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  • Articles  (485,948)
  • Other Sources  (1,096)
  • Springer  (351,309)
  • Wiley  (88,103)
  • Oxford University Press  (33,305)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (14,327)
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  • Books  (660)
  • Articles  (485,948)
  • Other Sources  (1,096)
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  • 1
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    Temperature histories in liquid and solid polar stratospheric cloud formation (1997)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Wiley, 102(D19), pp. 23505-23517, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    Polar stratospheric cloud threshold temperatures in the 1995–1996 arctic vortex (1997)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Wiley, 102(D23), pp. 28195-28202, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Balloon-borne backscattersondes have been used to study the relationship between particle scattering and ambient temperature near the vertical edge of arctic polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) as well as to delineate the cloud type occurrence probability as a function of temperature. The observed typical threshold temperatures as a function of altitude are about1°K warmer than the temperature TSTS expected for rapid growth of supercooled ternary solution aerosols. A more descriptive analysis shows that the threshold temperatures occur over a definable range of temperatures and tend to cluster near, but somewhat warmer than, TSTS. Considering the experimental and theoretical uncertainties, this difference may not be significant. The probability of type Ib PSC occurrence shows a dramatic increase at TSTS±1°K, while for type Ia PSCs the probability is roughly constant at 10% for temperatures below the formation point of nitric acid trihydrate (TNAT).
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 3
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    Antarctic ecosystem responses following ice‐shelf collapse and iceberg calving: Science review and future research (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3WIREs Climate Change, Wiley, 12(1), ISSN: 1757-7780
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The calving of A-68, the 5,800-km2, 1-trillion-ton iceberg shed from the Larsen C Ice Shelf in July 2017, is one of over 10 significant ice-shelf loss events in the past few decades resulting from rapid warming around the Antarctic Peninsula. The rapid thinning, retreat, and collapse of ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula are harbingers of warming effects around the entire continent. Ice shelves cover more than 1.5 million km2 and fringe 75% of Antarctica's coastline, delineating the primary connections between the Antarctic continent, the continental ice, and the Southern Ocean. Changes in Antarctic ice shelves bring dramatic and large-scale modifications to Southern Ocean ecosystems and continental ice movements, with global-scale implications. The thinning and rate of future ice-shelf demise is notoriously unpredictable, but models suggest increased shelf-melt and calving will become more common. To date, little is known about sub-ice-shelf ecosystems, and our understanding of ecosystem change following collapse and calving is predominantly based on responsive science once collapses have occurred. In this review, we outline what is known about (a) ice-shelf melt, volume loss, retreat, and calving, (b) ice-shelf-associated ecosystems through sub-ice, sediment-core, and pre-collapse and post-collapse studies, and (c) ecological responses in pelagic, sympagic, and benthic ecosystems. We then discuss major knowledge gaps and how science might address these gaps. This article is categorized under: Climate, Ecology, and Conservation 〉 Modeling Species and Community Interactions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    Allometric relationships of ecologically important Antarctic and Arctic zooplankton and fish species (2022)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Bioloy, Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Allometric relationships between body properties of animals are useful for a wide variety of purposes, such as estimation of biomass, growth, population structure, bioenergetic modelling and carbon flux studies. This study summarizes allometric relationships of zooplankton and nekton species that play major roles in polar marine food webs. Measurements were performed on 639 individuals of 15 species sampled during three expeditions in the Southern Ocean (winter and summer) and 2374 individuals of 14 species sampled during three expeditions in the Arctic Ocean (spring and summer). The information provided by this study fills current knowledge gaps on relationships between length and wet/dry mass of understudied animals, such as various gelatinous zooplankton, and of animals from understudied seasons and maturity stages, for example, for the krill Thysanoessa macrura and larval Euphausia superba caught in winter. Comparisons show that there is intra-specific variation in length–mass relationships of several species depending on season, e.g. for the amphipod Themisto libellula. To investigate the potential use of generalized regression models, comparisons between sexes, maturity stages or age classes were performed and are discussed, such as for the several krill species and T. libellula. Regression model comparisons on age classes of the fish E. antarctica were inconclusive about their general use. Other allometric measurements performed on carapaces, eyes, heads, telsons, tails and otoliths provided models that proved to be useful for estimating length or mass in, e.g. diet studies. In some cases, the suitability of these models may depend on species or developmental stages.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Improving the ocean and atmosphere in a coupled ocean–atmosphere model by assimilating satellite sea‐surface temperature and subsurface profile data (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Wiley, 146(733), pp. 4014-4029, ISSN: 0035-9009
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: An ensemble-based data assimilation framework for a coupled ocean–atmosphere model is applied to investigate the influence of assimilating different types of ocean observations on the ocean and atmosphere simulation. The data assimilation is performed with the parallel data assimilation framework (PDAF) for the climate model AWI-CM. Observations of the ocean, namely satellite sea-surface temperature (SST) and temperature and salinity profiles, are assimilated into the ocean component. The atmospheric state is only influenced by the model dynamics. Different assimilation scenarios were carried out with different combinations of observations to investigate to what extent the assimilation into the coupled model leads to a better estimation of the state of the ocean as well as the atmosphere. The influence of the data assimilation is assessed by comparing the ocean prediction with dependent and independent ocean observations. For the atmosphere, the assimilation result is compared with the ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data. The ocean temperature and salinity are improved by all the assimilation scenarios in the coupled system. The assimilation leads to a response of the atmosphere throughout the troposphere and impacts the global atmospheric circulation. Globally the temperature and wind speed are improved in the atmosphere on average.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 6
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    Annual transcriptome of a key zooplankton species, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecology and Evolution, Wiley, 12(e8605)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The copepod Calanus finmarchicus (Crustacea, Copepoda) is a key zooplanktonic spe-cies with a crucial position in the North Atlantic food web and significant contributor to ocean carbon flux. Like many other high latitude animals, it has evolved a programmed arrested development called diapause to cope with long periods of limited food sup-ply, while growth and reproduction are timed to take advantage of seasonal peaks in primary production. However, anthropogenic warming is inducing changes in the expected timing of phytoplankton blooms, suggesting phenological mismatches with negative consequences for the N. Atlantic ecosystem. While diapause mechanisms are mainly studied in terrestrial arthropods, specifically on laboratory model species, such as the fruit fly Drosophila, the molecular investigations of annual rhythms in wild marine species remain fragmentary. Here we performed a rigorous year-l ong monthly sampling campaign of C. finmarchicus in a Scottish Loch (UK; 56.45°N, 5.18°W) to generate an annual transcriptome. The mRNA of 36 samples (monthly triplicate of 25 individuals) have been deeply sequenced with an average depth of 137 ± 4 million reads (mean ± SE) per sample, aligned to the reference transcriptome, and filtered. We detail the quality assessment of the datasets and provide a high- quality resource for the investigation of wild annual transcriptomic rhythms (35,357 components) in a key diapausing zooplanktonic species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 7
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    Transformation of dissolved organic matter by two 〈scp〉Indo‐Pacific〈/scp〉 sponges (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the largest organic carbon reservoir in the ocean and an integral component of biogeochemical cycles. The role of free-living microbes in DOM transformation has been studied thoroughly, whereas little attention has been directed towards the influence of benthic organisms. Sponges are efficient filter feeders and common inhabitants of many benthic communities circumglobally. Here, we investigated how two tropical coral reef sponges shape marine DOM. We compared bacterial abundance, inorganic and organic nutrients in off reef, sponge inhalant, and sponge exhalant water of Melophlus sarasinorum and Rhabdastrella globostellata. DOM and bacterial cells were taken up, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen was released by the two Indo-Pacific sponges. Both sponge species utilized a common set of 142 of a total of 3040 compounds detected in DOM on a molecular formula level via ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. In addition, species-specific uptake was observed, likely due to differences in their associated microbial communities. Overall, the sponges removed presumably semi-labile and semi-refractory compounds from the water column, thereby competing with pelagic bacteria. Within minutes, sponge holobionts altered the molecular composition of surface water DOM (inhalant) into a composition similar to deep-sea DOM (exhalent). The apparent radiocarbon age of DOM increased consistently from off reef and inhalant to exhalant by about 900 14C years for M. sarasinorum. In the pelagic, similar transformations require decades to centuries. Our results stress the dependence of DOM lability definition on the respective environment and illustrate that sponges are hotspots of DOM transformation in the ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 8
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    Biomarker Distributions in (Sub)‐Arctic Surface Sediments and Their Potential for Sea Ice Reconstructions (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, Wiley, 21(10), pp. e2019GC008629, ISSN: 1525-2027
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: To evaluate the present sea-ice changes in a longer-term perspective the knowledge of sea-ice variability on pre-industrial and geological time scales is essential. For the interpretation of proxy reconstructions it is necessary to understand the recent signals of different sea-ice proxies from various regions. We present 260 new sediment surface samples collected in the (sub-) Arctic Oceans that were analysed for specific sea-ice (IP25) and open-water phytoplankton biomarkers (brassicasterol, dinosterol, HBI III). This new biomarker dataset was combined with 615 previously published biomarker surface samples into a pan-Arctic database. The resulting pan-Arctic biomarker and sea-ice index (PIP25) database shows a spatial distribution correlating well with the diverse modern sea-ice concentrations. We find correlations of PBIP25, PDIP25 and PIIIIP25 with spring and autumn concentrations. Similar correlations with modern sea-ice concentrations are observed in Baffin Bay. However, the correlations of the PIP25 indices with modern sea-ice concentrations differ in Fram Strait from those of the (sub-) Arctic dataset, which is likely caused by region-specific differences in sea-ice variability, nutrient availability and other environmental conditions. The extended (sea-ice) biomarker database strengthens the validity of biomarker sea-ice reconstructions in different Arctic regions and shows how different sea-ice proxies combined may resolve specific seasonal sea-ice signals.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 9
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    A common temperature dependence of nutritional demands in ectotherms (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecology Letters, Wiley, ISSN: 1461-023X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: In light of ongoing climate change, it is increasingly important to know how nutritional requirements of ectotherms are affected by changing temperatures. Here, we analyse the wide thermal response of phosphorus (P) requirements via elemental gross growth efficiencies of Carbon (C) and P, and the Threshold Elemental Ratios in different aquatic invertebrate ectotherms: the freshwater model species Daphnia magna, the marine copepod Acartia tonsa, the marine heterotrophic dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, and larvae of two populations of the marine crab Carcinus maenas. We show that they all share a non-linear cubic thermal response of nutrient requirements. Phosphorus requirements decrease from low to intermediate temperatures, increase at higher temperatures and decrease again when temperature is excessive. This common thermal response of nutrient requirements is of great importance if we aim to understand or even predict how ectotherm communities will react to global warming and nutrient-driven eutrophication.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 10
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    Moment magnitude (Mw) from hydrophone records of low energy volcanic quakes (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Earthquake magnitude calibration using hydrophone records has been carried out at Campi Flegrei caldera, an active area close to the highly populated area of Naples city, partly undersea. Definite integrals of the hydrophone records amplitude spectra, between the limits of 1 and 20 Hz, were calculated on a set of small volcano-tectonic earthquakes with moment magnitudes ranging from 1 to 3.3. The coefficients of a linear relationship between the logarithm of these integrals and the magnitude were obtained by linear optimization, thus defining a useful equation to calculate the moment magnitude from the hydrophone record spectra. This method could be easily exported to other volcanic areas, where submerged volcanoes are monitored by networks of hydrophones and seismic sensors on land. The proposed approach allows indeed magnitude measurements of small magnitude earthquakes occurring at sea, thus adding useful information to the seismicity of these volcanoes.〈/jats:p〉
    Description: Published
    Description: 875–882
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
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    A Tool to Aid the Navigation in La Spezia Harbour (Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: The knowledge of sea level in harbours is very important to manage port activities (safety of navigation, prevention of ship stranding, optimization of vessel loading, water quality control). In this article we describe the use of a software tool developed to help local authorities and working organizations to optimize navigation and avoid or manage hazardous situations due to sea level changes in port basins. This prototype application, starting from reading data coming from a monitoring station in La Spezia harbour (in North Western Italy), updates dynamically the port bathymetry based on sea level oscillations (measured in the past or real-time, or expected in the near future). Then, it detects potentially dangerous areas for a given ship moving in the basin at a certain time, by means of the idea of “virtual traffic lights”: sea level variations are provided as parameters to the application that performs the updating of the bathymetric map and the subdivision of the harbour in allowed (green)/warning (yellow)/prohibited (red) areas for each ship, based on its draft. The tool can provide a useful support interface to competent authorities to avoid or manage critical situations by detecting hazardous areas for a given vessel at a given time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 89–101
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 12
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    Combining earth sciences with archaeology to investigate natural risks related to the cultural heritage of the Marsica region (central Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-19
    Description: Methods of Earth Sciences have been employed in archaeological sites of the Marsica region, central Italy, in two different perspectives: to enhance knowledge on past natural events which damaged/destroyed ancient settlements/monuments and to gather data useful/necessary for preservation of the local cultural heritage. Within this wide perspective, the paper deals with (i) recent archaeoseismological investigations at Alba Fucens and other sites of the Fucino Plain which add evidence of sudden building collapse to the already available (archaeoseismological and paleoseismological) data concerning seismicity of fifth-sixth century AD; (ii) archaeological investigations on remains of the Medieval church of San Bartolomeo showing that coseismic damage in 1349 caused the abandonment of part of the building and its (re)use for burials; (iii) evidence of slope instability which caused rapid mass deposition in the lowest sector of ancient Alba Fucens since around the half of the sixth century AD, inhibiting the occupation of the Roman town; (iv) capable faulting potentially affecting the westernmost sector of the huge hydraulic works made by Romans during the first-second century AD to drain former Lake Fucino.
    Description: Published
    Description: 287-318
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology · Active fault · Landslide · Historic earthquake · Cultural heritage · Preservation · Marsica region
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
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    Red and green loops help uncover missing feedbacks in a coral reef social–ecological system (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3People and Nature, Wiley, 2(3), pp. 608-618, ISSN: 2575-8314
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-04
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉 〈jats:list〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Social–ecological systems (SES) exhibit complex cause‐and‐effect relationships. Capturing, interpreting, and responding to signals that indicate changes in ecosystems is key for sustainable management in SES. Breaks in this signal–response chain, when feedbacks are missing, will allow change to continue until a point when abrupt ecological surprises may occur.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉In these situations, societies and local ecosystems can often become uncoupled. In this paper, we demonstrate how the red loop–green loop (RL–GL) concept can be used to uncover missing feedbacks and to better understand past social–ecological dynamics. Reinstating these feedbacks in order to recouple the SES may ultimately create more sustainable systems on local scales.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉The RL–GL concept can uncover missing feedbacks through the characterization of SES dynamics along a spectrum of human resource dependence. Drawing on diverse qualitative and quantitative data sources, we classify SES dynamics throughout the history of Jamaican coral reefs along the RL–GL spectrum. We uncover missing feedbacks in red‐loop and red‐trap scenarios from around the year 600 until now. The Jamaican coral reef SES dynamics have moved between all four dynamic states described in the RL–GL concept: green loop, green trap, red loop and red trap.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉We then propose mechanisms to guide the current unsustainable red traps back to more sustainable green loops, involving mechanisms of seafood trade and ecological monitoring. By gradually moving away from seafood exports, Jamaica may be able to return to green‐loop dynamics between the local society and their locally sourced seafood. We discuss the potential benefits and drawbacks of this proposed intervention and give indications of why an export ban may insure against future missing feedbacks and could prolong the sustainability of the Jamaican coral reef ecosystem.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Our approach demonstrates how the RL–GL approach can uncover missing feedbacks in a coral reef SES, a way the concept has not been used before. We advocate for how the RL–GL concept in a feedback setting can be used to synthesize various types of data and to gain an understanding of past, present and future sustainability that can be applied in diverse social–ecological settings.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈/jats:list〉 〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉A free 〈jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pan3.10092/suppinfo"〉Plain Language Summary〈/jats:ext-link〉 can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 14
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    Modeling drivers of biodiversity change emphasizes the need for multivariate assessments and rescaled targeting for management (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Conservation Science and Practice, Wiley, 4(10), ISSN: 2578-4854
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-04
    Description: The current policy and goals aimed to conserve biodiversity and manage biodiversity change are often formulated at the global scale. At smaller scales however, biodiversity change is more nuanced leading to a plethora of trends in different metrics of alpha diversity and temporal turnover. Therefore, large-scale policy targets do not translate easily into local to regional management decisions for biodiversity. Using long-term monitoring data from the Wadden Sea (Southern North Sea), joining structural equation models and general dissimilarity models enabled a better overview of the drivers of biodiversity change. Few commonalities emerged as birds, fish, macroinvertebrates, and phytoplankton differed in their response to certain drivers of change. These differences were additionally dependent upon the biodiversity aspect in question and which environmental data were recorded in each monitoring program. No single biodiversity metric or model sufficed to capture all ongoing change, which requires an explicitly multivariate approaches to biodiversity assessment in local ecosystem management.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 15
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    Habitat and fishing control grazing potential on coral reefs (2020)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Functional Ecology, Wiley, 34(1), pp. 240-251, ISSN: 0269-8463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-04
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉 〈jats:list〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Herbivory is a key process on coral reefs, which, through grazing of algae, can help sustain coral‐dominated states on frequently disturbed reefs and reverse macroalgal regime shifts on degraded ones.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Our understanding of herbivory on reefs is largely founded on feeding observations at small spatial scales, yet the biomass and structure of herbivore populations is more closely linked to processes which can be highly variable across large areas, such as benthic habitat turnover and fishing pressure. Though our understanding of spatiotemporal variation in grazer biomass is well developed, equivalent macroscale approaches to understanding bottom‐up and top‐down controls on herbivory are lacking.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Here, we integrate underwater survey data of fish abundances from four Indo‐Pacific island regions with herbivore feeding observations to estimate grazing rates for two herbivore functions, cropping (which controls turf algae) and scraping (which promotes coral settlement by clearing benthic substrate), for 72 coral reefs. By including a range of reef states, from coral to algal dominance and heavily fished to remote wilderness areas, we evaluate the influences of benthic habitat and fishing on the grazing rates of fish assemblages.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Cropping rates were primarily influenced by benthic condition, with cropping maximized on structurally complex reefs with high substratum availability and low macroalgal cover. Fishing was the primary driver of scraping function, with scraping rates depleted at most reefs relative to remote, unfished reefs, though scraping did increase with substratum availability and structural complexity.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Ultimately, benthic and fishing conditions influenced herbivore functioning through their effect on grazer biomass, which was tightly correlated to grazing rates. For a given level of biomass, we show that grazing rates are higher on reefs dominated by small‐bodied fishes, suggesting that grazing pressure is greatest when grazer size structure is truncated.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈jats:list-item〉〈jats:p〉Stressors which cause coral declines and clear substrate for turf algae will likely stimulate increases in cropping rates, in both fished and protected areas. In contrast, scraping functions are already impaired at reefs inhabited by people, particularly where structural complexity has collapsed, indicating that restoration of these key processes will require scraper biomass to be rebuilt towards wilderness levels.〈/jats:p〉〈/jats:list-item〉 〈/jats:list〉 〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉A free 〈jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.13457/suppinfo"〉Plain Language Summary〈/jats:ext-link〉 can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 16
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    How sharp is the knife? Herbivore and carnivore sensitivity to resource stoichiometric quality (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-12
    Description: While understanding feeding preferences of herbivores and carnivores is of major importance in ecology, we still know very little on the sensitivity of different functional groups to suboptimal stoichiometric resource quality. Here, we apply concepts of ecological stoichiometry to shed light on differences in the nutritional requirements of herbivores and carnivores, and to make predictions on the influence of suboptimal resource stoichiometric quality on the fitness of these different consumers to. Herbivores generally experience more variation in the quality of their resource than carnivores do, and these differences have likely shaped the extent to which coping mechanisms have evolved. Consequently, we expect 1) herbivores to maintain their stoichiometric homeostasis over a broader range of resource stoichiometry than carnivores, 2) the threshold elemental ratio (TER), i.e. the dietary carbon to nutrient ratio which maximizes fitness, of herbivores to be higher than that of carnivores, 3) a narrower and sharper knife-edge response in carnivores than herbivores and 4) asymmetric knife-edge responses indicating a higher sensitivity to the diet quality that consumers are not used to dealing with, namely nutrient limitation in carnivores and nutrient excess in herbivores. Our study poses that documenting the ranges of resource quality where consumer fitness declines in diverse organisms is a very promising avenue to increase our understanding of community composition and food web functioning.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 17
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    Sensitivity analysis of polar orbiter motion to lunar viscoelastic tidal deformation (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-30
    Description: We investigate the impact of viscoelastic tidal deformation of the Moon on the motion of a polar orbiter. The dissipative effects in the Moon’s interior, i.e., tidal phase lags, are modeled as Fourier series sampled at given frequencies associated with linear combinations of Delaunay arguments, the fundamental parameters describing the lunar motion around the Earth and the Sun. We implement the tidal model to evaluate the temporal lunar gravity field and the induced perturbation on the orbiter. We validate the numerical scheme via a frequency analysis of the perturbed orbital motion. We show that, in the case of the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter at a low altitude of less than 200 km, the main lunar tides and hence the potential Love numbers around the monthly and some multiple frequencies are dynamically separable. The omission of those effects in practice introduces a position error at the level of a few decimeters within 10 days.
    Description: Published
    Description: 16
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 18
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    The peperino rocks: historical and volcanological overview (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-31
    Description: The name peperino derives from the Italian word pepe (pepper) and has been used in the common language for lithified volcanic deposits characterized by grey to dark grey color and granular texture, resembling that of ground pepper. Among these, the best-known examples are represented by some phreatomagmatic deposits of the Colli Albani Volcanic District, near Rome, and ignimbrite deposits of the Cimini Mountains near Viterbo (Northern Latium), which have been widely employed in artifacts of historical and archaeological interest. In particular, these resistant volcanic rocks have been widely employed by the Etruscans and Romans since the 7 th century BCE to produce sarcophagi and dimension stones, as well as architectural and ornamental elements in central Italy up to the present.
    Description: Published
    Description: 69
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 19
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    A kaleidoscope of colours and an unexpected journey (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-04
    Description: The paper is part of a book conceived as a "collection of stories, reflections and advice written by proficient scientists" aimed in particular at younger people and early-career researchers, with the author illustrating her most significant professional experiences. The contribution is structured in four sections: 1) how interest in science has been developed 2) the work done and the personal scientific approach 3) perspectives on science today and tomorrow, 4) advice to much younger colleagues.
    Description: Published
    Description: 277-286
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Keywords: life in research ; natural hazard ; information dissemination ; european charter for researchers ; gender equality ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 20
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    The First Stage of Firn Densification ‐ An Evaluation of Grain Boundary Sliding (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3PAMM, Wiley, 21(1), ISSN: 1617-7061
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Firn describes the interstage product between snow and ice in cold regions of the earth, where annual snow fall exceeds the amount of snow melting. The continuing accumulation of snow leads to its densificiation due to overburden stress until it becomes ice. In the field of glaciology various attempts on simulating firn densification have been made and new models are still developed, as the knowledge of the firn column's density structure allows important derivations.〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉The presented study reassesses a model description for low density firn based on the process of grain boundary sliding presented by Alley in 1987 [1] using an optimisation approach. By comparing simulation results to 159 measured firn density profiles from Greenland and Antarctica it finds a possible additional dependency of the constitutive relation on the mean surface mass balance. This result is interpreted as an insufficient description of the stress regime.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 21
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    A phase field model for fractures in ice shelves (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3PAMM, Wiley, 22(1), ISSN: 1617-7061
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉Ice shelves are large floating ice masses, that are formed when glaciers are becoming afloat at the margin of ice sheets. One dominating mass loss mechanism of ice shelves is calving, describing the detachment of icebergs at the front. Ice shelves stabilize inland ice glaciers due to buttressing. If the stabilizing effect of an ice shelf vanishes because of disintegration or thinning, the corresponding glacier accelerates resulting in sea level rise.〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉To describe calving and disintegration of ice shelves, it is important to investigate fracture propagation in ice. A powerful method in fracture mechanics is the phase field method which is based on Griffith's theory. It approximates cracks in a diffuse manner by using a continuous scalar field. We propose a phase field fracture model for ice considering its characteristic material properties. The material behavior of ice depends on the considered time scales. On short time scales it behaves like a solid and while it acts like a fluid on long time scales, which classifies it as a viscoelastic material of Maxwell type. This has been verified by observations. The phase field method allows us to simulate typical fracture situations of ice shelves in Antarctica and Greenland.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 22
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    Modelling the Transformation from Snow to Ice Based on the Underlying Sintering Process (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3PAMM, Wiley, 20(1), ISSN: 1617-7061
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈jats:title〉Abstract〈/jats:title〉〈jats:p〉In cold regions of the earth, like Antarctica, Greenland or mountains at high altitude, the annual amount of deposited snow exceeds the amount of snow melting. Snow, which is more than one year old, is called firn. Over time firn transforms into ice by a sintering process, mainly driven by overburden pressure and temperature. This ultimately leads to the formation of glaciers and ice sheets.〈/jats:p〉〈jats:p〉We simulate firn densification based on the processes of sintering. The constitutive law represents grain boundary sliding, dislocation creep and diffusion. These mechanisms sum up to the overall densification which leads to the transformation of snow to ice. The model aims at obtaining a physics driven simulation tool for firn densification which provides data for a wider range of areas. It will contribute to develop better models and better understanding of the cryosphere.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 23
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    Comparative analysis of liquefaction susceptibility assessment methods based on the investigation on a pilot site in the greater Lisbon area (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: In Portugal, particularly in the greater Lisbon area, there are widespread alluvial sandy deposits, which need to be carefully assessed in terms of liquefaction susceptibility and risk zonation. For this purpose, a pilot site has been set up, as part of the European H2020 LIQUEFACT project. An extensive database of geological and geotechnical reports was collected and a comprehensive site investigation campaign was carried out, including boreholes with standard penetration (SPT), piezocone penetrometer and seismic dilatometer tests as well as geophysical methods, complemented by undisturbed soil sampling for laboratory characterisation. The assessment of liquefaction susceptibility based on field tests was made using the simplified procedure, considering the factor of safety against liquefaction ( FSliq), which relates the cyclic resistance ratio (CRR) with the cyclic stress ratio (CSR). While the computation of the CSR is relatively straightforward, the reliability of the CRR strongly depends on the adopted in situ testing technique. Alternative approaches to liquefaction assessment have been proposed, based on quantitative liquefaction damage indexes, namely the Liquefaction Potential Index (LPI) and Liquefaction Severity Number. In this paper, the geotechnical field data is integrated in these distinct approaches to liquefaction assessment. A comparative and in-depth analysis of the conventional approach is presented and the inclusion of specific information on soil type, as a means to overcome the observed differences, is discussed particularly for SPT and VS results. The combination of these criteria enabled to clearly identify the most critical layers, in terms of liquefaction potential and severity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 109-138
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 24
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    Massive dolomites in the Messinian evaporitic sequence (Sicily, Italy): multi-analytical characterization and implications for the dolomitization processes (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: A combined geochemical, mineralogical, petrographic and geological approach has allowed to constrain the dolomitization process responsible for the formation of massive dolomitic body within the Messinian evaporitic series. We focused our investigations on an example of massive dolomite body, outcropping over the marginal area of the evaporitic basin in the Peloritani Mountains (NE area of Sicily region, Italy). Field observations allowed recognizing several sedimentary structures, such as erosion surfaces, lenses of conglomerates and ripples highlighting a clastic origin. The petrographic study revealed fne-grained and massive structure, scarce porosity, light to pink color and absence of micro-fossils. The chondritenormalized trace element pattern shows a general enrichment in LREE and depletion in HREE. The isotopic signatures of the studied dolomites (δ18O=– 4.38–1.24‰, V-PDB; δ13C=– 1.48–1.94‰, V-PDB) are comparable with those of type-3 “Calcare di Base” which is the common reference to record the Messinian salinity crisis. The positive co-variant relationship between the δ18O and δ13C values suggests a dolomitization process in the seawater/freshwater mixing zone. The occurrence of the studied dolomites in the evaporitic sequence coupled with the results we gained point towards an origin from “early diagenetic” processes. As a consequence, a model explaining the genetic mechanism for the studied dolomitic rocks can be essentially summarized as: (1) the massive dolostones were originally deposited as evaporitic limestones under rather highsalinity conditions; (2) the dolomitization process occurred in the seawater/freshwater mixing zone that provided Mg-rich fuids over uplifted submarine masses.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 29
    Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 25
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    Hydrological changes during the Roman Climatic Optimum in northern Tuscany (Central Italy) as evidenced by speleothem records and archaeological data (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: Study of the climate in the Mediterranean basin during different historical periods has taken on a particular importance, particularly regarding its role (together with other factors) in the evolution of human settlement patterns. Although the Roman age is traditionally considered a period with a favourable climate, recent studies have revealed considerable complexity in terms of regional climate variations. In this paper, we compare the hydrological change from speleothem proxy records with flood reconstructions from archaeological sites for Northern Tuscany (central Italy). We identify a period of oscillating climatic conditions culminating in a multidecadal dry event during the 1st century BC, followed by a century of increased precipitation at the beginning of the Roman Empire and subsequently a return to drier conditions in the 2nd century AD. The period of rainfall increase documented by the speleothems agrees with both the archaeological flood record as well as historical flood data available for the Tiber River, ca. 300 km to the south. These data also suggest a return to wetter conditions following the 3nd and 4rd centuries AD.
    Description: Published
    Description: 791-802
    Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: climate changes ; geoarchaeology ; palaeoflooding ; Roman Age ; Hydrological changes during the Roman Climatic Optimum
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  • 26
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    Recommendations and Protocols for the Use of the Isotope Ratio Infrared Spectrometer (Delta Ray) to Measure Stable Isotopes from CO2: An Application to Volcanic Emissions at Mount Etna and Stromboli (Sicily, Italy) (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: Among major volatiles released from the Earth’s interior, CO2 is an important target for the international community. The interest is keenly motivated by the contribution of CO2 in the Earth’s carbon budget and its role on past, current, and future climate dynamics. In particular, the isotopic signature of CO2 is fundamental to characterize the source of this gas and its evolution up to the atmosphere. The recent development of new laser-based techniques has marked an important milestone for the scientific community by favoring both high-frequency and in situ stable isotope measurements. Among them, the Delta Ray IRIS (Thermo Scientific Inc., Waltham, USA) is one of the most promising instruments thanks to its high precision, its limited interferences with other gaseous species (such as H2S and/or SO2), and its internal calibration procedure. These characteristics and the relative easiness to transport the Delta Ray IRIS have encouraged its use on the field to analyze volcanic CO2 emissions in recent years but often with distinct customized protocols of measurements. In this study, various tests in the laboratory and on the field have been performed to study the dependence of CO2 isotope measurements on analytical, instrumental, and environmental conditions. We emphasize the exceptional ability of the Delta Ray IRIS to perform isotope measurements for a large range of CO2 concentration (200 ppm–100%) thanks to a dilution system and to get a reliable estimation of the real CO2 content from the diluted one. These tests lead to point out major recommendations on the use of Delta Ray IRIS and allow the development of adapted protocols to analyze CO2 emissions like in volcanic environments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4598190
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Consequences of a Solar Wind Stream Interaction Region on the Low Latitude Ionosphere: Event of 7 October 2015 (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: In this article, we present a study of the perturbations occurring in the Earth’s environment on 7 October 2015. We use a multi-instrument approach, including space and ground observations. In particular, we study the ionospheric conditions at low latitudes. Two ionospheric storms are observed at the low latitude station of Tucumán (26° 51' S, 65° 12' W). We observe a negative ionospheric storm followed by a positive one. These ionospheric perturbations were triggered by two sudden storm commencements (SSCs) of a strong geo-magnetic storm. Preliminary results show that the main mechanism involved in both ionospheric storms is the prompt penetration of electric fields (PPEFs) from the magnetosphere. Furthermore, in the positive storm, disturbed dynamo electric fields are observed acting in combination with the PPEFs. The impact of the solar wind on the Earth’s environment is analyzed using geomagnetic data and proxies, combined with data acquired in the Tucumán Low Latitude Observatory for the Upper Atmosphere. We also investigate the solar and interplanetary drivers of this intense perturbation. We find that, although typically interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are the most geoeffective transient interplanetary events, in this case, a corotating interaction region (CIR) is responsible for these strong perturbations to the geospace.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 173
    Description: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Ionospheric storm ; Low latitude ionosphere ; Solar wind ; Corotating interaction region
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  • 28
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    The magnitude and impact of the 431 CE Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Ilopango, El Salvador (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: The Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption from Ilopango volcano deposited thick ash over much of El Salvador when it was inhabited by the Maya, and rendered all areas within at least 80 km of the volcano uninhabitable for years to decades after the eruption. Nonetheless, the more widespread environmental and climatic impacts of this large eruption are not well known because the eruption magnitude and date are not well constrained. In this multifaceted study we have resolved the date of the eruption to 431 ± 2 CE by identifying the ash layer in a well-dated, high-resolution Greenland ice-core record that is 〉7,000 km from Ilopango; and calculated that between 37 and 82 km3 of magma was dispersed from an eruption coignimbrite column that rose to ∼45 km by modeling the deposit thickness using state-of-the-art tephra dispersal methods. Sulfate records from an array of ice cores suggest stratospheric injection of 14 ± 2 Tg S associated with the TBJ eruption, exceeding those of the historic eruption of Pinatubo in 1991. Based on these estimates it is likely that the TBJ eruption produced a cooling of around 0.5 °C for a few years after the eruption. The modeled dispersal and higher sulfate concentrations recorded in Antarctic ice cores imply that the cooling would have been more pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. The new date confirms the eruption occurred within the Early Classic phase when Maya expanded across Central America.
    Description: Published
    Description: 26061-26068
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Maya; eruption dispersal; large volcanic eruptions; radiocarbon; sulfate
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  • 29
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    Contribution of soil compositions, harvested times and varieties on chemical fingerprint of Italian and Turkish citrus cultivars (2021)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: This paper aims to define the stability over the time of chemical elemental patterns in some citrus varieties of PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) and not PGI Interdonato and Lunario cultivars coming from Italy and Turkey and to set up a range of markers useful to trace their geographical origin. During the 2015–2017 growing seasons, all fruits were collected and subjected to Inductively Coupled Mass spectrom etry (ICP-MS) analysis, in order to determine the multielemental chemical profiles. The chemical variabil ity was calculated for each element by Multi-way analysis of variance. The results highlighted how the measured Cr, Ni, Al, K, Fe and Zn levels mainly depend on the soil composition and the fingerprint allow to trace the geographical origins. Moreover, the stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) has allowed to correctly classify the 100% of lemon pulps provenances, based on Ni, Al, K, Ca and Na con tents. Finally, our study demonstrates the role played by harvest years, variety and soils composition whose interaction contributed to define the chemical fingerprints.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2628-2639
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 30
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    The strength of the Earth's magnetic field from Pre-Pottery to Pottery Neolithic, Jordan (2023)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: Constraining secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field strength in the past is fundamental to understanding short-term processes of the geodynamo. Such records also constitute a powerful and independent dating tool for archaeological sites and geological formations. In this study, we present 11 robust archaeointensity results from Pre-Pottery to Pottery Neolithic Jordan that are based on both clay and flint (chert) artifacts. Two of these results constitute the oldest archaeointensity data for the entire Levant, ancient Egypt, Turkey, and Mesopotamia, extending the archaeomagnetic reference curve for the Holocene. Virtual Axial Dipole Moments (VADMs) show that the Earth's magnetic field in the Southern Levant was weak (about two-thirds the present field) at around 7600 BCE, recovering its strength to greater than the present field around 7000 BCE, and gradually weakening again around 5200 BCE. In addition, successful results obtained from burnt flint demonstrate the potential of this very common, and yet rarely used, material in archaeomagnetic research, in particular for prehistoric periods from the first use of fire to the invention of pottery.
    Description: Published
    Description: e2100995118
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Jordan ; Neolithic ; Pre-Pottery Neolithic ; archaeointensity
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  • 31
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    Fault imaging at Mt Pollino (Italy) from relative location of microearthquakes (2021)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved.
    Description: Relative location of microearthquakes that occurred at Mt Pollino (Italy) from 2011 to 2013 have been analyzed with the aim of a detailed imaging of the geometry of active faults. We identified 27 clusters composed of a number of earthquakes from 9 to 33, with local magnitude in the range 0.6–2.7. The relative location shows that the distribution of hypocentres in each cluster is characterized by extension from few tens of meters to at most 350 m. For each cluster the hypocentre distribution was fitted by a plane to infer the fault orientation, and results were compared with the fault plane solutions corresponding to the focal mechanism of earthquakes of the same cluster. The comparison shows a good agreement in most of the cases. The relative location analysis, generally applied to earthquakes with similar waveform, has been improved to permit also the relative location of earthquakes characterized by not similar signals. To achieve this purpose a modified procedure that overcome the condition of very similar waveforms has been applied to estimate the time delay between first pulses of the master events. The relative location of master events of all clusters shows a precise imaging of the relative position of all analysed sources and allows also to follow with high accuracy the evolution in time of the seismic swarm within the selected periods. The hypocentre position of master events and the nearly parallel fitting planes of any clusters suggest that most of the analyzed earthquakes were produced by different patches of the same fault. The final results depict a main fault plane characterized by NW–SE strike, dip of about 35–45° and depth between 4.5 and 6.5 km b.s.l. Focal mechanisms, used also to evaluate the local stress field, are mostly of normal type with few strike slip solutions for the shallowest events. This result is in good agreement with the local tectonic stress regime that is characterized by predominant NE–SW transtension, as inferred from structural, seismological and geophysical data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 637–648
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Persistence, memory, correlations, clustering, Spatial analysis, Crustal imaging, Earthquake source observations, Seismicity and tectonics
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  • 32
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    Physics-based simulation of sequences with multiple main shocks in Central Italy (2020)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©:The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy. All rights reserved
    Description: The application of a physics-based earthquake simulator to Central Italy allowed the compilation of a synthetic seismic catalogue spanning 100 000 yr, containing more than 300 000 M ≥ 4.0 simulated earthquakes, without the limitations that real catalogues suffer in terms of completeness, homogeneity and time duration. The seismogenic model upon which we applied the simulator code was derived from version 3.2.1 of the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS; http://diss.rm.ingv.it/diss/), selecting, and modifying where appropriate, all the fault systems that are recognized in the portion of Central Italy considered in this study, with a total of 54 faults. Besides tectonic stress loading and static stress transfer as in the previous versions, the physical model on which the latest version of our simulation algorithm is based also includes the Rate and State constitutive law that helps to reproduce Omori’s law. One further improvement in our code was also the introduction of trapezoidalshaped faults that perform better than known faults. The resulting synthetic seismic catalogue exhibits typical magnitude, space and time features which are comparable to those in real observations. These features include the total seismic moment rate, the earthquake magnitude distribution, and the short- and medium-term earthquake clustering. A typical aspect of the observed seismicity in Central Italy, aswell as across thewhole Italian landmass and elsewhere, is the occurrence of earthquake sequences characterized by multiple main shocks of similar magnitude. These sequences are different from the usual earthquake clusters and aftershock sequences, since they have at least two main shocks of similar magnitude. Therefore, special attentionwas devoted to verifyingwhether the simulated catalogue includes this notable aspect. For this purpose, we developed a computer code especially for this work to count the number of multiple events contained in a seismic catalogue under a quantitative definition. We found that the last version of the simulator code produces a slightly larger number of multiple events than the previous versions, but not as large as in the real catalogue. A possible reason for this drawback is the lack of components such as pore-pressure changes due to fluid-diffusion in the adopted physical model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 526–542
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 33
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    Higher temperature, increased CO2, and changing nutrient ratios alter the carbon metabolism and induce oxidative stress in a cosmopolitan diatom (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: Phytoplankton are responsible for about 90% of the oceanic primary production, largely supporting marine food webs, and actively contributing to the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. Yet, increasing temperature and pCO2, along with higher dissolved nitrogen: phosphorus ratios in coastal waters are likely to impact phytoplankton physiology, especially in terms of photosynthetic rate, respiration, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) production. Here, we conducted a full-factorial experiment to identify the individual and combined effects of temperature, pCO2, and N : P ratio on the antioxidant capacity and carbon metabolism of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Our results demonstrate that, among these three drivers, temperature is the most influential factor on the physiology of this species, with warming causing oxidative stress and lower activity of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, the photosynthetic rate was higher under warmer conditions and higher pCO2, and, together with a lower dark respiration rate and higher DOC exudation, generated cells with lower carbon content. An enhanced oceanic CO2 uptake and an overall stimulated microbial loop benefiting from higher DOC exudation are potential longer-term consequences of rising temperatures, elevated pCO2 as well as shifted dissolved N : P ratios.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 34
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    Capturing drifting species and molecules—Lessons learned from integrated approaches to assess marine metazoan diversity in highly dynamic waters (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Environmental DNA, Wiley, ISSN: 2637-4943
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-11
    Description: Marine community diversity surveys require a reliable assessment to estimate ecosystem functions and their dynamics. For these, non-invasive environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is increasingly applied in zoological studies to complement or even replace traditional morphological identification methods. However, uncertainties remain about the accuracy of the diversity detected with eDNA to capture the actual diversity in the field. Here, we validate the reliability of eDNA metabarcoding in identifying metazoan biodiversity in highly dynamic marine waters of the North Sea. We analyzed biodiversity from water (eDNA) and zooplankton samples with cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and 18S rRNA (18S) metabarcoding at Helgoland Roads and validated the optimal molecular resolution by morphological and molecular zooplankton identification (metabarcoding) with the result of merely a few false-negative detections. eDNA and zooplankton metabarcoding resolved 354 species from all major and in total 16 metazoan phyla. This molecular genetic species inventory overlapped by 95.9% (COI) and 81.9% (18S) with published inventories of local, morphologically identified species, among them neozoa and rediscovered species. Even though half of all species were detected by both eDNA and zooplankton metabarcoding, the methods differed significantly in their detected diversity. eDNA metabarcoding performed very well in cnidarians and annelids, whereas zooplankton metabarcoding identified higher numbers of fish and malacostraca. Species assemblages significantly differed between the individual sampling events and the cumulative number of identified species increased steadily over the sampling period and did not reach saturation. About a third of the species were detected only once while a core community of 22 species was identified continuously. Our study confirms eDNA metabarcoding to be a powerful tool to identify and analyze North Sea fauna in highly dynamic waters and we recommend investing in high sampling efforts by repetitive sampling and replication using at least 0.45 μm filters to increase filtration volume.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Polar meiofauna – Antipoles or Parallels? (2023)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Springer, pp. 285-328, ISBN: 978-3-031-21622-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: At opposite ends of our world lie the poles. In the North, the Arctic, an ocean surrounded by coasts; in the South, the Antarctic continent surrounded by an ocean that separates it from the nearest landmasses. At first glance, the poles could not be more dissimilar owing to their contrasting location, geography, and tectonic and evolutionary history. The amplitude and types of ice cover, though differing between the poles, are influenced by the same climatic, atmospheric, and hydrodynamic processes that affect the entire Earth. Freshwater influx into their coastal areas too—beyond the effects of glaciological changes and dynamics such as glacier melt and increasing meltwater discharges—is different: in contrast to the Arctic, the Antarctic continent and sub-Antarctic islands lack major rivers. However, their latitudinal range and low temperatures, ice shelves, icebergs, sea ice, impacts from tidewater and land-based glaciers, significant seasonal variation in light intensity and, hence, primary productivity, offer parallel environments for organisms that have adapted to such conditions. Although we know much about the similarities and differences from an environmental perspective, there are still many unknowns about how benthic communities, especially the meiobenthos, from both regions compare. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the contrasts and parallels between Arctic and Antarctic meiobenthos and place it into context of their extreme habitats. Following a brief account of Arctic and Antarctic evolution and the historical study of their faunas, we (i) compare how extreme polar conditions affect meiofauna across four main habitats: polar coastal areas and fjords, continental shelves and ice shelves, the deep sea, and sea ice, and we (ii) discuss the implications of climate change on meiofauna in these habitats. Reflecting on (i) and (ii) allowed us to identify frontiers for future research of polar meiofauna, which we put forward in the concluding sections of this chapter.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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    Origin of Seismicity in Italy as a Clue for Seismic Hazard (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-22
    Description: ItalianseismicityisgeneratedbytheongoingsubductionoftheEuro- pean lithosphere beneath the Alps, and the Adriatic lithosphere beneath the Apen- nines. The two belts are extremely different due to their opposite polarity relative to the inferred underlying ‘eastward’ mantle flow. Contractional tectonics is con- centrated in low topography areas, whereas extensional tectonics and the larger magnitude seismicity due to normal faulting is preferentially located along the Apennines ridge, where the brittle crustal layer is thicker and the lithostatic load is maximum. Seismicity is the result of dissipation of energy along passive faults but stored mostly in crustal volumes located in the hangingwall of the faults. The 2–5 mm/yr deformation in all Italian tectonic settings prevents the occurrence of great earthquakes (Mw 8) that rather occur in other areas of the world where deformation rates are at least one order of magnitude faster. The maximum event so far recorded in Italy is Mw 7.3, 1693 southeast Sicily. InSAR data nowadays provide a precise definition of the epicentral area of an earthquake, which can be several hundred km2. The epicentral area is defined as the ‘active’ domain where the hangingwall is moving along the fault and it is contemporaneously crossed by the seismic waves radiated by the fault plane due to the friction in it. Within the active domain occur the strongest coseismic shaking, both vertical and horizontal. The vertical coseismic motion allows the horizontal shaking to be much more effective.
    Description: Published
    Description: 168-180
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Keywords: Italian geodynamics ; Elastoquakes ; Graviquakes ; Vertical motion ; Epicentral areas ; Active domain ; 04.07. Tectonophysics
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    Seismotectonics of Southern Calabria Terrane (South Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Seismic data of earthquakes recorded during the last 40 years in southern Calabria have been compared with geological data in order to obtain a seismotectonic picture of the area. We sought for any possible correlation between the main regional tectonic st ructures, the distribution of earthquake hypocentres and the focal mechanism of earthquakes with magnitude (Ml)≥3. Studies of historical and recent seismicity and analysis of geological stru ctures allowed to define the main shear strips on a regional scale. More than 2600 earthquakes with 1.5 ≤ Ml ≤ 4.5 have been considered. The focal mechanisms of earthquakes with Ml≥3 have been compared with the kinematics of known faults and used to give insight on the current active stress field. From the analysis carried out it was possible to expand the cognitive framework regarding the activity of the main tectonic structures present in the area. This study also served to identify areas of high seismicity which do not correspond to any evidence of tectonic structures on the surface, and areas where recognized tectonic structures have not shown any seismicity during the la st decades. These cases could be the subject of future investigation in order to correctly assess the se ismic hazard in Calabria. This task is important in the context of seismic hazard evaluation and mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3148-3162
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Calabria, smicity, tectonics, earthquakes
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    Big volcano science: needs and perspectives (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: Volcano science has been deeply developing during last decades, from a branch of descriptive natural sciences to a highly multi-disciplinary, technologically advanced, quantitative sector of the geosciences. While the progress has been continuous and substantial, the volcanological community still lacks big scientific endeavors comparable in size and objectives to many that characterize other scientific fields. Examples include large infrastructures such as the LHC in Geneva for sub-atomic particle physics or the Hubble telescope for astrophysics, as well as deeply coordinated, highly funded, decadal projects such as the Human Genome Project for life sciences. Here we argue that a similar big science approach will increasingly concern volcano science, and briefly describe three examples of developments in volcanology requiring such an approach, and that we believe will characterize the current decade (2020–2030): the Krafla Magma Testbed initiative; the development of a Global Volcano Simulator; and the emerging relevance of big data in volcano science.
    Description: Published
    Description: 20
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Bridges to Global Ethics: Geoethics at the Confluence of Humanities and Sciences (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: This book contributes to the current discussion on geoethics and global ethics within the geoscience and humanities communities. It provides new content and insights into developing convergent human actions in response to global anthropogenic changes, based on perspectives that make it possible to combine geoscience knowledge with humanities and social sciences approaches. Selected authors present their reflections, findings and insights regarding the vision of geoethics (ethics of responsibility towards the Earth) as global ethics from philosophical, humanities and social sciences perspectives. In addition, they discuss ethical frameworks from diverse cultural traditions, searching for points of intersection with geoethics. The goal: for global environmental problems to be managed via multi-perspective approaches that can more effectively accommodate complexity. Combining the strengths of the geosciences, humanities and social sciences can pave the way for a paradigm shift in how human societies develop adaptive, sustainable responses to environmental changes and societal inequalities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Anthropogenic Global Changes ; Earth system ; Human-Environment Relations ; Ethical framework ; Society ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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    Introduction to the Book “Bridges to Global Ethics” (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: This book wants to enrich the current discussion on geoethics and global ethics within the geoscience and humanities communities, providing new contents and insights elaborated by scholars with different disciplinary backgrounds.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-3
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Global ethics ; Geosciences ; Humanities ; Earth system ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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    Geoethics for Redefining Human-Earth System Nexus (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-27
    Description: The globalized society is held together by an intricate system of human relationships. This system constitutes a planetary architecture characterized by (a) a complex technological structure, (b) the homogenization of cultural forms and economic systems, (c) growing social, political and economic inequalities. Faced with planetary systemic perturbations (such as pandemics and wars), the globalized society shows criticalities, but also strengths, despite it is still too vulnerable to anthropogenic environmental changes. These changes modify the physical–chemical-biological characteristics of the Earth system and therefore represent a great threat to human communities, more serious than the pandemic threat from SARS-CoV-2, perhaps equal to the threat of a nuclear war, since it is the habitability of the planet by humanity and many other living species to be in danger. In order to promptly address the dangers of the anthropogenic changes underway, a closer and more structured international cooperation between states is needed. There are no alternatives. But this goal today appears increasingly difficult and distant due to the international geopolitical instability triggered by the war in Ukraine. In fact, only, human communities that share ethical principles and values on which to base new forms of relationship between human beings and the Earth system are able to face the planetary ecological crisis and build a possible future on Earth. In this perspective, geoethics is proposed as global ethics of a complex world, founded on the principles of dignity, freedom and responsibility and aimed at the renewal of the human-Earth System nexus and the realization of an ecological humanism.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5-23
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Earth system ; Anthropogenic global changes ; Ecological humanism ; Global ethics ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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    Skinny kelp (Saccharina angustissima) provides valuable genetics for the biomass improvement of farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Li, Y., Umanzor, S., Ng, C., Huang, M., Marty-Rivera, M., Bailey, D., Aydlett, M., Jannink, J.-L., Lindell, S., & Yarish, C. Skinny kelp (Saccharina angustissima) provides valuable genetics for the biomass improvement of farmed sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima). Journal of Applied Phycology, 34, (2022): 2551–2563, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-022-02811-1.
    Description: Saccharina latissima (sugar kelp) is one of the most widely cultivated brown marine macroalgae species in the North Atlantic and the eastern North Pacific Oceans. To meet the expanding demands of the sugar kelp mariculture industry, selecting and breeding sugar kelp that is best suited to offshore farm environments is becoming necessary. To that end, a multi-year, multi-institutional breeding program was established by the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) Macroalgae Research Inspiring Novel Energy Resources (MARINER) program. Hybrid sporophytes were generated using 203 unique gametophyte cultures derived from wild-collected Saccharina spp. for two seasons of farm trials (2019–2020 and 2020–2021). The wild sporophytes were collected from 10 different locations within the Gulf of Maine (USA) region, including both sugar kelp (Saccharina latissima) and the skinny kelp species (Saccharina angustissima). We harvested 232 common farm plots during these two seasons with available data. We found that farmed kelp plots with skinny kelp as parents had an average increased yield over the mean (wet weight 2.48 ± 0.90 kg m−1 and dry weight 0.32 ± 0.10 kg m−1) in both growing seasons. We also found that blade length positively correlated with biomass in skinny kelp x sugar kelp crosses or pure sugar kelp crosses. The skinny x sugar progenies had significantly longer and narrower blades than the pure sugar kelp progenies in both seasons. Overall, these findings suggest that sugar x skinny kelp crosses provide improved yield compared to pure sugar kelp crosses.
    Description: Funding was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy, ARPAe MARINER project contract number DE-AR0000915 and DE-AR0000911.
    Keywords: Saccharina latissima ; Saccharina angustissima ; Morphological trait ; Biomass ; Seaweed aquaculture
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Cross-site comparisons of dryland ecosystem response to climate change in the US long-term ecological research network (2023)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hudson, A. R., Peters, D. P. C., Blair, J. M., Childers, D. L., Doran, P. T., Geil, K., Gooseff, M., Gross, K. L., Haddad, N. M., Pastore, M. A., Rudgers, J. A., Sala, O., Seabloom, E. W., & Shaver, G. Cross-site comparisons of dryland ecosystem response to climate change in the US long-term ecological research network. Bioscience, 72(9), (2022): 889–907, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab134.
    Description: Long-term observations and experiments in diverse drylands reveal how ecosystems and services are responding to climate change. To develop generalities about climate change impacts at dryland sites, we compared broadscale patterns in climate and synthesized primary production responses among the eight terrestrial, nonforested sites of the United States Long-Term Ecological Research (US LTER) Network located in temperate (Southwest and Midwest) and polar (Arctic and Antarctic) regions. All sites experienced warming in recent decades, whereas drought varied regionally with multidecadal phases. Multiple years of wet or dry conditions had larger effects than single years on primary production. Droughts, floods, and wildfires altered resource availability and restructured plant communities, with greater impacts on primary production than warming alone. During severe regional droughts, air pollution from wildfire and dust events peaked. Studies at US LTER drylands over more than 40 years demonstrate reciprocal links and feedbacks among dryland ecosystems, climate-driven disturbance events, and climate change.
    Description: Funding was provided by the USDA-ARS SCINet Big Data Project (grant no. 0500–00093–001–00-D), and the National Science Foundation US LTER Program to New Mexico State University for the Jornada Basin (grant no. DEB 20–25166), Kansas State University for the Konza Prairie (grant no. DEB 2025849), the Kellogg Biological Station (grant no. DEB 1832042), Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (grants no. DEB-1234162 and no. DEB-1831944), ARC (grant no. DEB-1637459), MCM (grant no. OPP-1637708), CAP (grant no. DEB-1832016), and SEV (grant no. DEB-1655499). Support was also provided by the Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and the University of Minnesota, Michigan State University AgBioResearch.
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    Comparison Between Two Methodologies for Assessing Historical Earthquake Parameters and Their Impact on Seismicity Rates in the Western Alps (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-23
    Description: We investigate the differences in seismicity rate estimates from two historical earthquake catalogues obtained with two methodologies (Boxer and QUake-MD) calibrated on a common dataset of macroseismic intensities and calibration events. The two methodologies were then applied to a test data set of historical earthquakes covering the France, Italy and Switzerland Alpine region. Differences between the resulting magnitude estimates and instrumental magnitudes show a standard deviation of 0.4 for both methodologies, with a mean residual of 0.01 for Boxer and − 0.04 for Quake-MD. A systematic difference in magnitude estimates between the two methodologies that correlates with the depth estimated by Quake-MD has been observed. This is attributed to the difference in the treatment of the depth parameter between Boxer and QUake-MD. Nevertheless, differences in magnitude estimates between the two methodologies show a mean residual of 0.006 and a standard deviation of 0.35 resulting in seismicity rates that are not significantly different considering the associated uncertainties. Such results made us believe that the European community could gain in the reduction of epistemic uncertainties associated with the estimate of historical earthquake parameters by agreeing on a common macroseismic and calibration dataset across borders. These efforts should be strongly encouraged. On the other hand, we show that even in the ideal conditions of this benchmark (same calibration events and same macroseismic intensity dataset), methodological differences can lead to systematic differences in magnitude estimates. It is therefore paramount to explore different methodologies for a more realistic quantification of the epistemic uncertainties in estimates of maximum magnitudes and seismic activity rates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 569–586
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 45
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    When the going gets tough, the tough get going: effect of extreme climate on an Antarctic seabird’s life history (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Jenouvrier, S., Aubry, L., van Daalen, S., Barbraud, C., Weimerskirch, H., & Caswell, H. When the going gets tough, the tough get going: effect of extreme climate on an Antarctic seabird’s life history. Ecology Letters, 25, (2022): 2120– 2131, https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14076.
    Description: Individuals differ in many ways. Most produce few offspring; a handful produce many. Some die early; others live to old age. It is tempting to attribute these differences in outcomes to differences in individual traits, and thus in the demographic rates experienced. However, there is more to individual variation than meets the eye of the biologist. Even among individuals sharing identical traits, life history outcomes (life expectancy and lifetime reproduction) will vary due to individual stochasticity, that is to chance. Quantifying the contributions of heterogeneity and chance is essential to understand natural variability. Interindividual differences vary across environmental conditions, hence heterogeneity and stochasticity depend on environmental conditions. We show that favourable conditions increase the contributions of individual stochasticity, and reduce the contributions of heterogeneity, to variance in demographic outcomes in a seabird population. The opposite is true under poor conditions. This result has important consequence for understanding the ecology and evolution of life history strategies.
    Description: We acknowledge Institute Paul Emile Victor (Programme IPEV 109), and Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises for logistical and financial support in Terre Adélie. The study is a contribution to the Program EARLYLIFE funded by a European Research Council Advanced Grant under the European Community's Seven Framework Program FP7/2007-2013 (Grant Agreement ERC-2012-ADG_20120314 to Henri Weimerskirch), to the program SENSEI funded by the BNP Paribas Foundation, and to the Program INDSTOCH funded by ERC Advanced Grant 322989 to Hal Caswell. SJ acknowledges support from Ocean Life Institute and WHOI Unrestricted funds, and NSF projects DEB-1257545, OPP-1246407 and OPP-1840058.
    Keywords: Fixed heterogeneity ; Frailty ; Individual quality ; Individual stochasticity ; Unobserved individual heterogeneity ; SICs
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  • 46
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    Local spatial log-Gaussian Cox processes for seismic data (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-24
    Description: In this paper, we propose the use of advanced and flexible statistical models to describe the spatial displacement of earthquake data. The paper aims to account for the external geological information in the description of complex seismic point processes, through the estimation of models with space varying parameters. A local version of the Log-Gaussian Cox processes (LGCP) is introduced and applied for the first time, exploiting the inferential tools in Baddeley (Spat Stat 22:261–295, 2017), estimating the model by the local Palm likelihood. We provide methods and approaches accounting for the interaction among points, typically described by LGCP models through the estimation of the covariance parameters of the Gaussian Random Field, that in this local version are allowed to vary in space, providing a more realistic description of the clustering feature of seismic events. Furthermore, we contribute to the framework of diagnostics, outlining suitable methods for the local context and proposing a new step-wise approach addressing the particular case of multiple covariates. Overall, we show that local models provide good inferential results and could serve as the basis for future spatio-temporal local model developments, peculiar for the description of the complex seismic phenomenon.
    Description: Published
    Description: 633–671
    Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 47
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    A new picking algorithm based on the variance piecewise constant models (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-24
    Description: In this paper, we propose a novel picking algorithm for the automatic P- and S-waves onset time determination. Our algorithm is based on the variance piecewise constant models of the earthquake waveforms. The effectiveness and robustness of our picking algorithm are tested both on synthetic seismograms and real data. We simulate seismic events with different magnitudes (between 2 and 5) recorded at different epicentral distances (between 10 and 250 km). For the application to real data, we analyse waveforms from the seismic sequence of L’Aquila (Italy), in 2009. The obtained results are compared with those obtained by the application of the classic STA/LTA picking algorithm. Although the two algorithms lead to similar results in the simulated scenarios, the proposed algorithm results in greater flexibility and automation capacity, as shown in the real data analysis. Indeed, our proposed algorithm does not require testing and optimization phases, resulting potentially very useful in earthquakes routine analysis for novel seismic networks or in regions whose earthquakes characteristics are unknown.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2101-2113
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 48
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    A new approach to construct 3-D crustal shear-wave velocity models: method description and application to the Central Alps (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We develop a new inversion approach to construct a 3-D structural and shear-wave velocity model of the crust based on teleseismic P-to-S converted waves. The proposed approach does not require local earthquakes such as body wave tomography, nor a large aperture seismic network such as ambient noise tomography, but a three-component station network with spacing similar to the expected crustal thickness. The main features of the new method are: (1) a novel model parametrization with 3-D mesh nodes that are fixed in the horizontal directions but can flexibly vary vertically; (2) the implementation of both sharp velocity changes across discontinuities and smooth gradients; (3) an accurate ray propagator that respects Snell’s law in 3-D at any interface geometry. Model parameters are inverted using a stochastic method composed of simulated annealing followed by a pattern search algorithm. The first application is carried out over the Central Alps, where long-standing permanent and the temporary AlpArray Seismic Network stations provide an ideal coverage. For this study we invert 4 independent parameters, which are the Moho discontinuity depth, the Conrad discontinuity depth, the P-velocity change at the Conrad and the average Vp/Vs of the crust. The 3-D inversion results clearly image the roots of the Alpine orogen, including the Ivrea Geophysical Body. The lower crust's thickness appears fairly constant. Average crustal Vp/Vs ratios are relatively higher beneath the orogen, and a low-Vp/Vs area in the northern foreland seems to correlate with lower crustal earthquakes, which can be related to mechanical differences in rock properties, probably inherited. Our results are in agreement with those found by 3-D ambient noise tomography, though our method inherently performs better at localizing discontinuities. Future developments of this technique can incorporate joint inversions, as well as more efficient parameter space exploration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 529 - 562
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Computational seismology ; Receiver functions  ; Inverse theory ; Crustal imaging ; Central Alps ; 05.01. Computational geophysics ; 04.06. Seismology
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    The lifecycle of volcanic ash: advances and ongoing challenges (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: Explosive volcanic eruptions can produce vast amounts of volcanic ash made up mainly of fragments of magmatic glass, country rock and minerals 〈 2 mm in size. Ash particles forming from magma fragmentation are generated by several processes when brittle response accommodates (local) deformation stress that exceeds the capability of the bulk material to respond by viscous flow. These processes span a wide range of temperatures, can occur inside or outside the volcanic edifice and can involve all melt compositions. Ash is then dispersed by volcanic and atmospheric processes over large distances and can have global distributions. Explosive eruptions have repeatedly drawn focus to studying volcanic ash. The continued occurrence of such eruptions worldwide and their widespread impacts motivates the study of the chemical and physical processes involved in the lifecycle of volcanic ash (e.g. magma fragmentation, particle aggregation), as well as the immediate to long-term effects (e.g. water and air pollution, soil fertilization) and consequences (e.g. environmental, economic, social) associated with ashfall. In this perspectives article, we reflect on the progress made over the last two decades in understanding (1) volcanic ash generation; (2) dispersion, sedimentation and erosion; and (3) impacts on the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and modern infrastructure. Finally, we discuss open questions and future challenges.
    Description: Published
    Description: 51
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Alpine subduction zone metamorphism in the Palaeozoic successions of the Monti Romani (Northern Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: The hinterland of the Cenozoic Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt exposes the metamorphic roots of the chain, vestiges of the subduction-related tectono-metamorphic evolution that led to the buildup of the Alpine orogeny in the Mediterranean region. Like in other peri-Mediterranean belts, the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Palaeozoic continental basement in the Apennines is still poorly constrained, hampering the full understanding of their Alpine orogenic evolution. We report the first comprehensive tectono-metamorphic study of the low-grade metasedimentary (metapsammite/metapelite) succession of the Monti Romani Complex (MRC) that formed after Palaeozoic protoliths and constitutes the southernmost exposure of the metamorphic domain of the Northern Apennines. By integrating fieldwork with microstructural studies, Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material and thermodynamic modelling, we show that the MRC preserves a D1/M1 Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution developed under HP–LT conditions (~1.0–1.1 GPa at T ~ 400°C) during a non-coaxial, top-to-the-NE, crustal shortening regime. Evidence for HP–LT metamorphism is generally cryptic within the MRC, dominated by graphite-bearing assemblages with the infrequent blastesis of muscovite ± chlorite ± chloritoid ± paragonite parageneses, equilibrated under cold palaeo-geothermal conditions (~10°C/km). Results of this study allow extending to the MRC the signature of subduction zone metamorphism already documented in the hinterland of the Apennine orogen, providing further evidence of the syn-orogenic ductile exhumation of the HP units in the Apennine belt. Finally, we discuss the possible role of fluid-mediated changes in the reactive bulk rock composition on mineral blastesis during progress of regional deformation and metamorphism at low-grade conditions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 919-953
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Adria Paleozoic basement ; alpine orogeny ; chloritoid ; subduction metamorphism ; Northern Appennines ; 04.01. Earth Interior
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    Impact of Anthropogenic Activities on Underwater Noise Pollution in Venice (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-21
    Description: We illustrate the implementation and results of a field experiment, consisting of recording continuous signal from a hydrophone 3 m deep in the Venetian lagoon. We simultaneously recorded audio signal through a microphone placed on a nearby pier. We investigate the potential of this simple instrumental setup to explore the small touristic boat traffic contribution to the underwater noise. The ultimate goal of our work is to contribute to quantifying underwater noise pollution due to motorboat passages and its impact on the ecosystem. Efforts such as ours should help to identify measures that could diminish noise pollution, focusing specifically on the aspects that are most disruptive to underwater life. After this preliminary test, more work can be planned, involving the deployment of a larger network of similar instruments around the lagoon. At this point, we can conclude that (i) our instruments are sensitive enough to detect motorboats and identify some of their characteristics; (ii) the area of interest is characterized by a large (approx. 20 dB) day/night difference in ambient noise; and (iii) the historic center of Venice and its immediate surroundings are particularly noisy, in comparison to other similarly studied locations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 221
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cultural noise ; Motorboat noise ; Underwater noise ; Venice historic center ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest ; 05.06. Methods
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  • 52
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    Hydrogeochemical characterization of the alluvial aquifer of Catania Plain, Sicily (South Italy) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-20
    Description: A hydrogeochemical study was carried out on the shallow Catania Plain alluvial aquifer, in eastern Sicily to reconstruct its hydrogeological structure, the meteoric recharge and to assess the infuence of human activities on groundwater. To characterize the geochemistry of the shallow aquifer, two sampling campaigns were carried out, August–October 2004 and April–May 2005 in 47 sites distributed throughout the plain. The samples were collected and analyzed for physical–chemical parameters and major ions, as well as stable isotopes (δ18O and δ2 H). Alluvial deposits with heterogeneous grain sizes constitute the aquifer. Varying conditions of vertical and horizontal permeability lead to the presence of a multilayered aquifer with diferent conditions of confnement and partial interconnection among layers. The sampled waters were separated into four groups of diferent compositions due to the water–rock interaction with the diferent lithologies present in and around the study area. Maps of electrical conductivity and sulfate show a systematic control of land use, in correspondence with the biggest farms. High sulfate concentration is due to both the natural interaction between local meteoric waters and Etna’s plume and the mixing with groundwater coming from the area where evaporitic rocks of the Gessoso Solffera formation are present. In addition, anthropogenic contamination cannot be ruled out. A rain gauge network, consisting of 3 sites located at diferent altitudes, was installed to collect rain waters to determine isotopic data (δ2 H and δ18O) and to measure the monthly rainfall amount. Based on the isotopic composition of sampled waters, it has been established that beyond the direct meteoric recharge, the recharging areas are in the North (Mt. Etna) and the South (Hyblean Plateau).
    Description: Published
    Description: 144
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Hydrochemistry ; Stable isotopes ; Hydrogeology ; Catania plain
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 53
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    Geophysical and geochemical multi-method investigations for reconstructing subsurfaces, alluvial sedimentology, and structural geology (Tiber valley, Rome) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-23
    Description: Geophysical and geochemical methods were applied to detect the subsurface setting of an Upper Pleistocene-Holocene fluvial incised-valley where a travertine body intercalates between alluvial deposits of the Tiber river (central Italy), at Prima Porta (close to Rome). This study allowed us to provide more information regarding the local stratigraphic architecture and structural features, as a reference analogue to similar settings: i.e., hard (stiff) lithic travertines buried below fine and loose alluvial plain covers. Two Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) profiles, interpreted and calibrated using previously collected litho-stratigraphic data from a borehole, identified a massive body, with a relatively high resistivity that correlates with the 21 travertine deposit of Prima Porta. In addition to ERT, ambient noise measurements, processed with the HVSR technique and 2D array, and seismic refraction tomography were carried out; HVSR data were highly consistent with ERT results and allowed to discriminate between the travertine body and the silty-sand channels and overbank deposits, which were attributed to the Tiber river’s evolution during Upper Pleistocene-Holocene. Finally, the presence of cracks/fractures could be inferred, as suggested by slight polarisation effects recorded in the HVSR results and soil-gas anomalies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 197–216
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Are CO2 ‐rich seafloor pockmarks a suitable environment for ostracod assemblages? The example of the Zannone Giant Pockmark (central‐eastern Tyrrhenian) (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-24
    Description: Despite their high abundance and diversity, ostracods adapted to a particular chemosynthetic environment and its surroundings have rarely been studied. Therefore, the thresholds and environmental characteristics shaping their assemblages are poorly known. Here, we report a detailed study of the ostracod assemblages occurring around the Zannone Giant Pockmark, a CO2 hydrothermal vent system recently discovered in the central-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea. Although among crustaceans, ostracods seem to have the longest stratigraphic record in fossil seeps and hydrothermal vents starting in the Palaeozoic, our results indicate that their occurrence is driven by CO2 that represents an insurmountable threshold for ostracods’ life.
    Description: Published
    Description: e12698
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: CaCO3 undersaturated waters ; circalittoral ; hydrothermal vents ; Mediterranean Sea
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  • 55
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    Microbial methane cycling in sediments of Arctic thermokarst lagoons (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, pp. 2714-2731, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-04-14
    Description: Thermokarst lagoons represent the transition state from a freshwater lacustrine to a marine environment, and receive little attention regarding their role for greenhouse gas production and release in Arctic permafrost landscapes. We studied the fate of methane (CH4) in sediments of a thermokarst lagoon in comparison to two thermokarst lakes on the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeastern Siberia through the analysis of sediment CH4 concentrations and isotopic signature, methane-cycling microbial taxa, sediment geochemistry, lipid biomarkers, and network analysis. We assessed how differences in geochemistry between thermokarst lakes and thermokarst lagoons, caused by the infiltration of sulfate-rich marine water, altered the microbial methane-cycling community. Anaerobic sulfate-reducing ANME-2a/2b methanotrophs dominated the sulfate-rich sediments of the lagoon despite its known seasonal alternation between brackish and freshwater inflow and low sulfate concentrations compared to the usual marine ANME habitat. Non-competitive methylotrophic methanogens dominated the methanogenic community of the lakes and the lagoon, independent of differences in porewater chemistry and depth. This potentially contributed to the high CH4 concentrations observed in all sulfate-poor sediments. CH4 concentrations in the freshwater-influenced sediments averaged 1.34 ± 0.98 μmol g−1, with highly depleted δ13C-CH4 values ranging from −89‰ to −70‰. In contrast, the sulfate-affected upper 300 cm of the lagoon exhibited low average CH4 concentrations of 0.011 ± 0.005 μmol g−1 with comparatively enriched δ13C-CH4 values of −54‰ to −37‰ pointing to substantial methane oxidation. Our study shows that lagoon formation specifically supports methane oxidizers and methane oxidation through changes in pore water chemistry, especially sulfate, while methanogens are similar to lake conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 56
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    Inferences on the magmatic plumbing system at Stromboli volcano (Italy) from trace element geochemistry of matrix glasses and minerals in different types of explosive eruptions (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-02-01
    Description: Stromboli (Italy) is a basaltic volcano characterized by persistent, mild strombolian activity, occasionally interrupted by lava effusion and more violent explosive events, named major explosions and paroxysms depending on their intensity and magnitude. The normal activity is fed by a shallow and degassed highly porphyritic (HP) shoshonitic basalt carrying about 50 vol.% crystals settled in a shoshonitic glassy matrix ( K2O 〉 3.8 wt.%). The more energetic explosions erupt a deep, volatile-rich, low-porphyritic (LP) magma with 〈 10 vol.% crystals in a shoshonitic basaltic glassy matrix ( K2O 〈 2.4 wt.%). Products with intermediate glass composition are also found in the more violent explosive events. In this study, we present a new data set of major and trace element contents in matrix glasses and minerals performed in products from different types of explosive activity that occurred at Stromboli between 1998 and 2020. This large data set is used to put constraints on the evolution and architecture of the intermediate plumbing system, where the transformation from LP to HP occurs. Results indicate that, compared to paroxysms, the glassy matrices of the LP pumices from major explosions are richer in incompatible trace elements (and K2O wt.%) due to 〈 15 wt.% fractionation of clinopyroxene and olivine. This points to a chemical zoning of the deep reservoir and suggests that major explosions are fed by magmas residing in its upper part. Among the major explosions, the homogeneous intermediate glasses in the products from the 19 July 2020 event originate from the interplay of mixing and crystal fractionation processes. The crystallization of euhedral microphenocrysts of An-rich plagioclase suggests that batches of magma can pond and crystallize for few days (〈 11) at the base of the intermediate zone of the plumbing system, at pressure coinciding with the entering of plagioclase into the system (〈 100 MPa). As a relevant point for understanding the pre- and syn-eruptive magma dynamics, data indicate a positive correlation between the magnitude of the explosions and the depth of the supply magma.
    Description: Published
    Description: 96
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Climate Evolution through the onset and intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Reviews of Geophysics, Wiley, 74 p., pp. 1-74, ISSN: 8755-1209
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-10
    Description: The Pliocene Epoch (∼5.3-2.6 million years ago, Ma) was characterized by a warmer than present climate with smaller Northern Hemisphere ice sheets, and offers an example of a climate system in long-term equilibrium with current or predicted near-future atmospheric CO2 concentrations (pCO2). A long-term trend of ice-sheet expansion led to more pronounced glacial (cold) stages by the end of the Pliocene (∼2.6 Ma), known as the “intensification of Northern Hemisphere Glaciation” (iNHG). We assessed the spatial and temporal variability of ocean temperatures and ice-volume indicators through the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene (from 3.3 to 2.4 Ma) to determine the character of this climate transition. We identified asynchronous shifts in long-term means and the pacing and amplitude of shorter-term climate variability, between regions and between climate proxies. Early changes in Antarctic glaciation and Southern Hemisphere ocean properties occurred even during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (∼3.264-3.025 Ma) which has been used as an analogue for future warming. Increased climate variability subsequently developed alongside signatures of larger Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (iNHG). Yet, some regions of the ocean felt no impact of iNHG, particularly in lower latitudes. Our analysis has demonstrated the complex, non-uniform and globally asynchronous nature of climate changes associated with the iNHG. Shifting ocean gateways and ocean circulation changes may have pre-conditioned the later evolution of ice sheets with falling atmospheric pCO2. Further development of high-resolution, multi-proxy reconstructions of climate is required so that the full potential of the rich and detailed geological records can be realized.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The role of systematics for understanding ecosystem functions: Proceedings of the Zoologica Scripta Symposium, Oslo, Norway, 25 August 2022 (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Zoologica Scripta, Wiley, ISSN: 0300-3256
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-06
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 59
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    Another Year of Record Heat for the Oceans (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: Changes in ocean heat content (OHC), salinity, and stratification provide critical indicators for changes in Earth’s energy and water cycles. These cycles have been profoundly altered due to the emission of greenhouse gasses and other anthropogenic substances by human activities, driving pervasive changes in Earth’s climate system. In 2022, the world’s oceans, as given by OHC, were again the hottest in the historical record and exceeded the previous 2021 record maximum. According to IAP/CAS data, the 0–2000 m OHC in 2022 exceeded that of 2021 by 10.9 ± 8.3 ZJ (1 Zetta Joules = 1021 Joules); and according to NCEI/NOAA data, by 9.1 ± 8.7 ZJ. Among seven regions, four basins (the North Pacific, North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and southern oceans) recorded their highest OHC since the 1950s. The salinity-contrast index, a quantification of the “salty gets saltier–fresh gets fresher” pattern, also reached its highest level on record in 2022, implying continued amplification of the global hydrological cycle. Regional OHC and salinity changes in 2022 were dominated by a strong La Niña event. Global upper-ocean stratification continued its increasing trend and was among the top seven in 2022
    Description: Published
    Description: 963–974
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: climate change, ocean warming, ocean heat content, stratification
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  • 60
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    Exploiting the legacy of N.N. Ambraseys: known and unknown earthquakes in the Anatolian area (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: N.N. Ambraseys left us a wealth of papers and volumes on a number of topics; many of them concern the historical earth- quake investigation. One of the last works is the 2009 volume (Ambraseys in Earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East: a multidisciplinary study of 2000 years of seismicity, Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, 2009), where he summarizes the results of more than thirty years of investigation through archives and libraries, covering earthquakes of a large area, from Albania to Caucasus. For each earthquake, a short summary of the main effects is supplied, together with the list of the sources used. Such information is intended as material for assessing location and size of the earthquakes, task that the author accomplished only in a very preliminary way for a few earthquakes, only. In addition to exhaustive descriptions of the most known earthquakes and the relevant historical sources, the volume contains information on a large number of earthquakes, so far unknown to the current earthquake catalogues. This paper intends to represent a homage to his immense work, partially showing the potential of his volume. We briefly present here some case histories, including the preliminary location and size of the earthquakes – known and unknown—around Anatolia. We add some examples of how he was able to prove that some alleged earthquakes are actually to be considered as fake or very doubtful. We also present the damage information supplied for some known and unknown earthquakes, and how they can be used for assessing location and size of them.
    Description: Published
    Description: 555–568
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Keywords: earthquakes ; Anatolia ; Historical seismology ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 61
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    Seismic glitchness at Sos Enattos site: impact on intermediate black hole binaries detection efficiency (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-04
    Description: Third-generation gravitational wave observatories will extend the lower frequency limit of the observation band toward 2 Hz, where new sources of gravitational waves, in particular intermediate-mass black holes (IMBH), will be detected. In this frequency region, seismic noise will play an important role, mainly through the so-called Newtonian noise, i.e., the gravity-mediated coupling between ground motion and test mass displacements. The signal lifetime of such sources in the detector is of the order of tens of seconds. In order to determine whether a candidate site to host the Einstein Telescope observatory is particularly suitable to observe such sources, it is necessary to estimate the probability distributions that, in the characteristic time scale of the signal, the sensitivity of the detector is not perturbed by Newtonian noise. In this paper, a first analysis is presented, focused on the Sos Enattos site (Sardinia, Italy), a candidate to host the Einstein Telescope. Starting from a long data set of seismic noise, this distribution is evaluated considering both the presently designed triangular ET configuration and also the classical ”L” configuration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 511
    Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: gravitation waves ; site characterization ; Einstein Telescope ; 04.06. Seismology
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    Assessing the impact of an updated spatial correlation model of ground motion parameters on the italian shakemap (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: This study develops a new spatial correlation model for Italy using the most up-to-date and densest dataset of accelerometer and velocimeter records available. The objective is to estimate the average correlation length and assess its impact on the prediction accuracy of the Italian Shakemap compared to the global model (Loth and Baker, 2013–LB13) adopted in the default configuration of the program. We compute the spatial covariance structure using a geostatistical approach based on traditional variography applied to standardized residuals within the events of a reference ground motion model (ITA10). We observe spatial clusters of the correlation lengths and a wide variability over the Italian territory linked to the profound heterogeneity of the geological and geomorphological context. The obtained estimates are then implemented within the LB13 co-regionalization model in place of the default values while assuming the same cross-correlation coefficients among spectral parameters. Although our results are quite consistent with previous models calibrated for Italy, we find that the inclusion of the new correlation lengths in the Shakemap predictions, assessed through a leave-one-out cross-validation technique, results in a non-appreciable improvement over the global model, thus indicating that the adopted approach is not able to resolve the regional features and the corresponding spatial correlation with reference to individual scenarios. These findings may suggest the need to move towards nonergodic models in the Shakemap computing to better capture the spatial variability or to determine different co-regionalisation matrices more suitable for the regional applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1847–1873
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Multivariate statistical analysis of site effect indicators for the Montereale and Capitignano area (AQ) following the seismic sequence in central Italy (2016–2017) (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: This study investigates site effects for developing predictive models of site response, for both research purposes and future geognostic applications, by using a statistical analysis method to define possible correlations between different kinds of seismological and geological data. The test area is the intermontane Montereale basin (Abruzzo region, Italy), which was investigated for site effects studies and microzonation purposes because it has been affected by the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence. The available geological and geophysical information include geological profiles, thickness and geometry of the sedimentary infilling, shear-wave velocity profiles, downhole and borehole data. Seismological analysis (such as earthquake and noise spectral ratios, duration lengthening of seismic signals) has been performed to retrieve parameters useful for seismic response. A GIS database has been created to better manage all this information, by georeferencing all the measurement points and results. Finally, Factor Analysis multivariate technique was used to evaluate the most important site effect indicators, in terms of correlation between the involved parameters, and to deduce how the geological context influences their behavior. The performed analysis highlighted the statistical variability of the strong motion, that depends on the position inside the basin, over the Holocene deposits, and on the edges, at the limit between different lithologies. Moreover, some of the correlations between geological and geophysical indicators are strongly coherent with the basin geological features.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1875–1901
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Site effects ; Spectral ratio ; Seismic noise ; Montereale
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    Novel insights into the sea level evolution along the coast of Bozburun Peninsula (Turkey): A study on submerged Bronze Age harbor in Çamçalık (2023)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: A recent discovery of a Bronze Age harbor site in Çamçalık provides new data for the relative sea level history along the coast of the Bozburun Peninsula over the last 3600 years. In this study, we compared the new and previously published data from nearby sites to determine the long-term relative sea level changes. Further comparison of the observed sea level data and newly produced glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) models clarified the tectonic contribution to the relative sea level changes. Our results suggest a nonlinear tectonic subsidence trend in the coastal zone since 3600 B.P. The increase in the relative sea level accelerated over the last 1400 years, mostly due to the seismic events controlled by the tectonic regime of the southeastern Aegean Sea. We can conclude that, as in the past, this active tectonic process will have a major impact on the future sea level evolution of the coastal sector of the Bozburun Peninsula. Notably, our study can be used to understand the historical trend of sea level rise while providing a foundation for future trend prediction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 246-260
    Description: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Geoethics to Face Natural Risks by Improving Societal Resilience (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-15
    Description: Risks determined by natural phenomena cannot be cancelled entirely but can be reduced by minimizing their destructive effects. At present, scientists can predict, though with a certain degree of uncertainty, the onset and the evolution over time of most natural events. Scientific progress provides societies with advanced tools and methods to defend people, such as predictive models, monitoring instruments, early warning systems, and safe building standards. Nevertheless, the defence against natural risks should consider the ethical and social aspects involved in a risk scenario: this is fundamental to help the human community recover after a disaster and support science to identify possible solutions for an acceptable living with natural phenomena. Geoethics promotes the reflection on values that should guide human interaction with the territory and the associated and interlinked individual and collective responsibilities. Geoethics discusses issues and practices in natural risk management and fosters geoeducation and risk communication as a means to improve societal resilience.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-8
    Description: Terceira Island, Azores (Portugal)
    Description: 1TM. Formazione
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Keywords: geoethics ; natural risks ; prevention ; resilience ; geoeducation ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
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    From Multi-Hazard to Multi-Risk at Mount Etna: Approaches and Strategies of the PANACEA Project (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-04
    Description: The management of multiple hazards simultaneously impacting on a territory is a challenge for effective risk mitigation. This is particularly true on active volcanoes like Mt. Etna, characterized by effusive and explosive eruptions, often coupled with an intense seismic activity. This work aims at presenting the approach of the PANACEA project on the treatment of multi-hazards in terms of risk, which requires a common definition of the exposed elements and their vulnerability. Another aspect emerging from the recent and historical volcanic crises at Etna, is the occurrence of cascading effects and the problem of assessing their short-term interactions. Here we present a risk model taking into account a set of sequences of hazardous events which may result from a volcano unrest to possible impacts to some infrastructural elements. The outcomes of the project are intended to be a significant step towards a more comprehensive resilience to volcanic disasters, leading to a more safe society.
    Description: Published
    Description: 37-40
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Keywords: volcanic eruptions ; earthquakes ; cascading hazards ; vulnerability ; damage ; 05.08. Risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Historical explosive activity of Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field (Antarctica) revealed by englacial tephra deposits (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-05
    Description: Five tephra layers named BRH1 to 5 were sampled in an ice cliff located on the north-eastern flank of Mount Melbourne (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica). The texture, componentry, mineralogy, and major and trace element compositions of glass shards have been used to characterize these layers. These properties suggest that they are primary fall deposits produced from discrete eruptions that experienced varying degrees of magma/water interaction. The major and trace element glass shard analyses on single glass shards indicate that Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field is the source of these tephra layers and the geochemical diversity highlights that the eruptions were fed by compositionally diverse melts that are interpreted to be from a complex magma system with a mafic melt remobilizing more evolved trachy-andesitic to trachytic magma pockets. Geochemical compositions, along with textural and mineralogical data, have allowed correlations between two of the englacial tephra and distal cryptotephra from Mount Melbourne, recovered within a marine sediment core in the Edisto Inlet (~ 280 km northeast of Mount Melbourne), and constrain the age of these englacial tephra layers to between the third and the fourth century CE. This work provides new evidence of the intense historical explosive activity of the Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field and better constrains the rates of volcanism in northern Victoria Land. These data grant new clues on the eruptive dynamics and tephra dispersal, and considerably expand the geochemical (major and trace elements) dataset available for the Mount Melbourne Volcanic Field. In the future, this will facilitate the precise identification of tephra layers from this volcanic source and will help define the temporal and spatial correlation between Antarctic records using tephra layers. Finally, this work also yields new valuable time-stratigraphic marker horizons for future dating, synchronization, and correlations of different palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic records across large regions of Antarctica.
    Description: Published
    Description: 39
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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    Health impact of natural gas emission at Cava dei Selci residential zone (metropolitan city of Rome, Italy) (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-25
    Description: Natural gas hazard was assessed at Cava dei Selci, a residential neighbourhood of Marino (Rome) by a joint study of gas emissions and related health problems. Here a densely urbanized zone with 4000 residents surrounds a dangerous natural gas discharge where, along the years, dozens of animals were killed by the gas. Gas originates from Colli Albani volcano and consists mostly of CO2 with ~1 vol.% of H2S. In recent years, several gas-related accidents occurred in the urbanized zone (gas blowouts and road collapses). Some houses were evacuated because of hazardous indoor air gas concentration. Gas hazard was assessed by soil CO2 flux and concentration surveys and indoor and outdoor air CO2 and H2S concentration measurements. Open fields and house gardens release a high quantity of CO2 (32.23 tonnes*day-1). Inside most houses, CO2 air concentration exceeds 0.1 vol.%, the acceptable long-term exposure range. In several houses both CO2 and H2S exceed the IDLH level (Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health). An epidemiological cohort study was carried out on the residents of two Cava dei Selci zones with high (ZoneA) and medium (ZoneB) gas hazard exposure, using the rest of Marino as reference zone. We found excess mortality and Emergency Room Visits (ERV) related to high exposure to CO2 and H2S; in particular , an increased risk of mortality and ERV for diseases of central nervous system (HR 1.57, 95% CI 0.76-3.25 and HR 5.82, 95% CI 1.27-26.56 respectively) was found among men living in Zone A.
    Description: Published
    Description: 707–729
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Cava dei Selci (Rome) · Gas hazard assessment ; Soil CO2 flux surveys ; Indoor concentration of CO2 and H2S ; Gas-related health problems ; Epidemiologic study on mortality and ERV ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 69
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    Ice wedge polygon stability on steep slopes in West Greenland related to temperature and moisture dynamics of the active layer (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, Wiley, 34(2), pp. 194-207, ISSN: 1045-6740
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-28
    Description: Ice wedge polygons on steep slopes have generally been described as being covered by periglacial sediments and, typically, the active layer on slopes becomes mobile during thaw periods, which can lead to solifluction. In West Greenland close to the ice margin, however, the active layer and ice wedge polygons are stable despite their occurrence on steep slopes with inclinations of ≥30°. We conducted a soil survey (including sampling for soil analyses and radiocarbon dating) in the Umimmalissuaq valley and installed a field station ~4 km east of the current ice margin to monitor soil temperature and water tension at depths of 10, 20 and 35 cm of the active layer on a steep, north-facing slope in the middle of an ice wedge polygon from 2009 to 2015. Thawing and freezing periods lasted between 2 and 3 months and the active layer was usually completely frozen from November to April. We observed simultaneous and complete water saturation at all three depths of the active layer in one summer for 1 day. The amount of water in the active layer apparently was not enough to trigger solifluction during the summer thaw, even at slope inclinations above 30°. In addition, the dense shrub tundra absorbs most of the water during periods between thawing and freezing, which further stabilizes the slope. This process, together with the dry and continental climate caused by katabatic winds combined with no or limited frost heave, plays a crucial role in determining the stability of these slopes and can explain the presence of large-scale stable ice wedge polygon networks in organic matter-rich permafrost, which is about 5,000 years old. This study underlines the importance of soil hydrodynamics and local climate regime for landscape stability and differing intensities of solifluction processes in areas with strong geomorphological gradients and rising air temperatures.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 70
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    Abrupt and acclimation responses to changing temperature elicit divergent physiological effects in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3New Phytologist, Wiley, 239(3), pp. 1005-1013, ISSN: 0028-646X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Growth rates and other biomass traits of phytoplankton are strongly affected by temperature. We hypothesized that resulting phenotypes originate from deviating temperature sensitivities of underlying physiological processes. We used membrane-inlet mass spectrometry to assess photosynthetic and respiratory O2 and CO2 fluxes in response to abrupt temperature changes as well as after acclimation periods in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Abrupt temperature changes caused immediate over- or undershoots in most physiological processes, that is, photosynthetic oxygen release ((Figure presented.)), photosynthetic carbon uptake ((Figure presented.)), and respiratory oxygen release ((Figure presented.)). Over acclimation timescales, cells were, however, able to re-adjust their physiology and revert to phenotypic ‘sweet spots’. Respiratory CO2 release ((Figure presented.)) was generally inhibited under high temperature and stimulated under low-temperature settings, on abrupt as well as acclimation timescales. Such behavior may help mitochondria to stabilize plastidial ATP : NADPH ratios and thus maximize photosynthetic carbon assimilation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 71
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    Complex Systems Methods Characterizing Nonlinear Processes in the Near-Earth Electromagnetic Environment: Recent Advances and Open Challenges (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-06
    Description: Learning from successful applications of methods originating in statistical mechanics, com- plex systems science, or information theory in one scientific field (e.g., atmospheric physics or climatology) can provide important insights or conceptual ideas for other areas (e.g., space sciences) or even stimulate new research questions and approaches. For instance, quantification and attribution of dynamical complexity in output time series of nonlinear dynamical systems is a key challenge across scientific disciplines. Especially in the field of space physics, an early and accurate detection of characteristic dissimilarity between nor- mal and abnormal states (e.g., pre-storm activity vs. magnetic storms) has the potential to vastly improve space weather diagnosis and, consequently, the mitigation of space weather hazards. This review provides a systematic overview on existing nonlinear dynamical systems- based methodologies along with key results of their previous applications in a space physics context, which particularly illustrates how complementary modern complex systems ap- proaches have recently shaped our understanding of nonlinear magnetospheric variability. The rising number of corresponding studies demonstrates that the multiplicity of nonlin- ear time series analysis methods developed during the last decades offers great potentials for uncovering relevant yet complex processes interlinking different geospace subsystems, variables and spatiotemporal scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 38
    Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 72
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    Exploring the Signature of the Apollo Medicane in the Central Mediterranean Sea Through Multi-source Data Analysis: Satellites, Radar HF, Marine Buoys, and Seismic Data in October 2021 (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In the last decades, the frequency of extreme weather and marine events has drastically increased. During the last week of October 2021 an intense Mediterranean hurricane (Medicane), named Apollo, affected many countries on the Mediterranean coasts. Eight people died as a consequence of the floodings from the cyclone in the countries of Tunisia, Algeria, Malta, and Italy. A preliminary search for possible signatures of the Apollo Medicane by meteorological satellite, radar HF, marine buoy, and seismic data is performed. This was done in a framework of an international collaboration between Italian and Maltese partners for the monitoring of the sea state in scenarios of climate change. The experimental results confirm, at this preliminary stage, the possibility and the usefulness of jointly looking at such phenomena with multiple aims of retrieving a more robust characterization, having a backup alternative in case a primary monitoring network gets failure, and pathing the way to heuristic and data-driven analytical and predictive approaches to Medicanes issues.
    Description: Published
    Description: Athens, Greece
    Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale
    Keywords: Apollo Medicane ; Seismic Noise ; Marine Buoy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 73
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    Hydrothermal signature on episodic deflation/inflation ground tilt at Aso Volcano (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-07
    Description: Ground deformation in volcanic areas induced by geothermal fluid circulation can reveal useful information about the dynamical processes occurring in the subsurface hydrothermal system. In the present work, we investigate tiltmeter time-series recorded at Aso Volcano during 2011–2016, a time interval during which different phases of volcanic activity occurred. We performed polarization analysis of the data and identified peculiar long-lasting (hours) transients, defined as Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses. The transients were further characterized in terms of waveform cross-correlation, particle tilt pattern, energy, and time distributions. The analyses indicate that such signals, which appear like deflation–inflation (DI) events, are associated with a Poissonian process whose underlying dynamics evolves over time always driven by a Poissonian mechanism. The obtained results have been interpreted in light of the available geophysical, geochemical and volcanological information. In this framework, the Very-Long-period Tilt Pulses may be ascribed to the depressurization/pressurization of the shallow hydrothermal system according to a fault-valve mechanism, which was active with different efficiency throughout eruptive and inter-eruptive phases.
    Description: Published
    Description: 132
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Aso Volcano ; Tiltmeter data ; Polarization analysis ; Clusters ; Inflation ; Deflation ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 74
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    Graph neural networks for multivariate time series regression with application to seismic data (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Machine learning, with its advances in deep learning has shown great potential in analyzing time series. In many scenarios, however, additional information that can potentially improve the predictions is available. This is crucial for data that arise from e. g., sensor networks that contain information about sensor locations. Then, such spatial information can be exploited by modeling it via graph structures, along with the sequential (time series) information. Recent advances in adapting deep learning to graphs have shown potential in various tasks. However, these methods have not been adapted for time series tasks to a great extent. Most attempts have essentially consolidated around time series forecasting with small sequence lengths. Generally, these architectures are not well suited for regression or classification tasks where the value to be predicted is not strictly depending on the most recent values, but rather on the whole length of the time series. We propose TISER-GCN, a novel graph neural network architecture for processing, in particular, these long time series in a multivariate regression task. Our proposed model is tested on two seismic datasets containing earthquake waveforms, where the goal is to predict maximum intensity measurements of ground shaking at each seismic station. Our findings demonstrate promising results of our approach—with an average MSE reduction of 16.3%—compared to the best performing baselines. In addition, our approach matches the baseline scores by needing only half the input size. The results are discussed in depth with an additional ablation study.
    Description: Interreg North-West Europe program (Interreg NWE), project Di-Plast - Digital Circular Economy for the Plastics Industry (NWE729). INGV Pianeta Dinamico 2021 Tema 8 SOME (CUP D53J1900017001) funded by Italian Ministry of University and Research “Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese, legge 145/2018.
    Description: Published
    Description: 317–332
    Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Graph neural networks ; Time series ; Sensors ; Convolutional neural networks ; Regression ; Earthquake ground motion ; Seismic network ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 75
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    The Museum of the Osservatorio Vesuviano: inviting the public to explore the geoheritage of the world’s first volcano observatory (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: The Osservatorio Vesuviano (OV) is the oldest volcano observatory in the world having been founded in 1841 by the King of the Two Sicilies Ferdinand II of Bourbon. The historical building, located on the western slope of Vesuvius, hosts a museum with important collections of remarkable scientifc, historical and artistic value, including pioneering instruments, rocks and minerals, photos and flms of Vesuvius’ eruptions and many other memorabilia. Visitors discover this heritage through perma nent exhibitions, and a multimedia path, across the history of Vesuvius and the origin of volcano monitoring. The museum lies within the protected area of Vesuvius National Park, established in 1995. The park’s network of trails allows visitors to enjoy the geodiversity of Somma-Vesuvius, whose activity has been intertwined with that of humans from Bronze Age to modern times, as testifed by many important archaeological sites around the volcano, the most famous among them being Pompeii and Herculaneum. The “Grand Tour” was the cultural journey undertaken in the eighteenth century by European intellectuals, in which Italy was an essential destination; we consider the Museum of the OV an essential stop in a modern “Vesuvius Grand Tour”, a journey through the geological and archaeological heritage of Vesuvius territory. Since 2001, the OV is the Naples section of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofsica e Vulcanologia (INGV), which is primarily tasked with monitoring the three active volcanoes of the Neapolitan area—Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia—through an advanced surveillance network
    Description: Published
    Description: 45
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Osservatorio Vesuviano ; Geoheritage ; Volcano observatory ; Volcano monitoring
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    A fractional approach to study the pure-temporal Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) process for earthquakes modeling (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: In statistical seismology, the Epidemic Type Aftershocks Sequence (ETAS) model is a branching process used world-wide to forecast earthquake intensity rates and reproduce many statistical features observed in seismicity catalogs. In this paper, we describe a fractional differential equation that governs the earthquake intensity rate of the pure temporal ETAS model by using the Caputo fractional derivative and we solve it analytically. We highlight that the tools and special functions of fractional calculus simplify the classical methods employed to obtain the intensity rate and let us describe the change of solution decay for large times.We also apply and discuss the theoretical results to the Japanese catalog in the period 1965-2003.
    Description: Published
    Description: 461-479
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: 05.05. Mathematical geophysics
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    The influence of volcano topographic changes on infrasound amplitude: lava fountains at Mt. Etna in 2021 (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-11
    Description: Infrasound signals are used to investigate and monitor active volcanoes during eruptive and degassing activity. Infrasound amplitude information has been used to estimate eruptive parameters such as plume height, magma discharge rate, and lava fountain height. Active volcanoes are characterized by pronounced topography and, during eruptive activity, the topography can change rapidly, affecting the observed infrasound amplitudes. While the interaction of infrasonic signals with topography has been widely investigated over the past decade, there has been limited work on the impact of changing topography on the infrasonic amplitudes. In this work, the infrasonic signals accompanying 57 lava fountain paroxysms at Mt. Etna (Italy) during 2021 were analyzed. In particular, the temporal and spatial variations of the infrasound amplitudes were investigated. During 2021, significant changes in the topography around the most active crater (the South East Crater) took place and were reconstructed in detail using high resolution imagery from unoccupied aerial system surveys. Through analysis of the observed infrasound signals and numerical simulations of the acoustic wavefield, we demonstrate that the observed spatial and temporal variation in the infrasound signal amplitudes can largely be explained by the combined effects of changes in the location of the acoustic source and changes in the near-vent topography, together with source acoustic amplitude variations. This work demonstrates the importance of accurate source locations and high-resolution topographic information, particularly in the near-vent region where the topography is most likely to change rapidly and illustrates that changing topography should be considered when interpreting local infrasound observations over long time scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 54
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
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  • 78
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    Characterization of trace elements in thermal and mineral waters of Greece (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-29
    Description: Natural thermal and mineral waters are widely distributed along the Hellenic region and are related to the geodynamic regime of the country. The diverse lithological and tectonic settings they are found in reflect the great variability in their chemical and isotopic composition. The current study presents 276 (published and unpublished) trace element water data and discusses the sources and processes affecting the water by taking into consideration the framework of their geographic distribution. The dataset is divided in groups using temperature- and pH-related criteria. Results yield a wide range of concentrations, often related to the solubility properties of the individual elements and the factors impacting them (i.e. temperature, acidity, redox conditions and salinity). Many elements (e.g. alkalis, Ti, Sr, As and Tl) present a good correlation with temperature, which is in cases impacted by water rock interactions, while others (e.g. Be, Al, Cu, Se, Cd) exhibit either no relation or an inverse correlation with T possibly because they become oversaturated at higher temperatures in solid phases. A moderately constant inverse correlation is noticed for the vast majority of trace elements and pH, whereas no relationship between trace element concentrations and Eh was found. Seawater contamination and water-rock interaction seem to be the main natural processes that influence both salinity and elemental content. All in all, Greek thermomineral waters exceed occasionally the accepted limits representing in such cases serious harm to the environment and probably indirectly (through the water cycle) to human health.
    Description: Published
    Description: 78376–78393
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Greece ; Hydrogeochemistry ; Mineral waters ; Natural contaminants ; Trace elements ; Water-rock interaction ; Thermal waters ; 03.04. Chemical and biological
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    Fault displacement hazard estimation at lifeline–fault crossings: A simplified approach for engineering applications (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Lifelines, such as pipelines, roads, and tunnels, are critical infrastructure and when crossing active tectonic faults, a reliable estimation of the fault displacement in case of an earthquake is required. The first and simplest approach is to use empirical fault scaling relations to compute the design fault displacement, but this may result in an unknown level of safety. Thus, the probabilistic fault displacement hazard analysis (PFDHA) is the appropriate tool to assess the fault displacement hazard within a performance-based framework. Based upon an established PFDHA model, we present a simplified approach for engineering applications focusing on the lifeline–fault crossing along with appropriate simplifications and assumptions to extend its applicability to numerous faults. The aim is to provide a structure-independent approach of PFDHA that can be used when a site-specific study is not required, not possible (e.g., absence of recent sediments for dating past events), or too cumbersome, e.g., for lifeline route selection. Additionally, an in-depth investigation is presented on the key parameters, such as maximum earthquake magnitude, fault length, recurrence rate of all earthquakes above a minimum magnitude, and lifeline-fault crossing site, and how they affect the hazard level. This approach will be the basis for deriving hazard-consistent expressions to approximate fault displacement for use within the Eurocodes. The latter is intended to serve as a compromise between hazard-agnostic fault scaling relations and a comprehensive PFDHA, which requires detailed calculations and site-specific seismological data.
    Description: Open access funding provided by HEAL-Link Greece. The current work has been undertaken as part of the Horizon 2020 Seismology and Earthquake Engineering Research Infrastructure Alliance in Europe (SERA, Grant Agreement No. 730900). The first and the third author have received partial funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme “METIS-Seismic Risk Assessment for Nuclear Safety” under Grant Agreement No. 945121. Also, the financial support provided by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Faculty Members & Researchers”, Project "TwinCity—Climate-Aware Risk and Resilience Assessment of Urban Areas under Multiple Environmental Stressors via Multi-Tiered Digital City Twinning ", (Number: 2515) is gratefully acknowledged.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4821–4849
    Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: PFDHA ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.04. Geology
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    Lateral Variations of P-Wave Velocity from Deep Borehole Data in the Southern Apennines, Italy (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: We have selected 28 deep wells in the Southern Apennine area, most of which are located along and around the Val d’Agri Basin. The Southern Apennines, one of the most seismically active regions of the Italian peninsula, is a NE-verging fold-andthrust belt characterised by the Meso–Cenozoic Apulia carbonate duplex system overlain by a thick column of Apennine carbonate platform and Lagonegro basin units. These units are unconformably covered by Neogene siliciclastic successions. Among the many Quaternary tectonic basins in the area, the Val d’Agri Basin is the most important intramontane depression, and is bordered by a * NW–SE-trending active fault system that represents one of the main seismogenic structures of the region. Moreover, the Val d’Agri Basin is the largest onshore oil field basin in Europe. In this context, we have analysed sonic log records from 28 deep wells and compared them with the corresponding stratigraphy and the other geophysical logs. We have obtained detailed measurements of the P-wave velocity (Vp) for each well from 0 to * 6 km depth, and found important lateral variations of Vp over very small distances. From these values, we have retrieved the densities of the main units crossed by the wells and the range of the overburden gradient in this area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1925–1944
    Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: deep boreholes ; sonic log ; Vp value ; crustal structure ; Southern Italy
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 81
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    Making the UN Ocean Decade work? The potential for, and challenges of, transdisciplinary research and real‐world laboratories for building towards ocean solutions (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3People and Nature, Wiley, 5(1), pp. 21-33, ISSN: 2575-8314
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-12
    Description: Due to the strong interconnectedness between the ocean and our societies worldwide, improved ocean governance is essential for sustainable development in the context of the UN Ocean Decade. However, a multitude of different perspectives—ecological, societal, political, economic—and relations between these have to be understood and taken into consideration to foster transformative pathways towards marine sustainability. A core challenge that we are facing is that the ‘right’ response to complex societal issues cannot be known beforehand as abilities to predict complex systems are limited. Consequently, societal transformation is necessarily a journey towards the unknown and therefore requires experimental approaches that must enable the involvement of everyone with stakes in the future of our marine environment and its resources. A promising transdisciplinary research method that fulfils both criteria—being participatory and experimental—are real-world laboratories. Here, we discuss how real-world labs can serve as an operational framework in the context of the Ocean Decade by facilitating and guiding successful knowledge exchange at the interface of science and society. The core element of real-world labs is transdisciplinary experimentation to jointly develop potential strategies leading to targeted real-world interventions, essential for achieving the proposed ‘Decade Outcomes’. The authors specifically illustrate how deploying the concept of real-world labs can be advantageous when having to deal with multiple, overlapping challenges in the context of ocean governance and the blue economy. Altogether, we offer a first major contribution to synthesizing knowledge on the potentials of marine real-world labs, considering how they act as a way of exploring options for sustainable ocean futures. Indeed, in the marine context, real-world labs are still under-explored but are a tangible way for addressing the societal challenges of working towards sustainability transformations over the coming UN Ocean Decade and beyond. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Lessons from April 6, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake to enhance microzoning studies in near-field urban areas (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-13
    Description: This study focuses on two weak points of the present procedure to carry out microzoning study in near-field areas: (1) the Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), commonly used in the reference seismic hazard (RSH) assessment; (2) the ambient noise measurements to define the natural frequency of the near surface soils and the bedrock depth. The limitations of these approaches will be discussed throughout the paper based on the worldwide and Italian experiences performed after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake and then confirmed by the most recent 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake and the 2016–17 Central Italy seismic sequence. The critical issues faced are (A) the high variability of peak ground acceleration (PGA) values within the first 20–30 km far from the source which are not robustly interpolated by the GMPEs,(B) at the level 1 microzoning activity, the soil seismic response under strong motion shaking is characterized by microtremors’ horizontal to vertical spectral ratios (HVSR) according to Nakamura’s method. This latter technique is commonly applied not being fully compliant with the rules fixed by European scientists in 2004, after a 3-year project named Site EffectS assessment using AMbient Excitations (SESAME). Hereinafter, some “best practices” from recent Italian and International experiences of seismic hazard estimation and microzonation studies are reported in order to put forward two proposals: (a) to formulate site-specific GMPEs in near-field areas in terms of PGA and (b) to record microtremor measurements following accurately the SESAME advice in order to get robust and repeatable HVSR values and to limit their use to those geological contests that are actually horizontally layered.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 11
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: earthquake ; site effects ; 04.06. Seismology ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Assessing flank instability of Stromboli volcano (Italy) by reappraising the 30 December 2002 tsunamigenic landslides (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-03
    Description: Bearing in mind the destructive potential of tsunamis induced by volcanic landslides, the tsunamigenic event occurring at Stromboli volcano in Italy on 30 December 2002 has been reexamined here, by means of visible images and slope stability analysis. This was one of the few examples in the world of a flank collapse occurring at a volcano that was directly observed. We present the results of stability analyses, together with a sequence of photos collected from a helicopter a few minutes before the collapse. The result of this study is that the sequence of landslides triggering the 2002 Stromboli tsunami can be defined as the final stage of a lateral magma intrusion that exerted a high thrust at high altitude, destabilizing the entire slope. This study allows a more complete understanding of the event that took place on Stromboli on 30 December 2002. Furthermore, the approach used here, if appropriately modified, can be used in other contexts, contributing to the understanding of the condition that leads to tsunamigenic landslides
    Description: Open access funding provided by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia within the CRUI-CARE Agreement. This research was funded by the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile”, through the UniFi-DPC 2019–2021 agreement (Scientific Responsibility: N.C.). The contents of this paper represent the authors’ ideas and do not necessarily correspond to the official opinion and policies of the “Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri–Dipartimento della Protezione Civile”. This research was also funded by the Project FIRST-ForecastIng eRuptive activity at Stromboli volcano: Timing, eruptive style, size, intensity, and duration, INGV-Progetto Strategico Dipartimento Vulcani 2019 (Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.). The SSAP software research and development was funded by CONACYT (Mexico): Proyectos Ciencia Basica: CB-2016/286764.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1363–1380
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Tsunamigenic landslides ; Stromboli volcano ; Aeolian Archipelago ; Limit equilibrium methods ; Slope stability analysis ; Volcano slope instability ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    CRISP: an archive for the site characterization of permanent Italian seismic stations (2023)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-11
    Description: Set of data and metadata that characterize a site hosting a seismic station
    Description: In this paper we describe an advanced database for the site characterization of seismic stations, named “CRISP—Caratterizzazione della RIsposta sismica dei Siti Permanenti della rete sismica” (http:// crisp. ingv. it, quoted with https:// doi. org/ 10. 13127/ crisp), designed for the Italian National Seismic Network (Rete Sismica Nazionale, RSN, operated by Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia). For each site, CRISP collects easily accessible station information, such as position, type(s) of instrumentation, instrument housing, thematic map(s) and descriptive attributes (e.g., geological characteristics, etc.), seismic analysis of recordings, and available geophysical investigations (shear-wave velocity [VS] profile, non-linear decay curve). The archive also provides key proxy indicators derived from the available data, such as the time-averaged shear-wave velocity of the upper 30 m from the surface ( VS30) and site and topographic classes according to the different seismic codes. Standardized procedures have been applied as motivated by the need for a homogenous set of information for all the stations. According to European Plate Observing System infrastructural objectives for the standardization of seismological data, CRISP is integrated into pre-existing INGV instrument infrastructures, shares content with the Italian Accelerometric Archive, and complies map information about the stations, as well as local geology, through web services managed by Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. The design of the CRISP archive allows the database to be continually updated and expanded whenever new data are available from the scientific community, such as the ones related to new seismic stations, map information, geophysical surveys, and seismological analyses.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2415 - 2439
    Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Site effects ; Site characterization ; Permanent seismic station ; Italian National Seismic Network ; Database ; 04.06. Seismology
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  • 85
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    SITES AquaNet: An open infrastructure for mesocosm experiments with high frequency sensor monitoring across lakes (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography Methods, Wiley, 19(6), pp. 385-400, ISSN: 1541-5856
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: For aquatic scientists mesocosm experiments are important tools for hypothesis testing as they offer a compromise between experimental control and realism. Here we present a new mesocosm infrastructure—SITES AquaNET—located in five lakes connected to field stations in Sweden that cover a ~760 km latitudinal gradient. SITES AquaNet overcomes major hindrances in aquatic experimental research through: (i) openness to the scientific community, (ii) the potential to implement coordinated experiments across sites and time, and (iii) high-frequency measurements (temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density, turbidity and dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations) with an autonomous sensor system. Moreover, the infrastructure provides operational guidance and sensor expertise from technical staff, and connections to a multi-layered monitoring programme (“SITES Water”) for each lake. This enables ecological observations from whole lake ecosystems to be compared with experimental studies aiming at disentangling major drivers and mechanisms underlying observed changes. Here we describe the technical properties of the infrastructure along with possibilities for experimental manipulations to tackle pressing issues in aquatic ecology and global change science. As a proof of concept, we also present a first mesocosm experiment across all five field sites with a cross-factorial design to evaluate responses of the sensor measurements to press/bottom-up (constant light reduction) and pulse/top-down (temporary fish predation) disturbances. This demonstrates the suitability of the infrastructure and autonomous sensor system to host modularized experiments and exemplifies the power and advantages of the approach to integrate a network of mecsocosm facilities with manageable costs across large geographic areas.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 86
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    SITES AquaNet: An open infrastructure for mesocosm experiments with high frequency sensor monitoring across lakes (2021)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography Methods, Wiley, 19(6), pp. 385-400, ISSN: 1541-5856
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: For aquatic scientists mesocosm experiments are important tools for hypothesis testing as they offer a compromise between experimental control and realism. Here we present a new mesocosm infrastructure—SITES AquaNET—located in five lakes connected to field stations in Sweden that cover a ~760 km latitudinal gradient. SITES AquaNet overcomes major hindrances in aquatic experimental research through: (i) openness to the scientific community, (ii) the potential to implement coordinated experiments across sites and time, and (iii) high-frequency measurements (temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density, turbidity and dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a and phycocyanin concentrations) with an autonomous sensor system. Moreover, the infrastructure provides operational guidance and sensor expertise from technical staff, and connections to a multi-layered monitoring programme (“SITES Water”) for each lake. This enables ecological observations from whole lake ecosystems to be compared with experimental studies aiming at disentangling major drivers and mechanisms underlying observed changes. Here we describe the technical properties of the infrastructure along with possibilities for experimental manipulations to tackle pressing issues in aquatic ecology and global change science. As a proof of concept, we also present a first mesocosm experiment across all five field sites with a cross-factorial design to evaluate responses of the sensor measurements to press/bottom-up (constant light reduction) and pulse/top-down (temporary fish predation) disturbances. This demonstrates the suitability of the infrastructure and autonomous sensor system to host modularized experiments and exemplifies the power and advantages of the approach to integrate a network of mecsocosm facilities with manageable costs across large geographic areas.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Dissimilarity analysis based on diffusion maps (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley, ISSN: 0030-1299
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Compositional measurements from species assemblages define a high dimensional dataspace in which the data can form complex structures, termed manifolds. Comparing assemblages in this dataspace is difficult because the data is often sparse relative to its dimensionality and the complex structure of the manifold introduces bias and error in measurements of distance. Here, we apply diffusion maps, a manifold learning method, to find and characterize manifolds in high‐dimensional compositional data. We show that diffusion maps embed the data in reduced dimensions in which the Euclidean distance between data points approximates the distance between them along the manifold. This is especially useful when species turnover is high, as it provides a way to measure meaningful distances between assemblages even when they harbor disjoint sets of species. We anticipate diffusion maps will therefore be particularly useful for characterizing community change over large spatial and temporal scales.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 88
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    Temporal declines in Wadden Sea phytoplankton cell volumes observed within and across species (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 67(2), pp. 468-481, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: Cell size is a master trait in the functional ecology of phytoplankton correlating with numerous morphological, physiological, and life-cycle characteristics of species that constrain their nutrient use, growth, and edibility. In contrast to well-known spatial patterns in cell size at macroecological scales or temporal changes in experimental contexts, few data sets allow testing temporal changes in cell sizes within ecosystems. To analyze the temporal changes of intraspecific and community-wide cell size, we use the phytoplankton data derived from the Lower Saxony Wadden Sea monitoring program, which comprises sample- and species-specific measurements of cell volume from 1710 samples collected over 14 yr. We find significant reductions in both the cell volume of most species and the weighted mean cell size of communities. Mainly diatoms showed this decline, whereas the size of dinoflagellates seemed to be less responsive. The magnitude of the trend indicates that cell volumes are about 30% smaller now than a decade ago. This interannual trend is overlayed by seasonal cycles with smaller cells typically observed in summer. In the subset of samples including environmental conditions, small community cell size was strongly related to high temperatures and low total phosphorus concentration. We conclude that cell size captures ongoing changes in phytoplankton communities beyond the changes in species composition. In addition, based on the changes in species biovolumes revealed by our analysis, we warn that using standard cell size values in phytoplankton assessment will not only miss temporal changes in size, but also lead to systematic errors in biomass estimates over time.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 89
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    Drivers of global pre‐industrial patterns of species turnover in planktonic foraminifera (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecography, Wiley, 2022(1), ISSN: 0906-7590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: 〈jats:p〉Anthropogenic climate change is altering global biogeographical patterns. However, it remains difficult to quantify how bioregions are changing because pre‐industrial records of species distributions are rare. Marine microfossils, such as planktonic foraminifera, are preserved in seafloor sediments and allow the quantification of bioregions in the past. Using a recently compiled data set of pre‐industrial species composition of planktonic foraminifera in 3802 worldwide seafloor sediments, we employed multivariate and statistical model‐based approaches to study spatial turnover in order to 1) quantify planktonic foraminifera bioregions and 2) understand the environmental drivers of species turnover. Four latitudinally banded bioregions emerge from the global assemblage data. The polar and temperate bioregions are bi‐hemispheric, supporting the idea that planktonic foraminifera species are not limited by dispersal. The equatorial bioregion shows complex longitudinal patterns and overlaps in sea surface temperature (SST) range with the tropical bioregion. Compositional‐turnover models (Bayesian bootstrap generalised dissimilarity models) identify SST as the strongest driver of species turnover. The turnover rate is constant across most of the SST gradient, showing no SST threshold values with rapid shifts in species composition, but decelerates above 25°C, suggesting SST is less predictive of species composition in warmer waters. Other environmental predictors affect species turnover non‐linearly, and their importance differs across regions. In the Pacific ocean, net primary productivity below 500 mgC m〈jats:sup〉−2〈/jats:sup〉 day〈jats:sup〉−1〈/jats:sup〉 drives fast compositional change. Water depth values below 3000 m (which affect calcareous microfossil preservation) increasingly drive changes in species composition among death assemblages in the Pacific and Indian oceans. Together, our results suggest that the dynamics of planktonic foraminifera bioregions are expected to be highly responsive to climate change; however, at lower latitudes, environmental drivers other than SST may affect these dynamics.〈/jats:p〉
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 90
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    Failures to disagree are essential for environmental science to effectively influence policy development (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Ecology Letters, Wiley, 25(5), pp. 1075-1093, ISSN: 1461-023X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: While environmental science, and ecology in particular, is working to provide better understanding to base sustainable decisions on, the way scientific understanding is developed can at times be detrimental to this cause. Locked-in debates are often unnecessarily polarised and can compromise any common goals of the opposing camps. The present paper is inspired by a resolved debate from an unrelated field of psychology where Nobel laureate David Kahneman and Garry Klein turned what seemed to be a locked-in debate into a constructive process for their fields. The present paper is also motivated by previous discourses regarding the role of thresholds in natural systems for management and governance, but its scope of analysis targets the scientific process within complex social-ecological systems in general. We identified four features of environmental science that appear to predispose for locked-in debates: (1) The strongly context-dependent behaviour of ecological systems. (2) The dominant role of single hypothesis testing. (3) The high prominence given to theory demonstration compared investigation. (4) The effect of urgent demands to inform and steer policy. This fertile ground is further cultivated by human psychological aspects as well as the structure of funding and publication systems.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Low statistical power and overestimated anthropogenic impacts, exacerbated by publication bias, dominate field studies in global change biology (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, 28(3), pp. 969-989, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: Field studies are essential to reliably quantify ecological responses to global change because they are exposed to realistic climate manipulations. Yet such studies are limited in replicates, resulting in less power and, therefore, potentially unreliable effect estimates. Furthermore, while manipulative field experiments are assumed to be more powerful than non-manipulative observations, it has rarely been scrutinized using extensive data. Here, using 3847 field experiments that were designed to estimate the effect of environmental stressors on ecosystems, we systematically quantified their statistical power and magnitude (Type M) and sign (Type S) errors. Our investigations focused upon the reliability of field experiments to assess the effect of stressors on both ecosystem's response magnitude and variability. When controlling for publication bias, single experiments were underpowered to detect response magnitude (median power: 18%–38% depending on effect sizes). Single experiments also had much lower power to detect response variability (6%–12% depending on effect sizes) than response magnitude. Such underpowered studies could exaggerate estimates of response magnitude by 2–3 times (Type M errors) and variability by 4–10 times. Type S errors were comparatively rare. These observations indicate that low power, coupled with publication bias, inflates the estimates of anthropogenic impacts. Importantly, we found that meta-analyses largely mitigated the issues of low power and exaggerated effect size estimates. Rather surprisingly, manipulative experiments and non-manipulative observations had very similar results in terms of their power, Type M and S errors. Therefore, the previous assumption about the superiority of manipulative experiments in terms of power is overstated. These results call for highly powered field studies to reliably inform theory building and policymaking, via more collaboration and team science, and large-scale ecosystem facilities. Future studies also require transparent reporting and open science practices to approach reproducible and reliable empirical work and evidence synthesis.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 92
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    Cell size as driver and sentinel of phytoplankton community structure and functioning (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Functional Ecology, Wiley, 36(2), pp. 276-293, ISSN: 0269-8463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-09-27
    Description: Body size is a decisive functional trait in many organisms, especially for phytoplankton, which span several orders of magnitude in cell volume. Therefore, the analysis of size as a functional trait driving species’ performance has received wide attention in aquatic ecology, amended in recent decades by studies documenting changes in phytoplankton size in response to abiotic or biotic factors in the environment. We performed a systematic literature review to provide an overarching, partially quantitative synthesis of cell size as a driver and sentinel of phytoplankton ecology. We found consistent and significant allometric relationships between cell sizes and the functional performance of phytoplankton species (cellular rates of carbon fixation, respiration and exudation as well as resource affinities, uptake and content). Size scaling became weaker, absent or even negative when addressing C- or volume-specific rates or growth. C-specific photosynthesis and population growth rate peaked at intermediate cell sizes around 100 µm3. Additionally, we found a rich literature on sizes changing in response to warming, nutrients and pollutants. Whereas small cells tended to dominate under oligotrophic and warm conditions, there are a few notable exceptions, which indicates that other environmental or biotic constraints alter this general trend. Grazing seems a likely explanation, which we reviewed to understand both how size affects edibility and how size structure changes in response to grazing. Cell size also predisposes the strength and outcome of competitive interactions between algal species. Finally, we address size in a community context, where size-abundance scaling describes community composition and thereby the biodiversity in phytoplankton assemblages. We conclude that (a) size is a highly predictive trait for phytoplankton metabolism at the cellular scale, with less strong and nonlinear implications for growth and specific metabolism and (b) size structure is a highly suitable sentinel of phytoplankton responses to changing environments. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Capacity of deep‐sea corals to obtain nutrition from cold seeps aligned with microbiome reorganization (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Global Change Biology, Wiley, 29(1), pp. 189-205, ISSN: 1354-1013
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-02
    Description: Cold seeps in the deep sea harbor various animals that have adapted to utilize seepage chemicals with the aid of chemosynthetic microbes that serve as primary producers. Corals are among the animals that live near seep habitats and yet, there is a lack of evidence that corals gain benefits and/or incur costs from cold seeps. Here, we focused on Callogorgia delta and Paramuricea sp. type B3 that live near and far from visual signs of currently active seepage at five sites in the deep Gulf of Mexico. We tested whether these corals rely on chemosynthetically-derived food in seep habitats and how the proximity to cold seeps may influence; (i) coral colony traits (i.e., health status, growth rate, regrowth after sampling, and branch loss) and associated epifauna, (ii) associated microbiome, and (iii) host transcriptomes. Stable isotope data showed that many coral colonies utilized chemosynthetically derived food, but the feeding strategy differed by coral species. The microbiome composition of C. delta, unlike Paramuricea sp., varied significantly between seep and non-seep colonies and both coral species were associated with various sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SUP05). Interestingly, the relative abundances of SUP05 varied among seep and non-seep colonies and were strongly correlated with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope values. In contrast, the proximity to cold seeps did not have a measurable effect on gene expression, colony traits, or associated epifauna in coral species. Our work provides the first evidence that some corals may gain benefits from living near cold seeps with apparently limited costs to the colonies. Cold seeps provide not only hard substrate but also food to cold-water corals. Furthermore, restructuring of the microbiome communities (particularly SUP05) is likely the key adaptive process to aid corals in utilizing seepage-derived carbon. This highlights that those deep-sea corals may upregulate particular microbial symbiont communities to cope with environmental gradients.
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    Potential of MALDI‐TOF MS‐based proteomic fingerprinting for species identification of Cnidaria across classes, species, regions and developmental stages (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, 23(7), pp. 1620-1631, ISSN: 1755-098X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Morphological identification of cnidarian species can be difficult throughout all life stages due to the lack of distinct morphological characters. Moreover, in some cnidarian taxa genetic markers are not fully informative, and in these cases combinations of different markers or additional morphological verifications may be required. Proteomic fingerprinting based on MALDI-TOF mass spectra was previously shown to provide reliable species identification in different metazoans including some cnidarian taxa. For the first time, we tested the method across four cnidarian classes (Staurozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, Hydrozoa) and included different scyphozoan life-history stages (polyp, ephyra, medusa) in our dataset. Our results revealed reliable species identification based on MALDI-TOF mass spectra across all taxa with species-specific clusters for all 23 analysed species. In addition, proteomic fingerprinting was successful for distinguishing developmental stages, still by retaining a species specific signal. Furthermore, we identified the impact of different salinities in different regions (North Sea and Baltic Sea) on proteomic fingerprints to be negligible. In conclusion, the effects of environmental factors and developmental stages on proteomic fingerprints seem to be low in cnidarians. This would allow using reference libraries built up entirely of adult or cultured cnidarian specimens for the identification of their juvenile stages or specimens from different geographic regions in future biodiversity assessment studies.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Sea‐ice anomalies affect the acoustic presence of Antarctic pinnipeds in breeding areas (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Wiley, 21(5), pp. 227-233, ISSN: 1540-9295
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Sea ice is crucial for breeding in true Antarctic pinnipeds. Although critical to interpret and mitigate the effects of extreme climatic events on polar species, knowledge of the effects of strong sea-ice anomalies on the reproductive activity of true Antarctic pinnipeds is scarce. Underwater vocalizations in these species play a key role in reproduction and function as indicators for presence and breeding onset. Using 8 years of recordings, we quantified the effect of sea-ice concentration and drift on the acoustic presence probability of four pinniped species in their breeding areas. In all four species, acoustic activity timing was constant across years, but decreased when sea-ice cover conditions were 〈10%, suggesting that individuals may fail to anticipate rapid changes in sea-ice cover. In the species’ traditional breeding areas, extreme and regular negative anomalies in early austral-summer sea ice could affect long-term reproductive success. Our findings underscore the urgent need for a better understanding of climate-driven changes in high-fidelity breeding areas to mitigate current and future anthropogenic pressures, and to sustain the integrity and functionality of the Southern Ocean's ecosystems.
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  • 96
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    Sea‐ice anomalies affect the acoustic presence of Antarctic pinnipeds in breeding areas (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, Wiley, 21(5), pp. 227-233, ISSN: 1540-9295
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Sea ice is crucial for breeding in true Antarctic pinnipeds. Although critical to interpret and mitigate the effects of extreme climatic events on polar species, knowledge of the effects of strong sea-ice anomalies on the reproductive activity of true Antarctic pinnipeds is scarce. Underwater vocalizations in these species play a key role in reproduction and function as indicators for presence and breeding onset. Using 8 years of recordings, we quantified the effect of sea-ice concentration and drift on the acoustic presence probability of four pinniped species in their breeding areas. In all four species, acoustic activity timing was constant across years, but decreased when sea-ice cover conditions were 〈10%, suggesting that individuals may fail to anticipate rapid changes in sea-ice cover. In the species’ traditional breeding areas, extreme and regular negative anomalies in early austral-summer sea ice could affect long-term reproductive success. Our findings underscore the urgent need for a better understanding of climate-driven changes in high-fidelity breeding areas to mitigate current and future anthropogenic pressures, and to sustain the integrity and functionality of the Southern Ocean's ecosystems.
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  • 97
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    Proteomic fingerprinting enables quantitative biodiversity assessments of species and ontogenetic stages in Calanus congeners (Copepoda, Crustacea) from the Arctic Ocean (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Molecular Ecology Resources, Wiley, 23(2), pp. 382-395, ISSN: 1755-098X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: Species identification is pivotal in biodiversity assessments and proteomic fingerprinting by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry has already been shown to reliably identify calanoid copepods to species level. However, MALDI-TOF data may contain more information beyond mere species identification. In this study, we investigated different ontogenetic stages (copepodids C1–C6 females) of three co-occurring Calanus species from the Arctic Fram Strait, which cannot be identified to species level based on morphological characters alone. Differentiation of the three species based on mass spectrometry data was without any error. In addition, a clear stage-specific signal was detected in all species, supported by clustering approaches as well as machine learning using Random Forest. More complex mass spectra in later ontogenetic stages as well as relative intensities of certain mass peaks were found as the main drivers of stage distinction in these species. Through a dilution series, we were able to show that this did not result from the higher amount of biomass that was used in tissue processing of the larger stages. Finally, the data were tested in a simulation for application in a real biodiversity assessment by using Random Forest for stage classification of specimens absent from the training data. This resulted in a successful stage-identification rate of almost 90%, making proteomic fingerprinting a promising tool to investigate polewards shifts of Atlantic Calanus species and, in general, to assess stage compositions in biodiversity assessments of Calanoida, which can be notoriously difficult using conventional identification methods.
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  • 98
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    Wage bargaining and employment revisited: separability and efficiency in collective bargaining* (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Wiley, 125(2), pp. 403-440, ISSN: 0347-0520
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-23
    Description: We analyse the two-dimensional Nash bargaining solution (NBS) by deploying the standard labour market negotiations model of McDonald and Solow. We show that the two-dimensional bargaining problem can be decomposed into two one-dimensional problems, such that the two solutions together replicate the solution of the two-dimensional problem if the NBS is applied. The axiom of “independence of irrelevant alternatives” is shown to be crucial for this type of decomposability. This result has significant implications for actual negotiations because it allows for the decomposition of a multi-dimensional bargaining problem into one-dimensional problems – and thus helps to facilitate real-world negotiations.
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    Cascading, interactive, and indirect effects of climate change on aquatic communities, habitats, and ecosystems (2023)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley, 68(S1), pp. s1-s7, ISSN: 0024-3590
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-09
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 100
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    The Underwater Vision Profiler 6: an imaging sensor of particle size spectra and plankton, for autonomous and cabled platforms (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography Methods, Wiley, 20(2), pp. 115-129, ISSN: 1541-5856
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: Autonomous and cabled platforms are revolutionizing our understanding of ocean systems by providing 4D monitoring of the water column, thus going beyond the reach of ship-based surveys and increasing the depth of remotely sensed observations. However, very few commercially available sensors for such platforms are capable of monitoring large particulate matter (100–2000 μm) and plankton despite their important roles in the biological carbon pump and as trophic links from phytoplankton to fish. Here, we provide details of a new, commercially available scientific camera-based particle counter, specifically designed to be deployed on autonomous and cabled platforms: the Underwater Vision Profiler 6 (UVP6). Indeed, the UVP6 camera-and-lighting and processing system, while small in size and requiring low power, provides data of quality comparable to that of previous much larger UVPs deployed from ships. We detail the UVP6 camera settings, its performance when acquiring data on aquatic particles and plankton, their quality control, analysis of its recordings, and streaming from in situ acquisition to users. In addition, we explain how the UVP6 has already been integrated into platforms such as BGC-Argo floats, gliders and long-term mooring systems (autonomous platforms). Finally, we use results from actual deployments to illustrate how UVP6 data can contribute to addressing longstanding questions in marine science, and also suggest new avenues that can be explored using UVP6-equipped autonomous platforms.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
    Format: application/pdf
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