Call number:
AWI A6-92-0494
In:
Synoptic-Dynamic Meteorology in Midlatitudes, Vol. 1
Type of Medium:
Monograph available for loan
Pages:
XIII, 431 S.
,
Ill., graph. Darst
ISBN:
0195062671
Language:
English
Note:
Contents:
1. INTRODUCTION. -
1.1 What is Synoptic Meteorology?. -
1.1.1 Historical background. -
1.1.2 Classification of atmospheric phenomena. -
1.1.3 Atmospheric phenomena as fractals. -
1.1.4 The role of observations and theory. -
1.1.5 The mystery of synoptic meteorology. -
1.1.6 The organization of this text. -
1.2 Units and Variables. -
1.2.1 The MKS system. -
1.2.2 The MTS system. -
1.2.3 Other useful conversion factors. -
1.3 Coordinate Systems. -
1.3.1 Cartesian coordinates. -
1.3.2 Natural coordinates. -
1.3.3 The representation of the wind field. -
1.3.4 Pressure coordinates. -
1.3.5 Isentropic coordinates. -
1.3.6 σ coordinates. -
1.3.7 Invariance. -
1.3.8 The total derivative. -
Note. -
References. -
2. SCALAR FIELDS AND THEIR KINEMATICS. -
2.1 The Pressure (Height) Field. -
2.1.1 What is kinematics?. -
2.1.2 A description of features in the pressure (height) field. -
2.1.3 Analysis of the pressure (height) field. -
2.1.4 Kinematics of the pressure (height) field. -
2.1.5 The hydrostatic equation and the reduction of pressure to a reference level. -
2.2 The Temperature and Moisture Fields. -
2.3 The Measurement of Scalar Fields. -
2.3.1 Introduction. -
2.3.2 The measurement of pressure. -
2.3.3 The measurement of height. -
2.3.4 The measurement of temperature. -
2.3.5 The measurement of humidity. -
2.3.6 Clouds. -
2.3.7 The measurement of precipitation. -
2.3.8 Instrument platforms. -
Notes. -
References. -
Problems. -
3. KINEMATICS OF THE WIND FIELD. -
3.1 Properties of the Horizontal Wind Field. -
3.1.1 The decomposition of a linear wind field. -
3.1.2 Translation. -
3.1.3 Divergence. -
3.1.4 Vorticity. -
3.1.5 Deformation. -
3.1.6 Summary. -
3.1.7 Trajectories. -
3.2 The Computation of Divergence, Vorticity, and Deformation. -
3.2.1 The expressions for divergence, vorticity, and deformation on the Earth's surface. -
3.2.2 Finite-difference computations. -
3.2.3 Integral computations of divergence, vorticity, and deformation. -
3.2.4 The linear vector point function method. -
3.3 Properties of the Three-Dimensional Wind Field. -
3.4 Measuring the Wind Field. -
3.4.1 Introduction. -
3.4.2 Wind-measuring instruments: Dependence of the properties of an object upon wind speed. -
3.4.3 Wind-measuring instruments: The tracking of tracers moving with the horizontal component of the wind. -
Notes. -
References. -
Problems. -
4. ELEMENTARY ATMOSPHERIC DYNAMICS AND THERMODYNAMICS. -
4.1 The Law of Motion. -
4.1.1 The equation of fluid motion on a rotating sphere: Vector form. -
4.1.2 The equations of fluid motion on a rotating sphere: Scalar form. -
4.1.3 The geostrophic wind. -
4.1.4 The isallobaric wind and the inertial-advective wind. -
4.1.5 The equations of motion in natural coordinates. -
4.1.6 The thermal wind. -
4.2 The Equation of Continuity. -
4.2.1 The equation of continuity in height coordinates. -
4.2.2 The equation of continuity in pressure coordinates. -
4.2.3 The equation of continuity in isentropic coordinates. -
4.2.4 The kinematic boundary condition. -
4.2.5 The dynamic boundary condition. -
4.3 The Thermodynamic Equation. -
4.3.1 Dry thermodynamics. -
4.3.2 Moist thermodynamics. -
4.4 Friction. -
4.4.1 Molecular friction. -
4.4.2 Turbulent friction. -
4.4.3 The surface boundary layer. -
4.4.4 The friction layer. -
4.4.5 The turbulent transport of general quantities. -
4.4.6 The antitriptic wind. -
4.5 The Vorticity Equation. -
4.5.1 Derivation of the vorticity equation in height coordinates. -
4.5.2 The Bjerknes and Kelvin circulation theorems. -
4.5.3 Physical interpretation of the vorticity equation and the circulation theorems. -
4.5.4 The vorticity equation in pressure coordinates. -
4.5.5 The vorticity equation in isentropic coordinates and Ertel's potential vorticity. -
4.5.6 The horizontal vorticity equation. -
4.5.7 The three-dimensional vorticity equation in a compressible atmosphere. -
4.6 Energetics. -
4.7 Thermodynamic Retrieval. -
References. -
Problems. -
5. QUASIGEOSTROPHIC THEORY. -
5.1 Introduction. -
5.2 Estimating the Terms in the Vorticity and Thermodynamic Equations. -
5.2.1 Substitution of the analytical-model equations into the vorticity and thermodynamic equations. -
5.2.2 The relationship between w and ω. -
5.2.3 The kinematic boundary conditions for midlatitude, synoptic-scale systems. -
5.2.4 A simplified vorticity equation. -
5.2.5 The thermodynamic equation for synoptic-scale systems in the midlatitudes. -
5.2.6 The effects of diabatic heating and static stability. -
5.3 Estimating Vertical Motion from the Observed Wind and Mass Fields. -
5.3.1 The kinematic method. -
5.3.2 The adiabatic method. -
5.3.3 The vorticity method. -
5.3.4 Satellite infrared photograph technique. -
5.4 Estimating Local Height Tendencies from the Observed Wind and Mass Fields. -
5.5 The Quasigeostrophic Vorticity and Thermodynamic Equations. -
5.5.1 The quasigeostrophic approximation. -
5.5.2 The quasigeostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations. -
5.5.3 The quasigeostrophic equations of motion. -
5.6 Derivation of the Quasigeostrophic ω and Height-tendency Equations. -
5.6.1 The quasigeostrophic vorticity and thermodynamic equations expressed in terms of the height field. -
5.6.2 The quasigeostrophic ω equation. -
5.6.3 The quasigeostrophic height-tendency equation. -
5.6.4 The quasigeostrophic ω equation and height-tendency equation with diabatic heating and friction. -
5.7 Interpretation of the Quasigeostrophic ω-Equation. -
5.7.1 Mathematical interpretation. -
5.7.2 Physical interpretation. -
5.7.3 The Trenberth formulation of the quasigeostrophic ω equation. -
5.7.4 The Q-vector representation of the quasigeostrophic ω equation. -
5.7.5 Comparison of the different quasigeostrophic ω equations. -
5.8 The Quasigeostrophic Potential Vorticity Form of the Height-Tendency Equation. -
5.9 Static-Stability Effects on Vertical Motion. -
5.9.1 The effects of horizontal variations in static stability on vertical motion. -
5.9.2 Effective static stability. -
5.10 Interpretation of the Quasigeostrophic Height-Tendency Equation. -
5.10.1 Mathematical interpretation. -
5.10.2 Physical interpretation. -
5.11 The Effects of Vertical Variations in Static Stability on the Geopotential-Height Tendency. -
Note. -
References. -
Problems. -
Selected Answers to Problems. -
Appendix 1. Review of Vector Notation. -
Appendix 2. Implications of Hydrostatic Balance for the Horizontal and Vertical Scales of Meteorological Phenomena. -
Appendix 3. Matrix Notation. -
Index.
Location:
AWI Reading room
Branch Library:
AWI Library
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