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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 2005-2009  (4,208)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989
  • 2008  (4,208)
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Keywords
Publisher
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  • 2005-2009  (4,208)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989
Year
  • 1
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    Gulf Stream Variability in Five Oceanic General Circulation Models (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-01
    Description: Five non-eddy-resolving oceanic general circulation models driven by atmospheric fluxes derived from the NCEP reanalysis are used to investigate the link between the Gulf Stream (GS) variability, the atmospheric circulation, and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Despite the limited model resolution, the temperature at the 200-m depth along the mean GS axis behaves similarly in most models to that observed, and it is also well correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), indicating that a northward (southward) GS shift lags a positive (negative) NAO phase by 0–2 yr. The northward shift is accompanied by an increase in the GS transport, and conversely the southward shift with a decrease in the GS transport. Two dominant time scales appear in the response of the GS transport to the NAO forcing: a fast time scale (less than 1 month) for the barotropic component, and a slower one (about 2 yr) for the baroclinic component. In addition, the two components are weakly coupled. The GS response seems broadly consistent with a linear adjustment to the changes in the wind stress curl, and evidence for baroclinic Rossby wave propagation is found in the southern part of the subtropical gyre. However, the GS shifts are also affected by basin-scale changes in the oceanic conditions, and they are well correlated in most models with the changes in the AMOC. A larger AMOC is found when the GS is stronger and displaced northward, and a higher correlation is found when the observed changes of the GS position are used in the comparison. The relation between the GS and the AMOC could be explained by the inherent coupling between the thermohaline and the wind-driven circulation, or by the NAO variability driving them on similar time scales in the models.
    Description: This research was supported by the PREDICATE project of the European Community, and for M. Bentsen by the Research Council of Norway through RegClim, NOClim, and the Programme of Supercomputing.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2119–2135
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ocean modelling ; gulf stream variability ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
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    Using Temperature–Salinity Relations in a Global Ocean Implementation of a Multivariate Data Assimilation Scheme (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper results from the application of an ocean data assimilation (ODA) system, combining a multivariate reduced-order optimal interpolator (OI) scheme with a global ocean general circulation model (OGCM), are described. The present ODA system, designed to assimilate in situ temperature and salinity observations, has been used to produce ocean reanalyses for the 1962–2001 period. The impact of assimilating observed hydrographic data on the ocean mean state and temporal variability is evaluated. A special focus of this work is on the ODA system skill in reproducing a realistic ocean salinity state. Results from a hierarchy of different salinity reanalyses, using varying combinations of assimilated data and background error covariance structures, are described. The impact of the space and time resolution of the background error covariance parameterization on salinity is addressed.
    Description: This work has been funded by the ENACT Project (Contract EVK2-CT2001-00117) for A. Bellucci and P. Di Pietro, and partially by the ENSEMBLES Project (Contract GOCE-CT-2003-505539) for A. Bellucci.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3785-3807
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: ocean modelling ; data assimilation ; reanalysis ; upper ocean variability ; temperature ; Salinity ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.04. Ocean data assimilation and reanalysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
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    Atmospheric horizontal resolution affects tropical climate variability in coupled models (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The effect of horizontal resolution on tropical variability is investigated within the modified SINTEX model, SINTEX-F, developed jointly at INGV, IPSL and at the Frontier Research System. The horizontal resolutions T30 and T106 are investigated in terms of the coupling characteristics, frequency and variability of the tropical ocean-atmosphere interactions. It appears that the T106 resolution is generally beneficial even if it does not eliminate all the major systematic errors of the coupled model. There is an excessive shift west of the cold tongue and ENSO variability, and high resolution has also a somewhat negative impact to the variability in the East Indian Ocean. A dominant two-year peak for the NINO3 variabilty in the T30 model is moderated in the T106 as it shifts to longer time scale. At high resolution new processes come into play, as the coupling of tropical instability waves, the resolution of coastal flows at the Pacific Mexican coasts and improved coastal forcing along the coast of South America. The delayed oscillator seems the main mechanism that generates the interannual variability in both models, but the models realize it in different ways. In the T30 model it is confined close to the equator, involving relatively fast equatorial and near-equatorial modes, in the high resolution, it involves a wider latitudinal region and slower waves. It is speculated that the extent of the region that is involved in the interannual variability may be linked to the time scale of the variability itself.
    Description: This research was partially supported by the Italy–USA Cooperation Program of the Italian Ministry of Environment and by the EU projects ENSEMBLES and DYNAMITE.
    Description: Published
    Description: 730-750
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: coupled models ; tropical variability ; ENSO system ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.03. Global climate models
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 4
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    Tropospheric Comparisons of Vaisala Radiosondes and Balloon-Borne Frost-Point and Lyman-α Hygrometers during the LAUTLOS-WAVVAP Experiment (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, American Meteorological Society, 25(2), pp. 149-166, ISSN: 0739-0572
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The accuracy of all types of Vaisala radiosondes and two types of Snow White chilled-mirror hygrosondes was assessed in an intensive in situ comparison with reference hygrometers. Fourteen nighttime reference comparisons were performed to determine a working reference for the radiosonde comparisons. These showed that the night version of the Snow White agreed best with the references [i.e., the NOAA frost-point hygrometer (FPH) and University of Colorado cryogenic frost-point hygrometer (CFH)], but that the daytime version had severe problems with contamination in the humid upper troposphere. Since the RS92 performance was superior to the other radiosondes and to the day version of the Snow White, it was selected to be the working reference. According to the reference comparison, the RS92 has no bias in the mid- and lower troposphere, with deviations 〈±5% in relative humidity (RH). In the upper troposphere, the RS92 has a 5% RH wet bias, which is partly due to the RS92 time lag error and the termination of the heating cycle. It was shown that the time lag effects relating to Vaisala radiosondes can be corrected. Because these were nighttime comparisons, they can be considered to be free from solar radiation effects. Neither the radiosondes nor the Snow White succeeded in reproducing reference class hygrometer profiles in the stratosphere. According to the 29 radiosonde intercomparisons, the RS92 and the modified RS90 (FN) had the best mutual agreement and no bias. The disagreement is largest (〈±10% RH) at low temperatures (T ≪ −30°C), where the FN underestimated (overestimated) in high (low) ambient RH. In comparison with the RS92, the RS90 had a semilinearly increasing wet bias with decreasing temperature, where the bias was 10% RH at −60°C. The RS80-A suffers from a large temperature-dependent dry bias in high RH conditions, being over 30% RH at −60°C and 5% RH near 0°C. The RS80-A dry bias can be almost totally removed with the correction algorithm by Leiterer et al., which was chosen as the best available. The other approach tested tends to overcorrect in high RH conditions when T 〈 −50°C. For T 〉 −30°C it is ineffective and does not correct the RS80-A dry bias in high ambient RH.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Dynamical Diagnosis: A Comparison of Quasigeostrophy and Ertel Potential Vorticity (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Advances in computer power, new forecasting challenges, and new diagnostic techniques have brought about changes in the way atmospheric development and vertical motion are diagnosed in an operational setting. Many of these changes, such as improved model skill, model resolution, and ensemble forecasting, have arguably been detrimental to the ability of forecasters to understand and respond to the evolving atmosphere. The use of nondivergent wind in place of geostrophic wind would be a step in the right direction, but the advantages of potential vorticity suggest that its widespread adoption as a diagnostic tool on the west side of the Atlantic is overdue. Ertel potential vorticity (PV), when scaled to be compatible with pseudopotential vorticity, is generally similar to pseudopotential vorticity, so forecasters accustomed to quasigeostrophic reasoning through the height tendency equation can transfer some of their intuition into the Ertel-PV framework. Indeed, many of the differences between pseudopotential vorticity and Ertel potential vorticity are consequences of the choice of definition of quasigeostrophic PV and are not fundamental to the quasigeostrophic system. Thus, at its core, PV thinking is consistent with commonly used quasigeostrophic diagnostic techniques.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3646
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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  • 6
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    Ensemble Synoptic Analysis (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Synoptic and mesoscale meteorology underwent a revolution in the 1940s and 1950s with the widespread deployment of novel weather observations, such as the radiosonde network and the advent of weather radar. These observations provoked a rapid increase in our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere by pioneering analysts such as Fred Sanders. The authors argue that we may be approaching an analogous revolution in our ability to study the structure and dynamics of atmospheric phenomena with the advent of probabilistic objective analyses. These probabilistic analyses provide not only best estimates of the state of the atmosphere (e.g., the expected value) and the uncertainty about this state (e.g., the variance), but also the relationships between all locations and all variables at that instant in time. Up until now, these relationships have been determined by sampling in time by, for example, case studies, composites, and time-series analysis. Here the authors propose a new approach, ensemble synoptic analysis, which exploits the information contained in probabilistic samples of analyses at one or more instants in time. One source of probabilistic analyses is ensemble-based state-estimation methods, such as ensemble-based Kalman filters. Analyses from such a filter may be used to study atmospheric phenomena and the relationships between fields and locations at one or more instants in time. After a brief overview of a research-based ensemble Kalman filter, illustrative examples of ensemble synoptic analysis are given for an extratropical cyclone, including relationships between the cyclone minimum sea level pressure and other synoptic features, statistically determined operators for potential-vorticity inversion, and ensemble-based sensitivity analysis.
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  • 7
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    Closed Anticyclones of the Subtropics and Midlatitudes: A 54-Yr Climatology (1950–2003) and Three Case Studies (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: The pioneering large-scale studies of cyclone frequency, location, and intensity conducted by Fred Sanders prompt similar questions about lesser-studied anticyclone development. The results of a climatology of closed anticyclones (CAs) at 200, 500, and 850 hPa, with an emphasis on the subtropics and midlatitudes, is presented to assess the seasonally varying distribution and hemispheric differences of these features. To construct the CA climatology, a counting program was applied to twice-daily 2.5° NCEP–NCAR reanalysis 200-, 500-, and 850-hPa geopotential height fields for the period 1950–2003. Stationary CAs, defined as those CAs that were located at a particular location for consecutive time periods, were counted only once. The climatology results show that 200-hPa CAs occur preferentially during summer over subtropical continental regions, while 500-hPa CAs occur preferentially over subtropical oceans in all seasons and over subtropical continents in summer. Conversely, 850-hPa CAs occur preferentially over oceanic regions beneath upper-level midocean troughs, and are most prominent in the Northern Hemisphere, and over midlatitude continents in winter. Three case studies of objectively identified CAs that produced heal waves over the United States, Europe, and Australia in 1995, 2003, and 2004, respectively, are presented to supplement the climatological results. The case studies, examining the subset of CAs than can produce heat waves, illustrate how climatologically hot continental tropical air masses produced over arid and semiarid regions of the subtropics and lower midlatitudes can become abnormally hot in conjunction with dynamically driven upper-level ridge amplification. Subsequently, these abnormally hot air masses are advected downstream away from their source regions in conjunction with transient disturbances embedded in anomalously strong westerly jets.
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  • 8
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    An Empirical Perspective on Cold Fronts (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Oklahoma Mesonetwork data are used to illustrate important atmospheric features that are not well shown by the usual synoptic data. For example, some shifts of wind from south to north that are shown as cold fronts on synoptic charts are not cold fronts by any plausible definition. As previously discussed by Fred Sanders and others, such errors in analysis can be reduced by knowledge of the wide variety of weather phenomena that actually exists, and by more attention to temperatures at the earth's surface as revealed by conventional synoptic data. Mesoscale data for four cases reinforce previous discussions of the ephemeral nature of fronts and deficiencies in the usual analyses of cold fronts. One type of misanalyzed case involves post-cold-frontal boundary layer air that is warmer than the prefrontal air. A second type is usually nocturnal, with a rise of local temperature during disruption of an inversion and a wind shift with later cooling that accompanies advection of a climatological gradient of temperature.
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  • 9
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    Back to Norway: An Essay (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: The advent of the polar front theory of cyclones in Norway early in the last century held that the development of fronts and air masses is central to understanding midlatitude weather phenomena. While work on fronts continues to this day, the concept of air masses has been largely forgotten, superseded by the idea of a continuum. The Norwegians placed equal emphasis on the thermodynamics of airmass formation and on the dynamical processes that moved air masses around; today, almost all the emphasis is on dynamics, with little published literature on diabatic processes acting on a large scale. In this essay, the author argues that a lack of understanding of large-scale diabatic processes leads to an incomplete picture of the atmosphere and contributes to systematic errors in medium- and long-range weather forecasts. At the same time, modern concepts centered around potential vorticity conservation and inversion lead one to a redefinition of the term "air mass" that may have some utility in conceptualizing atmospheric physics and in weather forecasting.
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  • 10
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    Linking Weather and Climate (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Historically, the atmospheric sciences have tended to treat problems of weather and climate separately. The real physical system, however, is a continuum, with short-term (minutes to days) “weather” fluctuations influencing climate variations and change, and, conversely, more slowly varying aspects of the system (typical time scales of a season or longer) affecting the weather that is experienced. While this past approach has served important purposes, it is becoming increasingly apparent that in order to make progress in addressing many socially important problems, an improved understanding of the connections between weather and climate is required. This overview summarizes the progress over the last few decades in the understanding of the phenomena and mechanisms linking weather and climate variations. The principal emphasis is on developments in understanding key phenomena and processes that bridge the time scales between synoptic-scale weather variability (periods of approximately 1 week) and climate variations of a season or longer. Advances in the ability to identify synoptic features, improve physical understanding, and develop forecast skill within this time range are reviewed, focusing on a subset of major, recurrent phenomena that impact extratropical wintertime weather and climate variations over the Pacific–North American region. While progress has been impressive, research has also illuminated areas where future gains are possible. This article concludes with suggestions on near-term directions for advancing the understanding and capabilities to predict the connections between weather and climate variations.
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  • 11
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    Fred Sanders' Roles in the Transformation of Synoptic Meteorology, the Study of Rapid Cyclogenesis, the Prediction of Marine Cyclones, and the Forecast of New York City's “Big Snow” of December 1947 (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Fred Sanders' career extended over 55 yr, touching upon many of the revolutionary transformations in the field of meteorology during that period. In this paper, his contributions to the transformation of synoptic meteorology, his research into the nature of explosive cyclogenesis, and related advances in the ability to predict these storms are reviewed. In addition to this review, the current status of forecasting oceanic cyclones 4.5 days in advance is presented, illustrating the progress that has been made and the challenges that persist, especially for forecasting those extreme extratropical cyclones that are marked by surface wind speeds exceeding hurricane force. Last, Fred Sanders' participation in a forecast for the historic 1947 snowstorm (that produced snowfall amounts in the New York City area that set records at that time) is reviewed along with an attempt to use today's operational global model to simulate this storm using data that were available at the time. The study reveals the predictive limitations involved with this case based on the scarcity of upper-air data in 1947, while confirming Fred Sanders' forecasting skills when dealing with these types of major storm events, even as a young aviation forecaster at New York's LaGuardia Airport.
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  • 12
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    Finescale Radar Observations of a Dryline during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: A case study of a double dryline on 22 May 2002 is presented. Mobile, 3-mm-wavelength Doppler radars from the University of Massachusetts and the University of Wyoming (Wyoming cloud radar) were used to collect very fine resolution vertical-velocity data in the vicinity of each of the moisture gradients associated with the drylines. Very narrow (50–100 m wide) channels of strong upward vertical velocity (up to 8 m s–1) were measured in the convergence zone of the easternmost dryline, larger in magnitude than reported with previous drylines. Distinct areas of descending motion were evident to the east and west of both drylines. Radar data are interpreted in the context of other observational platforms available during the International H2O Project (IHOP-2002). a variational ground-based mobile radar data processing technique was developed and applied to pseudo-dual-Doppler data collected during a rolling range-height indicator deployment. It was found that there was a secondary (vertical) circulation normal to the easternmost moisture gradient; the circulation comprised an easterly component near-surface flow to the east, a strong upward vertical component in the convergence zone, a westerly return, flow above the convective boundary layer, and numerous regions of descending motion, the most prominent approximately 3–5 km to the east of the surface convergence zone.
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  • 13
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    The Application of Fred Sanders' Teaching to Current Research on Extreme Cold-Season Precipitation Events in the Saint Lawrence River Valley Region (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Fred Sanders' teaching and research contributions in the area of quasigeostrophic theory are highlighted in this paper. The application of these contributions is made to the topic of extreme cold-season precipitation events in the Saint Lawrence valley in the northeastern United States and southern Quebec. This research focuses on analyses of Saint Lawrence valley heavy precipitation events. Synoptic- and planetary-scale circulation anomaly precursors are typically identified several days prior to these events. These precursors include transient upper-level troughs, strong moisture transports into the region, and anomalously large precipitable water amounts. The physical insight of Fred Sanders' work is used in the analysis of these composite results. Further details of this insight are provided in analyses of one case of heavy precipitation.
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  • 14
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    The Sanders Barotropic Tropical Cyclone Track Prediction Model (SANBAR) (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Sanders designed a barotropic tropical cyclone (TC) track prediction model for the North Atlantic TC basin that became known as the Sanders barotropic (SANBAR) model. It predicted the streamfunction of the deeplayer mean winds (tropical circulation vertically averaged from 1000 to 100 hPa) that represents the vertically averaged tropical circulations. Originally, the wind input for the operational objective analysis (OA) consisted of winds measured by radiosondes and 44 bogus winds provided by analysis at the National Hurricane Center (NHC), which corresponded to the vertically averaged flow over sparsely observed tropical, subtropical, and midlatitude oceanic regions. The model covered a fixed regional area and had a grid size of ~ 154 km. It estimated the initial storm motion solely on the basis of the large-scale flow from the OA, not taking into account the observed storm motion. During 1970, the SANBAR model became the first dynamical TC track model to be run operationally at NHC. Track forecasts of SANBAR were verified from the 1971 TC season when track model verifications began at NHC until its retirement after the 1989 Atlantic TC season. The average annual SANBAR forecast track errors were verified relative to Climatology and Persistence (CLIPER), the standard no-skill track forecast. Comparison with CLIPER determines the skill of track forecast methods. Verifications are presented for two different versions of the SANBAR model system used operationally during 1973–84 and 1985–89. In homogeneous comparisons (i.e., includes only forecasts for the same initial times) for the former period, SANBAR's track forecasts were slightly better than CLIPER at 24–48-h forecast intervals; however, from 1985 to 1989 the average SANBAR track forecast errors from 24–72 h were ~10% more skillful than homogeneous CLIPER track forecasts.
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    Surface Potential Temperature as an Analysis and Forecasting Tool (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: In the last decade, Fred Sanders was often critical of current surface analysis techniques. This led to his promoting the use of surface potential temperatures to distinguish between fronts, baroclinic troughs, and non-frontal baroclinic zones, and to the development of a climatology of surface baroclinic zones. In this paper, criticisms of current surface analysis techniques and the usefulness of surface potential temperature analyses are discussed. Case examples are used to compare potential temperature analyses and current National Centers for Environmental Prediction analyses. The 1-yr climatology of Sanders and Hoffman is reconstructed using a composite technique. Annual and seasonal mean potential temperature analyses over the continental United States, southern Canada, northern Mexico, and adjacent coastal waters are presented. In addition, gridpoint frequencies of moderate and strong potential temperature gradients are calculated. The results of the mean potential temperature analyses show that moderate and strong surface baroclinic zones are favored along the coastlines and the slopes of the North American cordillera. Additional subsynoptic details, not found in Sanders and Hoffman, are identified. The availability of the composite results allows for the calculation of potential temperature gradient anomalies. It is shown that these anomalies can be used to identify significant frontal baroclinic zones that are associated with weak potential temperature gradients. Together the results and reviews in this paper show that surface potential temperature analyses are a valuable forecasting and analysis tool allowing analysts to distinguish and identify fronts, baroclinic troughs, and nonfrontal baroclinic zones.
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    Surface Boundaries of the Southern Plains: Their Role in the Initiation of Convective Storms (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: The nature of the different types of surface boundaries that appear in the southern plains of the United States during the convectively active season is reviewed. The following boundaries are discussed: fronts, the dryline, troughs, and outflow boundaries, The boundaries are related to their environment and to local topography. The role these boundaries might play in the initiation of convective storms is emphasized. The various types of boundary-related vertical circulations and their dynamics are discussed. In particular, quasigeostrophic and semigeostrophic dynamics, and the dynamics of solenoidal circulations, density currents, boundary layers, and gravity waves are considered. Miscellaneous topics pertinent to convective storms and their relationship to surface boundaries such as along-the-boundary variability, boundary collisions, and the role of vertical shear are also discussed. Although some cases of storm initiation along surface boundaries have been well documented using research datasets collected during comprehensive field experiments, much of what we know is based only on empirical forecasting and nowcasting experience. It is suggested that many problems relating to convective-storm formation need to be explored in detail using real datasets with new observing systems and techniques, in conjunction with numerical simulation studies, and through climatological studies.
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  • 17
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    Strong Surface Fronts over Sloping Terrain and Coastal Plains (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: This paper begins with a review of basic surface frontogenesis concepts with an emphasis on fronts located over sloping terrain adjacent to mountain barriers and fronts located in large-scale baroclinic zones close to coastlines. The impact of cold-air damming and differential diabatic heating and cooling on frontogenesis is considered through two detailed case studies of intense surface fronts. The first case, from 17 to 18 April 2002, featured the westward passage of a cold (side-door) front across coastal eastern New England in which 15°–20°C temperature decreases were observed in less than one hour. The second case, from 28 February to 4 March 1972, featured a long-lived front that affected most of the United States from the Rockies to the Atlantic coast and was noteworthy for a 50°C temperature contrast between Kansas and southern Manitoba, Canada. In the April 2002 case most of New England was initially covered by an unusually warm, dry air mass. Dynamical anticyclogenesis over eastern Canada set the stage for a favorable pressure gradient to allow chilly marine air to approach coastal New England from the east. Diabatic cooling over the chilly (5°–8°C) waters of the Gulf of Maine allowed surface pressures to remain relatively high offshore while diabatic heating over the land (31°–33°C temperatures) enabled surface pressures to fall relative to over the ocean. The resulting higher pressures offshore resulted in an onshore cold push. Frontal intensity was likely enhanced prior to leaf out and grass green-up as virtually all of the available insolation went into sensible heating. The large-scale environment in the February–March 1972 case favored the accumulation of bitterly cold arctic air in Canada. Frontal formation occurred over northern Montana and North Dakota as the arctic air moved slowly southward in conjunction with surface pressure rises east of the Canadian Rockies. The arctic air accelerated southward subsequent to lee cyclogenesis–induced pressure falls ahead of an upstream trough that crossed the Rockies. The southward acceleration of the arctic air was also facilitated by dynamic anticyclogenesis in southern Canada beneath a poleward jet-entrance region. Frontal intensity varied diurnally in response to differential diabatic heating. Three types of cyclogenesis events were observed over the lifetime of the event: 1) low-amplitude frontal waves with no upper-level support, 2) low-amplitude frontal waves that formed in a jet-entrance region, and 3) cyclones that formed ahead of advancing upper-level troughs. All cyclones were either nondeveloping or weak developments despite extreme baroclinicity, likely the result of large atmospheric static stability in the arctic frontal zone and unfavorable alongfront stretching deformation. Significant frontal–mountain interactions were observed over the Rockies and the Appalachians.
    Print ISSN: 0065-9401
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-3646
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences , Physics
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    The Fiftieth Anniversary of Sanders (1955): A Mesoscale Model Simulation of the Cold Front of 17–18 April 1953 (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Over 50 yr have passed since the publication of Sanders' 1955 study, the first quantitative study of the structure and dynamics of a surface cold front. The purpose of this chapter is to reexamine some of the results of that study in light of modern methods of numerical weather prediction and diagnosis. A simulation with a resolution as high as 6-km horizontal grid spacing was performed with the fifth-generation-Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5), given initial and lateral boundary conditions from the National Centers for Environmental Precipitation-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis project data from 17 to 18 April 1953. The MM5 produced a reasonable simulation af the front, albeit its strength was not as intense and its movement was not as fast as was analyzed by Sanders. The vertical structure of the front differed from that analyzed by Sanders in several significant ways. First, the strongest horizontal temperature gradient associated with the cold front in the simulation occurred above a surface-based inversion, not at the earth's surface. Second, the ascent plume at the leading edge of the front was deeper and more intense than that analyzed by Sanders. The reason was an elevated mixed layer that had moved over the surface cold front in the simulation, allowing a much deeper vertical circulation than was analyzed by Sanders. This structure is similar to that of Australian cold fronts with their deep, well-mixed, prefrontal surface layer. These two differences between the model simulation and the analysis by Sanders may be because upper-air data from Fort Worth, Texas, was unavailable to Sanders. Third, the elevated mixed layer also meant that isentropes along the leading edge of the front extended vertically. Fourth, the field of frontogenesis of the horizontal temperature gradient calculated from the three-dimensional wind differed in that the magnitude of the maximum of the deformation term was larger than the magnitude of the maximum of the tilting term in the simulation, in contrast to Sanders' analysis and other previously published cases. These two discrepancies may be attributable to the limited horizontal resolution of the data that Sanders used in constructing his cross section. Last, a deficiency of the model simulation was that the postfrontal surface superadiabatic layer in the model did not match the observed well-mixed boundary layer. This result raises the question of the origin of the well-mixed postfrontal boundary layer behind cold fronts. To address this question, an additional model simulation without surface fluxes was performed, producing a well-mixed, not superadiabatic, layer. This result suggests that surface fluxes were not necessary for the development of the well-mixed layer, in agreement with previous research. Analysis of this event also amplifies two research themes that Sanders returned to later in his career, First, a prefrontal wind shift occurred in both the observations and model simulation at stations in western Oklahoma. This prefrontal wind shift was caused by a lee cyclone departing the leeward slopes of the Rockies slightly equatorward of the cold front, rather than along the front as was the case farther eastward. Sanders' later research showed how the occurrence of these prefrontal wind shifts leads to the weakening of fronts. Second, this study shows the advantage of using surface potential temperature, rather than surface temperature, for determining the locations of the surface fronts on sloping terrain.
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    Must Surprise Snowstorms be a Surprise? (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: Today, even with state-of-the-art observational, data assimilation, and modeling systems run routinely on supercomputers, there are often surprises in the prediction of snowstorms, especially the “big ones,” affecting coastal regions of the mid-Atlantic and northeastern United States. Little did the author know that lessons from Fred Sanders' synoptic meteorology class at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1967) would later (late 1980s) inspire him to pursue practical issues of predictability in the context of the development of ensemble prediction systems, strategies, and applications for providing information on the inevitable case-dependent uncertainties in forecasts. This paper is a brief qualitative and somewhat colloquial overview, based upon this author's personal involvement and experiences, intended to highlight some basic aspects of the source and nature of uncertainties in forecasts and to illustrate the sort of value added information ensembles can provide in dealing with uncertainties in predictions of East Coast snowstorms.
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  • 20
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    Perspectives on Fred Sanders' Research on Cold Fronts (2008)
    American Meteorological Society
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-01
    Description: One characteristic of Fred Sanders' research is his ability to take a topic that is believed to be well understood by the research community and show that interesting research problems still exist. Among Sanders' considerable contributions to synoptic meteorology, those concerned with surface cold fronts have been especially influential. After a brief historical review of fronts and frontal analysis, this chapter presents three stages in Sanders' career when he performed research on the structure, dynamics, and analysis of surface cold fronts. First, his 1955 paper, "An investigation of the structure and dynamics of an intense surface frontal zone," was the first study to discuss quantitatively the dynamics of a surface cold front. In the 1960s, Sanders and his students further examined the structure of cold fronts, resulting in the unpublished 1967 report to the National Science Foundation, "Frontal structure and the dynamics of frontogenesis." For a third lime in his career, Sanders published several papers (1995–2005) revisiting the structure and dynamics of cold fronts. His 1967 and 1995–2005 work raises the question of the origin and dynamics of the surface pressure trough and/or wind shift that sometimes precedes the temperature gradient (hereafter called a prefrontal trough or prefrontal wind shift, respectively). Sanders showed that the relationship between this prefrontal feature and the temperature gradient is fundamental to the strength of the front. When the wind shift is coincident with the temperature gradient, frontogenesis (strengthening of the front) results; when the wind shift lies ahead of the temperature gradient, frontolysis (weakening of the front) results. a number of proposed mechanisms for the formation of prefrontal troughs and prefrontal wind shifts exist. Consequently, much research remains to be performed on these topics.
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    AIDS research. Review of vaccine failure prompts a return to basics (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 4;320(5872):30-1. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5872.30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines ; Animals ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Models, Animal ; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (U.S.) ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. Australopithecus not much of a nutcracker (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 2;320(5876):608-9. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5876.608b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Diet ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Humans ; Jaw/anatomy & histology ; Molar/anatomy & histology ; Paleodontology ; Tooth Attrition
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    Biochemistry. Metamorphic proteins (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Murzin, Alexey G -- MC_U105192716/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1725-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1158868.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Centre for Protein Engineering, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. agm@mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583598" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/chemistry ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry ; Dimerization ; Evolution, Molecular ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lymphokines/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Point Mutation ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry ; Sialoglycoproteins/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins/chemistry
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    Human genetics. Interest rises in DNA copy number variations--along with questions (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 28;322(5906):1314. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5906.1314.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19039111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: DNA/*genetics ; *Gene Dosage ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; *Sequence Deletion
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    The Gonzo Scientist. How astronomers have fun (and nearly die trying) (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1297. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5894.1297b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772420" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Protein synthesis and neurotrophin-dependent structural plasticity of single dendritic spines (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-01
    Description: Long-term potentiation (LTP) at glutamatergic synapses is considered to underlie learning and memory and is associated with the enlargement of dendritic spines. Because the consolidation of memory and LTP require protein synthesis, it is important to clarify how protein synthesis affects spine enlargement. In rat brain slices, the repetitive pairing of postsynaptic spikes and two-photon uncaging of glutamate at single spines (a spike-timing protocol) produced both immediate and gradual phases of spine enlargement in CA1 pyramidal neurons. The gradual enlargement was strongly dependent on protein synthesis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) action, often associated with spine twitching, and was induced specifically at the spines that were immediately enlarged by the synaptic stimulation. Thus, this spike-timing protocol is an efficient trigger for BDNF secretion and induces protein synthesis-dependent long-term enlargement at the level of single spines.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4218863/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4218863/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanaka, Jun-Ichi -- Horiike, Yoshihiro -- Matsuzaki, Masanori -- Miyazaki, Takashi -- Ellis-Davies, Graham C R -- Kasai, Haruo -- R01 GM053395/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM053395-12/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1683-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1152864. Epub 2008 Feb 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Structural Physiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18309046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Dendritic Spines/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Pyramidal Cells/physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, trkB/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology
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    Clinical research. NIH reports breach of patient records (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1746. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5871.1746b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Computer Security ; *Computers ; Humans ; *Medical Records Systems, Computerized ; *National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) ; Privacy ; *Theft ; United States
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    Microbiology. Germs take a bite out of antibiotics (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Mitch -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 4;320(5872):33. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5872.33a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388265" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects/*metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; *Soil Microbiology
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    Ecology. Green with complexity (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naeem, Shahid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):913-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1154770.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. sn2121@columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Biodiversity ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; *Grasshoppers ; Photosynthesis ; *Plants/metabolism ; *Predatory Behavior ; *Spiders
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    Medicine. Nothing rotten about hydrogen sulfide's medical promise (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Mitch -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1155-7. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5880.1155.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511669" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cardiovascular Agents/therapeutic use ; Energy Metabolism/drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide/*therapeutic use/toxicity
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    Extending the sub-sea-floor biosphere (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Sub-sea-floor sediments may contain two-thirds of Earth's total prokaryotic biomass. However, this has its basis in data extrapolation from ~500-meter to 4-kilometer depths, whereas the deepest documented prokaryotes are from only 842 meters. Here, we provide evidence for low concentrations of living prokaryotic cells in the deepest (1626 meters below the sea floor), oldest (111 million years old), and potentially hottest (~100 degrees C) marine sediments investigated. These Newfoundland margin sediments also have DNA sequences related to thermophilic and/or hyperthermophilic Archaea. These form two unique clusters within Pyrococcus and Thermococcus genera, suggesting unknown, uncultured groups are present in deep, hot, marine sediments (~54 degrees to 100 degrees C). Sequences of anaerobic methane-oxidizing Archaea were also present, suggesting a deep biosphere partly supported by methane. These findings demonstrate that the sub-sea-floor biosphere extends to at least 1600 meters below the sea floor and probably deeper, given an upper temperature limit for prokaryotic life of at least 113 degrees C and increasing thermogenic energy supply with depth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roussel, Erwan G -- Bonavita, Marie-Anne Cambon -- Querellou, Joel -- Cragg, Barry A -- Webster, Gordon -- Prieur, Daniel -- Parkes, R John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 23;320(5879):1046. doi: 10.1126/science.1154545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Microbiologie des Environnements Extremes, UMR 6197, Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Ifremer, Centre de Brest, BP70, 29280 Plouzane, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; *Archaea/classification/genetics/physiology ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Bacteria/classification/genetics ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Colony Count, Microbial ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, rRNA ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Newfoundland and Labrador ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Temperature
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    Cardiovascular health. Statin therapy reduces disease in healthy volunteers--but how, exactly? (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 14;322(5904):1039. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5904.1039.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: C-Reactive Protein/*analysis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology/*prevention & control ; Cholesterol/*blood ; Cholesterol, LDL/blood ; Fluorobenzenes/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Pyrimidines/*therapeutic use ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Risk Factors ; Rosuvastatin Calcium ; Sulfonamides/*therapeutic use
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    Molecular confinement accelerates deformation of entangled polymers during squeeze flow (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-04
    Description: The squeezing of polymers in narrow gaps is important for the dynamics of nanostructure fabrication by nanoimprint embossing and the operation of polymer boundary lubricants. We measured stress versus strain behavior while squeezing entangled polystyrene films to large strains. In confined conditions where films were prepared to a thickness less than the size of the bulk macromolecule, resistance to deformation was markedly reduced for both solid-glass forging and liquid-melt molding. For melt flow, we further observed a complete inversion of conventional polymer viscosity scaling with molecular weight. Our results show that squeeze flow is accelerated at small scales by an unexpected influence of film thickness in polymer materials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowland, Harry D -- King, William P -- Pethica, John B -- Cross, Graham L W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 31;322(5902):720-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1157945. Epub 2008 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18832609" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Foundations. Economic woes threaten to deflate plans for 2009 (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-11-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 7;322(5903):841. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5903.841.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Financial Management ; Foundations/*economics ; *Fund Raising ; Research Support as Topic/*economics ; United States
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Acoustics '08. Snapshots from the meeting (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):339. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5887.339a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acoustics ; Animals ; Carnivora/physiology ; Hearing ; Humans ; Sleep Stages ; Speech ; Tigers/physiology ; Ursidae/physiology ; Vocalization, Animal
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    Acoustics '08. Listening to distant ice crack (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):339. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5887.339b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Atomic-level models of the bacterial carboxysome shell (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: The carboxysome is a bacterial microcompartment that functions as a simple organelle by sequestering enzymes involved in carbon fixation. The carboxysome shell is roughly 800 to 1400 angstroms in diameter and is assembled from several thousand protein subunits. Previous studies have revealed the three-dimensional structures of hexameric carboxysome shell proteins, which self-assemble into molecular layers that most likely constitute the facets of the polyhedral shell. Here, we report the three-dimensional structures of two proteins of previously unknown function, CcmL and OrfA (or CsoS4A), from the two known classes of carboxysomes, at resolutions of 2.4 and 2.15 angstroms. Both proteins assemble to form pentameric structures whose size and shape are compatible with formation of vertices in an icosahedral shell. Combining these pentamers with the hexamers previously elucidated gives two plausible, preliminary atomic models for the carboxysome shell.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanaka, Shiho -- Kerfeld, Cheryl A -- Sawaya, Michael R -- Cai, Fei -- Heinhorst, Sabine -- Cannon, Gordon C -- Yeates, Todd O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1083-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1151458.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292340" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/physiology ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Cytoplasmic Structures/*chemistry/ultrastructure ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Synechocystis/*chemistry/ultrastructure
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    Peer review. Pfizer denied access to journals' files (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1601. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5870.1601a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Access to Information/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects ; Confidentiality/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Drug Industry/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; Peer Review, Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Periodicals as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 39
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    American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. Tuberculosis jumped from humans to cows, not vice versa (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 2;320(5876):608. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5876.608a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle ; DNA, Bacterial ; Evolution, Molecular ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Mycobacterium bovis/genetics ; *Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics ; Tuberculosis/*history/transmission/veterinary ; Tuberculosis, Bovine/*history/microbiology ; Zoonoses/history
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Anthropology. Millennium ancestor gets its walking papers (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1599-601. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5870.1599.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Femur/*anatomy & histology ; *Fossils ; Gait ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Kenya ; Posture ; *Walking
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    Medicine. The cart before the horse (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rowley, Janet D -- Blumenthal, Thomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1302-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1163791.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jrowley@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics ; Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics ; Endometrium/cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; Gene Fusion ; Gene Rearrangement ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Menstrual Cycle ; Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics ; RNA, Guide/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics ; *Trans-Splicing ; Transcription Factors/*genetics ; *Translocation, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Neuroscience. Hiding from biting insects in plain scent (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Leslie, Mitch -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 14;319(5869):1471. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5869.1471a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18339910" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/*drug effects/physiology ; DEET/*pharmacology ; Drosophila/drug effects/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Insect Repellents/*pharmacology ; Odors ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/drug effects/physiology ; Receptors, Odorant/*physiology
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    Evolution of block copolymer lithography to highly ordered square arrays (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-27
    Description: The manufacture of smaller, faster, more efficient microelectronic components is a major scientific and technological challenge, driven in part by a constant need for smaller lithographically defined features and patterns. Traditional self-assembling approaches based on block copolymer lithography spontaneously yield nanometer-sized hexagonal structures, but these features are not consistent with the industry-standard rectilinear coordinate system. We present a modular and hierarchical self-assembly strategy, combining supramolecular assembly of hydrogen-bonding units with controlled phase separation of diblock copolymers, for the generation of nanoscale square patterns. These square arrays will enable simplified addressability and circuit interconnection in integrated circuit manufacturing and nanotechnology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, Chuanbing -- Lennon, Erin M -- Fredrickson, Glenn H -- Kramer, Edward J -- Hawker, Craig J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 17;322(5900):429-32. doi: 10.1126/science.1162950. Epub 2008 Sep 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18818367" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Biomedical research. $300 million in private money for new investigators (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 14;319(5869):1469. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5869.1469.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18339907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Academies and Institutes/*economics ; Biomedical Research/*economics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Research Personnel ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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  • 45
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    American Association of Physical Anthropologists meeting. Snapshots from the meeting (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 2;320(5876):609. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5876.609.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18451282" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Flight, Animal ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Speech
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Climate change. Ecosystem disturbance, carbon, and climate (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Running, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):652-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1159607.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, College of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. swr@ntsg.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; Atmosphere ; *Carbon ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Fires ; Greenhouse Effect ; Humans ; Insects ; *Models, Theoretical ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Trees
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    Scientific publishing. Uncle Sam's biomedical archive wants your papers (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 18;319(5861):266. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5861.266.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202260" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Access to Information/legislation & jurisprudence ; Financing, Government ; *Libraries, Digital ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; National Library of Medicine (U.S.) ; Publishing ; Research Support as Topic ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 48
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    Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-24
    Description: Mammals are metagenomic in that they are composed of not only their own gene complements but also those of all of their associated microbes. To understand the coevolution of the mammals and their indigenous microbial communities, we conducted a network-based analysis of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences from the fecal microbiota of humans and 59 other mammalian species living in two zoos and in the wild. The results indicate that host diet and phylogeny both influence bacterial diversity, which increases from carnivory to omnivory to herbivory; that bacterial communities codiversified with their hosts; and that the gut microbiota of humans living a modern life-style is typical of omnivorous primates.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649005/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2649005/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ley, Ruth E -- Hamady, Micah -- Lozupone, Catherine -- Turnbaugh, Peter J -- Ramey, Rob Roy -- Bircher, J Stephen -- Schlegel, Michael L -- Tucker, Tammy A -- Schrenzel, Mark D -- Knight, Rob -- Gordon, Jeffrey I -- DK30292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK70977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK78669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK078669/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P01 DK078669-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK030292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK030292-24/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK070977-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM065103/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM065103-07/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- T32GM065103/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1647-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1155725. Epub 2008 May 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Genome Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18497261" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; Animals, Wild/classification/genetics/microbiology ; Animals, Zoo/classification/genetics/microbiology ; Bacteria/*classification/genetics/isolation & purification ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; Carnivora/classification/genetics/microbiology ; *Diet ; Feces/microbiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/*microbiology ; Genes, rRNA ; Humans ; Mammals/classification/genetics/*microbiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Phylogeny ; Primates/classification/genetics/microbiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Epidemiology. Calculating Iraq's death toll: WHO study backs lower estimate (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 18;319(5861):273. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5861.273.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202267" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Data Collection ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Iraq/epidemiology ; *Iraq War, 2003-2011 ; *Mortality ; Violence/*statistics & numerical data ; World Health Organization
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  • 50
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    Suppression of the microRNA pathway by bacterial effector proteins (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-16
    Description: Plants and animals sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and in turn differentially regulate a subset of microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the extent to which the miRNA pathway contributes to innate immunity remains unknown. Here, we show that miRNA-deficient mutants of Arabidopsis partly restore growth of a type III secretion-defective mutant of Pseudomonas syringae. These mutants also sustained growth of nonpathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens and Escherichia coli strains, implicating miRNAs as key components of plant basal defense. Accordingly, we have identified P. syringae effectors that suppress transcriptional activation of some PAMP-responsive miRNAs or miRNA biogenesis, stability, or activity. These results provide evidence that, like viruses, bacteria have evolved to suppress RNA silencing to cause disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570098/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2570098/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Navarro, Lionel -- Jay, Florence -- Nomura, Kinya -- He, Sheng Yang -- Voinnet, Olivier -- 5R01AI060761/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI060761/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI060761-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 15;321(5891):964-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1159505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Biologie Moleculaire des Plantes, CNRS UPR 2353-Universite Louis Pasteur, 12 Rue du General Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18703740" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/immunology/*microbiology/virology ; Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Immunity, Innate ; MicroRNAs/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Plant Diseases/immunology/*microbiology ; Plant Leaves/metabolism/microbiology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Potyvirus/physiology ; Pseudomonas fluorescens/growth & development ; Pseudomonas syringae/genetics/*growth & development/metabolism/pathogenicity ; RNA Interference ; RNA Stability ; RNA, Plant/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Living up to ancient civilizations (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Glasby, Geoffrey P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 9;320(5877):746. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5877.746b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Bird brains key to the functions of sleep (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gobes, Sharon M H -- Bolhuis, Johan J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1789. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5909.1789a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19095924" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/physiology ; Chickens/*physiology ; Finches/*physiology ; *Learning ; Memory ; Neurons/physiology ; Sleep/*physiology
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    MicroRNAs make big impression in disease after disease (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1782-4. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5871.1782.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369134" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Diabetes Mellitus/genetics/therapy ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Gene Regulatory Networks ; Heart Failure/genetics/therapy ; Humans ; *MicroRNAs/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/physiology ; *Neoplasms/diagnosis/genetics/therapy ; RNA Precursors/administration & dosage ; *Therapeutics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Molecular coupling of Xist regulation and pluripotency (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-20
    Description: During mouse embryogenesis, reversion of imprinted X chromosome inactivation in the pluripotent inner cell mass of the female blastocyst is initiated by the repression of Xist from the paternal X chromosome. Here we report that key factors supporting pluripotency-Nanog, Oct3/4, and Sox2-bind within Xist intron 1 in undifferentiated embryonic stem (ES) cells. Whereas Nanog null ES cells display a reversible and moderate up-regulation of Xist in the absence of any apparent modification of Oct3/4 and Sox2 binding, the drastic release of all three factors from Xist intron 1 triggers rapid ectopic accumulation of Xist RNA. We conclude that the three main genetic factors underlying pluripotency cooperate to repress Xist and thus couple X inactivation reprogramming to the control of pluripotency during embryogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Navarro, Pablo -- Chambers, Ian -- Karwacki-Neisius, Violetta -- Chureau, Corinne -- Morey, Celine -- Rougeulle, Claire -- Avner, Philip -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1693-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1160952.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut Pasteur, Unite de Genetique Moleculaire Murine, CNRS, URA2578, F-75015, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18802003" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst Inner Cell Mass/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; Female ; HMGB Proteins/*metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Introns ; Male ; Mice ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics/*metabolism ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/*metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics/metabolism ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; X Chromosome/physiology ; *X Chromosome Inactivation
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    The bacteria fight back (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, Gary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 18;321(5887):356-61. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5887.356.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635788" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Bacteria/*drug effects/genetics ; Bacterial Infections/*drug therapy/epidemiology/*microbiology ; Cross Infection/drug therapy/epidemiology/microbiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Drug Industry ; *Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Utilization ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/drug effects ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Methicillin Resistance ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Research funding. Structural disequilibria in biomedical research (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teitelbaum, Michael S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 1;321(5889):644-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1160272.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10011, USA. teitelbaum@sloan.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18669847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research/*economics ; *Budgets ; Career Choice ; Education, Graduate ; Financing, Government ; Humans ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/*economics/organization & administration ; Research Personnel/economics ; *Research Support as Topic ; United States
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    Evolution. Dynamics of body size evolution (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roy, Kaustuv -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 12;321(5895):1451-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1163097.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. kroy@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18787156" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Body Size ; Climate ; Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Greenhouse Effect ; Models, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Stochastic Processes ; Temperature
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    Genetics. DNA test for breast cancer risk draws criticism (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 17;322(5900):357. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5900.357.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18927361" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Testing ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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    Acoustical science. Major European cities are quietly missing antinoise deadline (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 11;321(5886):189. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5886.189a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Cities ; Europe ; Humans ; *Noise/adverse effects/legislation & jurisprudence
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    Genetic risk. With new disease genes, a bounty of questions (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 28;319(5871):1754-5. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5871.1754.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18369117" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Techniques ; *Genetic Testing/psychology ; *Genetics, Medical ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Risk Factors
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    Science and the next U.S. president. Democrat: John Edwards (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 4;319(5859):24-5. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5859.24a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18174406" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biomedical Research ; Environment ; History, 21st Century ; *Politics ; Public Policy ; Research ; *Science ; United States
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    The global circulation of seasonal influenza A (H3N2) viruses (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-19
    Description: Antigenic and genetic analysis of the hemagglutinin of approximately 13,000 human influenza A (H3N2) viruses from six continents during 2002-2007 revealed that there was continuous circulation in east and Southeast Asia (E-SE Asia) via a region-wide network of temporally overlapping epidemics and that epidemics in the temperate regions were seeded from this network each year. Seed strains generally first reached Oceania, North America, and Europe, and later South America. This evidence suggests that once A (H3N2) viruses leave E-SE Asia, they are unlikely to contribute to long-term viral evolution. If the trends observed during this period are an accurate representation of overall patterns of spread, then the antigenic characteristics of A (H3N2) viruses outside E-SE Asia may be forecast each year based on surveillance within E-SE Asia, with consequent improvements to vaccine strain selection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Russell, Colin A -- Jones, Terry C -- Barr, Ian G -- Cox, Nancy J -- Garten, Rebecca J -- Gregory, Vicky -- Gust, Ian D -- Hampson, Alan W -- Hay, Alan J -- Hurt, Aeron C -- de Jong, Jan C -- Kelso, Anne -- Klimov, Alexander I -- Kageyama, Tsutomu -- Komadina, Naomi -- Lapedes, Alan S -- Lin, Yi P -- Mosterin, Ana -- Obuchi, Masatsugu -- Odagiri, Takato -- Osterhaus, Albert D M E -- Rimmelzwaan, Guus F -- Shaw, Michael W -- Skepner, Eugene -- Stohr, Klaus -- Tashiro, Masato -- Fouchier, Ron A M -- Smith, Derek J -- DP1-OD000490-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- MC_U117512723/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 18;320(5874):340-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1154137.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18420927" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigenic Variation ; Asia/epidemiology ; Asia, Southeastern/epidemiology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Europe/epidemiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Forecasting ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; *Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/classification/genetics/immunology/isolation & ; purification ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza, Human/*epidemiology/virology ; North America/epidemiology ; Oceania ; Phylogeny ; Population Surveillance ; Seasons ; South America/epidemiology
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    Environment. Marine mammals still imperiled after sonar ruling (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lester, Benjamin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 11;319(5860):147. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5860.147.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18187631" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Mammals ; Military Science/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater ; Sound/*adverse effects ; United States ; *Whales
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    Size-driven structural and thermodynamic complexity in iron oxides (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-03-22
    Description: Iron oxides occur ubiquitously in environmental, geological, planetary, and technological settings. They exist in a rich variety of structures and hydration states. They are commonly fine-grained (nanophase) and poorly crystalline. This review summarizes recently measured thermodynamic data on their formation and surface energies. These data are essential for calculating the thermodynamic stability fields of the various iron oxide and oxyhydroxide phases and understanding their occurrence in natural and anthropogenic environments. The competition between surface enthalpy and the energetics of phase transformation leads to the general conclusion that polymorphs metastable as micrometer-sized or larger crystals can often be thermodynamically stabilized at the nanoscale. Such size-driven crossovers in stability help to explain patterns of occurrence of different iron oxides in nature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Navrotsky, Alexandra -- Mazeina, Lena -- Majzlan, Juraj -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 21;319(5870):1635-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1148614.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Peter A. Rock Thermochemistry Laboratory and Nanomaterials in the Environment, Agriculture, and Technology Organized Research Unit, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. anavrotsky@ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18356516" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    National Institutes of Health. Researchers could face more scrutiny of outside income (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- Guterman, Lila -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1622. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5908.1622a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19074319" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Conflict of Interest ; Databases, Factual ; Drug Industry/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Government Regulation ; *Income ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.)/ethics/*legislation & ; jurisprudence/standards ; *Research Personnel/economics/ethics/legislation & jurisprudence ; United States
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    Genetic determinants of self identity and social recognition in bacteria (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-16
    Description: The bacterium Proteus mirabilis is capable of movement on solid surfaces by a type of motility called swarming. Boundaries form between swarming colonies of different P. mirabilis strains but not between colonies of a single strain. A fundamental requirement for boundary formation is the ability to discriminate between self and nonself. We have isolated mutants that form boundaries with their parent. The mutations map within a six-gene locus that we term ids for identification of self. Five of the genes in the ids locus are required for recognition of the parent strain as self. Three of the ids genes are interchangeable between strains, and two encode specific molecular identifiers.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567286/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2567286/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbs, Karine A -- Urbanowski, Mark L -- Greenberg, E Peter -- AI55396/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI055396-04/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 AI055396-05/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 11;321(5886):256-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1160033.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18621670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Genome, Bacterial ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Movement ; Multigene Family ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Proteus mirabilis/*genetics/*physiology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity
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    The Gonzo Scientist. Slaying monsters for science (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-21
    Description: Slaying Monsters for Science John Bohannon The first scientific conference held in Azeroth, the online universe of the role-playing game World of Warcraft, went off virtually without a hitch. Although the participants all died during the final day's social event - a massive raid on an enemy fort - they agree that this event is a glimpse at the future of scientific exchange.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1592. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5883.1592c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566270" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Scientific meetings: call in instead (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roy, Rustum -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jan 18;319(5861):281-2. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5861.281d.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Congresses as Topic ; *Societies, Scientific ; Software ; *Telecommunications ; Travel
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    Inverse velocity dependence of vibrationally promoted electron emission from a metal surface (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-08-30
    Description: All previous experimental and theoretical studies of molecular interactions at metal surfaces show that electronically nonadiabatic influences increase with molecular velocity. We report the observation of a nonadiabatic electronic effect that follows the opposite trend: The probability of electron emission from a low-work function surface--Au(111) capped by half a monolayer of Cs--increases as the velocity of the incident NO molecule decreases during collisions with highly vibrationally excited NO(X(2)pi((1/2)), V = 18; V is the vibrational quantum number of NO), reaching 0.1 at the lowest velocity studied. We show that these results are consistent with a vibrational autodetachment mechanism, whereby electron emission is possible only beyond a certain critical distance from the surface. This outcome implies that important energy-dissipation pathways involving nonadiabatic electronic excitations and, furthermore, not captured by present theoretical methods may influence reaction rates at surfaces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nahler, N H -- White, J D -- Larue, J -- Auerbach, D J -- Wodtke, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 29;321(5893):1191-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1160040.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9510, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18755972" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    De novo formation of a subnuclear body (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: The mammalian cell nucleus contains structurally stable functional compartments. We show here that one of them, the Cajal body (CB), can be formed de novo. Immobilization on chromatin of both CB structural components, such as coilin, and functional components of the CB, such as the SMN complex, spliceosomal small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (RNPs), small nucleolar RNPs, and small Cajal body-specific RNPs, is sufficient for the formation of a morphologically normal and apparently functional CB. Biogenesis of the CB does not follow a hierarchical assembly pathway and exhibits hallmarks of a self-organizing structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Trish E -- Intine, Robert V -- Dundr, Miroslav -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 12;322(5908):1713-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1165216. Epub 2008 Oct 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromatin/metabolism ; Coiled Bodies/*metabolism/*ultrastructure ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Immunoprecipitation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; RNA/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear/*metabolism ; Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nucleolar/metabolism ; SMN Complex Proteins/*metabolism
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    Science careers. Finance's quant(um) mechanics (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-22
    Description: One of the earliest "alternative" science careers, quantitative finance is now deeply embedded in the world's finance industry〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levine, Alaina G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 21;322(5905):1264-5. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5905.1264.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19023085" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Complete chemical synthesis, assembly, and cloning of a Mycoplasma genitalium genome (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-26
    Description: We have synthesized a 582,970-base pair Mycoplasma genitalium genome. This synthetic genome, named M. genitalium JCVI-1.0, contains all the genes of wild-type M. genitalium G37 except MG408, which was disrupted by an antibiotic marker to block pathogenicity and to allow for selection. To identify the genome as synthetic, we inserted "watermarks" at intergenic sites known to tolerate transposon insertions. Overlapping "cassettes" of 5 to 7 kilobases (kb), assembled from chemically synthesized oligonucleotides, were joined by in vitro recombination to produce intermediate assemblies of approximately 24 kb, 72 kb ("1/8 genome"), and 144 kb ("1/4 genome"), which were all cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes in Escherichia coli. Most of these intermediate clones were sequenced, and clones of all four 1/4 genomes with the correct sequence were identified. The complete synthetic genome was assembled by transformation-associated recombination cloning in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then isolated and sequenced. A clone with the correct sequence was identified. The methods described here will be generally useful for constructing large DNA molecules from chemically synthesized pieces and also from combinations of natural and synthetic DNA segments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, Daniel G -- Benders, Gwynedd A -- Andrews-Pfannkoch, Cynthia -- Denisova, Evgeniya A -- Baden-Tillson, Holly -- Zaveri, Jayshree -- Stockwell, Timothy B -- Brownley, Anushka -- Thomas, David W -- Algire, Mikkel A -- Merryman, Chuck -- Young, Lei -- Noskov, Vladimir N -- Glass, John I -- Venter, J Craig -- Hutchison, Clyde A 3rd -- Smith, Hamilton O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1215-20. doi: 10.1126/science.1151721. Epub 2008 Jan 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Yeast ; *Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Bacterial/*chemical synthesis ; DNA, Recombinant ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Genetic Vectors ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Genomics/*methods ; Mycoplasma genitalium/*genetics ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemical synthesis ; Plasmids ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transformation, Genetic
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    The geological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-23
    Description: The geological evolution of the Tibetan plateau is best viewed in a context broader than the India-Eurasia collision zone. After collision about 50 million years ago, crust was shortened in western and central Tibet, while large fragments of lithosphere moved from the collision zone toward areas of trench rollback in the western Pacific and Indonesia. Cessation of rapid Pacific trench migration ( approximately 15 to 20 million years ago) coincided with a slowing of fragment extrusion beyond the plateau and probably contributed to the onset of rapid surface uplift and crustal thickening in eastern Tibet. The latter appear to result from rapid eastward flow of the deep crust, probably within crustal channels imaged seismically beneath eastern Tibet. These events mark a transition to the modern structural system that currently accommodates deformation within Tibet.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Royden, Leigh H -- Burchfiel, B Clark -- van der Hilst, Robert D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 22;321(5892):1054-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1155371.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 01890, USA. lhroyden@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18719275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Materials science. Graphene-based materials (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Dan -- Kaner, Richard B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1170-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1158180.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. danli@uow.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The force needed to move an atom on a surface (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: Manipulation of individual atoms and molecules by scanning probe microscopy offers the ability of controlled assembly at the single-atom scale. However, the driving forces behind atomic manipulation have not yet been measured. We used an atomic force microscope to measure the vertical and lateral forces exerted on individual adsorbed atoms or molecules by the probe tip. We found that the force that it takes to move an atom depends strongly on the adsorbate and the surface. Our results indicate that for moving metal atoms on metal surfaces, the lateral force component plays the dominant role. Furthermore, measuring spatial maps of the forces during manipulation yielded the full potential energy landscape of the tip-sample interaction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ternes, Markus -- Lutz, Christopher P -- Hirjibehedin, Cyrus F -- Giessibl, Franz J -- Heinrich, Andreas J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1066-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1150288.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IBM Research Division, Almaden Research Center, 650 Harry Road, San Jose, CA 95120, USA. markust@us.ibm.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292336" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Priorities come with the career (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bolon, Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 21;322(5905):1187. doi: 10.1126/science.322.5905.1187a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19023062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Engineering ; Lawyers ; *Occupations ; Physicians ; Science
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    Turbulence and magnetic fields in the large-scale structure of the universe (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-05-20
    Description: The nature and origin of turbulence and magnetic fields in the intergalactic space are important problems that are yet to be understood. We propose a scenario in which turbulent-flow motions are induced via the cascade of the vorticity generated at cosmological shocks during the formation of the large-scale structure. The turbulence in turn amplifies weak seed magnetic fields of any origin. Supercomputer simulations show that the turbulence is subsonic inside clusters and groups of galaxies, whereas it is transonic or mildly supersonic in filaments. Based on a turbulence dynamo model, we then estimated that the average magnetic field strength would be a few microgauss (microG) inside clusters and groups, approximately 0.1 muG around clusters and groups, and approximately 10 nanogauss in filaments. Our model presents a physical mechanism that transfers the gravitational energy to the turbulence and magnetic field energies in the large-scale structure of the universe.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ryu, Dongsu -- Kang, Hyesung -- Cho, Jungyeon -- Das, Santabrata -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 16;320(5878):909-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1154923.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Astronomy and Space Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea. ryu@canopus.cnu.ac.kr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18487187" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Iron isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation in Kilauea Iki lava lake (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-21
    Description: Magmatic differentiation helps produce the chemical and petrographic diversity of terrestrial rocks. The extent to which magmatic differentiation fractionates nonradiogenic isotopes is uncertain for some elements. We report analyses of iron isotopes in basalts from Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii. The iron isotopic compositions (56Fe/54Fe) of late-stagemeltveins are 0.2 permil (per thousand) greater than values for olivine cumulates. Olivine phenocrysts are up to 1.2 per thousand lighter than those of whole rocks. These results demonstrate that iron isotopes fractionate during magmatic differentiation at both whole-rock and crystal scales. This characteristic of iron relative to the characteristics of magnesium and lithium, for which no fractionation has been found, may be related to its complex redox chemistry in magmatic systems and makes iron a potential tool for studying planetary differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teng, Fang-Zhen -- Dauphas, Nicolas -- Helz, Rosalind T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 20;320(5883):1620-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1157166.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Origins Laboratory, Department of the Geophysical Sciences and Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. fteng@uark.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18566283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Correcting the record on DNA direct (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bombard, Allan T -- Brown, Trisha -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):769-71; author reply 769-71. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5890.769c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/*genetics ; Genetic Counseling ; *Genetic Testing ; Humans ; *Pharmacogenetics ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage/therapeutic use
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    Large electrocaloric effect in ferroelectric polymers near room temperature (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-08-09
    Description: Applying an electrical field to a polar polymer may induce a large change in the dipolar ordering, and if the associated entropy changes are large, they can be explored in cooling applications. With the use of the Maxwell relation between the pyroelectric coefficient and the electrocaloric effect (ECE), it was determined that a large ECE can be realized in the ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer at temperatures above the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition (above 70 degrees C), where an isothermal entropy change of more than 55 joules per kilogram per kelvin degree and adiabatic temperature change of more than 12 degrees C were observed. We further showed that a similar level of ECE near room temperature can be achieved by working with the relaxor ferroelectric polymer of P(VDF-TrFE-chlorofluoroethylene).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neese, Bret -- Chu, Baojin -- Lu, Sheng-Guo -- Wang, Yong -- Furman, E -- Zhang, Q M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Aug 8;321(5890):821-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1159655.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18687960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Innate immune homeostasis by the homeobox gene caudal and commensal-gut mutualism in Drosophila (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-01-26
    Description: Although commensalism with gut microbiota exists in all metazoans, the host factors that maintain this homeostatic relationship remain largely unknown. We show that the intestinal homeobox gene Caudal regulates the commensal-gut mutualism by repressing nuclear factor kappa B-dependent antimicrobial peptide genes. Inhibition of Caudal expression in flies via RNA interference led to overexpression of antimicrobial peptides, which in turn altered the commensal population within the intestine. In particular, the dominance of one gut microbe, Gluconobacter sp. strain EW707, eventually led to gut cell apoptosis and host mortality. However, restoration of a healthy microbiota community and normal host survival in the Caudal-RNAi flies was achieved by reintroduction of the Caudal gene. These results reveal that a specific genetic deficiency within a host can profoundly influence the gut commensal microbial community and host physiology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ryu, Ji-Hwan -- Kim, Sung-Hee -- Lee, Hyo-Young -- Bai, Jin Young -- Nam, Young-Do -- Bae, Jin-Woo -- Lee, Dong Gun -- Shin, Seung Chul -- Ha, Eun-Mi -- Lee, Won-Jae -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 8;319(5864):777-82. doi: 10.1126/science.1149357. Epub 2008 Jan 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Life Science, Ewha Woman's University and National Creative Research Initiative Center for Symbiosystem, Seoul 120-750, South Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218863" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetobacteraceae/growth & development ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Antibiosis ; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides/biosynthesis/genetics ; Apoptosis ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*immunology/metabolism/*microbiology ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Insect ; Germ-Free Life ; Gluconobacter/*growth & development/pathogenicity ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Homeostasis ; *Immunity, Innate ; Intestines/cytology/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; RNA Interference ; Symbiosis ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism/physiology
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    Deep drilling into the Chesapeake Bay impact structure (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: Samples from a 1.76-kilometer-deep corehole drilled near the center of the late Eocene Chesapeake Bay impact structure (Virginia, USA) reveal its geologic, hydrologic, and biologic history. We conducted stratigraphic and petrologic analyses of the cores to elucidate the timing and results of impact-melt creation and distribution, transient-cavity collapse, and ocean-water resurge. Comparison of post-impact sedimentary sequences inside and outside the structure indicates that compaction of the crater fill influenced long-term sedimentation patterns in the mid-Atlantic region. Salty connate water of the target remains in the crater fill today, where it poses a potential threat to the regional groundwater resource. Observed depth variations in microbial abundance indicate a complex history of impact-related thermal sterilization and habitat modification, and subsequent post-impact repopulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gohn, G S -- Koeberl, C -- Miller, K G -- Reimold, W U -- Browning, J V -- Cockell, C S -- Horton, J W Jr -- Kenkmann, T -- Kulpecz, A A -- Powars, D S -- Sanford, W E -- Voytek, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1740-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1158708.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA. ggohn@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteria/growth & development/*isolation & purification ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry/*microbiology ; Hot Temperature ; Salinity ; Seawater ; Time ; Virginia
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    Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome-wide patterns of variation (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: Human genetic diversity is shaped by both demographic and biological factors and has fundamental implications for understanding the genetic basis of diseases. We studied 938 unrelated individuals from 51 populations of the Human Genome Diversity Panel at 650,000 common single-nucleotide polymorphism loci. Individual ancestry and population substructure were detectable with very high resolution. The relationship between haplotype heterozygosity and geography was consistent with the hypothesis of a serial founder effect with a single origin in sub-Saharan Africa. In addition, we observed a pattern of ancestral allele frequency distributions that reflects variation in population dynamics among geographic regions. This data set allows the most comprehensive characterization to date of human genetic variation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Jun Z -- Absher, Devin M -- Tang, Hua -- Southwick, Audrey M -- Casto, Amanda M -- Ramachandran, Sohini -- Cann, Howard M -- Barsh, Gregory S -- Feldman, Marcus -- Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L -- Myers, Richard M -- GM073059/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM28016/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1100-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1153717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5120, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292342" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Founder Effect ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Drift ; *Genome, Human ; Haplotypes ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Pedigree ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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    The roles of subsurface carbon and hydrogen in palladium-catalyzed alkyne hydrogenation (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-05
    Description: Alkynes can be selectively hydrogenated into alkenes on solid palladium catalysts. This process requires a strong modification of the near-surface region of palladium, in which carbon (from fragmented feed molecules) occupies interstitial lattice sites. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements under reaction conditions indicated that much less carbon was dissolved in palladium during unselective, total hydrogenation. Additional studies of hydrogen content using in situ prompt gamma activation analysis, which allowed us to follow the hydrogen content of palladium during catalysis, indicated that unselective hydrogenation proceeds on hydrogen-saturated beta-hydride, whereas selective hydrogenation was only possible after decoupling bulk properties from the surface events. Thus, the population of subsurface sites of palladium, by either hydrogen or carbon, governs the hydrogenation events on the surface.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Teschner, Detre -- Borsodi, Janos -- Wootsch, Attila -- Revay, Zsolt -- Havecker, Michael -- Knop-Gericke, Axel -- Jackson, S David -- Schlogl, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 4;320(5872):86-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1155200.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany. teschner@fhi-berlin.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18388290" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Genetics. Once shunned, test for Alzheimer's risk headed to market (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1022-3. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5866.1022.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292309" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*genetics ; Apolipoprotein E4/*genetics ; Genetic Counseling ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease/psychology ; *Genetic Testing/psychology ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The risks of pigging out on antibiotics (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-09-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldburg, Rebecca -- Roach, Steven -- Wallinga, David -- Mellon, Margaret -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1294. doi: 10.1126/science.321.5894.1294a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18772415" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; *Animal Husbandry ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic/*microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*administration & dosage ; Drug Utilization ; Humans ; Methicillin Resistance ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology/transmission/veterinary ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/*isolation & purification ; Swine/microbiology ; Swine Diseases/epidemiology/microbiology
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    Forests and climate change: forcings, feedbacks, and the climate benefits of forests (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-17
    Description: The world's forests influence climate through physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect planetary energetics, the hydrologic cycle, and atmospheric composition. These complex and nonlinear forest-atmosphere interactions can dampen or amplify anthropogenic climate change. Tropical, temperate, and boreal reforestation and afforestation attenuate global warming through carbon sequestration. Biogeophysical feedbacks can enhance or diminish this negative climate forcing. Tropical forests mitigate warming through evaporative cooling, but the low albedo of boreal forests is a positive climate forcing. The evaporative effect of temperate forests is unclear. The net climate forcing from these and other processes is not known. Forests are under tremendous pressure from global change. Interdisciplinary science that integrates knowledge of the many interacting climate services of forests with the impacts of global change is necessary to identify and understand as yet unexplored feedbacks in the Earth system and the potential of forests to mitigate climate change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonan, Gordon B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 13;320(5882):1444-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1155121.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA. bonan@ucar.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18556546" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Atmosphere ; Carbon ; *Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Greenhouse Effect ; Research ; Temperature ; *Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Women in science: a top-down approach (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, Donna J -- Brammer, Christopher N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 May 30;320(5880):1159-60. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5880.1159b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18511671" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: European Union ; Science/*manpower/organization & administration ; United States ; *Women, Working/statistics & numerical data
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    Ecology. Putting the heat on tropical animals (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tewksbury, Joshua J -- Huey, Raymond B -- Deutsch, Curtis A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 6;320(5881):1296-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1159328.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18535231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acclimatization ; Amphibians/*physiology ; Animals ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fishes/*physiology ; Geography ; Oceans and Seas ; Population Dynamics ; Reptiles/*physiology ; Seasons ; Seawater ; Temperature ; *Tropical Climate
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    Optical images of an exosolar planet 25 light-years from Earth (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-11-15
    Description: Fomalhaut, a bright star 7.7 parsecs (25 light-years) from Earth, harbors a belt of cold dust with a structure consistent with gravitational sculpting by an orbiting planet. Here, we present optical observations of an exoplanet candidate, Fomalhaut b. Fomalhaut b lies about 119 astronomical units (AU) from the star and 18 AU of the dust belt, matching predictions of its location. Hubble Space Telescope observations separated by 1.73 years reveal counterclockwise orbital motion. Dynamical models of the interaction between the planet and the belt indicate that the planet's mass is at most three times that of Jupiter; a higher mass would lead to gravitational disruption of the belt, matching predictions of its location. The flux detected at 0.8 mum is also consistent with that of a planet with mass no greater than a few times that of Jupiter. The brightness at 0.6 mum and the lack of detection at longer wavelengths suggest that the detected flux may include starlight reflected off a circumplanetary disk, with dimension comparable to the orbits of the Galilean satellites. We also observe variability of unknown origin at 0.6 mum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kalas, Paul -- Graham, James R -- Chiang, Eugene -- Fitzgerald, Michael P -- Clampin, Mark -- Kite, Edwin S -- Stapelfeldt, Karl -- Marois, Christian -- Krist, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Nov 28;322(5906):1345-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1166609. Epub 2008 Nov 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Astronomy Department, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. kalas@astron.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008414" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    A stress signaling pathway in adipose tissue regulates hepatic insulin resistance (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-12-06
    Description: A high-fat diet causes activation of the regulatory protein c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) and triggers development of insulin resistance. JNK1 is therefore a potential target for therapeutic treatment of metabolic syndrome. We explored the mechanism of JNK1 signaling by engineering mice in which the Jnk1 gene was ablated selectively in adipose tissue. JNK1 deficiency in adipose tissue suppressed high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance in the liver. JNK1-dependent secretion of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 by adipose tissue caused increased expression of liver SOCS3, a protein that induces hepatic insulin resistance. Thus, JNK1 activation in adipose tissue can cause insulin resistance in the liver.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643026/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2643026/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sabio, Guadalupe -- Das, Madhumita -- Mora, Alfonso -- Zhang, Zhiyou -- Jun, John Y -- Ko, Hwi Jin -- Barrett, Tamera -- Kim, Jason K -- Davis, Roger J -- DK52530/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA065861/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA065861-14/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK080756/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Dec 5;322(5907):1539-43. doi: 10.1126/science.1160794.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19056984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/enzymology/*metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/enzymology/metabolism ; Animals ; Dietary Fats/administration & dosage ; Enzyme Activation ; Glucose/metabolism ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins/metabolism ; *Insulin Resistance ; Interleukin-6/administration & dosage/metabolism ; Liver/*metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; *Stress, Physiological ; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins/metabolism
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    Phase transitions of Dirac electrons in bismuth (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-07-26
    Description: The Dirac Hamiltonian, which successfully describes relativistic fermions, applies equally well to electrons in solids with linear energy dispersion, for example, in bismuth and graphene. A characteristic of these materials is that a magnetic field less than 10 tesla suffices to force the Dirac electrons into the lowest Landau level, with resultant strong enhancement of the Coulomb interaction energy. Moreover, the Dirac electrons usually come with multiple flavors or valley degeneracy. These ingredients favor transitions to a collective state with novel quantum properties in large field. By using torque magnetometry, we have investigated the magnetization of bismuth to fields of 31 tesla. We report the observation of sharp field-induced phase transitions into a state with striking magnetic anisotropy, consistent with the breaking of the threefold valley degeneracy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Lu -- Checkelsky, J G -- Hor, Y S -- Uher, C -- Hebard, A F -- Cava, R J -- Ong, N P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 25;321(5888):547-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1158908.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA. luli@princeton.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Clinical research. Deaths in diabetes trial challenge a long-held theory (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 15;319(5865):884-5. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5865.884.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18276854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blood Glucose/*analysis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood/complications/*drug therapy/mortality ; Hemoglobin A, Glycosylated/analysis ; Humans ; Hypoglycemic Agents/*therapeutic use ; Time Factors
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    Bioinspired design and assembly of platelet reinforced polymer films (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-02-23
    Description: Although strong and stiff human-made composites have long been developed, the microstructure of today's most advanced composites has yet to achieve the order and sophisticated hierarchy of hybrid materials built up by living organisms in nature. Clay-based nanocomposites with layered structure can reach notable stiffness and strength, but these properties are usually not accompanied by the ductility and flaw tolerance found in the structures generated by natural hybrid materials. By using principles found in natural composites, we showed that layered hybrid films combining high tensile strength and ductile behavior can be obtained through the bottom-up colloidal assembly of strong submicrometer-thick ceramic platelets within a ductile polymer matrix.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bonderer, Lorenz J -- Studart, Andre R -- Gauckler, Ludwig J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 22;319(5866):1069-73. doi: 10.1126/science.1148726.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Materials, Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH)-Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18292337" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Oxide/chemistry ; Animals ; *Biomimetic Materials/chemistry ; Ceramics/chemistry ; Chitosan/chemistry ; Colloids ; Mollusca ; *Nanocomposites/chemistry ; *Polymers/chemistry ; Tensile Strength
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    Don't forget the fungi (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Goldhor, Susan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jun 27;320(5884):1720. doi: 10.1126/science.320.5884.1720b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18583596" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Crops, Agricultural/*microbiology/*physiology ; Hot Temperature ; Mycorrhizae/*physiology ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Plant Roots/microbiology/physiology ; Plants/*microbiology ; Soil Microbiology ; *Symbiosis ; Water
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    Computer science. Weaving a Web of trust (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-09-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golbeck, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Sep 19;321(5896):1640-1. doi: 10.1126/science.1163357.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Information Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. jgolbeck@umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18801986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Learning theory. The advantage of abstract examples in learning math (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaminski, Jennifer A -- Sloutsky, Vladimir M -- Heckler, Andrew F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Apr 25;320(5875):454-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1154659.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cognitive Science, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. kaminski.16@osu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18436760" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *Learning ; *Mathematics ; *Teaching
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    Living in the danger zone (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Couzin, Jennifer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 8;319(5864):748-9. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5864.748.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18258894" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Preventing inequity in international research (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2008-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rudan, Igor -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Mar 7;319(5868):1336-7; author reply 1336-7. doi: 10.1126/science.319.5868.1336a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18323433" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Authorship ; Biomedical Research/*standards ; Child ; *Child Development ; Humans ; *International Cooperation ; Publishing ; Romania ; United States
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    Transgenic inhibition of synaptic transmission reveals role of CA3 output in hippocampal learning (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-26
    Description: The hippocampus is an area of the brain involved in learning and memory. It contains parallel excitatory pathways referred to as the trisynaptic pathway (which carries information as follows: entorhinal cortex --〉 dentate gyrus --〉 CA3 --〉 CA1 --〉 entorhinal cortex) and the monosynaptic pathway (entorhinal cortex --〉 CA1 --〉 entorhinal cortex). We developed a generally applicable tetanus toxin-based method for transgenic mice that permits inducible and reversible inhibition of synaptic transmission and applied it to the trisynaptic pathway while preserving transmission in the monosynaptic pathway. We found that synaptic output from CA3 in the trisynaptic pathway is dispensable and the short monosynaptic pathway is sufficient for incremental spatial learning. In contrast, the full trisynaptic pathway containing CA3 is required for rapid one-trial contextual learning, for pattern completion-based memory recall, and for spatial tuning of CA1 cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakashiba, Toshiaki -- Young, Jennie Z -- McHugh, Thomas J -- Buhl, Derek L -- Tonegawa, Susumu -- P50-MH58880/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01-MH078821/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Feb 29;319(5867):1260-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1151120. Epub 2008 Jan 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, RIKEN-MIT Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Biology and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18218862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Crosses, Genetic ; Dentate Gyrus/physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Entorhinal Cortex/physiology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Female ; Hippocampus/*physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Male ; *Maze Learning ; Mental Recall ; Metalloendopeptidases/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neural Pathways ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Tetanus Toxin/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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