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Cross-site comparisons of dryland ecosystem response to climate change in the US long-term ecological research network (2023)

Hudson, Amy R. ; Peters, Debra P. C. ; Blair, John M. ; [et al.]

Oxford University Press

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Publication Date: 2023-02-25

Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Hudson, A. R., Peters, D. P. C., Blair, J. M., Childers, D. L., Doran, P. T., Geil, K., Gooseff, M., Gross, K. L., Haddad, N. M., Pastore, M. A., Rudgers, J. A., Sala, O., Seabloom, E. W., & Shaver, G. Cross-site comparisons of dryland ecosystem response to climate change in the US long-term ecological research network. Bioscience, 72(9), (2022): 889–907, https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biab134.

Description: Long-term observations and experiments in diverse drylands reveal how ecosystems and services are responding to climate change. To develop generalities about climate change impacts at dryland sites, we compared broadscale patterns in climate and synthesized primary production responses among the eight terrestrial, nonforested sites of the United States Long-Term Ecological Research (US LTER) Network located in temperate (Southwest and Midwest) and polar (Arctic and Antarctic) regions. All sites experienced warming in recent decades, whereas drought varied regionally with multidecadal phases. Multiple years of wet or dry conditions had larger effects than single years on primary production. Droughts, floods, and wildfires altered resource availability and restructured plant communities, with greater impacts on primary production than warming alone. During severe regional droughts, air pollution from wildfire and dust events peaked. Studies at US LTER drylands over more than 40 years demonstrate reciprocal links and feedbacks among dryland ecosystems, climate-driven disturbance events, and climate change.

Description: Funding was provided by the USDA-ARS SCINet Big Data Project (grant no. 0500–00093–001–00-D), and the National Science Foundation US LTER Program to New Mexico State University for the Jornada Basin (grant no. DEB 20–25166), Kansas State University for the Konza Prairie (grant no. DEB 2025849), the Kellogg Biological Station (grant no. DEB 1832042), Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve (grants no. DEB-1234162 and no. DEB-1831944), ARC (grant no. DEB-1637459), MCM (grant no. OPP-1637708), CAP (grant no. DEB-1832016), and SEV (grant no. DEB-1655499). Support was also provided by the Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and the University of Minnesota, Michigan State University AgBioResearch.

Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server

Type: Article

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Effects of litter quality and microarthropods on N dynamics and retention of exogenous 15N in decomposing litter (1992)

Blair, John M. ; Crossley, D. A. ; Callaham, Leslie C.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 12 (1992), S. 241-252

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Decomposition ; Litter ; Microarthropods ; Nitrogen ; 15N ; Litterbags ; Cornus florida ; Quercus prinus

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Surface additions of (15NH4)2SO4 were used to measure the immobilization and subsequent movement of exogenous N added to two litter types of contrasting quality (Cornus florida and Quercus prinus). Litterbaskets were used to measure the litter mass loss and N dynamics and to follow the movement of the 15N label through litter, F layer, and soil pools. Half of the litterbaskets of each species were treated with naphthalene to reduce microarthropod densities. The faster decomposing C. florida litter maintained a higher excess atom % 15N, and a greater relative concentration of the labeled input (μg 15N g−1) than did Q. prinus litter. In both litter types the excess atom % 15N, relative concentration (μg 15N g−1), and absolute amount of label recovered in the litter declined over time. This occurred during a period of net accumulation of total litter N, implying simultaneous release of the initial input and immobilization of N from other sources. The concentration of 15N in the soil increased over time, while the F layer apparently acted as an intermediary in the transfer of 15N from litter to soil. Naphthalene effectively reduced microarthropod numbers in all horizons of the litterbaskets and significantly reduced the decay rates of Q. prinus, but not C. florida litter. Naphthalene did not appear to affect total N dynamics in the litter. However, with all horizons taken together, the naphthalene-treated litterbaskets retained more total 15N than the control litterbaskets. Naphthalene also changed the vertical distribution of 15N within litterbaskets, so that the litter retained less of the 15N-labeled input and the F layer and soil horizons retained more of the labeled input than in control litterbaskets. Our major conclusions are: (1) the N pool of decomposing litter is dynamic, with simultaneous N release and immobilization activating N turnover even during the net accumulation phase; (2) litter quality is an important determinant of immobilization and retention of exogenous N inputs and, therefore, turnover of the litter N pool; and (3) microarthropod activity can significantly affect the incorporation and retention of exogenous N inputs in decomposing litter, although these changes are apparently not reflected in net N accumulation or release during the 1st year of decomposition. However, the naphthalene may have affected microbially mediated N dynamics and this possibility needs to be considered in interpreting the results.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336039

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Increased rainfall variability and reduced rainfall amount decreases soil CO2 flux in a grassland ecosystem (2005)

Harper, Christopher W. ; Blair, John M. ; Fay, Philip A. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: Predicted climate changes in the US Central Plains include altered precipitation regimes with increased occurrence of growing season droughts and higher frequencies of extreme rainfall events. Changes in the amounts and timing of rainfall events will likely affect ecosystem processes, including those that control C cycling and storage. Soil carbon dioxide (CO2) flux is an important component of C cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, and is strongly influenced by climate. While many studies have assessed the influence of soil water content on soil CO2 flux, few have included experimental manipulation of rainfall amounts in intact ecosystems, and we know of no studies that have explicitly addressed the influence of the timing of rainfall events. In order to determine the responses of soil CO2 flux to altered rainfall timing and amounts, we manipulated rainfall inputs to plots of native tallgrass prairie (Konza Prairie, Kansas, USA) over four growing seasons (1998–2001). Specifically, we altered the amounts and/or timing of growing season rainfall in a factorial combination that included two levels of rainfall amount (100% or 70% of naturally occurring rainfall quantity) and two temporal patterns of rain events (ambient timing or a 50% increase in length of dry intervals between events). The size of individual rain events in the altered timing treatment was adjusted so that the quantity of total growing season rainfall in the ambient and altered timing treatments was the same (i.e. fewer, but larger rainfall events characterized the altered timing treatment). Seasonal mean soil CO2 flux decreased by 8% under reduced rainfall amounts, by 13% under altered rainfall timing, and by 20% when both were combined (P〈0.01). These changes in soil CO2 flux were consistent with observed changes in plant productivity, which was also reduced by both reduced rainfall quantity and altered rainfall timing. Soil CO2 flux was related to both soil temperature and soil water content in regression analyses; together they explained as much as 64% of the variability in CO2 flux across dates under ambient rainfall timing, but only 38–48% of the variability under altered rainfall timing, suggesting that other factors (e.g. substrate availability, plant or microbial stress) may limit CO2 flux under a climate regime that includes fewer, larger rainfall events. An analysis of the temperature sensitivity of soil CO2 flux indicated that temperature had a reduced effect (lower correlation and lower Q10 values) under the reduced quantity and altered timing treatments. Recognition that changes in the timing of rainfall events may be as, or more, important than changes in rainfall amount in affecting soil CO2 flux and other components of the carbon cycle highlights the complex nature of ecosystem responses to climate change in North American grasslands.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00899.x

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Soil Heterogeneity Effects on Tallgrass Prairie Community Heterogeneity: An Application of Ecological Theory to Restoration Ecology (2005)

Baer, Sara G. ; Collins, Scott L ; Blair, John M. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc

Restoration ecology 13 (2005), S. 0

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ISSN: 1526-100X

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Spatial heterogeneity of resources can influence plant community composition and diversity in natural communities. We manipulated soil depth (two levels) and nutrient availability (three levels) to create four heterogeneity treatments (no heterogeneity, depth heterogeneity, nutrient heterogeneity, and depth + nutrient heterogeneity) replicated in an agricultural field seeded to native prairie species. Our objective was to determine whether resource heterogeneity influences species diversity and the trajectory of community development during grassland restoration. The treatments significantly increased heterogeneity of available inorganic nitrogen (N), soil water content, and light penetration. Plant diversity was indirectly related to resource heterogeneity through positive relationships with variability in productivity and cover established by the belowground manipulations. Diversity was inversely correlated with the average cover of the dominant grass, Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), which increased over time in all heterogeneity treatments and resulted in community convergence among the heterogeneity treatments over time. The success of this cultivar across the wide range of resource availability was attributed to net photosynthesis rates equivalent to or higher than those of the native prairie plants in the presence of lower foliar N content. Our results suggest that resource heterogeneity alone may not increase diversity in restorations where a dominant species can successfully establish across the range of resource availability. This is consistent with theory regarding the role of ecological filters on community assembly in that the establishment of one species best adapted for the physical and biological conditions can play an inordinately important role in determining community structure.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.2005.00051.x

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Altering Rainfall Timing and Quantity in a Mesic Grassland Ecosystem: Design and Performance of Rainfall Manipulation Shelters (2000)

Fay, Philip A. ; Carlisle, Jonathan D. ; Knapp, Alan K. ; [et al.]

Springer

Ecosystems 3 (2000), S. 308-319

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ISSN: 1435-0629

Keywords: Key words: climate change; precipitation patterns; rainout shelters; grasslands; soil moisture; net primary production; floristic diversity; life histories; Konza Prairie; long-term research.

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Global climate change is predicted to alter growing season rainfall patterns, potentially reducing total amounts of growing season precipitation and redistributing rainfall into fewer but larger individual events. Such changes may affect numerous soil, plant, and ecosystem properties in grasslands and ultimately impact their productivity and biological diversity. Rainout shelters are useful tools for experimental manipulations of rainfall patterns, and permanent fixed-location shelters were established in 1997 to conduct the Rainfall Manipulation Plot study in a mesic tallgrass prairie ecosystem in northeastern Kansas. Twelve 9 x 14–m fixed-location rainfall manipulation shelters were constructed to impose factorial combinations of 30% reduced rainfall quantity and 50% greater interrainfall dry periods on 6 x 6–m plots, to examine how altered rainfall regimes may affect plant species composition, nutrient cycling, and above- and belowground plant growth dynamics. The shelters provided complete control of growing season rainfall patterns, whereas effects on photosynthetic photon flux density, nighttime net radiation, and soil temperature generally were comparable to other similar shelter designs. Soil and plant responses to the first growing season of rainfall manipulations (1998) suggested that the interval between rainfall events may be a primary driver in grassland ecosystem responses to altered rainfall patterns. Aboveground net primary productivity, soil CO2 flux, and flowering duration were reduced by the increased interrainfall intervals and were mostly unaffected by reduced rainfall quantity. The timing of rainfall events and resulting temporal patterns of soil moisture relative to critical times for microbial activity, biomass accumulation, plant life histories, and other ecological properties may regulate longer-term responses to altered rainfall patterns.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100210000028

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Nutrient release from decomposing foliar litter of three tree species with spicial reference to calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics (1988)

Blair, John M.

Springer

Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 49-55

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Acer rubrum ; calcium ; cations ; Cornus florida ; decomposition ; litter ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutrient release ; phosphorous ; potassium ; Quercus prinus ; sulfur

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics in decomposing litter of three tree species were measured over a two-year period. The speices studied were flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). The order of decomposition was:C. florida〉A. rubrum〉Q. prinus. Calcium concentrations increased following any initial leaching losses. However, there were net releases of Ca from all three litter types since mass loss exceeded the increases in concentration. Net release of Ca by the end of two years from all three species combined was 42% of initial inputs in litterfall. Magnesium concentrations increased in the second year, following decreases due to leaching during the first year inC. florida andA. rubrum litter. Net release of Mg by the end of two years was 58% of initial inputs. Potassium concentrations decreased rapidly and continued to decline throughout the study. Net release of K by the end of two years was 91% of initial inputs. These data on cation dynamics, and similar data on N, S and P dynamics from a previous study, were combined with annual litterfall data to estimate the release of selected nutrients from foliar litter of these tree species at the end of one and two years of decomposition. The relative mobility of all six elements examined in relation to mass loss after two years was; K〉Mg〉mass〉Ca〉S〉P〉N.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143538

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Assessing changes in biomass, productivity, and C and N stores following Juniperus virginiana forest expansion into tallgrass prairie (2001)

Norris, Mark D. ; Blair, John M. ; Johnson, Loretta C. ; [et al.]

Canadian Science Publishing

In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2001; 31(11): 1940-1946. Published 2001 Jan 01. doi: 10.1139/cjfr-31-11-1940.

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Publication Date: 2001-01-01

Print ISSN: 0045-5067

Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Published by Canadian Science Publishing

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Assessing changes in biomass, productivity, and C and N stores following Juniperus virginiana forest expansion into tallgrass prairie (2001)

Norris, Mark D ; Blair, John M ; Johnson, Loretta C ; [et al.]

Canadian Science Publishing

In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 2001; 31(11): 1940-1946. Published 2001 Nov 01. doi: 10.1139/x01-132.

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Publication Date: 2001-11-01

Description: An increase in woody plant abundance in regions historically dominated by grasses is a recent land cover change in grasslands worldwide. In tallgrass prairies of North America, this increase in woody plant cover includes the development of dense stands of eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.). To evaluate the consequences of this ongoing land cover change for ecosystem functioning, we developed allometric equations, using data from Kansas and Oklahoma, to estimate aboveground biomass and productivity in closed-canopy redcedar stands. We then applied these equations to three closed-canopy redcedar stands, 3580 years old, which developed on sites formerly dominated by tallgrass prairie in eastern Kansas. Aboveground plant biomass for these redcedar-dominated sites ranged from 114 100 kg/ha for the youngest stand to 210 700 kg/ha for the oldest. Annual aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) ranged from 7250 to 10 440 kg·ha1·year1 for the oldest and younger redcedar stands, respectively. Estimates of ANPP in comparable tallgrass prairie sites in this region average 3690 kg·ha1·year1 indicating a large increase in C uptake and aboveground storage as a result of the change from prairie to redcedar forests. Therefore, the widespread occurrence of redcedars across the woodlandprairie ecotone suggests that this land-cover change may have important consequences for regional net C storage.

Print ISSN: 0045-5067

Electronic ISSN: 1208-6037

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition