety ‘Oberkulmer’ was made, and F2 plants were analyzed for genetic linkage. All three polymorphisms detected by the PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and one RFLP marker (cMWG684) showed complete linkage to the Lr9 gene in 156 and 133 plants analyzed, respectively. A second RFLP marker (PSR546) was closely linked (8±2.4 cM) to the Lr9 gene and the other four DNA markers. As this marker maps to the distal part of the long arm of chromosome 6B of wheat, Lr9 and the other DNA markers also map to the distal region of 6BL. All three PCR markers detected the Lr9 gene in independently derived breeding lines and varieties, thus proving their general applicability in wheat breeding programs.
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    Relationships among Cichorium species and related genera as determined by analysis of mitochondrial RFLPs (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 159-166 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA ; RFLP ; Asteraceae ; Cichorium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was employed to assess cytoplasmic diversity among cytoypes of the genus Cichorium and related genera of the tribe Lactuceae (Asteraceae). Hybridization patterns of total DNA using six restriction enzymes and five heterologous mtDNA probes were examined. From estimates of mtDNA diversity, Cichorium spinosum appeared as an ecotype of C. intybus rather than a separate species. Interspecific mtDNA polymorphism in the genus Cichorium was higher than that observed in Cicerbita Crepis, Lactuca and Tragopogon. Molecular data seemed to indicate that Catananche is very distant from the other genera examined. Intergeneric comparisons allowed the clustering of Cicerbita, Lactuca and Cichorium, genera which belong to different subtribes. However, further molecular investigations on a larger number of genera are needed to clarify the relationships among genera within and between subtribes of the tribe Lactuceae.
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    A unique cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) determinant is present in three Phaseolus species characterized by different mitochondrial genomes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 314-320 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; mtDNA diversity ; Phaseolus coccineus ; P. polyanthus ; P. vulgaris ; cytoplasmic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Previous results have shown that cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in lines from Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus vulgaris contain the same CMS-specific sequence, raising the question of whether this sequence rearrangement arose before divergence of the two species or afterward with subsequent transfer by introgression. Hybridization patterns of total DNA from eight P. vulgaris lines with cytoplasm from P. coccineus and three P. vulgaris lines were examined in order to analyze the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity within each species and to determine differences between CMS lines derived from the two species. Three restriction enzymes and 17 heterologous mtDNA sequences were used. The analysis of the different hybridization patterns revealed a considerable diversity in mtDNA organization particularly within P. coccineus. We obtained distinctive hybridization patterns for the five CMS lines tested. The resulting classification showed that mitochondrial genomes from P. coccineus CMS lines group with those of fertile P. coccineus but not with CMS lines from P. vulgaris. The groupings concur with the taxonomic classification of these lines. The results support the hypothesis of a single ancient origin of the CMS determinant and exclude the transfer of cytoplasm by introgression from P. vulgaris to P. coccineus and P. coccineus ssp polyanthus.
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    RFLP markers associated with Sr22 and recombination between chromosome 7A of bread wheat and the diploid species Triticum boeoticum (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1039-1045 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Sr22 ; Triticum aestivum ; T. boeoticum ; Recombination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of the bread wheat variety Schomburgk, and related lines in its pedigree, identified RFLP markers associated with the segment of chromosome 7A carrying the Sr22 gene derived from the diploid species T. boeoticum. The distribution of the RFLP markers indicated that at least 50% of 7AS and 80% of 7AL in Schomburgk is of T. boeoticum origin. Evaluation of five sets of nearisogenic lines, backcross lines in 20 different genetic backgrounds and an F2 population segregating for Sr22 demonstrated a very low level of recombination between the 7A chromosomes of T. boeoticum and T. aestivum. Several recombinants carrying Sr22 but with a much reduced segment of T. boeoticum were identified and these may prove useful in the breeding of further varieties with Sr22.
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    RFLP diversity in cultivated sorghum in relation to racial differentiation (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 838-844 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sorghum ; RFLP ; Genetic diversity Cultivated ; Racial differentiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Careful assessment of the comparative diversity for molecular markers and for potentially-useful morpho-agronomic traits is paramount to the analysis of a genome through the mapping of favorable genes. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor ssp.bicolor) varieties are traditionally classified into five races on the basis of morphological traits, especially panicle and grain traits. Isozyme diversity has provided a new insight into genetic diversity, and showed a marked geographic structure. We performed RFLP analysis on 94 varieties, chosen to represent the main cross combinations (race × geographic origin), using 35 maize probes that detect polymorphism with at least one of the two restriction enzymesHindIII andXbaI. A total of 50 polymorphic probe-enzyme combinations yielded 158 polymorphic bands. The bicolor race appeared highly variable and included many rare markers. Among the other races multivariate analysis of the data differentiated six clusters corresponding, by decreasing magnitude of divergence, to: the margaritiferum types (a sub-race of race guinea); the guinea forms from western Africa; race caudatum; race durra; race kafir; and the guinea forms from southern Africa.The apparent geographic differentiation was related to the contrasting distribution of these races and to a higher similarity between races localized in southern Africa. The data agree with the current hypotheses on sorghum domestication but reveal associations between neutral markers and traits probably highly subjected to human selection. Whether such associations will be observed with other useful traits, and to what extent they are maintained by genetic linkage, is worth exploring.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253994
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    Molecular cloning and analysis of one member of a polymorphic family of GACA-hybridising DNA repeats in tomato (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 845-851 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; GACA ; Genetic fingerprinting ; RFLP ; PCR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Simple sequence repeat oligonucleotides were used to probe the tomato genome for elements displaying variability amongst commercial cultivars. The oligonucleotide (GACA)4 was found to be particularly informative on genotype screening blots, hybridising to a highly polymorphic family of elements, and was used to clone one such member from a lambda library. The GACA-hybridisation was localised to a 1.3-kbHinfI fragment within the original 15-kb lambda insert. This 1,349-bp subclone (pT-GACA-2:1.3) was used to probe 27 Californian processing varieties and found to be capable of distinguishing all from each other, thus demonstrating its utility as a genetic fingerprinting probe for cultivar identification. Hybridisation occurred to approximately 10 major high molecular weight (〉 4-kb) bands, most of which segregated independently in F2 populations, as well as a large number of less clearly resolvable smaller fragments. Sequence analysis of the cloned element reveals that it is almost entirely composed of GACA or GATA repeats. These tetranucleotides are organised into distinct repetitive domains, consisting either of tandem arrays of each tetranucleotide or interspersions of GACA and GATA to form dodecanucleotides that are then further repeated. The boundaries between domains contain sufficient departures from the concensus repeat to allow construction of unique polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers. Amplification from two such contiguous regions identifies length variation in both, thus yielding a genotype screen appropriate for high-throughput applications, such as assessment of purity in F1 hybrid seed lots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01253995
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    The semidwarf gene, sd-1, of rice (Oryza sativa L.). II. Molecular mapping and marker-assisted selection (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 54-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Rice ; Semidwarf gene (sd-1) ; RFLP ; Molecular marker ; Marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To establish the location of the semidwarf gene, sd-1, the anthocyanin activator (A), purple node (Pn), purple auricle (Pau), and the isozyme locus, EstI-2, in relation to DNA markers on the molecular linkage map of rice, 20 RFLP markers, previously mapped to the central region of chromosome 1 (McCouch et al. 1988), were mapped onto an F2 population derived from the cross Taichung 65 (A,Pn,Pau)/Taichung 65 (sd-1). sd-1 and EstI-2 were determined to be linked most tightly to RFLP markers RG 109 and RG 220, which cosegregated with each other. The distance between these RFLP markers and sd-1 was estimated to be 0.8 cM, based on an observed recombination value of 0.8%. The order of genes and markers in this region of chromosome 1 was determined to be sd-1 — (EstI-2 — RG220 — RG109) — RG381 — A — Pn — Pau. To test the efficacy of selection for sd-1 based on these linked markers, 50-day-old F2 seedlings derived from another cross, Milyang 23/Gihobyeo, were analyzed for marker genotype. At this age, the semidwarf character could not be clearly detected based on phenotype. In addition, plant height was normally distributed in this population, making it difficult to unambiguously identify plants carrying sd-1. Thirteen seedlings homozygous for the sd-1-associated allele at EstI-2, RG220 and RG109, and 13 seedlings homozygous for the Sd-1-associated allele at all three marker loci were selected for further genetic analysis. At 20 days after heading, the culm lengths of these 26 plants were measured and the expected phenotype was confirmed in every case. These 26 plants were then selfed for four generations and F6 lines were again evaluated to determine whether any recombination among the three molecular markers, or between these markers and the sd-1 gene, could be detected. No recombinants were identified, confirming the tight linkage of these loci and the usefulness of genotypic selection for this recessive semidwarf character prior to the time when it can be evaluated based on phenotype.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226982
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    Identification of wheat-Agropyron cristatum monosomic addition lines by RFLP analysis using a set of assigned wheat DNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Agropyron cristatum ; Alien addition ; RFLP ; Non-radioactive labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A non-radioactive digoxigenin-labelled DNA method was used successfully to identify RFLP markers in 54 Triticum aestivum cv ‘Chinese Spring’ — Agropyron cristatum (2n=28, genome PPPP) P-genome monosomic addition lines. Southern analysis using a set of 14 DNA probes identifying each homoeologous chromosome arm, combined with two restriction enzymes HindIII and EcoRI, indicated that six A. cristatum chromosomes (1P, 2P, 3P, 4P, 5P and 6P) and five A. cristatum chromosome arms (2PS, 2PL, 5PL, 6PS and 6PL) have been individually added to the wheat genome. The added chromosomes of three lines were Agropyron translocated chromosomes. It was also found that two addition plants possessed an Agropyron-wheat translocation. These results showed that RFLP analysis using the set of assigned wheat probes was a powerful tool in detecting and establishing homoeology of alien A. cristatum chromosomes, or arms, added to wheat, as well as in screening the alien addition material. The creation of the monosomic addition lines should be useful for the transfer of disease-resistance genes from A. cristatum to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226985
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    Chromosomal localization and molecular-marker tagging of the powdery mildew resistance gene (Lv) in tomato (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 76-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Powdery mildew (Leveillula taurica) ; Tomato ; RAPD ; RFLP ; Lv
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report the tagging of a powdery mildew [Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud.] resistance gene (Lv) in tomato using RAPD and RFLP markers. DNA from a resistant (cv Laurica) and a susceptible cultivar were screened with 300 random primers that were used to amplify DNA of resistant and susceptible plants. Four primers yielded fragments that were unique to the resistant line and linked to the resistance gene in an F2 population. One of these amplified fragments, OP248, with a molecular weight of 0.7 kb, was subsequently mapped to chromosome 12, 1 cM away from CT134. Using RFLP markers located on chromosome 12, it was shown that approximately one half of chromosome 12 (about 42 cM), in the resistant variety is comprised of foreign DNA, presumably introgressed with the resistance gene from the wild species L. chilense. Further analysis of a backcross population revealed that the Lv gene lies in the 5.5-cM interval between RFLP markers, CT211 and CT219. As a prelude to map-based cloning of the Lv gene, we are currently enriching the density of markers in this region by a combination of RAPD primers and other techniques.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226986
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    Structure and organization of the B genome based on a linkage map in Brassica nigra (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 590-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Linkage map ; Brassica nigra ; RFLP ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We constructed a genetic map on Brassica nigra based on a segregating population of 83 F2 individuals. Three different types of molecular markers were used to build the map including isozymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP), and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). The final map contained 124 markers distributed in 11 linkage groups. The map covered a total distance of 677 cM with the markers distributed within a mean distance of 5.5cM. Of the sequences found in the B. nigra map, 40% were duplicated and organized into three different types of arrangements. They were either scattered throughout the genome, organized in tandem, or organized in blocks of duplicated loci conserved in more than 1 linkage group.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00222453
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    Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Hordeum using repetitive DNA sequences (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 801-810 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hordeum ; Phylogeny ; Repetitive DNA sequences ; RFLP ; In situ hybridization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A set of six cloned barley (Hordeum vulgare) repetitive DNA sequences was used for the analysis of phylogenetic relationships among 31 species (46 taxa) of the genus Hordeum, using molecular hybridization techniques. in situ hybridization experiments showed dispersed organization of the sequences over all chromosomes of H. vulgare and the wild barley species H. bulbosum, H. marinum and H. murinum. Southern blot hybridization revealed different levels of polymorphism among barley species and the RFLP data were used to generate a phylogenetic tree for the genus Hordeum. Our data are in a good agreement with the classification system which suggests the division of the genus into four major groups, containing the genomes I, X, Y, and H. However, our investigation also supports previous molecular studies of barley species where the unique position of H. bulbosum has been pointed out. In our experiments, H. bulbosum generally had hybridization patterns different from those of H. vulgare, although both carry the I genome. Based on our results we present a hypothesis concerning the possible origin and phylogeny of the polyploid barley species H. secalinum, H. depressum and the H. brachyantherum complex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224500
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    Genetic diversity in cocoa revealed by cDNA probes (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 193-198 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; RFLP ; diversity study seed cDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The variability of the cocoa (Theobroma cacao) nuclear genome was investigated. A total of 203 cocoa clones was surveyed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) using four restriction endonuclease and 31 seed cDNA probes. A high level of polymorphism has been found. This study points to a structuring of the species that fits with the distinction between the Criollo and Forastero populations. These results combined with previously obtained nuclear rDNA and mtDNA data allow us to propose new hypotheses on the origin and evolution of the different cocoa populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225897
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    Mapping genes for resistance to barley stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 215-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Barley stripe rust ; RFLP ; QTL mapping ; Molecular marker-assisted backcrossing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two genes conferring resistance to the barley stripe rust found in Mexico and South America, previously identified as race 24, were mapped to the M arms of barley chromosomes 7 and 4 in a doubled haploid population using molecular markers and the quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approach. The resistance gene on chromosome 7 had a major effect, accounting for 57% of the variation in disease severity. The resistance gene on chromosome 4 had a minor effect, accounting for 10% of the variation in trait expression. Two pairs of restriction fragment length polymorphism markers are being used to introgress the resistance genes to North American spring barley using molecular marker-assisted backcrossing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225900
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    Plastid DNA inheritance and plastome-genome incompatibility in interspecific hybrids of Zantedeschia (Araceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 255-260 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Hybrid variegation ; Plastid DNA ; Interspecific incompatibility ; Zantedeschia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plastid DNA (ptDNA) probes were used in RFLP analysis to determine ptDNA inheritance in interspecific hybrids in Zantedeschia. Biparental and maternal ptDNA inheritance was found in albino hybrids between the evergreen species Z. aethiopica and several winter-dormant species. From two albino hybrids, different types of ptDNA were detected in shoots derived from different parts of an embryo. This result indicates that plastids were sorted out during embryo development. Only maternal ptDNA was detected in the hybrids of Z. aethiopica × Z. odorata (a summer-dormant species) but paternal, biparental, and maternal ptDNA were found in the hybrids of the reciprocal cross. Z. odorata × Z. aethiopica. By correlating these ptDNA inheritance patterns with the leaf colour (albino, pale-green, and green) of the hybrids, it is suggested that the Z. odorata plastome is incompatible with the Z. aethiopica genome. The Z. aethiopica plastome is partially compatible with the Z. odorata genome but the development of Z. aethiopica plastids appears to be blocked by the presence of the Z. odorata plastids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225906
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    Molecular-marker-facilitated investigation of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in maize (Zea mays L.): components of resistance (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 305-313 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Breeding ; Helminthosporium turcicum ; RFLP ; QTLs ; Disease-resistance ; Genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RFLPs were used to investigate components of host-plant response to Exserohilum turcicum in 150 unselected F2∶3 lines of a B52/Mo17 maize population. Following inoculation with spore suspensions of the pathogen (race 0), components of disease development were measured and then quantitative trait mapping was performed to identify the location and effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) determining host-plant response. Components of interest were the average number of lesions per leaf, the average percent leaf tissue diseased (severity) and the average size of lesions (cm2). Based on a LOD threshold of 2.31 (P〈0.05), the number of lesions appears to be associated with QTLs on chromosomes 1S, 3L, 5S. Severity was associated with analogous regions and, in addition, QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 8L. Most QTLs, for either of these two components, involve additive gene action and partial dominance or overdominance. In contrast, lesion size was associated with QTLs on chromosomes 7L and 5L; recessive gene action may be involved at 7L.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223637
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    Epistatic expression of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] determined by QTL association with RFLP alleles (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 486-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; QTL ; Epistasis ; Soybean ; Recombinant inbreds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative trait values for seed oil and protein content or for maturity were measured in recombinant inbred lines (RIL) of soybean derived from a cross between two soybean cultivars: ‘Minsoy’ PI 27890 and ‘Noir 1’ PI 290136. Seed oil was found to be inversely correlated to protein content. By analyzing DNA from plants with extreme phenotypes, we were able to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these traits as being linked to several restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci, including R183 for oil and protein content and R79 for maturity. Cumulative distributions of trait values were graphed for those RIL with ‘Minsoy’ alleles and for those with ‘Noir 1’ alleles. As already suggested by the alleles found associated with extreme phenotypes, the distributions were consistent with an independent and additive expression of the maturity QTL linked to R79. That is, the cumulative distributions for plants with ‘Minsoy’ alleles and for plants with ‘Noir 1’ alleles were similar in shape, but the entire ‘Noir 1’ curve had been shifted to later maturity dates. In contrast, the trait distributions for a locus affecting oil and protein content linked to R183 were not compatible with an additive model. These results suggest that this approach can be used for rapid identification of QTLs with epistatic expression.
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    Genetic and amino-acid analysis of two maize threonine-overproducing, lysine-insensitive aspartate kinase mutants (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 767-774 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Aspartate kinase Threonine-overproducing mutants ; Lysine ; Methionine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aspartate-derived amino-acid pathway leads to the production of the essential amino-acids lysine, methionine, threonine and isoleucine. Aspartate kinase (AK) is the first enzyme in this pathway and exists in isoforms that are feedback inhibited by lysine and threonine. Two maize (Zea mays L.) threonine-overproducing, lysine-insensitive AK mutants (Ask1-LT19 and Ask2-LT20) were previously isolated. The present study was conducted to determine the map location of Ask2 and to examine the amino-acid profiles of the Ask mutants. The threonine-overproducing trait conferred by Ask2-LT20 was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 2. Both mutants exhibited increased free threonine concentrations (nmol/mg dry weight) over wild-type. The percent free threonine increased from approximately 2% in wild-type kernels to 37–54% of the total free amino-acid pool in homozygous mutant kernels. Free methionine concentrations also increased significantly in homozygous mutants. Free lysine concentrations were increased but to a much lesser extent than threonine or methionine. In contrast to previous studies, free aspartate concentrations were observed to decrease, indicating a possible limiting factor in threonine synthesis. Total (free plus protein-bound) amino-acid analyses demonstrated a consistent, significant increase in threonine, methionine and lysine concentrations in the homozygous mutants. Significant increases in protein-bound (total minus free) threonine, methionine and lysine were observed in the Ask mutants, indicating adequate protein sinks to incorporate the increased free amino-acid concentrations. Total amino-acid contents (nmol/kernel) were approximately the same for mutant and wild-type kernels. In five inbred lines both Ask mutations conferred the threonine-overproducing phenotype, indicating high expressivity in different genetic backgrounds. These analyses are discussed in the context of the regulation of the aspartate-derived amino-acid pathway.
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    Mitochondrial DMA variation in somatic embryogenic cultures ofLarix (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 88 (1994), S. 727-732 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Mitochondria ; Larix ; RFLP ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract outhern hybridization analysis using wheat mitochondrial gene-specific probes indicates that changes in mitochondrial genomic organization and the relative representation of certain genomic regions occur during in vitro somatic embryogenic cell culture ofLarix species. We observed differences in the mitochondrial (mt)DNA hybridization patterns between somatic embryogenic cell cultures and trees grown from seed forLarix leptolepis,L. decidua, and the reciprocal hybrids of these twoLarix species. This is the first study to describe the correlation of molecular changes in a gymnosperm mitochondrial genome with in vitro somatic embryogenic cell culture. Quantitative differences in mtDNA hybridization signals were also observed among a 4-year-old somatic embryogenic cell culture ofLarix ×eurolepis trees regenerated from this culture, and the seed source tree from which the somatic embryogenic cell cultures were initiated.
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    CMS in rye: comparative RFLP and transcript analyses of mitochondria from fertile and male-sterile plants (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 1014-1018 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: CMS-Secale ; RFLP ; Differential transcription ; cob ; atpA ; atp9
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitochondrial (mt) genomes of rye (Secale cereale L.) lines with “normal” and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) inducing “Pampa” cytoplasm were compared by detailed restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Northern analyses. RFLP analyses using several heterologous mt genes as probes revealed considerable differences in the overall structure of the two mt genomes. With cob and atpA, the data indicate intragenic recombination and/or different copy numbers of these genes in the two cytoplasms. In spite of this heterogeneity at DNA level, the transcriptional patterns of nine out of ten mitochondrial genes analysed are unaffected. The exception is in the “Pampa” cytoplasm which contains an additional cob-homologous transcript. Since this transcript is strongly reduced in the presence of restorer genes, it might causally be correlated to the CMS phenotype.
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    Genetic mapping of the Gy4 and Gy5 glycinin genes in soybean and the analysis of a variant of Gy4 (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Storage protein ; Genome ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The predominant storage protein of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is a globulin called glycinin. Thus far five genes encoding glycinin subunits have been described, and these are denoted by the gene symbols Gy1 to Gy5. The objectives of this study were to map two of these genes, Gy4 and Gy5, and to conduct a genetic analysis of a subunit size-variant from an allele of Gy4. For this purpose a population was formed with an interspecific cross between PI 468916 (G. soja) and A81-356022 (G. max). The two size forms of G4, the subunit from Gy4, segregated codominantly in the mapping population, and were due to a short insertion in the hypervariable region of the mutant protein. The biochemical and molecular characteristics of the two subunits indicate that they are produced from alternate alleles of the same gene. The gene symbols Gy a and Gy b have been assigned to the normal and variant genes, respectively. When genomic DNA from the two parents was probed with a Gy4 cDNA, RFLPs were identified for both Gy4 and Gy5. Using these genetic markers, the Gy4 and Gy5 glycinin genes were mapped in linkage group “O” and “F” on the public soybean genomic map.
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    Identification of homoeologous chromosomes in hexaploid oat (A. byzantina cv Kanota) using monosomics and RFLP analysis (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 329-335 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Avena byzantina ; A. sativa ; RFLP ; Homoeology ; C-banding ; Aneuploids ; RFLP mapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The use of RFLP markers, together with a partial set of monosomics available in Avena byzantina cv Kanota, has enabled us to identify putative homoeologous chromosome sets in hexaploid Avena species (2n = 6x = 42, AACCDD). We first identified probes producing distinct three-band patterns on Southern blots that possibly reflect orthologous loci of the three genomes present in the hexaploid. Using monosomic analysis, 51 different restriction fragments that hybridized to 26 probes were localized to 12 different chromosomes for which monosomic stocks were available. These DNA restriction fragments were localized to specific monosomics using image analysis to quantify band intensity relative to other bands in the same lane. From these data, we have tentatively identified two complete homoeologous sets of three chromosomes each and two partial sets of two of the three chromosomes. The results indicate that RFLP dosage analysis is useful in the characterization of homoeologous chromosomes in hexaploid oat where nullisomics for many of the chromosomes are not available. Mention of a trademark or proprietary product does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the USDA-ARS or the University of Minnesota and does not imply approval over other products that also may be suitable
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225163
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    Detection and inheritance of RFLPs in Eucalyptus nitens (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 397-402 
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    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: RFLP ; Eucalypts ; Inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The level of polymorphism using genomic and cDNA probes with a number of restriction enzymes and the inheritance of the RFLP loci was investigated in E. nitens. The polymorphism detected with 366 genomic and cDNA probes and three to six restriction enzymes was analysed in three-generation outbred pedigrees. No difference in the level of polymorphism detected with genomic versus cDNA probes was observed. There was a difference in the efficiency of detection of polymorphism with six different restriction enzymes, with three of the enzymes (BglII, DraI and EcoRI) showing substantially more polymorphism than the others. There was no significant correlation between the size of the DNA fragments generated by the enzymes and the detection of polymorphism. Several cases of restriction-site mutations resulting in a polymorphism were observed. The inheritance of 69 loci was analysed in two pedigrees resulting from interpopulational crosses. The majority of the loci segregated according to expected ratios with distortion observed in only 3% of loci. Probes from the cDNA library detected a greater proportion of loci with more than two alleles than did probes from the genomic library. The high polymorphism, large number of alleles, and ease of interpretation of RFLPs in E. nitens means that they will be useful in a range of applications such as genetic linkage maps and paternity analysis.
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    Identification of opaque-2 genotypes in segregating populations of Quality Protein Maize by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 407-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Opaque-2 ; RFLPs Marker-assisted selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Quality Protein Maize (QPM) is a name given to genetically modified opaque-2 maize with hard endosperm. The opaque-2 mutation conditions a reduction in the amount of zein seed storage protein; zeins are deficient in the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan, and mutant seed have a higher nutritional value. To utilize the potential of opaque-2 maize, elite inbreds can be converted to o2/o2 forms and subsequently to hard endosperm opaque-2. Since opaque-2 is recessive and endosperm specific, conventional backcross procedures to convert elite inbreds to opaque-2 forms are inefficient. To alleviate this problem, a marker-assisted selection procedure was developed for the Texas A&M University Quality Protein Maize breeding program. Hybridization of an O2 cDNA probe to blots of DNA from plants carrying O2 and o2 alleles showed that restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) exist between the W64A o2 allele and O2 alleles of Mo17 and TX5855 inbred lines. To identify the opaque2 genotypes in segregating populations, an RFLP marker assay combining the O2 cDNA probe and HindIII-digestion of genomic DNA was developed. The effectiveness of the O2 RFLP marker assay was tested under field conditions using F2 and backcross populations of several hard endosperm opaque-2 lines. A comparison of the genotypes identified by RFLP analysis with the seed phenotypes of the next generation indicated that this procedure is accurate and can be used for identifying O2/O2, O2/o2, and o2/o2 genotypes of individual juvenile plants in breeding populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225374
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    RFLP studies of genetic relationships among inbred lines of the cultivated sunflower, Helianthus annuus L.: evidence for distinct restorer and maintainer germplasm pools (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 419-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Sunflower ; RFLP ; Genetic diversity ; Cytoplasmic male sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract One-hundred-and-eighty-one nuclear DNA probes were used to examine restriction-fragment length polymorphism in inbred lines of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). The probes were from six libraries: two genomic libraries — one made with PstI and the other with HindIII, and four cDNA libraries — from etiolated plantlets, green leaves, ovaries, petals and anthers. Total DNA from 17 inbred lines representing an overview of the genetic stocks of sunflower, including restorer and maintainer lines of the classical cytoplasmic male sterility, was digested with four different restriction enzymes and probed in 331 probe-enzyme combinations. Of 181 clones analysed, 73 probes were found to be polymorphic. Genetic distances between inbreds were calculated from the resultant proportion of shared bands and submitted to principal component analysis and the UPGMA ‘tree-making’ method. The RFLP analysis allowed a clear differentiation between restorer and maintainer lines of the cytoplasmic male sterility, together with a grouping of some of the genotypes from the same origin. The analysis of the accuracy of distance estimation as a function of the number of probe-enzyme combinations used, indicates that 40–50 combinations ensure a confidence level of near 95%. Considering the inbreds as representatives of the range of cultivated inbreds, estimates of gene diversity, as well as estimates of average gene diversity between and within the sets of restorer and maintainer lines, were calculated. Estimation of gene diversity showed that the available genetic variability in cultivated sunflower, based on allelic frequencies, is lower than that of other plants (H=0.20). Moreover, we show that the proportion of genetic variability due to the difference between maintainer and restorer lines (Dm) is about 2%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225376
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    An RFLP-based genetic map of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 89 (1994), S. 481-487 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pearl millet ; RFLP ; Translocation Genetic maps
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of a sample of diverse pearl millet genotypes with 200 genomic DNA probes revealed this crop species to be extremely polymorphic. Among these genotypes, 85% of probes detected polymorphism using only two restriction enzymes, with an average pair-wise polymorphism between all of the probe-enzyme combinations of 56%. Two crosses were employed to construct an RFLP-based genetic map. In an intervarietal F2 population, derived from a single F1 plant, 181 loci were placed on a linkage map. The total length of this map, which comprised seven linkage groups, was 303 cM and the average map distance between loci was about 2 cM, although a few intervals in excess of 10 cM were present at the ends of a few linkage groups. Very few clones, including those which hybridized to more than one copy, detected more than one locus in the pearl millet genome. The analysis was complicated initially because 83 of the 181 loci mapped to a single linkage group. Analysis of a second cross identified a probable translocation breakpoint in the middle of this large linkage group.
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    Task specialization in a wild bee, Apis florea (Hymenoptera: Apidae), revealed by RFLP banding (1994)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 34 (1994), S. 25-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Honey bee ; Subfamily ; RFLP ; Task specialization ; Dwarf honey bee ; Thailand ; Multiple mating
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Workers in a wild in situ colony of the dwarf honey bee, Apis florea, were observed undertaking the following behavior: liquid foraging, pollen foraging, guarding, stinging, fanning and wagging abdomen. Bees of each behavioral class were separately collected and frozen. Collections were made over a period of 10 days. Random samples of brood and workers were also collected. DNA was extracted from each bee and “fingerprinted” using a probe of unknown sequence obtained from an A. mellifera genomic library. Patterns of fingerprints (Fig. 1) were dissimilar among behavioral classes (Tables 1 and 2), strongly suggesting a genetic component to division of labor in this species. This result supports similar findings in A. mellifera in a species that is not troubled by many of the experimental difficulties inherent in A. mellifera.
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    Quantitative transient gene expression: Comparison of the promoters for maize polyubiquitin1, rice actin1, maize-derivedEmu andCaMV 35S in cells of barley, maize and tobacco (1994)
    Springer
    Transgenic research 3 (1994), S. 249-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9368
    Keywords: transient gene expression ; β-glucuronidase ; luciferase ; Hordeum vulgare ; Zea mays ; Nicotiana tabacum ; quantitation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The particle gun approach was used for the quantification of promoter efficiency in a test system for transient gene expression. β-Glucuronidase was used as reporter gene for determining promotote strength. The variability inherent in this gene transfer system was considerably reduced by calculating a transformation efficiency factor given by the expression of a cotransferred second reporter gene (firefly luciferase). The calibration of β-glucuronidase activity by the transformation efficiency factor caused a lower statistical variance of the values and allowed reliable results to be obtained with a smaller set of repetitions. The CaMV 35S promoter (as a control) and the monocot-specific promoters for maize polyubiquitin1, rice actin 1 and the maize-derivedEmu were characterized and compared with respect to expression strength, as tested under identical conditions in suspension cell cultures of maize, barley and tobacco. Compared to the 35S promoter, the monocot-specific promoters show up to 15-fold higher expression in maize and barley but give only weak expression in tobacco. No expression was found for the rice actin 1 promoter in tobacco. The level of reporter gene expression is influenced by the osmotic potential in the agar medium. For theEmu promoter, the calibrated β-glucuronidase activities remained mearly constant at low sucrose concentrations. Above 8% sucrose, the calibrated activities increased steadily with increasing osmotic conditions, reaching a three-to four-fold higher level at the highest sucrose concentration (32%) as compared to the standard concentration (4% sucrose) in the medium.
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    The characterisation and identification of a naturally occurring hybrid in the genusLeucaena (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 177-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Leucaena esculenta ; L. leucocephala ; Hybridization ; sterile triploid ; morphometric analysis ; DNA characters ; restriction site analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytogeographical, morphological, and molecular evidence for the widespread but sporadic occurrence of sterile hybrids betweenLeucaena leucocephala subsp.glabrata andL. esculenta subsp.esculenta in South-Central Mexico is presented. Most morphological and DNA characters studied in the putative hybrids showed states intermediate between the proposed parental taxa. The occurrence of non-additive nuclear ribosomal DNA phenotypes is discussed and the need to use a suite of nuclear taxon-specific markers to determine hybridity is emphasized. The origin of the hybrid is discussed in relation to the disruption of the distributions of both parental taxa through use by man as minor food plants, providing another example of the important influence of human interference on the evolution ofLeucaena. The successful use of dried leaf material as a source of DNA is highlighted as an efficient way to identify sterile hybrids at the molecular level.
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    Chemistry and micromorphology of compound epicuticular wax crystalloids (Strelitzia type) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 193 (1994), S. 115-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Strelitzia ; Heliconia ; Typha ; Benincasa ; Epicuticular wax ; wax ultrastructure ; wax chemistry ; systematics ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Certain non-liliiflorous taxa within the monocotyledons (e.g.,Strelitzia, Heliconia, Typha) are characterized by compound epicuticular wax rodlets (Strelitzia type). Similar rodlets are also encountered on the surface of the dicotyledonous plantBenincasa hispida (Thunb.)Cogn. Chemical analysis of the surface wax from both sources showed that the rodlets are chemically distinct. The rodlets of the monocotyledons consist exclusively of aliphatic wax lipids, mainly wax esters. In contrast, the rodlets ofBenincasa are cheifly composed of triterpenol acetates and triterpenols. Formation of rodlets is therefore interpreted as ultrastructural convergency. It is concluded that taxonomical studies on wax crystalloids can be misleading when interpreted in terms of micromorphology of crystalloids only.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983545
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    Gynoecium and perianth inZanthoxylum s.l. (Rutaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 165-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Zanthoxylum ; Fagara ; Flower morphology ; perianth ; gynoecium ; acrostylous and anacrostylous-basistylous carpels ; compitum ; taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The question whether the uniseriate perianth ofZanthoxylum L. s. str. is homologous with the calyx or the corolla of taxa included inFagara, or of an independent origin, has been controversial for a long time, but the arguments mostly have remained theoretical. The present investigation of floral structures indicates that there are two different types of uniseriate perianth inZanthoxylum s. str. Therefore, this taxon does not represent a natural group and should be united withFagara asZanthoxylum s.l. The infrageneric taxonomy of this genus is still very ambiguous. It is shown that differences in indumentum, number of sepals and petals (5-4-3) resp. perianth segments (4–9), stamens (3–6), and free carpels (1–5) are of systematic relevance. Particularly important but so far neglected is carpel shape, where an acrostylous and an anacrostylous-basistylous type can be recognized. Stigmata of 2 or more carpels mostly fuse to form a compitum. 4–5-merous flowers with calyx and corolla, and acrostylous carpels are considered as plesiomorphic character states in the genus. On the basis of ± corresponding morphological and phytochemical progressions a working hypothesis about the relationships withinZanthoxylum s.l. is presented in graphical form (Fig. 9).
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms distinguish among accessions ofCeratopteris thalictroides andC. richardii (Parkeriaceae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 189 (1994), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Homosporous ferns ; Parkeriaceae ; Ceratopteris ; C. thalictroides ; C. richardii ; RFLP ; cDNA ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have used cDNA clones as probes on Southern blots to detect restriction fragment length polymorphisms among sevenCeratopteris thalictroides accessions, threeC. richardii accessions, and one putative interspecific hybrid. We found that the stringency of post-hybridization washes was a critical parameter affecting the quality of our blots; even with homologous cDNA sequences low stringency conditions resulted in a smear of signal, but high stringency washes gave blots with distinct bands. Most probes showed hybridization with four or more genomic fragments. Similarities in the number and size of fragments between and within species indicated that (i)C. richardii shows limited polymorphism among accessions tested, (ii)C. thalictroides is highly polymorphic, and (iii) Hawaiian accessions ofC. thalictroides are divergent relative to their continental cohorts and among themselves. The putative interspecific hybrid did not group closely with either of these species.
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    Merosity in flowers: Definition, origin, and taxonomic significance (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 83-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; androecium ; Merosity ; phyllotaxis ; pseudowhorl ; zygomorphy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The term merosity stands for the number of parts within whorls of floral organs, leaves, or stems. Trimery is considered to be a basic condition that arose through the cyclisation of a spiral flower. Pentamery is mostly derived from trimery by the repetitive fusion of two different whorls. Dimery is either directly derived from trimery, or through pentamery as an intermediate stage. Tetramery is linked with pentamery and should not be confused with dimery. Possible causes for a change in merosity are the reduction of the number of carpels and zygomorphy in flowers. Derivations of different merosities have important consequences for the arrangement of the androecium (the insertion of stamen whorls, their identifications, and their number). It is concluded that two main groups can be identified within the angiosperms: magnolialean and monocotyledonean taxa are mostly trimerous or dimerous; non-magnolialean dicots are mostly pentamerous or tetramerous.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00985344
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    Restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the phytohemagglutinin genes inPhaseolus andVigna (Leguminosae) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 191 (1994), S. 131-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Leguminosae ; Phaseolus ; Vigna ; Lectin genes ; phylogeny ; diversity ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) locus were determined among 21 genotypes ofPhaseolus vulgaris, P. coccineus, P. acutifolius, P. lunatus, and threeVigna species, using five restriction enzymes and one double digestion, in order to provide molecular evidence for their genetic relatedness. The dissimilarity between genotypes was estimated from binary RFLP data. The dissimilarity was high among species (from 0.75 to 0.95), and of variable extent among genotypes of the same species (0.33–0.89). InP. vulgaris, two different DNA hybridization patterns were found, giving further evidence for two major gene pools in that species. The restriction patterns ofP. vulgaris var.aborigineus, the putative ancestral form ofP. vulgaris, exhibit clear homology toP. vulgaris genotypes. An undefined landrace from Taiwan could be identified as aP. vulgaris genotype. RFLP-based trees for the phytohemagglutinin genes of the species studied were computed with several distance matrix and parsimony methods.
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    Allosteric regulation of the Golgi inosine diphosphatase from corn roots (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 179 (1994), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Inosine diphosphatase ; Golgi membranes ; Zea mays ; Roots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Light microsomes of corn roots, enriched in endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membranes, have an IDPase activity which is stimulated by Triton X-100 and by cold storage. In the native state, the enzyme activity does not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. It hydrolyses IDP with K0.5 of about 900 μM and Vmax of 300–400 nmol Pi/mg protein/min. In the presence of Triton X-100, the enzyme is maximally stimulated and it renders to a Michaelis-Menten behavior with a Km of about 500 μM and a Vmax of 800–1200 nmol Pi/mg protein/min. The maximal effect of the detergent occurs at about 1 mM IDP (270%), being reduced (190%) at high IDP concentrations (〉2 mM) which, per se, have a slight stimulatory effect on the enzyme. On the other hand, we observed that ATP (〉2 mM) and adenosine inhibit the IDPase. The effects of the nucleotides and of the adenosine are abolished in the presence of Triton X-100, which makes the enzyme fully active. Furthermore, we observed that detergent treatment of the membranes reduces the change in the activation energy which occurs at 10 °C and eliminates cooperative effects, as revealed by the Arrhenius analysis and the Hill analysis, respectively. We also observed that IDPase inhibition by ATP is maximal at low IDP concentrations (1 mM), whereas it decreases at high concentrations of IDP (4 mM), which promote maximal velocities in the native enzyme. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of adenosine is not reduced at high IDP concentrations. Pyrophosphate also inhibits the IDPase, but the effect is non-competitive and it is cumulative with that of ATP. We also observed that the latent activity of the IDPase (Triton-stimulated IDPase) is reduced by pre-treatment of the membranes with glutaraldehyde. The results indicate that Golgi IDPase is an allosteric enzyme which is positively modulated by IDP and negatively modulated by ATP and adenosine. Pyrophosphate inhibits the IDPase, but it seems to act at the catalytic site, whereas the other modulators appear to interact with a distinct regulatory site.
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    Mechanosensory microtubule reorientation in the epidermis of maize coleoptiles subjected to bending stress (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 182 (1994), S. 96-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Auxin ; Mechanical stress ; Mechanosensor ; Microtubule orientation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Plants respond to mechanical stress by adaptive changes in growth. Although this phenomenon is well established, the mechanism of the perception of mechanical forces by plant cells is not yet known. We provide evidence that the cortical microtubules sub-adjacent to the growth-controlling outer epidermal cell wall of maize coleoptiles respond to mechanical extension and compression by rapidly reorientating perpendicular to the direction of the effective force change. These findings shed new light on many seemingly unrelated observations on microtubule reorientation by growth factors such as light or phytohormones. Moreover, our results suggest that microtubules associated with the plasma membrane are causally involved in sensing vectorial forces and provide vectorial information to the cell that can be utilized in the orientation of plant organ expansion.
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    Improved recovery of (1→3),(1→4)-β-D-glucan synthase activity from Golgi apparatus ofZea mays (L.) using differential flotation centrifugation (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 180 (1994), S. 92-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Zea mays ; (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucan ; Glucan synthase ; Golgi apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The synthesis of (1→3), (1→4)-β-D-glucan (MG) is associated with the Golgi apparatus of maize. Identification of in vitro reaction products by enzymic hydrolysis and separation of diagnostic oligosaccharides by HPLC was used as a specific assay for MG synthase activity. Large quantities of highly enriched membrane are needed to study the enzyme components of MG synthesis. We directly obtained highly enriched Golgi apparatus in a single flotation centrifugation, without the necessity of an initial downward centrifugation. This new procedure has improved the yield of Golgi apparatus, and has improved recovery of MG synthase activity. The substrate in glucan synthase reactions is UDP-Glc, but UDP-Glc is also a substrate in many other reactions, including the production of simple glucosides. In addition, much of the labeled Glc from UDP-Glc is broken down to Glc-1-P and Glc under MG synthase reaction conditions. We have explored some inhibitors of phosphatase, phosphorylase, phosphodiesterase, and glucosidase activities in order to minimize these competing reactions and increase the activity of MG synthase.
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    The quiescent center in roots of maize: initiation, maintenance and role in organization of the root apical meristem (1994)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 183 (1994), S. 100-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Auxin ; Meristem (root) ; Quiescent center ; Root cap ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using roots of maize, we tested the hypothesis that the origin and maintenance of the quiescent center (QC) are a consequence of polar auxin supply. Exposing roots to the polar auxin transport inhibitor 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), or to low temperature (4 °C, with subsequent return to 24 °C), enhances mitotic frequency within the QC. In both treatments, the QC most typically is activated at its distal face, and the protoderm/dermatogen undergoes several periclinal divisions. As a result, the root body penetrates and ruptures the root cap junction and the characteristic “closed” apical organization changes to “open”. A QC persists during these changes in apical organization, but it is diminished in size. The data from the TIBA-treated roots suggest a role for auxin in the origin and maintenance of the QC, and further, that alterations in QC dimensions are a consequence of polar auxin supply. We hypothesize that the root cap, and specifically the root cap initials, are important in regulating polar auxin movements towards the root apex, and hence are important in determining the status of the QC.
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    cpDNA intergene sequences corroborate restriction site data for reconstructingRubiaceae phylogeny (1994)
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 190 (1994), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Chloroplast DNA ; atpB-rbcL intergene region ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Representatives of seven genera from five tribes ofRubiaceae have been compared in respect to a non-coding intergene cpDNA region of about 1000 bp, situated between the atpB and the rbcL genes. The resulting most parsimonious PAUP cladogram corresponds very well with one based on total cpDNA restriction site data obtained byBremer & Jansen (1991). The two different molecular analyses thus corroborate each other and contribute to an improved systematic arrangement of the large family, e.g., in respect to placing the tribeHedyotideae clearly into the subfamilyRubioideae, closer toRubieae than toPsychotrieae.
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    Floral structure and evolution of primitive angiosperms: Recent advances (1994)
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    Plant systematics and evolution 192 (1994), S. 79-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; paleoherbs ; Magnoliidae ; Gnetales ; Floral evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concepts of primitive angiosperm flowers have changed in recent years due to new studies on relic archaic groups, new paleobotanical finds and the addition of molecular biological techniques to the study of angiosperm systematics and evolution.Magnoliidae are still the hot group, but emphasis is now on small primitive flowers with few organs and also on the great lability of organ number. Of the extant groups, a potential basal position of the paleoherbs has been discussed by some authors. Although some paleoherbs have a simple gynoecium with a single orthotropous ovule, anatropous ovules may still be seen as plesiomorphic in angiosperms. Anatropy is not necessarily a consequence of the advent of closed carpels. It may also exhibit biological advantages under other circumstances as is the case in podocarps among gymnosperms. Valvate anthers have now been found in most larger subgroups of theMagnoliidae (recently also in paleoherbs) and in some Cretaceous fossils. Nevertheless, as seen from its systematic distribution, valvate dehiscence is not necessarily plesiomorphic for the angiosperms, but may be a facultative by-product of the thick connectives and comparatively undifferentiated anther shape inMagnoliidae and lowerHamamelididae. A perianth is relatively simple in extantMagnoliidae or even wanting in some families. In groups with naked flowers the perianth may have been easily lost because integration in the floral architecture was less pronounced than in more advanced angiosperm groups. Problems with the comparison of paleoherb flowers with those ofGnetales are discussed. The rapid growth of information from paleobotany and molecular systematics requires an especially open attitude towards the evaluation of various hypotheses on early flower evolution in the coming years.
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    Isolation and characterization of a maize gene encoding chalcone flavonone isomerase (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Flavonoid biosynthesis ; P gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We report here the first cloning of a chalcone flavonone isomerase gene (CHI) from maize. Northern blot experiments indicate that the maize CHI gene (ZmCHI1) is regulated in the pericarp by the P gene, a myb homologue. The ZmCHI1 gene encodes a 24.3 kDa product 55% and 58% identical to CHI-A and CHI-B from Petunia, respectively. This maize CHI gene has four exons and an intron-exon structure identical to the CHI-B gene of Petunia hybrida. RFLP mapping data indicate that some inbred lines contain two additional CHI-homologous sequences, suggesting an organization more complex than that found in Petunia or bean. The possibility that the additional CHI-homologous sequences are responsible for the lack of CHI mutants in maize will be discussed.
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    Segregation analysis and RFLP mapping of the R1 and R3 alleles conferring race-specific resistance to Phytophthora infestans in progeny of dihaploid potato parents (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 242 (1994), S. 749-754 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Potato ; Solanum tuberosum ; Phytophthora infestans ; RFLP ; R genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is the most important fungal pathogen of the potato (Solanum tuberosum). The introduction of major genes for resistance from the wild species S. demissum into potato cultivars is the earliest example of breeding for resistance using wild germplasm in this crop. Eleven resistance alleles (R genes) are known, differing in the recognition of corresponding avirulence alleles of the fungus. The number of R loci, their positions on the genetic map and the allelic relationships between different R variants are not known, except that the R1 locus has been mapped to potato chromosome V The objective of this work was the further genetic analysis of different R alleles in potato. Tetraploid potato cultivars carrying R alleles were reduced to the diploid level by inducing haploid parthenogenetic development of 2n female gametes. Of the 157 isolated primary dihaploids, 7 set seeds and carried the resistance alleles R1, R3 and R10 either individually or in combinations. Independent segregation of the dominant R1 and R3 alleles was demonstrated in two F1 populations of crosses among a dihaploid clone carrying R1 plus R3 and susceptible pollinators. Distorted segregation in favour of susceptibility was found for the R3 allele in 15 of 18 F1 populations analysed, whereas the RI allele segregated with a 1:1 ratio as expected in five F1 populations. The mode of inheritance of the R10 allele could not be deduced as only very few F1 hybrids bearing R10 were obtained. Linkage analysis in two F1 populations between R1, R3 and RFLP markers of known position on the potato RFLP maps confirmed the position of the R1 locus on chromosome V and localized the second locus, R3, to a distal position on chromdsome XI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00283432
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    Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pollen thermotolerance detected in maize (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 245 (1994), S. 424-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Pollen thermotolerance ; Maize ; Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Pollen thermotolerance is an important component of the adaptability of crops to high temperature stress. The tolerance level of the different genotypes in a population of 45 maize recombinant inbred lines was determined as the degree of injury caused by high temperature to pollen germinability (IPGG) and pollen tube growth (IPTG) in an in vitro assay. Both traits revealed quantitative variability and high heritability. The traits were genetically dissected by the analysis of molecular markers using 184 mapped restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Significant genetic correlation between the markers and the trait allowed us to identify a minimum number of five quatitative trait loci (QTLs) for IPGG and six QTLs for IPTG. Their chromosomal localization indicated that the two characters are controlled by different sets of genes. In addition, IPGG and IPTG were shown to be basically independent of the pollen germination ability and pollen tube growth rate under non-stress conditions. These results are discussed in relation to their possible utilization in a breeding strategy for the improvement of thermotolerance in maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302254
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    Transgenic tomato lines containing Ds elements at defined genomic positions as tools for targeted transposon tagging (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 243 (1994), S. 666-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Ac/Ds ; Transposon tagging ; Inverse PCR ; RFLP ; linkage analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have introduced a genetically marked Dissociation transposable element (Ds HPT ) into tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Probes for the flanking regions of the T-DNA and transposed Ds HPT elements were obtained with the inverse polymerase chain reaction (IPCR) technique and used in RFLP linkage analyses. The RFLP map location of 11 T-DNAs carrying Ds HPT was determined. The T-DNAs are distributed on 7 of the 12 tomato chromosomes. To explore the feasibility of gene tagging strategies in tomato using Ds HPT , we examined the genomic distribution of Ds HPT receptor sites relative to the location of two different, but very closely linked, T-DNA insertion sites. After crosses with plants expressing Ac transposase, the hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) marker on the Ds element and the excision markers β-glucuronidase (GUS) and Basta resistance (BAR) facilitated the identification of plants bearing germinally transposed Ds HPT elements. RFLP mapping of 21 transposed Ds HPT elements originating from the two different T-DNA insertions revealed distinct patterns of reintegration sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00279576
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    Molecular phylogeny in the Lardizabalaceae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of plant research 107 (1994), S. 339-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-0860
    Keywords: Chloroplast DNA ; Lardizabalaceae ; Molecular phylogeny ; rbcL ; RFLP ; Sequencing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eleven species belonging to seven genera in the Lardizabalaceae were analyzed in terms of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of chloroplast DNA and the sequence of the chloroplast gene,rbcL, of Lardizabalaceae and its related families. Phylogenetic trees inferred from parsimony, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood methods based on RFLP data showed that two South American genera,Boquila andLardizabala, and three East Asian genera,Akebia, Holboellia andStauntonia are closely related to each other, respectively. On the other hand, the parsimony, neighbor joining and maximum likelihood trees constructed using sequence data of therbcL gene showed thatAkebia, Stauntonia, Boquila andLardizabala clustered as(((Akebia, Stauntonia), Boquila), Lardizabala). This difference may be attributable to fewer informative sites inrbcL genes than in RFLP in this family.Decaisnea diverges at the very base of the Lardizabalaceae.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344262
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  • 92
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    Soil core and minirhizotron comparison for the determination of root length density (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 225-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: minirhizotron ; root-length density ; soil core ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Detailed knowledge of the distribution of roots in the soil is important in understanding the extraction of water and nutrients from soil. Various techniques have been developed to monitor root-length density under field conditions. Excavation techniques, including soil cores, have long been considered to give reliable estimates of root-length density, but these techniques are laborious in sample collection and tedious in determination of root lengths. An attractive alternative for monitoring root-length density has been the minirhizotron whereby a periscope is inserted into a clear tube permanently installed in the soil for repeated and rapid measures of root development. The objective of this study was to compare the ability of the minirhizotron technique to measure root-length density as compared to the root-core technique. As in previous studies, substantial disagreement existed between the two techniques in the top 30-cm of the soil. The results from the minirhizotron consistently indicated a much lower root population than the root-core technique in the surface layer of soil. This is especially worrisome because more than 45% of the root-length density was found in this layer with the root-core technique. At deeper soil layers, the minirhizotron data proved to be no less variable than the root-core technique making the determination of statistically significant results difficult. Finally, the relationship between the minirhizotron and soil-core results varied with time even when the observations from the soil surface layer were ignored. Attempts to directly translate minirhizotron observations into a root-length density using a correlation approach would be suspect based on the results of this experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046393
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    Contributions of the surface of the root tip to the growth of Zea roots in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 315-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell wal's ; epidermis ; growth ; root development ; soil penetration ; stiffness ; Zea diploperennis ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of the epidermal layer of roots of Zea is traced from the quiescent centre to the zone where root hairs develop. In the zone of cell division a three layered coat forms on the outside of the epidermal cells consisting of the outer epidermal walls, overlaid by a two-layered pellicle composed of a thick fibrillar inner layer of polysaccharide, and a thin fibrillar outer layer of protein. The epidermal cells divide several times in the same longitudinal file but rarely across a radius to give a new longitudinal file. Thus, the radial walls become much thicker than all but the original transverse walls, and packets of up to 32 daughter cells derived from a single initial may be distinguished. The pellicle develops during these divisions as a continuum over the outer walls of the daughter cells. It is proposed that the pellicle provides a stiffening to the forward end of the root which permits it to penetrate soil without bending. Support for this hypothesis is shown by the Zea mays mutant Ageotropic in which the pellicle is absent, the epidermal surface is disorganized, and which grows crookedly through soil. In the zone of extension growth of normal roots of two Zea species the pellicle thins and disappears. Circumferential strips of the pellicle were peeled off the young epidermal cells and could be stretched to twice their length. This deformation is partly the result of the pellicle stretching and breaking above the attachments of the radial walls. After normal thinning of the pellicle, detachment of the radial walls at their outer ends produces a corrugated surface in the proximal zone of the root tips. In dicotyledons (e.g., soybean), there is no similar pellicle, but a stiff root tip is produced by a long multi-layered root cap, the proximal portion of which covers the elongating epidermal surface.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008075
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    Comparison of selective agents for use with the selectable marker gene bar in maize transformation (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 36 (1994), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: bialaphos ; glufosinate ; phosphinothricin ; l-proline ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness of four phosphinothricin (PPT)-based selective agents were evaluated for use in maize transformation: glufosinate, bialaphos, Basta® and Herbiace®. Glufosinate and its commercial formulation, Basta®, were less effective in controlling growth of non-transgenic corn callus than the tripeptide, bialaphos, or its commercial formulation, Herbiace®. Addition of 25 mM l-proline had no significant effect on selection when using bialaphos. However, when l-proline was included with the selective agent glufosinate, selection was inhibited and callus growth was enhanced. At four weeks, callus growth on 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 mg l-1 glufosinate in the presence of proline was 76, 43, and 21% of control growth, respectively, and in the absence of proline was only 32, 9, and 6% of control growth. Optimized selection protocols for Basta® and bialaphos yielded comparable numbers of transformants. Using these protocols, fertile transgenic plants were regenerated from transformed callus cultures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00048308
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    Relationships among ancestral species of sugarcane revealed with RFLP using single copy maize nuclear probes (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 7-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: introgression ; phylogeny ; polyploidy ; RFLP ; Saccharum ; sugarcane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was performed on 50 wild and old cultivated sugarcane accessions. Ninety-four maize low copy nuclear DNA sequences of known chromosomal position were screened for hybridization to digested sugarcane genomic DNA blots. Seventy-five (80%) gave very strong hybridization signals and usually yielded many bands and detected profuse polymorphism. Twenty-nine probes and 36 probe/enzyme combinations were selected on the basis of the scorability of the banding profiles. A total of 1110 fragments were separately identified among the 50 genotypes. Multivariate analyses of the data allowed the separation of the three basic species, Saccharum spontaneum, S. robustum and S. officinarum, showed that S. spontaneum had structure which could be related to the geographic origin of the clones and supported current hypotheses on the origin of secondary species S. barberi and S. sinense. The use of more probes did not improve the resolution between the various species examined but identified a few key polymorphisms which were not accounted for by current phylogenetic hypotheses and can guide future analyses. RFLPs in sugarcane will be useful essentially for depicting the genomic constitution of modern varieties of interspecific origin.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021393
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    Genetic and environmental effects on abscisic acid accumulation in leaves of field-grown maize (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; inheritance ; drought stress ; Zea mays ; maize
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study analyzes the components of phenotypic variation for abscisic acid (ABA) content in maize (Zea mays L.) leaves and the correlations with drought sensitivity index (DSI) and silk delay (SD), involved in the reaction to water deficit. Eight early- and seven medium-maturity inbreds were examined in field trials: in 1990 with low irrigation volume and in 1991 with low and high irrigation volumes. ABA concentration and DSI were investigated at growth stages (S) corresponding to stem elongation (S3), appearance of the first husks (S4), and mid-end of silking (S5). The ABA concentration was significantly higher in conditions of water deficit and in the later growth stage. The genetic component for ABA concentration attained higher relative values than those shown by DSI in the same growth stages and by SD; moreover, it increased from growth stage 3 to stage 5. The genotype × year and genotype × irrigation volume interactions were smaller for ABA concentration than for DSI and SD. The broad sense heritability on a plant basis, estimated in drought conditions, for ABA concentration ranged from 21.4 to 55.1% according to maturity group and growth stage. A wide variation was observed among lines for ABA concentration: the medium-maturity group showed a three-fold range (from 219 to 605 ng ABA g−1 dry weight). No clear relationships between ABA concentration, DSI and SD were found. These results indicate the feasibility of a selection for ABA concentration within segregating populations derived from crosses between the inbred lines herein tested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021401
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    Root movements: Towards an understanding through attempts to model the processes involved (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gravitropism ; living systems theory ; nutation ; Phleum pratense L. ; simulation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Roots have the ability to change the direction of their forward growth. Sometimes these directional changes are rapid, as in mutations, or they are slower, as in tropisms. The gravitational force is always present and roots have an efficient graviperception mechanism which enables them to initiate gravitropic movements. In trying to model and simulate the course of gravitropic root movements with a view to analyse the component processes, the following aspects of the plant's interaction with gravity have been considered: (1) The level of organization (organism, organ, cell) at which the movement process is expressed; (2) whether the gravity stimulation event is dynamic or static (i.e. whether or not physiologically significant displacements take place with respect to the gravity vector); (3) the sub-systems involved in movement and the processes which they regulate; (4) the mathematical characterization of the relevant sub-systems. A further allied topic is the nature of nutational movements and whether they are linked with gravitropic movements in some way. In considering how they can best be modelled, two types of nutational movements are proponed: stochastic nutation and circumnutation. Most, if not all, natural movements developed in response to static gravistimulation can be viewed as gravimorphisms. This applies at the levels of cell, organ and organism. However, when a system at any one of these levels experiences dynamic gravistimulation, because of its inherent homeostatic properties, it is induced to regenerate a state similar to that previously held. Thus, gravitropism is a regenerative gravimorphic process at the level of the organ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008072
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    Root growth and nitrate utilization of maize cultivars under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 163 (1994), S. 267-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cultivar ; critical root length density ; field experiment ; nitrate ; N utilization ; root growth ; uptake rate ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a 2-year field study conducted on a high fertilized Gleyic Luvisol in Stuttgart-Hohenheim significant differences among 10 maize cultivars were observed in soil nitrate depletion. The different capability of the cultivars to utilize nitrate particularly from the subsoil was positively correlated with (a) shoot N uptake at maturity, and (b) root length density (Lv) in the subsoil layers at silking. “Critical root length densities” for nitrate uptake were estimated by (a) calculating uptake rates per unit root length (U), (b) subsequent calculation of needed nitrate concentration in soil solution (C1) to sustain calculated U according to the Baldwin formula, and (c) reducing measured Lv and proportionate increase of U until needed concentration equaled measured concentration. Uptake rate generally increased with soil depth. “Critical root length densities” for cultivar Brummi (high measured root length densities and soil nitrate depletion) at 60–90 cm depth ranged from 7 % (generative growth) to 28 % (vegetative growth) of measured Lv Measured root length density of each other cultivar was higher than “critical root length density” for Brummi indicating that the root system of each cultivar examined would have been able to ensure N uptake of Brummi. Positive relationships between root length density and nitrate utilization as indicated by correlation analysis therefore could not be explained by model calculations. This might be due to simplifying assumptions made in the model, which are in contrast to non-ideal uptake conditions in the field, namely irregular distribution of roots and nitrate in the soil, limited root/soil contact, and differences between root zones in uptake activity. It is concluded from the field experiment that growing of cultivars selected for high N uptake-capacity of the shoots combined with “high” root length densities in the subsoil may improve the utilization of a high soil nitrate supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007976
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    Ultrastructural responses of root caps to the herbicides chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron methyl (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 127-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: herbicides ; chlorsulfuron ; metsulfuron methyl ; root cap ultrastructure ; root growth ; Pisum sativum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Herbicide residues may affect seedlings during early stages of their development. We studied this possibility by the use of light and electron microscopy after incubation of germinating seeds ofPisum sativum L. andZea mays L. with different concentrations of chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl. By in vitro experiments, we have shown that both herbicides caused growth reduction of the very young roots, and severe ultrastructural alterations and injuries of the root caps of both species. Chlorsulfuron caused increase of electron-dense material in the vacuoles, cytoplasmic degeneration even in the inner secretory cell layers of the cap, and disruption of the amyloplast envelopes with release of the statolithic starch grains. In the initial cell complex of the root cap, the herbicides caused the formation of large concentric aggregates of the rough ER and wall disformations in the cells adjacent to this complex. Scanning electron microscopic observations revealed a decrease of the slime layer ensheathing the root cap and the subapical root surface. We conclude that even in early stages of seed germination, both herbicides seriously affect the gravity perception centre (consisting of the statocytes), and the secretory tissue of the root caps, thus probably disturbing the processes of gravitropism and the protective slime secretion of the roots.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587607
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    Molecular diversity and genome structure in modern sugarcane varieties (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 217-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aneuploidy ; linkage disequilibrium ; polyploidy ; RFLP ; sugarcane varieties ; Saccharum officinarum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary RFLP analysis was performed on 40 sugarcane cultivated varieties. Twenty-two maize low copy DNA clones located on different regions of the 10 maize chromosomes were used as probes to survey variability among the sugarcane varieties. A total of 425 fragments, 411 of which were polymorphic, were identified for 22 probe/enzyme combinations. Each variety displayed an average of 7.28 fragments per combination, revealing the complex polyploid origin of modern sugarcane varieties. The average genetic similarity between sugarcane varieties was 0.61. Although cultivated varieties appear closely related to S. officinarum clones, the genes of S. spontaneum seem to constitute the principal component of varietal diversity. A very weak global structuring among the 40 varieties is observed, in agreement with the profuse exchanges of parental materials between sugarcane breeding stations. Traces of linkage disequilibrium can be attributed to the distribution of S. spontaneum chromosomes among sugarcane varieties. The possibility of using modern varieties as a population for detecting associations between molecular markers and agronomic traits is suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027520
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