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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (4,692)
  • 2005-2009  (2,357)
  • 1980-1984  (2,335)
  • 2006  (2,357)
  • 1981  (2,335)
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  • 2005-2009  (2,357)
  • 1980-1984  (2,335)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pounds, J Alan -- Carnaval, Ana Carolina -- Puschendorf, Robert -- Haddad, Celio F B -- Masters, Karen L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1541-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158306" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amphibians ; Animals ; Biodiversity ; Chytridiomycota ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Greenhouse Effect ; Mycoses/veterinary ; Population Dynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jorgensen, Rich -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1242-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124307" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Nobel Prize ; Plants/*genetics ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Double-Stranded/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-30
    Description: When bombarded with electrons, carbon nanotubes shrink, creating high internal pressures. The effect on molecules within the tubes can be studied at atomic resolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Zhongwu -- Zhao, Yusheng -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1149-1150.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16731518" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 4
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: Two small moons of Pluto have been discovered in low-eccentricity orbits exterior to Pluto's large satellite, Charon. All three satellite orbits are nearly coplanar, implying a common origin. It has been argued that Charon formed as a result of a giant impact with primordial Pluto. The orbital periods of the two new moons are nearly integer multiples of Charon's period, suggesting that they were driven outward by resonant interactions with Charon during its tidal orbital expansion. This could have been accomplished if Charon's orbit was eccentric during most of this orbital evolution, with the small moons originating as debris from the collision that produced Charon.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ward, William R -- Canup, Robin M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1107-9. Epub 2006 Jul 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302, USA. ward@boulder.swri.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825533" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boehlert, Sherwood -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1228-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lastovicka, J -- Akmaev, R A -- Beig, G -- Bremer, J -- Emmert, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1253-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Atmospheric Physics, 14131 Prague, Czech Republic. jla@ufa.cas.cz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124313" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-04
    Description: Human beings routinely help others to achieve their goals, even when the helper receives no immediate benefit and the person helped is a stranger. Such altruistic behaviors (toward non-kin) are extremely rare evolutionarily, with some theorists even proposing that they are uniquely human. Here we show that human children as young as 18 months of age (prelinguistic or just-linguistic) quite readily help others to achieve their goals in a variety of different situations. This requires both an understanding of others' goals and an altruistic motivation to help. In addition, we demonstrate similar though less robust skills and motivations in three young chimpanzees.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warneken, Felix -- Tomasello, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1301-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. warneken@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Altruism ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; *Helping Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Motivation ; Pan troglodytes/*psychology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cowburn, R P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):183-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Blackett Physics Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, UK. r.cowburn@imperial.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: Traditional methods of dietary reconstruction do not allow the investigation of dietary variability within the lifetimes of individual hominins. However, laser ablation stable isotope analysis reveals that the delta13C values of Paranthropus robustus individuals often changed seasonally and interannually. These data suggest that Paranthropus was not a dietary specialist and that by about 1.8 million years ago, savanna-based foods such as grasses or sedges or animals eating these foods made up an important but highly variable part of its diet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sponheimer, Matt -- Passey, Benjamin H -- de Ruiter, Darryl J -- Guatelli-Steinberg, Debbie -- Cerling, Thure E -- Lee-Thorp, Julia A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):980-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carbon Isotopes/*analysis ; Climate ; Dental Enamel/*chemistry ; *Diet ; Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae ; Lasers ; *Paleodontology ; Plants ; Poaceae ; Rain ; Seasons ; South Africa
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: Optical control of the primary step of photoisomerization of the retinal molecule in bacteriorhodopsin from the all-trans to the 13-cis state was demonstrated under weak field conditions (where only 1 of 300 retinal molecules absorbs a photon during the excitation cycle) that are relevant to understanding biological processes. By modulating the phases and amplitudes of the spectral components in the photoexcitation pulse, we showed that the absolute quantity of 13-cis retinal formed upon excitation can be enhanced or suppressed by +/-20% of the yield observed using a short transform-limited pulse having the same actinic energy. The shaped pulses were shown to be phase-sensitive at intensities too low to access different higher electronic states, and so these pulses apparently steer the isomerization through constructive and destructive interference effects, a mechanism supported by observed signatures of vibrational coherence. These results show that the wave properties of matter can be observed and even manipulated in a system as large and complex as a protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Prokhorenko, Valentyn I -- Nagy, Andrea M -- Waschuk, Stephen A -- Brown, Leonid S -- Birge, Robert R -- Miller, R J Dwayne -- R01 GM034548/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM034548-17/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1257-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Optical Sciences, Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, M5S3H6, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry ; Halobacterium salinarum/chemistry ; Isomerism ; Kinetics ; Lasers ; *Light ; Photochemistry ; Photons ; Quantum Theory ; Retinaldehyde/*chemistry ; Thermodynamics
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: CD8-positive T lymphocytes recognize peptides that are usually derived from the degradation of cellular proteins and are presented by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Here we describe a human minor histocompatibility antigen created by a polymorphism in the SP110 nuclear phosphoprotein gene. The antigenic peptide comprises two noncontiguous SP110 peptide segments spliced together in reverse order to that in which they occur in the predicted SP110 protein. The antigenic peptide could be produced in vitro by incubation of precursor peptides with highly purified 20S proteasomes. Cutting and splicing probably occur within the proteasome by transpeptidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, Edus H -- Vigneron, Nathalie J -- Gavin, Marc A -- Coulie, Pierre G -- Stroobant, Vincent -- Dalet, Alexandre -- Tykodi, Scott S -- Xuereb, Suzanne M -- Mito, Jeffrey K -- Riddell, Stanley R -- Van den Eynde, Benoit J -- CA106512/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA18029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA018029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1444-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; *Antigen Presentation ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Electroporation ; HLA-A Antigens/immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; *Protein Splicing ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2006-01-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- Holden, Constance -- Chong, Sei -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):321.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424308" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cloning, Organism ; Editorial Policies ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; *Periodicals as Topic ; *Publishing ; *Scientific Misconduct ; *Stem Cells
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  • 13
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bloom, Floyd -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; *Computational Biology ; Databases as Topic ; *Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Neurosciences
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: Atomically uniform silver films grown on highly doped n-type Si(111) substrates show fine-structured electronic fringes near the silicon valence band edge as observed by angle-resolved photoemission. No such fringes are observed for silver films grown on lightly doped n-type substrates or p-type substrates, although all cases exhibited the usual quantum-well states corresponding to electron confinement in the film. The fringes correspond to electronic states extending over the silver film as a quantum well and reaching into the silicon substrate as a quantum slope, with the two parts coherently coupled through an incommensurate interface structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Speer, N J -- Tang, S-J -- Miller, T -- Chiang, T-C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):804-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1110 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801-3080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082455" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laporte, Ronald E -- Omenn, Gilbert S -- Serageldin, Ismail -- Cerf, Vinton G -- Linkov, Faina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):526.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645075" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Education, Distance ; *Global Health ; *Internet ; Public Health/*education ; Science/*education
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  • 16
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ghiselin, Michael T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):689-97; author reply 689-97.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Behavior
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spilianakis, Charalampos G -- Flavell, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):207-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genomic Imprinting ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics ; Mice ; Neurofibromin 1/genetics ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional ; Repressor Proteins/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
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  • 18
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):915.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ethics, Research ; Humans ; *Information Storage and Retrieval/ethics ; *Internet ; *Research ; *Social Sciences
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: Small noncoding RNAs regulate processes essential for cell growth and development, including mRNA degradation, translational repression, and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). During a search for candidate mammalian factors for TGS, we purified a complex that contains small RNAs and Riwi, the rat homolog to human Piwi. The RNAs, frequently 29 to 30 nucleotides in length, are called Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), 94% of which map to 100 defined (〈 or = 101 kb) genomic regions. Within these regions, the piRNAs generally distribute across only one genomic strand or distribute on two strands but in a divergent, nonoverlapping manner. Preparations of piRNA complex (piRC) contain rRecQ1, which is homologous to qde-3 from Neurospora, a gene implicated in silencing pathways. Piwi has been genetically linked to TGS in flies, and slicer activity cofractionates with the purified complex. These results are consistent with a gene-silencing role for piRC in mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lau, Nelson C -- Seto, Anita G -- Kim, Jinkuk -- Kuramochi-Miyagawa, Satomi -- Nakano, Toru -- Bartel, David P -- Kingston, Robert E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):363-7. Epub 2006 Jun 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Animals ; Chromosomes, Mammalian ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA Helicases/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Gene Library ; Genome ; Male ; Mice ; Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Untranslated/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RecQ Helicases ; Ribonucleoproteins/chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Testis/*chemistry ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 20
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):914-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computer Simulation ; Group Processes ; Humans ; *Interpersonal Relations ; Mathematics ; *Social Behavior ; *Sociology ; Suicide ; Terrorism
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  • 21
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):354-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627712" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Israel ; Middle East ; Plants ; Politics ; *Security Measures
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: Like many of the molecular species that have been detected in the interstellar medium, the singlet carbene cyclopropenylidene (C3H2) has been presumed to be too unstable to isolate in the laboratory. However, by appending pi-electron-donating amino groups to the triangular skeleton, we prepared a cyclopropenylidene derivative that is stable at room temperature. In contrast to previously isolated carbenes, this compound does not require a heteroatom adjacent to the electron-deficient carbon to confer stability. Despite the presence of amino groups, the geometric parameters of the cyclic skeleton, revealed by x-ray crystallography, are only slightly perturbed relative to those of the calculated structure of unsubstituted cyclopropenylidene. Stable cyclopropenylidene derivatives might thus serve as models for a better understanding of the formation of carbon-bearing molecules in the interstellar medium.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427275/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2427275/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lavallo, Vincent -- Canac, Yves -- Donnadieu, Bruno -- Schoeller, Wolfgang W -- Bertrand, Guy -- R01 GM 68825/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068825/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM068825-01A2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):722-4. Epub 2006 Apr 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of California, Riverside-CNRS Joint Research Chemistry Laboratory (Unite Mixte Internationale 2957), Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614171" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cyclopropanes/chemistry/*isolation & purification ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stanley, George D Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):857-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Montana Paleontology Center, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. george.stanley@umontana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690848" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Anthozoa/growth & development/*physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/growth & development/*physiology ; Fossils ; Photosynthesis ; Sunlight ; *Symbiosis
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1716.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Paleodontology ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1714.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antifungal Agents/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*ethics ; Conflict of Interest ; Consultants ; Drug Industry ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Newspapers as Topic ; Research Design ; Research Personnel/*ethics ; United States
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):284.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857909" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Faculty ; Female ; Humans ; Massachusetts ; *Neurosciences ; *Personnel Selection ; Prejudice ; Universities/*manpower ; *Women, Working
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  • 27
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: Medical imaging technologies have undergone explosive growth over the past few decades and now play a central role in clinical oncology. But the truly transformative power of imaging in the clinical management of cancer patients lies ahead. Today, imaging is at a crossroads, with molecularly targeted imaging agents expected to broadly expand the capabilities of conventional anatomical imaging methods. Molecular imaging will allow clinicians to not only see where a tumor is located in the body, but also to visualize the expression and activity of specific molecules (e.g., proteases and protein kinases) and biological processes (e.g., apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis) that influence tumor behavior and/or response to therapy. This information is expected to have a major impact on cancer detection, individualized treatment, and drug development, as well as our understanding of how cancer arises.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weissleder, Ralph -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1168-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. weissleder@helix.mgh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; *Diagnostic Imaging ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Humans ; Indicators and Reagents ; *Molecular Diagnostic Techniques ; Neoplasms/chemistry/*diagnosis/*therapy ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; *Radiopharmaceuticals
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1370.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*genetics ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; *Genes, Neoplasm ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurotransmission in the central nervous system modulates depression and anxiety-related behaviors in humans and rodents, but the responsible downstream receptors remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that global disruption of 5-HT2A receptor (5HT2AR) signaling in mice reduces inhibition in conflict anxiety paradigms without affecting fear-conditioned and depression-related behaviors. Selective restoration of 5HT2AR signaling to the cortex normalized conflict anxiety behaviors. These findings indicate a specific role for cortical 5HT2AR function in the modulation of conflict anxiety, consistent with models of cortical, "top-down" influences on risk assessment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weisstaub, Noelia V -- Zhou, Mingming -- Lira, Alena -- Lambe, Evelyn -- Gonzalez-Maeso, Javier -- Hornung, Jean-Pierre -- Sibille, Etienne -- Underwood, Mark -- Itohara, Shigeyoshi -- Dauer, William T -- Ansorge, Mark S -- Morelli, Emanuela -- Mann, J John -- Toth, Miklos -- Aghajanian, George -- Sealfon, Stuart C -- Hen, Rene -- Gingrich, Jay A -- KO8 MH01711/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA12923/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):536-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anxiety/*physiopathology ; Cerebral Cortex/*metabolism ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Depression/physiopathology ; Exploratory Behavior ; Fear ; Limbic System/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Periaqueductal Gray/metabolism ; Prosencephalon/metabolism ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/metabolism ; Risk-Taking ; Serotonin/physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Transmission
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1085-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931753" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Fresh Water ; Humans ; Middle East ; Sewage ; Water Pollutants/analysis ; *Water Purification ; *Water Supply
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: Davidson and Erwin (Reviews, 10 February 2006, p. 796) argued that known microevolutionary processes cannot explain the evolution of large differences in development that characterize phyla. Instead, they proposed that phyla arise from novel evolutionary processes involving large mutations acting on conserved core pathways of development. I question some of their assumptions and show that natural selection adequately explains the origin of new phyla.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coyne, Jerry A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):761; author reply 761.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, 1101 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. j-coyne@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Patterning/*genetics ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genetic Speciation ; Morphogenesis/*genetics ; *Phylogeny ; *Selection, Genetic
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: We present data from an induced gallium arsenide (GaAs) quantum wire that exhibits an additional conductance plateau at 0.5(2e2/h), where e is the charge of an electron and h is Planck's constant, in zero magnetic field. The plateau was most pronounced when the potential landscape was tuned to be symmetric by using low-temperature scanning-probe techniques. Source-drain energy spectroscopy and temperature response support the hypothesis that the origin of the plateau is the spontaneous spin-polarization of the transport electrons: a ferromagnetic phase. Such devices may have applications in the field of spintronics to either generate or detect a spin-polarized current without the complications associated with external magnetic fields or magnetic materials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crook, R -- Prance, J -- Thomas, K J -- Chorley, S J -- Farrer, I -- Ritchie, D A -- Pepper, M -- Smith, C G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1359-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cavendish Laboratory, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK. rc230@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1226.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada ; *Editorial Policies ; Periodicals as Topic ; *Publishing ; *Societies, Medical
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Craik, David J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1563-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. d.craik@imb.uq.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543448" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-HIV Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents/chemistry/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/pharmacology ; Codon, Terminator ; Cyclization ; Cyclotides/biosynthesis/*chemistry/pharmacology ; Defensins/biosynthesis/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology ; Drug Design ; Humans ; Peptides, Cyclic/biosynthesis/*chemistry ; Plant Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry/pharmacology ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; Protein Engineering ; Protein Folding ; Protein Precursors/metabolism ; Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rabitz, Herschel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):264-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA. hrabitz@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038613" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):352-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627711" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Archaeology ; Financial Support ; International Cooperation ; Israel ; Middle East ; Politics ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mills, Edward -- Rennie, Stuart -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):417-9; author reply 417-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Serodiagnosis ; Female ; HIV Infections/*diagnosis/prevention & control ; *Human Rights ; Humans ; Male ; Mandatory Testing ; Prejudice
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raghu, S -- Anderson, R C -- Daehler, C C -- Davis, A S -- Wiedenmann, R N -- Simberloff, D -- Mack, R N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1742.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. raghu@uiuc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomass ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Energy-Generating Resources ; *Environment ; Herbicides ; Pest Control, Biological ; *Poaceae/growth & development ; United States
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weiss, Ehud -- Kislev, Mordechai E -- Hartmann, Anat -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1608-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Martin (Szusz) Department of Land of Israel Studies and Archaeology and Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900 Ramat-Gan, Israel. eweiss@mail.biu.ac.il〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778044" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anthropology ; Avena/growth & development/history ; Crops, Agricultural/growth & development/*history ; Edible Grain/growth & development/*history ; History, Ancient ; Hordeum/growth & development/history ; Lens Plant/growth & development ; Middle East ; North America ; Secale/growth & development/history
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Steneck, Robert S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):480-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Marine Sciences, University of Maine, Darling Marine Center, Walpole, ME 04573, USA. steneck@maine.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa ; Caribbean Region ; Computer Simulation ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/growth & development/*physiology ; Larva/physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; *Seawater ; *Swimming ; Water Movements
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: How does the bilingual brain distinguish and control which language is in use? Previous functional imaging experiments have not been able to answer this question because proficient bilinguals activate the same brain regions irrespective of the language being tested. Here, we reveal that neuronal responses within the left caudate are sensitive to changes in the language or the meaning of words. By demonstrating this effect in populations of German-English and Japanese-English bilinguals, we suggest that the left caudate plays a universal role in monitoring and controlling the language in use.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crinion, J -- Turner, R -- Grogan, A -- Hanakawa, T -- Noppeney, U -- Devlin, J T -- Aso, T -- Urayama, S -- Fukuyama, H -- Stockton, K -- Usui, K -- Green, D W -- Price, C J -- 051067/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1537-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Multilingualism ; Neurons/physiology ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Semantics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):280.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857906" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1215.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Fees and Charges ; *Information Dissemination ; *Periodicals as Topic/economics ; Physical Phenomena ; *Physics ; *Publishing/economics ; Societies, Scientific/economics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):599.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456051" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antimalarials/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Artemisinins/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Developing Countries ; Drug Industry ; Drug Resistance ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Japan ; *Malaria/drug therapy/epidemiology/parasitology ; Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; World Health Organization/*organization & administration
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crutcher, Richard M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):771-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy, University of Illinois, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. crutcher@uiuc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1458-63.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763123" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology ; Civilization/*history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Syria ; Urban Population/history
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2006-06-03
    Description: With current advances in sub-angstrom resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), it is now possible to image directly local crystal structures of materials where dramatically different atoms are separated from each other at distances about or less than 1 angstrom. We achieved direct imaging of atomic columns of nitrogen in close proximity to columns of aluminum in wurtzite aluminum nitride by using annular dark field imaging in an aberration-corrected STEM. This ability allows direct determination of the local polarity in nanoscale crystals and crystal defects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mkhoyan, K A -- Batson, P E -- Cha, J -- Schaff, W J -- Silcox, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1354.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. kam55@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16741114" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2006-08-19
    Description: Theory predicts, and recent empirical studies have shown, that the diversity of plant species determines the diversity of associated herbivores and mediates ecosystem processes, such as aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP). However, an often-overlooked component of plant diversity, namely population genotypic diversity, may also have wide-ranging effects on community structure and ecosystem processes. We showed experimentally that increasing population genotypic diversity in a dominant old-field plant species, Solidago altissima, determined arthropod diversity and community structure and increased ANPP. The effects of genotypic diversity on arthropod diversity and ANPP were comparable to the effects of plant species diversity measured in other studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crutsinger, Gregory M -- Collins, Michael D -- Fordyce, James A -- Gompert, Zachariah -- Nice, Chris C -- Sanders, Nathan J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 18;313(5789):966-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. gcrutsin@utk.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Arthropods ; *Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Population Density ; Solidago/*genetics/growth & development
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: Advances in molecular biology, organic chemistry, and materials science have recently created several new classes of fluorescent probes for imaging in cell biology. Here we review the characteristic benefits and limitations of fluorescent probes to study proteins. The focus is on protein detection in live versus fixed cells: determination of protein expression, localization, activity state, and the possibility for combination of fluorescent light microscopy with electron microscopy. Small organic fluorescent dyes, nanocrystals ("quantum dots"), autofluorescent proteins, small genetic encoded tags that can be complexed with fluorochromes, and combinations of these probes are highlighted.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giepmans, Ben N G -- Adams, Stephen R -- Ellisman, Mark H -- Tsien, Roger Y -- GM 72033/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS27177/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- RR04050/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):217-24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Enzymes/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; *Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Genetic Techniques ; Immunohistochemistry ; *Luminescent Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Microscopy, Electron ; *Molecular Probe Techniques ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Transport ; Proteins/*analysis/chemistry/metabolism/*physiology ; *Quantum Dots
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1729.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1462-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763126" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Archaeology/*history ; History, 21st Century ; Syria
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2006-08-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crowder, L B -- Osherenko, G -- Young, O R -- Airame, S -- Norse, E A -- Baron, N -- Day, J C -- Douvere, F -- Ehler, C N -- Halpern, B S -- Langdon, S J -- McLeod, K L -- Ogden, J C -- Peach, R E -- Rosenberg, A A -- Wilson, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Marine Conservation, Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516, USA. lcrowder@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16888124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biodiversity ; *Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fisheries ; Fishes ; *Government Regulation ; *Marine Biology ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Seawater ; United States
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  • 53
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: Compressional waves of an earthquake doublet (two events occurring in the South Sandwich Islands on 1 December 1993 and 6 September 2003), recorded at three seismic stations in Russia and Kyrgyzstan and reflected off Earth's inner core boundary, arrived at least from 39 to 70 milliseconds earlier in the 2003 event than in the 1993 event. Such changes indicate that Earth's inner core radius enlarged locally beneath middle Africa by 0.98 to 1.75 kilometers between the times of these two events. Changes of the inner core radius may be explained by either a differential motion of the inner core, assuming that irregularities are present at the inner core boundary and fixed to the inner core, or a rapid growth of the inner core by this amount.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wen, Lianxing -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):967-70. Epub 2006 Sep 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Lianxing.Wen@sunysb.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: During development, cells acquire positional information by reading the concentration of morphogens. In the developing fly wing, a gradient of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-type morphogen decapentaplegic (Dpp) is transduced into a gradient of concentration of the phosphorylated form of the R-Smad transcription factor Mad. The endosomal protein Sara (Smad anchor for receptor activation) recruits R-Smads for phosphorylation by the type I TGF-beta receptor. We found that Sara, Dpp, and its type I receptor Thickveins were targeted to a subpopulation of apical endosomes in the developing wing epithelial cells. During mitosis, the Sara endosomes and the receptors therein associated with the spindle machinery to segregate into the two daughter cells. Daughter cells thereby inherited equal amounts of signaling molecules and thus retained the Dpp signaling levels of the mother cell.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bokel, Christian -- Schwabedissen, Anja -- Entchev, Eugeni -- Renaud, Olivier -- Gonzalez-Gaitan, Marcos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1135-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Division ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Drosophila Proteins/*metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/*metabolism ; Endosomes/*metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Mitosis ; Phosphorylation ; Point Mutation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*metabolism ; Wings, Animal/cytology/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cruz, Marcelo -- Jenkins, Rachel -- Silberberg, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601174" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Brain Diseases/*epidemiology ; Developing Countries/*statistics & numerical data ; Health Promotion ; Humans
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Borges, Ricardo -- Viveros, O Humberto -- Latorre, Ramon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1866.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16574850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biophysics/history ; Chile ; Decapodiformes ; History, 20th Century ; *Laboratories/history
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: During neurotransmitter release at the synapse, influx of calcium ions stimulates the release of neurotransmitter. However, the mechanism by which synaptic vesicle fusion is coupled to calcium has been unclear, despite the identification of both the core fusion machinery [soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE)] and the principal calcium sensor (synaptotagmin). Here, we describe what may represent a basic principle of the coupling mechanism: a reversible clamping protein (complexin) that can freeze the SNAREpin, an assembled fusion-competent intermediate en route to fusion. When calcium binds to the calcium sensor synaptotagmin, the clamp would then be released. SNARE proteins, and key regulators like synaptotagmin and complexin, can be ectopically expressed on the cell surface. Cells expressing such "flipped" synaptic SNAREs fuse constitutively, but when we coexpressed complexin, fusion was blocked. Adding back calcium triggered fusion from this intermediate in the presence of synaptotagmin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giraudo, Claudio G -- Eng, William S -- Melia, Thomas J -- Rothman, James E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 4;313(5787):676-80. Epub 2006 Jun 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Exocytosis ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; SNARE Proteins/*metabolism ; Synaptotagmin I/metabolism ; Synaptotagmins/metabolism ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1061.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110540" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Environment ; *Federal Government ; Politics ; United States
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1028-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931726" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Microcephaly/history/pathology ; Skull/abnormalities/*anatomy & histology
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1540-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543429" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alberta ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/classification ; Female ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Species Specificity
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rattner, Justin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1235.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946050" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gitlin, Jonathan D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1252-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. gitlin@kids.wustl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124312" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Arabidopsis Proteins/*metabolism ; Cation Transport Proteins/*metabolism ; Food Analysis ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Germination ; Homeostasis ; Iron/analysis/*metabolism ; Plant Leaves/genetics ; Plant Proteins/analysis/genetics/*metabolism ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; Seedlings/growth & development ; Seeds/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology ; Triticum/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Vacuoles/metabolism ; Zinc/analysis/*metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):380-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Administration, Intranasal ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis/immunology ; Antigenic Variation ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*immunology ; *Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; Influenza, Human/*prevention & control ; Mice ; Nucleoproteins/genetics/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage/immunology ; Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage/immunology ; Viral Core Proteins/genetics/immunology ; Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raven, Peter -- Fauquet, Claude -- Swaminathan, M S -- Borlaug, Norman -- Samper, Cristian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 27;311(5760):468.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Developing Countries ; *Genome, Plant ; Manihot/*genetics ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2006-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):983-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709753" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Height ; Female ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Male ; Skeleton
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  • 67
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):783-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Cues ; Environment ; Feeding Behavior ; *Flight, Animal ; *Instinct ; Reproduction ; Songbirds/genetics/*physiology
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: We propose that from approximately 3 to 1 million years ago, ice volume changes occurred in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, each controlled by local summer insolation. Because Earth's orbital precession is out of phase between hemispheres, 23,000-year changes in ice volume in each hemisphere cancel out in globally integrated proxies such as ocean delta18O or sea level, leaving the in-phase obliquity (41,000 years) component of insolation to dominate those records. Only a modest ice mass change in Antarctica is required to effectively cancel out a much larger northern ice volume signal. At the mid-Pleistocene transition, we propose that marine-based ice sheet margins replaced terrestrial ice margins around the perimeter of East Antarctica, resulting in a shift to in-phase behavior of northern and southern ice sheets as well as the strengthening of 23,000-year cyclicity in the marine delta18O record.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymo, M E -- Lisiecki, L E -- Nisancioglu, Kerim H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):492-5. Epub 2006 Jun 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth Science, Boston University, 685 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA. raymo@bu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 69
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):745.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biodiversity ; Biomass ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; *Fisheries ; *Fishes ; Forecasting ; Oceans and Seas ; *Plants ; Population Dynamics ; Seafood ; Seawater ; Water Pollution
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: Over the past 20 years, the technological impediments to fabricating electrodes of micrometer dimensions have been largely overcome. These small electrodes can be readily applied to probe chemical events at the surface of tissues or individual biological cells; they can even be used to monitor concentration changes within intact animals. These measurements can be made on rapid time scales and with minimal perturbation of the system under study. Several recent applications have provided important insights into chemical processes at cells and in tissues. Examples include molecular flux measurements at the surface of single cells and through skin-which can offer insights into oxidative stress, exocytosis, and drug delivery-and real-time brain neurotransmitter monitoring in living rats, which reveals correlations between behavior and molecular events in the brain. Such findings can promote interdisciplinary collaborations and may lead to a broader understanding of the chemical aspects of biology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wightman, R Mark -- DA 10900/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- NS 15841/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS 38879/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1570-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. rmw@unc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport ; Brain/metabolism ; *Cell Physiological Phenomena ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Exocytosis ; Ion Transport ; *Microelectrodes ; Neurons/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 71
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-01-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 20;311(5759):326-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424310" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 72
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morgan, M Granger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1049.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110538" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: Mekel-Bobrov et al. and Evans et al. (Reports, 9 Sept. 2005, p. 1720 and p. 1717, respectively) examined sequence data from modern humans within two gene regions associated with brain development, ASPM and microcephalin, and concluded that selection of these genes must be ongoing. We show that models of human history that include both population growth and spatial structure can generate the observed patterns without selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Currat, Mathias -- Excoffier, Laurent -- Maddison, Wayne -- Otto, Sarah P -- Ray, Nicolas -- Whitlock, Michael C -- Yeaman, Sam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):172; author reply 172.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840683" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Biological Evolution ; Brain ; Demography ; Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; *Haplotypes ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Organ Size ; Population Density ; *Population Growth ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 74
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lawler, Andrew -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1542-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 75
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: The replication of many viruses is associated with specific intracellular compartments called virus factories or virioplasm. These are thought to provide a physical scaffold to concentrate viral components and thereby increase the efficiency of replication. The formation of virus replication sites often results in rearrangement of cellular membranes and reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Similar rearrangements are seen in cells in response to protein aggregation, where aggresomes and autophagosomes are produced to facilitate protein degradation. Here I review the evidence that some viruses induce aggresomes and autophagosomes to generate sites of replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wileman, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 12;312(5775):875-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK. t.wileman@uea.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Autophagy ; Cell Membrane Structures/ultrastructure/virology ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure/virology ; Cell Nucleus Structures/ultrastructure/virology ; Cytoplasmic Vesicles/physiology/ultrastructure/*virology ; DNA Viruses/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Phagosomes/physiology/*virology ; Proteins/metabolism ; RNA Viruses/*physiology ; *Virus Replication
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: Dey and Joshi (Reports, 21 April 2006, p. 434) studied replicate laboratory populations of Drosophila and reported that low migration led to asynchrony among subpopulations. We argue that this unexpected outcome may be due to variation in the initial size of the subpopulations and uncontrolled stochasticity in the experiments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ranta, Esa -- Kaitala, Veijo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):420; author reply 420.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Integrative Ecology Unit, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, P.O. Box 65 (Viikinkaari 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland. esa.ranta@helsinki.fi〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Migration ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Drosophila melanogaster/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Population Growth ; Stochastic Processes
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: Close-in giant planets (e.g., "hot Jupiters") are thought to form far from their host stars and migrate inward, through the terrestrial planet zone, via torques with a massive gaseous disk. Here we simulate terrestrial planet growth during and after giant planet migration. Several-Earth-mass planets also form interior to the migrating jovian planet, analogous to recently discovered "hot Earths." Very-water-rich, Earth-mass planets form from surviving material outside the giant planet's orbit, often in the habitable zone and with low orbital eccentricities. More than a third of the known systems of giant planets may harbor Earth-like planets.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raymond, Sean N -- Mandell, Avi M -- Sigurdsson, Steinn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1413-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0392, USA. raymond@lasp.colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960000" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Computer Simulation ; Earth (Planet) ; *Evolution, Planetary ; Iron ; Mathematics ; *Planets ; Temperature ; *Water
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2006-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glenner, Henrik -- Thomsen, Philip Francis -- Hebsgaard, Martin Bay -- Sorensen, Martin Vinther -- Willerslev, Eske -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1883-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Ancient Genetics, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Biological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ewillerslev@bi.ku.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17185588" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Crustacea/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Ecosystem ; Fossils ; Fresh Water ; *Insects/anatomy & histology/classification/genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Seawater ; Time
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: Attine ants engage in a quadripartite symbiosis with fungi they cultivate for food, specialized garden parasites, and parasite-inhibiting bacteria. Molecular phylogenetic evidence supports an ancient host-pathogen association between the ant-cultivar mutualism and the garden parasite. Here we show that ants rear the antibiotic-producing bacteria in elaborate cuticular crypts, supported by unique exocrine glands, and that these structures have been highly modified across the ants' evolutionary history. This specialized structural evolution, together with the absence of these bacteria and modifications in other ant genera that do not grow fungus, indicate that the bacteria have an ancient and coevolved association with the ants, their fungal cultivar, and the garden parasite.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Currie, Cameron R -- Poulsen, Michael -- Mendenhall, John -- Boomsma, Jacobus J -- Billen, Johan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):81-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin at Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA. currie@bact.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actinomycetales/growth & development/*physiology ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/biosynthesis ; Antibiosis ; Ants/*anatomy & histology/*microbiology/physiology/ultrastructure ; *Biological Evolution ; Exocrine Glands/anatomy & histology/microbiology ; Female ; Fungi/*growth & development ; Hypocreales/*growth & development ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Microscopy, Electron, Transmission ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; *Symbiosis
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: Temperature gradients in a low-shear-velocity province in the lowermost mantle (D'' region) beneath the central Pacific Ocean were inferred from the observation of a rapid S-wave velocity increase overlying a rapid decrease. These paired seismic discontinuities are attributed to a phase change from perovskite to post-perovskite and then back to perovskite as the temperature increases with depth. Iron enrichment could explain the occurrence of post-perovskite several hundred kilometers above the core-mantle boundary in this warm, chemically distinct province. The double phase-boundary crossing directly constrains the lowermost mantle temperature gradients. Assuming a standard but unconstrained choice of thermal conductivity, the regional core-mantle boundary heat flux (approximately 85 +/- 25 milliwatts per square meter), comparable to the average at Earth's surface, was estimated, along with a lower bound on global core-mantle boundary heat flow in the range of 13 +/- 4 terawatts. Mapped velocity-contrast variations indicate that the lens of post-perovskite minerals thins and vanishes over 1000 kilometers laterally toward the margin of the chemical distinct region as a result of a approximately 500-kelvin temperature increase.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lay, Thorne -- Hernlund, John -- Garnero, Edward J -- Thorne, Michael S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1272-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. thorne@pmc.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124317" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 81
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morris, Mark -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):70-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. morris@astro.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 82
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Redecker, Dirk -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):53-4; author reply 53-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Fungi/classification/genetics ; *Phylogeny
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  • 83
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1556.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973849" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; *Genome, Plant ; Populus/*genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 84
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 22;313(5794):1713.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16990519" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 85
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: Direct and selective replacement of carbon-hydrogen bonds with new bonds (such as C-C, C-O, and C-N) represents an important and long-standing goal in chemistry. These transformations have broad potential in synthesis because C-H bonds are ubiquitous in organic substances. At the same time, achieving selectivity among many different C-H bonds remains a challenge. Here, we focus on the functionalization of C-H bonds in complex organic substrates catalyzed by transition metal catalysts. We outline the key concepts and approaches aimed at achieving selectivity in complex settings and discuss the impact these reactions have on synthetic planning and strategy in organic synthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Godula, Kamil -- Sames, Dalibor -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):67-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1086.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; *Congresses as Topic ; Humans ; Internationality ; Ontario ; *Research Personnel ; United States ; United States Dept. of Health and Human Services
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  • 87
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 1;313(5791):1217.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16946041" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; DNA, Algal/*genetics ; Genes ; Genetic Variation ; *Genome ; Phytophthora/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Plant Diseases/microbiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 88
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Humans behave altruistically in natural settings and experiments. A possible explanation-that groups with more altruists survive when groups compete-has long been judged untenable on empirical grounds for most species. But there have been no empirical tests of this explanation for humans. My empirical estimates show that genetic differences between early human groups are likely to have been great enough so that lethal intergroup competition could account for the evolution of altruism. Crucial to this process were distinctive human practices such as sharing food beyond the immediate family, monogamy, and other forms of reproductive leveling. These culturally transmitted practices presuppose advanced cognitive and linguistic capacities, possibly accounting for the distinctive forms of altruism found in our species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowles, Samuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1569-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA, and Universita di Siena, 17 Piazza San Francesco, Siena, Italy. bowles@santafe.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Altruism ; Archaeology ; *Biological Evolution ; Climate ; *Competitive Behavior ; Cultural Evolution ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; *Group Processes ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Models, Theoretical ; Population Dynamics ; *Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Violence ; Warfare
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  • 89
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: One hundred years ago a small group of psychiatrists described the abnormal protein deposits in the brain that define the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past 25 years, it has become clear that the proteins forming the deposits are central to the disease process. Amyloid-beta and tau make up the plaques and tangles of Alzheimer's disease, where these normally soluble proteins assemble into amyloid-like filaments. Tau inclusions are also found in a number of related disorders. Genetic studies have shown that dysfunction of amyloid-beta or tau is sufficient to cause dementia. The ongoing molecular dissection of the neurodegenerative pathways is expected to lead to a true understanding of disease pathogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goedert, Michel -- Spillantini, Maria Grazia -- G0301152/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- MC_U105184291/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):777-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK. mg@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082447" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alzheimer Disease/genetics/history/metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/chemistry/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Apolipoproteins E/genetics ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; History, 20th Century ; Humans ; Mutation ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/chemistry/pathology ; Plaque, Amyloid/chemistry/pathology ; Presenilin-1/genetics/metabolism ; tau Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Plants produce many volatile metabolites. A small subset of these compounds is sensed by animals and humans, and the volatile profiles are defining elements of the distinct flavors of individual foods. Flavor volatiles are derived from an array of nutrients, including amino acids, fatty acids, and carotenoids. In tomato, almost all of the important flavor-related volatiles are derived from essential nutrients. The predominance of volatiles derived from essential nutrients and health-promoting compounds suggests that these volatiles provide important information about the nutritional makeup of foods. Evidence supporting a relation between volatile perception and nutrient or health value will be reviewed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goff, Stephen A -- Klee, Harry J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):815-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Syngenta Fellows Group, Syngenta Biotechnology Inc., 3054 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2257, USA. stephen.goff@syngenta.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids, Essential/analysis ; Animals ; Carotenoids/analysis ; Cues ; Fatty Acids/analysis/metabolism ; Humans ; Lycopersicon esculentum/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Nutritive Value ; *Odors ; Organic Chemicals/*analysis/metabolism ; Plants/*chemistry/metabolism ; *Smell ; *Taste ; Volatilization
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: Bacterial pathogens frequently use protein secretion to mediate interactions with their hosts. Here we found that a virulence locus (HSI-I) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa encodes a protein secretion apparatus. The apparatus assembled in discrete subcellular locations and exported Hcp1, a hexameric protein that forms rings with a 40 angstrom internal diameter. Regulatory patterns of HSI-I suggested that the apparatus functions during chronic infections. We detected Hcp1 in pulmonary secretions of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and Hcp1-specific antibodies in their sera. Thus, HSI-I likely contributes to the pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa in CF patients. HSI-I-related loci are widely distributed among bacterial pathogens and may play a general role in mediating host interactions.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800167/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800167/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mougous, Joseph D -- Cuff, Marianne E -- Raunser, Stefan -- Shen, Aimee -- Zhou, Min -- Gifford, Casey A -- Goodman, Andrew L -- Joachimiak, Grazyna -- Ordonez, Claudia L -- Lory, Stephen -- Walz, Thomas -- Joachimiak, Andrzej -- Mekalanos, John J -- AI21451/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI26289/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- GM074942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM62414/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM062414/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P50 GM062414-02/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM074942/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 GM074942-04S2/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1526-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/physiology/secretion ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cystic Fibrosis/complications/microbiology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Pseudomonas Infections/complications/microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/*genetics/pathogenicity ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Sequence Alignment ; Virulence/genetics
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2006-12-02
    Description: Highest-resolution laser spectroscopy has generally been limited to single trapped ion systems because of the rapid decoherence that plagues neutral atom ensembles. Precision spectroscopy of ultracold neutral atoms confined in a trapping potential now shows superior optical coherence without any deleterious effects from motional degrees of freedom, revealing optical resonance linewidths at the hertz level with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The resonance quality factor of 2.4 x 10(14) is the highest ever recovered in any form of coherent spectroscopy. The spectral resolution permits direct observation of the breaking of nuclear spin degeneracy for the 1S0 and 3P0 optical clock states of 87Sr under a small magnetic bias field. This optical approach for excitation of nuclear spin states allows an accurate measurement of the differential Lande g factor between 1S0 and 3P0. The optical atomic coherence demonstrated for collective excitation of a large number of atoms will have a strong impact on quantum measurement and precision frequency metrology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyd, Martin M -- Zelevinsky, Tanya -- Ludlow, Andrew D -- Foreman, Seth M -- Blatt, Sebastian -- Ido, Tetsuya -- Ye, Jun -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1430-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0440, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138896" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gold, Warren -- Ewing, Kern -- Banks, John -- Groom, Martha -- Hinckley, Tom -- Secord, David -- Shebitz, Daniela -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1880-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences Program, University of Washington, Bothell, WA 98011, USA. wgold@u.washington.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809514" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conservation of Natural Resources ; Curriculum ; Ecology/*education ; Ecosystem ; Environment ; Faculty ; *Interdisciplinary Communication ; *Universities ; Washington
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):593.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; Faculty ; *Fellowships and Scholarships ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics ; Research Personnel/*economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 95
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Relman, David A -- Choffnes, Eileen -- Lemon, Stanley M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1835.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16574824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biomedical Research/legislation & jurisprudence ; Bioterrorism/*prevention & control ; *Government Regulation ; *Information Dissemination/legislation & jurisprudence ; International Cooperation/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Security Measures/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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  • 96
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 13;311(5758):161.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Environmental Health/standards ; Environmental Pollutants/*toxicity ; *Health Status Indicators ; United States
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  • 97
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):280.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857905" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 98
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Remans, Roseline -- Spaepen, Stijn -- Vanderleyden, Jos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):171.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/metabolism/microbiology ; Azospirillum brasilense/genetics/physiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Escherichia coli/drug effects/genetics ; Indoleacetic Acids/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: With petroleum supplies dwindling, there is increasing interest in selective methods for transforming other carbon feedstocks into hydrocarbons suitable for transportation fuel. We report the development of highly productive, well-defined, tandem catalytic systems for the metathesis of n-alkanes. Each system comprises one molecular catalyst (a "pincer"-ligated iridium complex) that effects alkane dehydrogenation and olefin hydrogenation, plus a second catalyst (molecular or solid-phase) for olefin metathesis. The systems all show complete selectivity for linear (n-alkane) product. We report one example that achieves selectivity with respect to the distribution of product molecular weights, in which n-decane is the predominant high-molecular-weight product of the metathesis of two moles of n-hexane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldman, Alan S -- Roy, Amy H -- Huang, Zheng -- Ahuja, Ritu -- Schinski, William -- Brookhart, Maurice -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):257-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. agoldman@rutchem.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614220" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: Given the considerable challenges to the rapid development of an effective vaccine against influenza, antiviral agents will play an important role as a first-line defense if a new pandemic occurs. The large-scale use of drugs for chemoprophylaxis and treatment will impose strong selection for the evolution of drug-resistant strains. The ensuing transmission of those strains could substantially limit the effectiveness of the drugs as a first-line defense. Summarizing recent data on the rate at which the treatment of influenza infection generates resistance de novo and on the transmission fitness of resistant virus, we discuss possible implications for the epidemiological spread of drug resistance in the context of an established population dynamic model.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Regoes, Roland R -- Bonhoeffer, Sebastian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):389-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, ETH Zentrum CHN K12.1, Universitatsstrasse 16, CH 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetamides/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Amantadine/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Computer Simulation ; Disease Outbreaks ; *Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity ; Influenza, Human/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*prevention & control/virology ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neuraminidase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Orthomyxoviridae/*drug effects/genetics/pathogenicity ; Oseltamivir ; Population Dynamics
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