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  • stability  (61)
  • RAPD  (55)
  • conservation  (49)
  • Springer  (165)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • 1995-1999  (165)
  • 1999  (165)
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  • 1995-1999  (165)
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  • 1
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    Springer
    The journal of Fourier analysis and applications 5 (1999), S. 105-125 
    ISSN: 1531-5851
    Keywords: 26B05 ; 42B10 ; 42C99 ; frame ; Gabor system ; Riesz basis ; stability ; wavelet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract If the sequence of functions ϕj, k is a wavelet frame (Riesz basis) or Gabor frame (Riesz basis), we obtain its perturbation system ψj,k which is still a frame (Riesz basis) under very mild conditions. For example, we do not need to know that the support of ϕ or ψ $$(\hat \phi or\hat \psi )$$ is compact as in [14]. We also discuss the stability of irregular sampling problems. In order to arrive at some of our results, we set up a general multivariate version of Littlewood-Paley type inequality which was originally considered by Lemarié and Meyer [17], then by Chui and Shi [9], and Long [16].
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  • 2
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    Risk analysis 19 (1999), S. 585-598 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Keywords: uncertainty ; threatened plants ; risk ; conservation ; rule sets ; IUCN
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Australian state and federal agencies use a broad range of methods for setting conservation priorities for species at risk. Some of these are based on rule sets developed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, while others use point scoring protocols to assess threat. All of them ignore uncertainty in the data. In this study, we assessed the conservation status of 29 threatened vascular plants from Tasmania and New South Wales using a variety of methods including point scoring and rule-based approaches. In addition, several methods for dealing with uncertainty in the data were applied to each of the priority-setting schemes. The results indicate that the choice of a protocol for setting priorities and the choice of the way in which uncertainty is treated may make important differences to the resulting assessments of risk. The choice among methods needs to be rationalized within the management context in which it is to be applied. These methods are not a substitute for more formal risk assessment.
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  • 3
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    Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 87-91 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Keywords: arable land ; conservation ; micro-structures ; stunted growth ; traditional land-use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für die Feldlerche (Alauda arvensis) sind Kleinstrukturen des Ackerlandes offenbar von großer Bedeutung. In zwei Untersuchungsgebieten (U1, U2) in SW-Deutschland bevorzugte die Feldlerche im Frühsommer Felder mit noch niedrigen Feldfrucht-Sorten, mit 88% (58%) der Reviere auf 35% (33%) der Gesamtfläche von U1 (U2), und mit 3,0–3,8 (4,1–4,3) R./10 ha. Im Vergleich mit Zufallsverteilungen zeigte die Verteilung der Feldlerchen-Reviere eine starke Bevorzugung von „Störstellen“ mit Kümmerwuchs, die durch traditionelle Bewirtschaftungsformen (kleinräumige Häufung von Richtungswechseln im Verlauf der Flurstücksgrenzen, Kleinsenken an den Längsseiten von Wölbäckern) oder mikrotopographisch-geologisch (Dolinen, staunasse oder steinige Stellen) bedingt waren; und eine starke Meidung von beliebigen Stellen frei im Feld; umgekehrt wurden durch moderne Bewirtschaftung bedingte Störstellen (aktuelle Schlaggrenzen, Erdwege) signifikant seltener genutzt als zu erwarten war (Abb. 1). Die bevorzugten traditionellen Störstellen entstanden ursprünglich oftmals an Grenzen von kleinräumiger traditioneller Bewirtschaftung, liegen aber heute meistens innerhalb der jetzigen Bewirtschaftungseinheiten und werden überackert. Aus Sicht des Naturschutzes ist zu fordern, daß solche Störstellen als Mosaik von Kleinstrukturen über Acker-Flächen möglichst gleichmäßig verteilt sein sollten.
    Notes: Summary Micro-structures in arable fields are apparently of great importance for the Skylark, a species which has declined over vast areas of Europe. In two study areas (U1, U2) in SW-Germany, in early summer the Skylark showed a preference for arable fields with low emergent crops, with 88% (58%) of the territories on 35% (33%) of the total area of U1 (U2), and with 3.0–3.8 (4.1–4.3) territories per 10 ha. The distribution of Skylark territories showed a strong preference for "places with stunted growth" caused by traditional cultivation practices (clumping of abrupt changes in the direction of the edges of plots, shallow depressions along the longer margins of plots with elevated central parts, i.e. furrow and ridge), or by microtopographical-geological conditions (doline over karst, wet or stony places); and a marked avoidance of arbitrary places anywhere in the fields; on the other hand, places with stunted growth caused by modern cultivation (edges of stands, clay- or grass-covered country-lanes) were used less frequently than expected (Fig. 1). The preferred places with stunted growth often originated around edges of plots in traditional small-scale cultivation, but are nowadays mostly situated within actual stands, the former edges having been tilled over. With respect to conservation, preferred places like these should be evenly dispersed over the arable fields, thus building up a mosaic of micro-structures.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sitobion avenae ; Sitobion fragariae ; RAPD ; PCR ; microsatellites ; mtDNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A set of molecular markers to differentiate the aphid (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) species Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) from Sitobion fragariae (Walker), is presented. These markers correspond to (1) a region of the mitochondrial DNA, (2) five species-specific RAPD banding patterns and (3) four microsatellite loci. Each of the markers was able to clearly distinguish between the species. The utility of each molecular marker is discussed. Mitochondrial DNA is best applicable to species determination and relative abundance, RAPDs to the evaluation of genetic diversity, and microsatellites to the assessment of the population genetic structure; the combined use of mtDNA with the other techniques can be of importance when the presence of hybrids is suspected, and RAPDs with microsatellites are best used together in population genetics and host preference studies.
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  • 5
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    Queueing systems 32 (1999), S. 131-168 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: stability ; positive recurrence ; fluid limit ; polling system ; exhaustive service policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a generalized criterion for the stability of Markovian queueing systems in terms of stochastic fluid limits. We consider an example in which this criterion may be applied: a polling system with two stations and two heterogeneous servers.
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  • 6
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 74 (1999), S. 19-57 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: stability ; Hamiltonian ; two centers ; oblate planet ; galactic disks ; dipole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Relative equilibria occur in a wide variety of physical applications, including celestial mechanics, particle accelerators, plasma physics, and atomic physics. We derive sufficient conditions for Lyapunov stability of circular orbits in arbitrary axisymmetric gravitational (electrostatic) and magnetic fields, including the effects of local mass (charge) and current density. Particularly simple stability conditions are derived for source‐free regions, where the gravitational field is harmonic (∇2U = 0) or the magnetic field irrotational (∇ × B = 0). In either case the resulting stability conditions can be expressed geometrically (coordinate‐free) in terms of dimensionless stability indices. Stability bounds are calculated for several examples, including the problem of two fixed centers, the J2 planetary model, galactic disks, and a toroidal quadrupole magnetic field.
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  • 7
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    Celestial mechanics and dynamical astronomy 75 (1999), S. 251-285 
    ISSN: 1572-9478
    Keywords: unrestricted problem ; rotational motion ; rigid body dynamics ; libration points ; stability ; resonances
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present an analysis of the model introduced by Kokoriev and Kirpichnikov (1988) for the study of unrestricted planar motion of a point mass and a symmetric rigid body whose gravity field is approximated by two point masses (a dumb-bell model). To show possible generalization of the model, we give a systematic derivation of equations of motion for a more general unrestricted problem of a point and a rigid body possessing a plane of dynamical symmetry. We give a simple description of bifurcation of triangular libration points, and we perform an analysis of their linear stability. We propose to extend the model of Kokoriev and Kirpichnikov (1988) to a case when the symmetric body is oblate. In the proposed model the gravity field of moving and rotating body is approximated by two complex masses at complex distance (a complex dumb-bell model). An analysis of bifurcation of the triangular libration points in this model is also presented.
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  • 8
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    Computational & mathematical organization theory 5 (1999), S. 5-30 
    ISSN: 1572-9346
    Keywords: network models ; organization theory ; rule following ; self organized ; stability ; work teams ; work routine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Self-organized rule-following systems are increasingly relevant objects of study in organization theory due to such systems&2018; capacity to maintain control while enabling decentralization of authority. This paper proposes a network model for such systems and examines the stability of the networks&2018; repetitive behavior. The networks examined are Ashby nets, a fundamental class of binary systems: connected aggregates of nodes that individually compute an interaction rule, a binary function of their three inputs. The nodes, which we interpret as workers in a work team, have two network inputs and one self-input. All workers in a given team follow the same interaction rule. We operationalize the notion of stability of the team&2018;s work routine and determine stability under small perturbations for all possible rules these teams can follow. To study the organizational concomitants of stability, we characterize the rules by their memory, fluency, homogeneity, and autonomy. We relate these measures to work routine stability, and find that stability in ten member teams is enhanced by rules that have low memory, high homogeneity, and low autonomy.
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  • 9
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    Queueing systems 33 (1999), S. 293-325 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: stability ; fluid models ; multiclass queueing networks ; piecewise linear Lyapunov functions ; linear Lyapunov functions ; monotone global stability ; static buffer priority disciplines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the stability of a three‐station fluid network. We show that, unlike the two‐station networks in Dai and Vande Vate [18], the global stability region of our three‐station network is not the intersection of its stability regions under static buffer priority disciplines. Thus, the “worst” or extremal disciplines are not static buffer priority disciplines. We also prove that the global stability region of our three‐station network is not monotone in the service times and so, we may move a service time vector out of the global stability region by reducing the service time for a class. We introduce the monotone global stability region and show that a linear program (LP) related to a piecewise linear Lyapunov function characterizes this largest monotone subset of the global stability region for our three‐station network. We also show that the LP proposed by Bertsimas et al. [1] does not characterize either the global stability region or even the monotone global stability region of our three‐station network. Further, we demonstrate that the LP related to the linear Lyapunov function proposed by Chen and Zhang [11] does not characterize the stability region of our three‐station network under a static buffer priority discipline.
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  • 10
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    Set-valued analysis 7 (1999), S. 209-238 
    ISSN: 1572-932X
    Keywords: nonsmooth analysis ; subdifferentials ; coderivatives ; implicit function theorem ; solvability ; stability ; open mapping theorem ; metric regularity ; multidirectional mean value inequality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We prove a general implicit function theorem for multifunctions with a metric estimate on the implicit multifunction and a characterization of its coderivative. Traditional open covering theorems, stability results, and sufficient conditions for a multifunction to be metrically regular or pseudo-Lipschitzian can be deduced from this implicit function theorem. We prove this implicit multifunction theorem by reducing it to an implicit function/solvability theorem for functions. This approach can also be used to prove the Robinson–Ursescu open mapping theorem. As a tool for this alternative proof of the Robinson–Ursescu theorem, we also establish a refined version of the multidirectional mean value inequality which is of independent interest.
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  • 11
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    Queueing systems 31 (1999), S. 171-206 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: scheduling ; open multiclass queueing networks ; discrete-review policies ; fluid models ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a family of discrete-review policies for scheduling open multiclass queueing networks. Each of the policies in the family is derived from what we call a dynamic reward function: such a function associates with each queue length vector q and each job class k a positive value r k (q), which is treated as a reward rate for time devoted to processing class k jobs. Assuming that each station has a traffic intensity parameter less than one, all policies in the family considered are shown to be stable. In such a policy, system status is reviewed at discrete points in time, and at each such point the controller formulates a processing plan for the next review period, based on the queue length vector observed. Stability is proved by combining elementary large deviations theory with an analysis of an associated fluid control problem. These results are extended to systems with class dependent setup times as well as systems with alternate routing and admission control capabilities.
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  • 12
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    Queueing systems 32 (1999), S. 99-130 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: neural network ; inhibition ; stability ; Markov process ; fluid limit ; Harris-recurrence ; transience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract The subject of the paper is the stability analysis of some neural networks consisting of a finite number of interacting neurons. Following the approach of Dai [5] we use the fluid limit model of the network to derive a sufficient condition for positive Harris-recurrence of the associated Markov process. This improves the main result in Karpelevich et al. [11] and, at the same time, sheds some new light on it. We further derive two different conditions that are sufficient for transience of the state process and illustrate our results by classifying some examples according to positive recurrence or transience.
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  • 13
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    Queueing systems 32 (1999), S. 195-231 
    ISSN: 1572-9443
    Keywords: window flow control ; TCP ; stability ; multiclass networks ; stationary ergodic point processes ; (max,+)-linear system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract We focus on window flow control as used in packet-switched communication networks. The approach consists in studying the stability of a system where each node on the path followed by the packets of the controlled connection is modeled by a FIFO (First-In-First-Out) queue of infinite capacity which receives in addition some cross traffic represented by an exogenous flow. Under general stochastic assumptions, namely for stationary and ergodic input processes, we show the existence of a maximum throughput allowed by the flow control. Then we establish bounds on the value of this maximum throughput. These bounds, which do not coincide in general, are reached by time-space scalings of the exogenous flows. Therefore, the performance of the window flow control depends not only on the traffic intensity of the cross flows, but also on fine statistical characteristics such as the burstiness of these flows. These results are illustrated by several examples, including the case of a nonmonotone, nonconvex and fractal stability region.
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  • 14
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    Advances in computational mathematics 10 (1999), S. 271-289 
    ISSN: 1572-9044
    Keywords: delay differential equations ; steady state solutions ; stability ; 34K20 ; 65J10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The characteristic equation of a system of delay differential equations (DDEs) is a nonlinear equation with infinitely many zeros. The stability of a steady state solution of such a DDE system is determined by the number of zeros of this equation with positive real part. We present a numerical algorithm to compute the rightmost, i.e., stability determining, zeros of the characteristic equation. The algorithm is based on the application of subspace iteration on the time integration operator of the system or its variational equations. The computed zeros provide insight into the system’s behaviour, can be used for robust bifurcation detection and for efficient indirect calculation of bifurcation points.
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  • 15
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    BIT 39 (1999), S. 385-402 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: Gaussian elimination ; stability ; backward error analysis ; growth factor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A new backward error analysis of LU factorization is presented. It allows to obtain a sharper upper bound for the forward error and a new definition of the growth factor that we compare with the well known Wilkinson growth factor for some classes of matrices. Numerical experiments show that the new growth factor is often of order approximately log2 n whereas Wilkinson's growth factor is of order n or $$\sqrt n$$ .
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  • 16
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    Advances in computational mathematics 10 (1999), S. 115-133 
    ISSN: 1572-9044
    Keywords: Runge–Kutta–Nyström methods ; predictor–corrector methods ; stability ; parallelism ; 65M12 ; 65M20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes the construction of block predictor–corrector methods based on Runge–Kutta–Nyström correctors. Our approach is to apply the predictor–corrector method not only with stepsize h, but, in addition (and simultaneously) with stepsizes a i h, i = 1 ...,r. In this way, at each step, a whole block of approximations to the exact solution at off‐step points is computed. In the next step, these approximations are used to obtain a high‐order predictor formula using Lagrange or Hermite interpolation. Since the block approximations at the off‐step points can be computed in parallel, the sequential costs of these block predictor–corrector methods are comparable with those of a conventional predictor–corrector method. Furthermore, by using Runge–Kutta–Nyström corrector methods, the computation of the approximation at each off‐step point is also highly parallel. Numerical comparisons on a shared memory computer show the efficiency of the methods for problems with expensive function evaluations.
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  • 17
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    BIT 39 (1999), S. 620-645 
    ISSN: 1572-9125
    Keywords: Numerical integrator ; oscillatory solutions ; Schrödinger equation ; quantum-classical coupling ; error bounds ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We study time integration methods for equations of mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics in which Newtonian equations of motion and Schrödinger equations are nonlinearly coupled. Such systems exhibit different time scales in the classical and the quantum evolution, and the solutions are typically highly oscillatory. The numerical methods use the exponential of the quantum Hamiltonian whose product with a state vector is approximated using Lanczos' method. This allows time steps that are much larger than the inverse of the highest frequencies. We describe various integration schemes and analyze their error behaviour, without assuming smoothness of the solution. As preparation and as a problem of independent interest, we study also integration methods for Schrödinger equations with time-dependent Hamiltonian.
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  • 18
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    Optical review 6 (1999), S. 28-36 
    ISSN: 1349-9432
    Keywords: optical propagation equation ; stability ; picosecond pulse ; 3-dimensional computation ; Fresnel’s distribution ; fast Fourier transform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We present a new simulation code able to simulate the entire propagation of laser pulse, from the amplifiers level up to the focusing stage. This algorithm has some new characteristics that we intend to present. It computes the three-dimensional optical propagation equation using no approximation other than its picosecond expression. The stability has been carefully studied so that it can be applied to any geometry. This is a great improvement since, up to now only cylindrical geometry was accessible for accuracy. In this paper we also present a method using Fast Fourier Transform able to evaluate with a high accuracy, Fresnel’s distribution of a focused laser pulse. The advantages provided by our algorithm are its rapidity and its high physical understanding of the focusing phenomena.
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  • 19
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    Archive of applied mechanics 69 (1999), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0681
    Keywords: Key words Bifurcation ; stability ; multibody system dynamics ; singularity theory ; Liapunov's direct method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, the global behavior of relative equilibrium states of a three-body satellite with flexible connection under the action of the gravitational torque is studied. With geometric method, the conditions of existence of nontrivial solutions to the relative equilibrium equations are determined. By using reduction method and singularity theory, the conditions of occurrence of bifurcation from trivial solutions are derived, which agree with the existence conditions of nontrivial solutions, and the bifurcation is proved to be pitchfork-bifurcation. The Liapunov stability of each equilibrium state is considered, and a stability diagram in terms of system parameters is presented.
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  • 20
    ISSN: 1437-5613
    Keywords: Key words AMOVA ; Dispersion ; Gene flow ; Genetic distance ; HOMOVA ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the genetic variability in deer mouse populations was performed using specimens collected from six different islands on a lake covering approximately 50 km2. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) was used to measure the extent of the genetic differences in this insular system. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that populations are clearly separated at this microgeographic scale (F st = 0.13863; P 〈 0.001). The homogeneity of molecular variance test (HOMOVA) indicated that within-population levels vary greatly (B p = 0.76831; P 〈 0.001). The within-population molecular variance was found to be mainly correlated with the accessibility of the islands, computed as the inverse of the geographic distance separating an island from the lakeshore (r = 0.916; P 〈 0.003).
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 15-24 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: census ; conservation ; Lepidoptera ; population monitoring ; survey techniques
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The use of light traps in sampling moth populations is an established technique used by entomologists and ecologists. However, trap data partly reflect the variable attractiveness of UV light to different species of moth. There are also potential problems of the practicality and expense of running traps in certain locations. An alternative method of recording moth populations is developed, using a modification of the transect count technique used for butterflies (Pollard and Yates, 1993) and recently applied to moths (Spalding, 1997). During transects, moths were observed by torch-light in a 5 by 5 m box, before the recorder walked on for 10 paces, and recorded moths in the next 5 m box. The transect approach was tested in the field, alongside traditional light trap and sugar methods. Transects recorded moth species for relatively little effort, produced repeatable measures of relative density, and provided habitat-specific data. This approach is likely to provide a valuable addition to light trapping in biodiversity inventories, species surveys, and in monitoring the effects of habitat management for conservation.
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 145-161 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; dispersal ; forest management ; polypore fungi ; saproxylic insects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Many insects dependent on dead wood are considered threatened by modern forestry. This may partly be due to substrate patches being too widely scattered to be effectively colonized. We studied how rates of colonization by insect species breeding in polypore fruiting bodies are affected by interpatch distance and habitat matrix characteristics. In field experiments, fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis pinicola and Fomes fomentarius were put out at different distances from natural sources of insects. The anobiid beetles Dorcatoma spp. were the most successful colonizers of distant patches, and they readily flew over open fields. Cis beetles were less successful colonizers, despite their generally higher abundance. We hypothesize that the Dorcatoma spp. are inferior competitors, but superior colonizers of distant resources compared with Cis spp. The flies Leucophenga quinquemaculata (Drosophilidae) and Medetera impigra (Dolichopodidae) appeared to be more affected by distance than the beetles studied in their colonization of fungal fruiting bodies. Lower rates of parasitism were recorded on distant patches, and parasitoids appeared more affected by distance than their hosts. Most of the insect species studied can probably persist in the managed forest landscape if suitable breeding substrate is created continuously on a 1 km2 scale.
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 75-84 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: conservation ; dung beetles ; habitat and food selection ; domestic and wild ungulates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract There is increasing concern about the conservation of dung beetles which are threatened by several peculiar dangers world-wide, both at the population and community level. A noticeable threat in Europe is the dramatic reduction in the number of cattle and sheep grazing in the open, which is associated with both intensive agriculture and the progressive reforestation of previously pastured areas. We studied dung beetle habitat and resource preferences at La Mandria Park (north-west Italy) which is a mosaic of open and wooded patches where domestic (cows and horses) and wild ungulates (deer and wild boar) co-exist. Scarabaeidae were numerically dominant, accounting for 61.5% of the approximately 3000 individuals sampled (Aphodiidae accounted for 32.5% and Geotrupidae for only 6%). However, when species richness was considered, Aphodiidae were dominant, with 17 of the 27 species found (Scarabaeidae with eight and Geotrupidae with two). Assuming a null hypothesis of equal probability of colonizing any habitat or faeces, we found that most species were significantly associated with one of the four dung types or with one of the two habitats considered. On average, Scarabaeidae preferred cattle dung and open habitats whereas most Aphodiidae used deer lumps and wooded habitats. In spite of the precise ecological choices observed at La Mandria, surveys from other European areas suggest that both habitat and food selection are quite flexible. From a conservation viewpoint, the ability of coprophagous beetles to choose herbivore faeces according to their availability and to select habitats that satisfy their own microclimate requirements may certainly be useful in preserving biodiversity. Agroecology, which implies some woodland and hedgerow management practices associated with pastoralism, could be the right approach to the management of the agricultural landscape. Conversely, in reforested areas, while wild ungulate populations should be preserved, some form of human disturbance, particularly clearings used for pastoralism, should also be maintained.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Date-palm ; DNA library ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A random genomic library of Tunisian date-palm varieties has been built from total cellular DNA, previously amplified according to an RAPD procedure. The resultant recombinant DNA is characterised by a size ranging from 200 to 1600 bp inserts. This DNA would constitute a large number of anonymous probes useful in Southern hybridisation experiments. It would also provide potential markers aimed at the molecular characterisation of date-palm varieties, aid the search of those associated with bayoud disease and suggest a sex determination of trees.
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    Journal of productivity analysis 12 (1999), S. 55-75 
    ISSN: 1573-0441
    Keywords: Data envelopment analysis (DEA) ; returns to scale (RTS) ; sensitivity ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract Sensitivity of the returns to scale (RTS) classifications in data envelopment analysis is studied by means of linear programming problems. The stability region for an observation preserving its current RTS classification (constant, increasing or decreasing returns to scale) can be easily investigated by the optimal values to a set of particular DEA-type formulations. Necessary and sufficient conditions are determined for preserving the RTS classifications when input or output data perturbations are non-proportional. It is shown that the sensitivity analysis method under proportional data perturbations can also be used to estimate the RTS classifications and discover the identical RTS regions yielded by the input-based and the output-based DEA methods. Thus, our approach provides information on both the RTS classifications and the stability of the classifications. This sensitivity analysis method can easily be applied via existing DEA codes.
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    Agroforestry systems 45 (1999), S. 131-158 
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: competition ; fertility ; microclimate ; risk ; stability ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The first ecosystem mimic hypothesis suggests clear advantages if man-made land use systems do not deviate greatly in their resource use patterns from natural ecosystems typical of a given climatic zone. The second hypothesis claims that additional advantages will accrue if agroecosystems also maintain a substantial part of the diversity of natural systems. We test these hypotheses for the savannah zone of sub-Saharan Africa, with its low soil fertility and variable rainfall. Where annual food crops replace the natural grass understorey of savannah systems, water use will decrease and stream and groundwater flow change, unless tree density increases relative to the natural situation. Increasing tree density, however, will decrease crop yields, unless the trees meet specific criteria. Food crop production in the parkland systems may benefit from lower temperatures under tree canopies, but water use by trees providing this shade will prevent crops from benefiting. In old parkland trees that farmers have traditionally retained when opening fields for crops, water use per unit shade is less than in most fast growing trees introduced for agroforestry trials. Strong competition between plants adapted to years with different rainfall patterns may stabilise total system productivity -- but this will be appreciated by a farmer only if the components are of comparable value. The best precondition for farmers to maintain diversity in their agroecosystem hinges on the availability of a broad basket of choices, without clear winners or 'best bets'.
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    Journal of statistical physics 95 (1999), S. 835-850 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: quasicrystals ; nonperiodic tilings ; classical lattice-gas models ; nonperiodic ground states ; nonperiodic Gibbs states ; stability ; frustration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract One of the fundamental problems of quasicrystals is to understand their occurrence in microscopic models of interacting particles. We review here recent attempts to construct stable quasicrystalline phases. In particular, we compare two recently constructed classical lattice-gas models with translation-invariant interactions and without periodic ground-state configurations. The models are based on nonperiodic tilings of the plane by square-like tiles. In the first model, all interactions can be minimized simultaneously. The second model is frustrated; its nonperiodic ground state can arise only by the minimization of the energy of competing interactions. We put forward some hypotheses concerning stabilities of nonperiodic ground states. In particular, we introduce two criteria, the so-called strict boundary conditions, and prove their equivalence to the zero-temperature stability of ground states against small perturbations of potentials of interacting particles. We discuss the relevance of these conditions for the low-temperature stability, i.e., for the existence of thermodynamically stable nonperiodic equilibrium states.
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    Journal of statistical physics 95 (1999), S. 867-902 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: kinetics of phase transitions ; domain coarsening ; asymptotic behavior ; self-similarity ; stability ; chaos
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The classical Lifshitz–Slyozov–Wagner theory of domain coarsening predicts asymptotically self-similar behavior for the size distribution of a dilute system of particles that evolve by diffusional mass transfer with a common mean field. Here we consider the long-time behavior of measure-valued solutions for systems in which particle size is uniformly bounded, i.e., for initial measures of compact support. We prove that the long-time behavior of the size distribution depends sensitively on the initial distribution of the largest particles in the system. Convergence to the classically predicted smooth similarity solution is impossible if the initial distribution function is comparable to any finite power of distance to the end of the support. We give a necessary criterion for convergence to other self-similar solutions, and conditional stability theorems for some such solutions. For a dense set of initial data, convergence to any self-similar solution is impossible.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: Parnassius mnemosyne ; butterfly population ; dispersal ; oviposition behaviour ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract A population of Parnassius mnemosyne L., an endangered butterfly species, was studied for two seasons by mark–release–recapture (MRR) techniques in the Litovelské Pomoraví Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic. There were four distinct colonies in the area; the MRR data indicate that the largest colony contained over 1000 adult males during peak flight in 1996 suggesting that the area harbours one of the largest populations of the species in the Czech Republic. The detected rate of intercolony movements showed that the individual colonies were not genetically isolated, but the interchange of individuals was limited. Capture sex ratio and estimated sex ratios were both consistently male-biased. We suggest that this might be caused by different behaviour of the sexes which renders the males more catchable: the females spent most of their time either egg laying or resting, which makes them inconspicuous compared to the patrolling males. Preferred oviposition sites were open, sunny patches such as forest clearings which may be due to different hostplant quality compared to hostplants under closed canopy. The heliophily of the species and the dependency of females on open oviposition sites render the butterfly vulnerable due to a decline in coppice management and replacement of fine mosaic of sunny and shady patches by even-aged forest stands.
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: spiders ; conservation ; heritage programs ; databases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Although spiders play important roles in terrestrial ecosystems and are negatively impacted by human activity, they have received little attention from the US conservation community. Information gaps may prohibit the inclusion of spiders in conservation planning. Conservation priority setting, environmental review and local land-use planning activities in the US increasingly rely on information compiled by the Natural Heritage Network. A review of heritage database content and a survey of natural heritage programs both indicate a paucity of compiled data on the US spider fauna. Heritage programs are probably hampered by the unavailability of current species checklists, identification services and keys, and a general unfamiliarity with the fauna. Clearly, further development of information on rare or imperiled spiders will depend on increased communication and collaboration with arachnologists.
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    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 333-343 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: boundary effects ; conservation ; corridor ; ecotone ; fragment ; landscape ; matrix ; metapopulation ; patch ; spillover predation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Life generates discontinuites (boundaries) in the distribution of matter and energy. One class of these constitutes the edges between habitat-types; these are fundamental structures in landscape functioning, and hence are of central importance in conservation biology. The symposium on which this series of papers is based focused on the responses of mammals to habitat edges. A diversity of views are represented, and a variety of edge related behaviors illustrated. A survey of general ecology texts dating back to 1933 demonstrates a decline of interest in ecotones and edge effects extending into the 1980's but showing a resurgence of interest in the 1990's. Habitat edges are defined operationally with respect to particular focal species leading to a number of important corollary features. The variety of phenomena subsumed under ‘edge effects’ is emphasized, and an initial attempt at classification is proposed based primarily on the presence or absence of emergent properties in edge response behaviors (matrix vs. ecotonal effects). This scheme provides for clear null hypotheses needed to distinguish the two types, enlightens mechanistic explanations of edge effects, and encourages predictions about the results of untested management schemes or other novel situations. The use and design of landscape corridors are tied to edge related behaviors. A functional and general definition of corridors is urged, so that their effectiveness can be judged with respect to specified attributes rather than to a general collection of things that might be termed corridors. Linear habitat patches are specifically excluded from the definition. Studies on small mammals have contributed to our understanding of the potential role of corridors in metapopulation dynamics. Fine versus coarse grained perceptions of environment by different species will generate ecotonal edge effects such as spillover predation. In general, the effects on landscape processes of various species operating on different spatial scales seems a fruitful direction for future research.
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    Plant molecular biology reporter 17 (1999), S. 171-178 
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Camellia sinensis ; DNA isolation ; PCR ; RAPD ; Tea
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A simple procedure for DNA isolation from processed dried commercial samples of tea is described. The method involves a modified CTAB procedure employing extensive washing, use of 1% PVP to remove polyphenolics and a single phenol:chloroform extraction step. The average yield ranges from 164–494 μg/g tea sample for various market samples. The DNA obtained from 11 different brands of tea using this procedure were consistently amplifiable (using both RAPD primers as well as defined sequences as primers) and digestible with restriction endonucleases.
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 97-106 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: peat bogs ; relict insects ; ecological succession ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The isolated habitat of the Červené Blato bog (South Bohemia, Czech Republic) and its relict insect fauna have been the subject of long-term monitoring. The species composition and abundance of Lepidoptera (light traps) and Coleoptera (pitfall traps) were monitored for 4 years (1994–1997) simultaneously on two sites – in the edaphic climax pine forest and in wetland successional habitats. The method of statistical evaluation by RDA and CCA ordination, representing the habitat preference of species of Coleoptera (Carabidae only) and Lepidoptera (all nocturnal phototactic taxa) between the edaphic climax forest and succession stages, was used. All categories of the peatland taxa (tyrphobiontic, tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral species) were analysed. Ten highly stenotopic tyrphobiontic species and 23 tyrphophilous species of Lepidoptera (out of 487) were most characteristic of the bog habitat. Only two tyrphophilous carabid species (out of 20) were characteristic of the bog. The most important relict species (tyrphobionts) of Lepidoptera are most diverse and abundant within the successional habitats and in the open wet forest. The relict fauna of the closed climax pine forest is much less diverse and composed mostly of abundant tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral forest species. Preservation or restoration of sufficiently constant hydrological conditions, which prevents formation of the closed forest, is the basic management for habitat conservation of all relict tyrphobiontic species of the Červené Blato bog and similar peat land habitat islands. The peat bog is a unified complex system of specific diverse and relict taxa. The most specific taxa are tyrphobiontic Lepidoptera, but a number of other vulnerable tyrphophilous and tyrphoneutral insects are associated with the peat bog as well.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: habitat isolation ; thresholds ; quantification ; deciduous ; long-tailed tit ; Aegithalos caudatus ; forest management ; conservation ; Sweden
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We assessed the habitat patch occupancy of a deciduous-mixed forest specialist, the long-tailed tit (Aegithalos caudatus), in a 1000 km2 conifer dominated landscape in relation to two landscape parameters, namely proportion and isolation of suitable habitat. Data from five consecutive spring seasons were used and within habitat variation controlled for. The occurrence of long-tailed tits was positively related to the amount of habitat within 1 km2 (p=0.0007) and negatively related to the distance between habitat patches (p〈0.0001). When combined, the two variables explained 〉78% of the variation in local patch occupancy. There were distinct thresholds in these landscape variables for the probability of local long-tailed tit presence. In the model the probability increased from 0.1 to 0.8 when interpatch distance decreased from 500 to 100 m with 5% total habitat coverage. With a total proportion of 15% suitable habitat, the same probability jump occurred when interpatch distance changed from 900 to 500 m. The general importance of defined measurements and quantified threshold levels for species conservation and landscape management is discussed.
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    Mangroves and salt marshes 3 (1999), S. 117-125 
    ISSN: 1572-977X
    Keywords: alien species ; biogeography ; bioregions ; conservation ; mangal ; pattern and process ; sustainable use
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Despite an undeserved reputation for being dull and homogenous systems, mangal and saltmarsh in Australia have highly complex patterns and processes. Their role as key ‘edge’ systems between land and sea has implications for many species which have larval stages in mangal and saltmarsh, but spend adult life as benthic, pelagic or demersal species. Many such species are also important commercially. Mangal and saltmarsh are both highly dynamic systems, reacting rapidly to changes in hydrological condition and sedimentation. In many areas of the world mangal and saltmarsh are threatened systems, especially near human habitation. Appropriate management strategies for mangal and saltmarsh are therefore critical for both conservation and sustainable use, the two key objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Clearing and associated development, invasion of alien species, pollution effects and poor management are the key threats to these systems. Management at a bioregional level, including the development of a comprehensive system of protected areas, is identified as the key management strategy which will ensure an adequate future for these dynamic systems.
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    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 493-507 
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: area ; colonisation ; conservation ; extinction ; isolation ; metapopulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract (1) The presence and absence of 22 plant species of various growth forms and habitat associations were analysed in 423 habitat fragments totalling 10.4 km2 in a 268 km2 urban and suburban region, in Birmingham, UK. (2) Multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the effects of patch geometry and quality on the species distributions. Measures of geometry were area, shape (S-factor), distance from open countryside and various measures of isolation from other patches. Potential habitat for each species was determined quantitatively, and the distribution of each species was considered within a subset of patches containing potentially suitable habitat types. There was found to be a significant positive correlation between the density of patches available to a species and the proportion of these patches which were occupied. (3) Logistic analyses and incidence functions revealed that, for many of the species, occupancy increased with site age, area, habitat number and similarity of adjacent habitats, while increasing distance to the nearest recorded population of the same species decreased the likelihood that a species would be found in a patch. (4) Patterns of occupancy are consistent with increased extinction from small sites, and colonisation of nearby habitats, coupled with an important role for site history. We conclude that spatial dynamics at the scale of the landscape are of importance to the long-term persistence of many plant species in fragmented landscapes, and must be seriously considered in conservation planning and management. These results have direct implications for the siting and connectivity of urban habitat reserves.
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 5-14 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: butterflies ; air-pollution ; soot ; extinction ; conservation ; Epping Forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract Air-pollution has frequently been suggested as a cause of the decline of some butterfly species: a suggestion based mainly on lowered species richness close to industrial areas in Europe. There have been frequent calls, in vain, for research on the direct effect of air-pollution on Lepidoptera, recent research being confined to the indirect role via climate change. Based on studies of the species loss and natural recolonisation of Epping Forest (a large woodland area close to London, UK) I suggest that those species feeding as adults on sugar-rich fluids direct from the surface of trees or leaves (i.e. aphid honeydew on leaves or sap-runs on tree-trunks) were affected by particulate air-pollution. Species loss was high during the period of maximum smoke emissions. Since 1950 five species have recolonised naturally, of which four are honeydew feeders. It is possible that high levels of particulate air-pollution caused the extinction of butterflies feeding on honeydew from polluted leaves. Predictions are made which will allow this hypothesis to be tested.
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    Journal of insect conservation 3 (1999), S. 85-95 
    ISSN: 1572-9753
    Keywords: saproxylic ; old growth ; forest management ; decaying wood ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science
    Notes: Abstract The effects of commercial forestry harvest and regeneration practices (clearfelling and slash-burning) on the lucanid fauna of the wet sclerophyll forests of southern Tasmania and the dry sclerophyll forests of eastern Tasmania were examined using pitfall catches. Lucanids are saproxylic beetles, dependent on dead, moribund and decaying wood. Samples taken from old-growth forest and from a chronosequence of sites regenerating after logging, in each forest type, were used to compare the species richness and abundance of the lucanid assemblages. In both forest types, species richness and abundance was highest in the youngest regeneration sites (1–3 year), reflecting the species richness of the original and adjacent unlogged forest, lowest in the older (20–25 year) sites, and variable in the old-growth sites. TWINSPAN cluster analysis showed no clear distinction between regeneration and old-growth forest. The post-harvest slash and stump residue provided an important refugium and initial habitat, but our research indicates that some species may not maintain populations in the long term. Our results suggest that most species of lucanids will find a continuous supply of suitable habitat only in old-growth forests; and such species may become less common as clearfell harvesting leads to a replacement of heterogeneous old-growth forest with single-aged monospecific stands. Continuity of supply of wood in all decay stages, the maintenance of sufficient source areas, and biological connectivity between old-growth stands to enable dispersal, are all likely to be essential to maintain lucanid beetle community integrity. If similar principles apply to other saproxylic species of invertebrate, then clearfelling and slash-burning may cause a gradual extinction of an important element of the forest biota.
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    Journal of intelligent and robotic systems 26 (1999), S. 91-100 
    ISSN: 1573-0409
    Keywords: robots ; neural networks ; adaptiveness ; stability ; approximation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract An indirect adaptive control approach is developed in this paper for robots with unknown nonlinear dynamics using neural networks (NNs). A key property of the proposed approach is that the actual joint angle values in the control law are replaced by the desired joint angles, angle velocities and accelerators, and the bound on the NN reconstruction errors is assumed to be unknown. Main theoretical results for designing such a neuro-controller are given, and the control performance of the proposed controller is verified with simulation studies.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Somaclonal variation ; Picea glauca ; RAPD ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Cryopreservation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Trees were regenerated from six white spruce embryogenic clones after cryopreservation for 3 and 4 years, respectively. Genetic stability was evaluated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprints. Somaclonal variation was detected in some in vitro embryogenic cultures 2 and 12 months after they were re-established following cryopreservation but not in the corresponding regenerated trees. These results suggest that trees regenerated from cryopreserved cultures in subsequent years are primarily genetically stable in the genomic regions tested and that variation observed due to the in vitro culture process infrequently affects trees regenerated from normally maturing and germinating somatic embryos. However, trees regenerated from somatic embryos that matured or germinated abnormally in in vitro culture exhibited altered RAPD fragment patterns.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key wordsAllium sativum ; Garlic ; Genetic instability ; RAPD ; Somaclonal variation
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plants were regenerated by somatic embryogenesis from long-term callus cultures derived from five garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Thirty-five of these plants were subjected to RAPD analysis. The frequency of variation was found to be cultivar dependent: approximately 1% in the two clones Solent White and California Late and around 0.35% in another three clones, Chinese, Long Keeper and Madena. Certain band changes were found in regenerants of different cultivars, suggesting the existence of a mutation-sensitive part of the garlic genome. The karyotypes of another 75 regenerants derived from the same callus cultures of three parental garlic clones were examined. Of these plants, 9.3% were found to be tetraploids, 4% aneuploid and 2.6% showed a change in the position of the secondary constriction. No association could be shown between the rate of variation for molecular and cytological characters either by comparing cultivars or examining individual regenerants.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Keywords: Key words: Hebbian learning rule ; attractor dynamics ; symmetric connections ; multiplicative normalization ; self-organization ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. While learning and development are well characterized in feedforward networks, these features are more difficult to analyze in recurrent networks due to the increased complexity of dual dynamics – the rapid dynamics arising from activation states and the slow dynamics arising from learning or developmental plasticity. We present analytical and numerical results that consider dual dynamics in a recurrent network undergoing Hebbian learning with either constant weight decay or weight normalization. Starting from initially random connections, the recurrent network develops symmetric or near-symmetric connections through Hebbian learning. Reciprocity and modularity arise naturally through correlations in the activation states. Additionally, weight normalization may be better than constant weight decay for the development of multiple attractor states that allow a diverse representation of the inputs. These results suggest a natural mechanism by which synaptic plasticity in recurrent networks such as cortical and brainstem premotor circuits could enhance neural computation and the generation of motor programs.
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    Computational mechanics 23 (1999), S. 8-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0924
    Keywords: Keywords: Material characteristic length ; strain-rate gradient ; dominant growth rate ; viscoplastic material ; stability
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract We study thermomechanical deformations of a viscoplastic body deformed in simple shear. The strain gradients are taken as independent kinematic variables and the corresponding higher order stresses are included in the balance laws, and the equation for the yield surface. Three different functional relationships, the power law, and those proposed by Wright and Batra, and Johnson and Cook are used to relate the effective strain rate to the effective stress and temperature. Effects of strain hardening of the material and elastic deformations are neglected. The homogeneous solution of the problem is perturbed and the stability of the problem linear in the perturbation variables is studied. Following Wright and Ockendon's postulate that the wavelength whose initial growth rate is maximum determines the minimum spacing between adjacent shear bands, the shear band spacing is computed. It is found that the minimum shear band spacing is very sensitive to the thermal softening coefficient/exponent, the material characteristic length and the nominal strain-rate. Approximate analytical expressions for the critical wave length for heat conducting nonpolar materials and locally adiabatic deformations of gradient dependent materials are also derived.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1285-1304 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: amorphous state ; combined techniques ; drug design ; drug product development ; drug substance ; drug technology ; DSC ; excipients ; failure investigations ; hydrates ; MDSC ; microcalorimetry ; pharmaceuticals ; polymorphism ; polymers ; preformulation ; process optimization ; purity ; quality control ; solvates ; stability ; sub-ambient DSC ; TG ; temperature resolved X-ray diffraction ; water interactions ; thermal microscopy ; water sorption-desorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Modern thermal analysis, microcalorimetry and new emerging combined techniques which deliver calorimetric, microscopic and spectroscopic data offer a powerful analytical battery for the study of pharmaceuticals. These techniques are very useful in all steps of development of new drug products as well as methods for quality control in production. The characterization of raw materials enables to understand the relationships between polymorphs, solvates and hydrates and to choose the proper development of new drug products with very small amount of material in a very short time. Information on stability, purity is valuable for new entities as well as for marketed drug substances from different suppliers. Excipients which vary from single organic or inorganic entity to complexes matrixes or polymers need to be characterized and properly controlled. The thermodynamic phase-diagrams are the basis of the studies of drug-excipients interactions. They are very useful for the development of new delivery systems. A great number of new formulations need proper knowledge of the behaviour of the glass transition temperature of the components. Semi-liquid systems, interactions in aqueous media are also successfully studied by these techniques.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 55 (1999), S. 727-739 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: ignition ; polymer combustion modelling ; stability ; steady state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A mathematical model of ignition and burning of organic polymers was used for evaluation and quantification of the tendency of polymers to ignition. The model permits investigation of the influence of one parameter of the polymer on the others. It was found that the model could be used for the verification of the ignitability method developed by Miller et al. [1]. Different steady states of combustion were found when using the model proposed. There is a characteristic steady state for normal flaming combustion, another for non-flaming combustion, and there are also unstable steady states that have no real physical meaning.
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    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 56 (1999), S. 1177-1184 
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: differential scanning calorimetry ; DNA triple helix ; oligonucleotides ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In this work we report a thermodynamic characterization of stability and melting behaviour of two 24-mer DNA triplexes. The third strand, that binds the Watson-Crick double helix with Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds, contains 3′-3′ phosphodiester junction that determines the polarity inversion. The target double helix is composed of adjacent and alternate fragments of oligopurine-oligopyrimidine tracts. The two helices differ from the substitution of the cytosine, involved in the junction, with the thymine. Calorimetric data reported here provide a quantitative measure of the influence of pH and base modification on the stability of a DNA triplex.
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  • 47
    ISSN: 1572-9036
    Keywords: (discrete-time) Markov control processes ; expected total cost ; value iteration ; policy iteration ; stability ; transient control models
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    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the expected total cost (ETC) criterion for discrete-time Markov control processes on Borel spaces, and possibly unbounded cost-per-stage functions. It presents optimality results which include conditions for a control policy to be ETC-optimal and for the ETC-value function to be a solution of the dynamic programming equation. Conditions are also given for the ETC-value function to be the limit of the α-discounted cost value function as α ↑ 1, and for the Markov control process to be `stable" in the sense of Lagrange and almost surely. In addition, transient control models are fully analized. The paper thus provides a fairly complete, up-dated, survey-like presentation of the ETC criterion for Markov control processes on Borel spaces.
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    Journal of biomolecular NMR 13 (1999), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: alignment ; bicelle ; dipolar coupling ; liquid crystal ; pH ; stability ; ubiquitin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It is demonstrated that mixtures of ditetradecyl- phosphatidylcholine or didodecyl-phoshatidylcholine and dihexyl- phosphatidylcholine in water form lyotropic liquid crystalline phases under similar conditions as previously reported for bicelles consisting of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) and dihexanoyl- phosphatidylcholine (DHPC). The carboxy-ester bonds present in DMPC and DHPC are replaced by ether linkages in their alkyl analogs, which prevents acid- or base-catalyzed hydrolysis of these compounds. 15N-1H dipolar couplings measured for ubiquitin over the 2.3–10.4pH range indicate that this protein retains a backbone conformation which is very similar to its structure at pH 6.5 over this entire range.
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  • 49
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Ascochyta lentis ; Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris ; Bulked segregant analysis ; Resistance genes ; RAPD ; QTL analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Foliar resistance to Ascochyta lentis is controlled at a single major locus by a dominant gene (AbR 1 ) in the lentil accession ILL5588 (cv ‘Northfield’). Flanking RAPD markers that are closely linked to the resistance locus in coupling phase were identified by bulked segregant analysis. Out of 261 decanucleotide primers screened 7 produced a polymorphic marker that segregated with the resistance locus, and all markers were found to exist within a single linkage group. Five of the seven RAPD markers were within 30 cM of the resistance locus. Log likelihood analysis for detecting QTL associated with the foliar resistance revealed that a single narrow peak accounted for almost 90% of the variance of resistance between the bulks. Preliminary mapping in an F3 population revealed that the closest flanking markers were approximately 6 and 14 centiMorgans (cM) away from the resistance locus. These markers should be useful for the discrimination of resistant germplasm through marker-assisted selection in future breeding programmes and represent the first essential step towards the map-based cloning of this resistance gene.
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  • 50
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 58-64 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Genetic map ; RFLP ; AFLP ; RAPD ; SAMPL ; Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A 109-point linkage map consisting of three phenotypic loci (P 1, Y 2, and Rs), six restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), two random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), 96 amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs), and two selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci (SAMPL) was constructed for carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus; 2n=2x=18). The incidence of polymorphism was 36% for RFLP probes, 20% for RAPD primers, and 42% for AFLP primers. The overall incidence of disturbed segregation was 18%. Linkage relationships at a LOD score of 4.0 and θ=0.25 indicated 11 linkage groups. The total map length was 534.4 cM and the map was clearly unsaturated with markers spaced at 4.9 cM. AFLP P6B15 was 1.7 cM from P 1, AFLP P1B34 was 2.2 cM from Y 2, and AFLP P3B30XA was 8.1 cM from Rs.
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  • 51
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 657-663 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Cicer ; Species relationships ; DNA fingerprinting ; RAPD ; Chickpea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to distinguish between nine different Cicer taxa representing the cultivated chickpea and eight other related annual wild species. Of the 75 random10-mer primers tested, only 8 amplified genomic DNA across all the species. A total of 115 reproducibly scorable RAPD markers were generated, all except 1 polymorphic, and these were utilized to deduce genetic relationships among the annual Cicer species. Four distinct clusters were observed and represented C. arietinum, C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum in first cluster followed by C. chorassanicum and C. yamashitae in the second cluster, while C. pinnatifidum, C. judaicum and C. bijugum formed the third cluster. Cicer cuneatum did not cluster with any of the species and was most distantly placed from the cultivated species. Except for the placement of C. chorassanicum and C. yamashitae, deduced species’ relationships agreed with previous studies. In addition, species-diagnostic amplification products specific to all the nine species were identified. The results clearly demonstrate a methodology based on random-primed DNA amplification that can be used for studying Cicer phylogeny and chickpea improvement.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Vicia faba ; Genetic map ; Trisomics ; RAPD ; Seed-protein genes ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Seven F2 families of faba bean descendent from plants trisomic for chromosomes 3, 4, 5 and 6 were analyzed for isozyme markers and two of these were also studied for morphological and RAPD markers and seed-protein genes. Linkage analysis revealed 14 linkage groups, 8 of which were unambiguously assigned to specific chromosomes. Several QTLs for seed weight were identified, the most important of which, located on chromosome 6, explained approximately 30% of the total phenotypic variation. Comparison of results from Vicia faba with the maps of the related species Pisum sativum L. and Cicer arietinum L. revealed one possible new case of linkage conservation. A composite linkage analysis based on 42 markers analyzed in this and previous studies, where line Vf 6 was also used as the female parental, allowed the new assignment of previously independent linkage groups and/or markers to specific chromosomes. Thus, the number of linkage groups was reduced to 13, each comprising an increased number of markers. No contradictory results were detected, indicating the suitability of the statistical procedure and methodology used so far in the development of the map of this species.
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  • 53
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 147-156 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Capsicum ; Diagnostic markers ; Genetic diversity ; Germplasm ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Germplasm characterization is an important link between the conservation and utilization of plant genetic resources. A total of 134 accessions from six Capsicumspecies maintained at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center were characterized using 110 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Ten pairs of potentially duplicated accessions were identified. Multidimensional scaling analysis of the genetic distances among accessions resulted in clustering corresponding to a previous species assignment except for six accessions. Diagnostic RAPDs were identified which discriminate among the Capsicumspecies. The diagnostic markers were employed for improved taxonomic identification of accessions since many morphological traits used in the identification of Capsicumare difficult to score. Three Capsicumaccessions, misclassified based on morphological traits, were reassigned species status based on diagnostic RAPDs. Three accessions, not previously classified, were assigned to a species based on diagnostic RAPDs. Definitive conclusions about the species assignment of three other accessions were not possible. The level of diversity between Capsicum annuumaccessions from the genebank and the breeding program were compared and no differences were observed either for RAPD variation or diversity. The utilization of genetic resources as a source of variance for useful traits in the breeding program may be the reason for the similarity of these two groups.
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  • 54
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 1061-1067 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Native American maize ; RAPD ; Genetic relationships ; Reproducibility ; Geography and evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Genetic variation among 15 accessions of Native American maize from the Great Plains was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). RAPDs revealed very high levels of polymorphism among accessions. Banding patterns ranged in percentage polymorphism from 46.7% to 86.2% with an overall mean of 70.7% for the primers analyzed. The construction of genetic relationships using cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis revealed that RAPDs are successful in confirming hypothesized relationships and in identifying misclassified specimens. Furthermore, the phenogram fails to reveal a strong correspondence between genetic relationships and the geographical position of Native Americans prior to contact. This provides support for the hypothesis that multiple introductions of maize into the Great Plains via trade may have resulted in the great morphological variation found among accessions in the region. Based on these data, it is unlikely that a separate Great Plains race of maize can be distinguished. In general, we conclude that RAPDs are potentially very useful in organizing seed collections and understanding intraspecific genetic differentiation.
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  • 55
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Bs2 resistance gene ; Pepper ; RAPD ; AFLP ; Positional cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The Bs2 resistance gene of pepper confers resistance against the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. As a first step toward isolation of the Bs2 gene, molecular markers tightly linked to the gene were identified by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of near-isogenic lines. Markers flanking the locus were identified and a high-resolution linkage map of the region was developed. One AFLP marker, A2, was found to cosegregate with the locus, while two others, F1 and B3, flank the locus and are within 0.6 cM. Physical mapping of the A2 and F1 markers indicates that these markers may be within 150 kb of each other. Together, these results indicate that the Bs2 region may be cloned either by chromosome walker or landing. The linked markers were also used to characterize gamma-irradiation-induced mutants at the Bs2 locus.
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  • 56
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 171-177 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Varietal identification ; RAPD ; Microsatellite ; Vitis vinifera L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The aim of this study was to develop a cultivar identification tool based on molecular analysis and a statistical approach. From the PIC parameter we defined the D parameter, which evaluates the efficiency of a primer for the purpose of identification of varieties; i.e. the probability that two randomly chosen individuals have different patterns. D can be used to compare different types of markers even if only the allelic frequencies are known. We used this parameter to develop an algorithm for selecting the optimal combination of primers necessary to identify a set of varieties. The optimal combination of primers determined for a small elite group of varieties applied on a larger set induces a risk of confusion involving 1 of the elite varieties. We estimated the risk of confusion using the D value of each primer of the combination. We applied this methodology on a set of 224 varieties of Vitis vinifera screened with 21 RAPD primers and two microsatellite loci. The discriminating power of the primers did not only depend on the number of patterns it generates but also on the frequencies of the different patterns. A combination of 8 primers (6 RAPD and two microsatellite) was found to be optimum for the discrimination of these 224 varieties. A subset of 38 elite varieties was also investigated. The determined optimal combination of 4 primers (3 RAPD and one microsatellite) applied on the 224 varieties gave 9 risks of confusion involving 1 of the elite varieties. Confusion can happen between varieties with the same origin as well as between varieties of very diverse geographical origins.
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  • 57
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Somatic hybridization ; Hexaploid ; RAPD ; Chromosome number variation ; Genetic improvement ; Aurantioideae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Chinese wampee [Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels], a sexually incompatible relative of citrus, is commercially cultivated in South China. In this study, embryogenic protoplasts of ‘Bonanza’ navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were electrically fused with leaf protoplasts isolated from ‘Chicken Heart’ Chinese wampee. After 8 months of culture, fusion products regenerated into shoots. More than 70% of the shoots unexpectedly rooted well. Chromosome counting of several shoot- and root-tips revealed that their chromosome numbers were not 2n=4x=36 as expected, but 2n=6x=54, suggesting that chromosome doubling occurred rather than chromosome elimination in this intertribal fusion combination. RAPD analysis of embryoids and the leaves of unrooted and rooted shoots verified their hybridity. This is the first report of hexaploid somatic hybrid plant regeneration from fusion between diploids in Aurantioideae.
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  • 58
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Vicia faba L. ; RAPD ; Mahalanobis genetic distance ; Usefulness ; Genetic variance ; Mid-parent heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Determining the genetic potential of a base population from the properties of their parental lines would improve the efficiency of a breeding program. In the present study, we investigated whether the means of the parents and the genetic distance determined from RAPD data (GD) or multivariate analysis (Mahalanobis D2), mid-parent heterosis (MPH), and the absolute difference between means of the parents (∣P1−P2∣) can be used for predicting the means and genetic variances (σ^2 g ) of F3:4 lines derived from different crosses in faba beans. The material comprised 18 intra- and 18 inter-pool crosses among lines from the Minor, Major, and Mediterranean germplasm pools. Fifty F3:4 lines from each cross were evaluated for days to anthesis, plant height, seeds per plant, and seed yield in German (GE) and Mediterranean (ME) environments. GD estimates between parent lines ranged from 0.38 to 0.58, while D2 ranged from 45.5 to 134.7. Correlations between means of the parents and F3:4 lines were highly significant for most traits. Estimates of σ2 g for all traits showed non-significant correlations with MPH, GD, D2. In one ME, ∣P1−P2∣ had significant associations with σ^2 g for seed yield and days to anthesis. The predicted usefulness of crosses, defined as the sum of the population mean and selection responses, was most closely associated with the means of F3:4 lines. We conclude from this study that the means of F3:4 lines can be predicted from the means of the parents, whereas the prediction of genetic variance is still an unsolved problem
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  • 59
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Addition lines ; Multiplexed PCR ; RAPD ; Sequence tagged site ; Tritordeum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  RAPD markers were developed for octoploid×Tritordeum (amphiploid Hordeum chilense×Triticum aestivum) and its parents. Addition lines were used to identify specific RAPD markers for the Hordeum chilense chromosomes detectable in a wheat background. Twelve RAPD fragments have been cloned, sequenced and converted into STS markers. Eleven of these STSs have maintained both the chromosome specificity and the possibility of detection in a wheat background. The use of these markers in multiplexed PCRs facilitates both the efficient and reliable screening of new addition lines as well as the monitoring of introgression of H. chilense in bread and durum wheat.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Pinus contorta ; Silviculture ; Reforestation ; Gene conservation ; RAPD ; SSR ; DNA analyses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the effects of different methods of forest regeneration on the genetic diversity of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var ‘latifolia’) using two different DNA-based molecular markers [randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) and microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs)]. Genetic diversity was estimated for 30 individuals in each of four populations for the following three stand types: (1) mature lodgepole pine (〉100 years); (2) 20- to 30-year-old harvested stands left for natural regeneration; (3) 20- to 30-year-old planted stands (4 stands of each type); and one group of 30 operationally produced seedlings. There was no significant effect of stand type on expected heterozygosity, although allelic richness and diversity were much higher for SSRs than for RAPDs. Expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.39 to 0.47 based on RAPDs and from 0.67 to 0.77 based on SSRs. The number of alleles per locus for SSRs ranged from 3 to 34 (mean 21.0), and there was a significant relationship between sequence repeat length and the number of alleles at a locus. Both marker types showed that over 94% of the variation was contained within the populations and that the naturally regenerated stands sampled had lower (not significant) expected heterozygosity than the planted or unharvested stands. The group of seedlings (assessed by RAPDs only) had expected heterozygosity and allele frequencies similar to those of the unharvested stands. Genetic distance measures were higher than obtained previously in the species using isozyme markers. There was no correlation between the two marker types for pair-wise genetic distances based on populations analyzed by both methods. Pair-wise genetic distance measures and an ordination of allele frequencies for both marker types showed little effect of geographic location or stand type on genetic similarity.
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  • 61
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 11-15 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Fagus crenata ; Fagus japonica ; Microsatellite ; RAPD ; RAHM ; SSR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We have developed microsatellite markers (SSRs) applicable to Fagus crenata using the RAHM method and investigated their polymorphisms. We also applied the SSRs in an analysis of a closely related species, F. japonica. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite markers, of which eight are applicable to both species. Among 30 individuals of each of F. crenata and F. japonica we detected a total of 79 and 77 alleles, respectively, with an average of 9.9 and 8.6 alleles per locus. The mean expected heterozygosity (He) was 0.615 (range: 0.216–0.925) in F. crenata and 0.660 in F. japonica (range: 0.259–0.827). The He values were considerably higher than those previously found for isozymes. Paternity exclusion probabilities for multiple loci, calculated over all loci, were extremely high (0.999 and 0.998 in F. crenata and F. japonica, respectively): sufficiently high to study pollen flow in both species.
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  • 62
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 99 (1999), S. 837-843 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Daucus carota spp. sativus ; RAPD ; Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) ; Asymmetric cell fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The mitochondrial DNA of various carrot lines was characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, and six sequence-tagged sites (STSs) led to identification of the petaloid type of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). Using six STS primer combinations, we were able to classify five CMS lines into two groups and eight fertile carrots into six groups. Both the STS1 and the STS4 primer combinations differentiated CMS cytoplasms from the fertile cytoplasms, and the STS2 primer combination revealed two different types of CMS cytoplasms – of Wisconsin Wild and Cornell origins. Cybrid carrot lines with petaloid flowers which had been obtained by asymmetric cell fusion could also be separated from fertile cybrids by the STS1 primer combination. The STS1 fragment contained a homologous sequence with the orfB gene. DNA gel blot analysis indicated that homologous regions to the STS1 fragment existed in fertile types as well as the CMS types, although the restriction fragment size patterns differed. These observations demonstrate that rearrangements involving this region occurred in the mitochondrial genome. The STS4 fragment had a more complicated gene structure, including retrotransposon-like sequences and small segments of chloroplast genome.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Glycoalkaloids ; Potato ; Metabolic pathways ; RAPD ; Leptine ; Insect resistance ; Solanum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract   Solanum chacoense Bitter, a wild relative of the cultivated potato, produces several glycoalkaloids, including solanine, chaconine, and the leptines. The foliar-specific leptine glycoalkaloids are believed to confer resistance to the Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB). Using two bulked DNA samples composed of high- and low-percent leptine individuals from a segregating F1 population of S. chacoense, we have identified two molecular markers that are closely linked to high percent solanine+chaconine and, conversely, to nil/low percent leptine. One of these, a 1,500-bp RAPD product (UBC370-1500), had a recombination value of 3% in the F1 progeny, indicating tight linkage. UBC370-1500 mapped to the end of the short arm of potato chromosome 1, in the region of a previously mapped major QTL for solanidine, from a S. tuberosum (solanidine)×S. berthaultii (solasodine) cross. Taken together, these results suggest that either (1) a major locus determining solanidine accumulation in Solanum spp. is on chromosome 1 in the region defined by the RFLP markers TG24, CT197, and CT233, or (2) this region of chromosome 1 may harbor two or more important genes which determine accumulation of steroidal aglycones. These findings are important for the genetics of leptine (as well as other glycoalkaloid) accumulation and for the development of CPB-resistant potato varieties.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 86-92 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Cannabis sativa ; Dioecy ; Sex ; RAPD ; SCAR
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  A 400-bp RAPD marker generated by a primer of random decamer sequence has been found associated with the male sex phenotype in 14 dioecious cultivars and accessions of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The primer OPA8 generates a set of bands, most of which polymorphic among all the individual plants tested, and 1 of which, named OPA8400, present in all male plants and absent in female plants. A screening of 167 plants belonging to different genotypes for the association of the OPA8400 marker with the sex phenotype revealed that only in 3 cases was the 400-bp band was present in plants phenotypically female; on the contrary, in male plants the band was never missing, while in monoecious plants it was never present. Despite this sex-specific association, the sequences corresponding to OPA8400 were present in both staminate and carpellate plants, as revealed by Southern blotting and hybridization with the cloned RAPD band. The RAPD marker was sequenced, and specific primers were constructed. These primers generated, on the same genotypes used for RAPD analysis, a SCAR marker 390 bp in length and male-specific. This SCAR is suitable for a precise, early and rapid identification of male plants during breeding programs of dioecious and monoecious hemp.
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  • 65
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Rosa sect. Caninae ; Biometrics ; Heterogamy ; RAPD ; Segregation distortion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The dogroses, Rosa sect. Caninae, are polyploid and characterized by their unique meiosis with an unequal number of chromosomes in the male and female gametes. The pollen cells have 7 chromosomes and the egg cells 21, 28 or 35 depending on the ploidy level of the species. The resulting matroclinal inheritance was studied with both morphological and molecular markers in a pair of reciprocal crosses between R. dumalis and R. rubiginosa (2n=35). A canonical discriminant analysis based on seven morphological characters showed only a minor overlapping between the two progeny groups. In addition, the R. dumalis×R. rubiginosa offspring were more heterogeneous than the offspring from the reciprocal cross in each of the characters analysed. Eleven RAPD markers specific for the R. dumalis parent and 10 RAPD markers specific for the R. rubiginosa parent were scored in the offspring. Each of the offspring exhibited either all, or all-but-one, of the seed parent markers. The average number of pollen donor markers found in the offspring was 3.2 (R. dumalis×R. rubiginosa) and 2.7 (R. rubiginosa×R. dumalis). About half of the pollen donor markers were never transmitted to the progeny. This is, to our knowledge, the first time the highly skewed chromosome distribution in Rosa sect. Caninae has been demonstrated with statistically evaluated morphological data and with molecular markers.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 602-607 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Triticum ; Germplasm ; RAPD ; Misclassification ; Duplication
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Crop germplasm collections contain a considerable percentage of misclassified accessions which may affect the use of germplasm for agricultural crop improvement. The objective of this study was to determine if random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis could be used to reclassify misclassified Triticum accessions. Twelve accessions suspected to be misclassified, based on morphological characters, as either macha or vavilovii wheat were studied using RAPD and cytological analyses. In the RAPD analysis, a dendrogram, based on Jaccard genetic similarity coefficients, grouped 5 dicoccum-like, 1 timopheevii-like, and 6 monococcum-like accessions with Triticum dicoccum, T. timopheevii, and T. monococcum accessions, respectively. These results were confirmed by the cytological analysis. A RAPD marker specific to the D genome was also detected. This study suggests that RAPD analysis can be used to classify germplasm and to distinguish some species in Triticum.
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  • 67
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 1029-1035 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Brassica oleracea L. ; RAPD ; Seed bulk ; Genetic resources ; Genetic variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The concept of a core collection was elaborated to fit the necessity of optimizing the management, for both conservation and use, of genetic resources in sizeable collections. This approach requires an analysis of how the genetic variability is structured among the accessions. The large number of heterogeneous populations in our collection of Brassica oleracea makes genetic diversity studies based on plant-to-plant analysis impracticable. To overcome this limitation, the variability analysis by RAPD on seed bulks was investigated for its efficiency in assessing the structure of the genetic diversity of this collection. The optimal bulk size and the bulking or sampling variation were evaluated with bulks of different size and with replicated samples. A mixture of known genotypes was also used to characterise the band detection in bulks, and to compare the plant-to-plant and the bulk methods. Forty seeds were chosen to represent each population. In such a bulk, the detection of bands depended on the proportion of the genotype they were derived from in the mixture. Intense and frequent bands were detected in the bulk with a 15% detection limit. The observed bulking or sampling variation within populations was smaller than the variation between populations, leading to an efficient separation of populations with a clustering of all samples of the same population. The distances calculated from bulk data were highly correlated with the distances based on the plant-to-plant analysis. We demonstrated that RAPD on seed bulks can be used to describe the genetic diversity between populations.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 98 (1999), S. 985-994 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Digitalis obscura ; AMOVA ; HOMOVA ; Population genetics ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to assess levels and patterns of genetic diversity in Digitalis obscura L. (Scrophulariaceae), an outcrossing cardenolide-producing medicinal plant species. A total of 50 plants from six natural populations on the Iberian Peninsula were analysed by six arbitrarily chosen decamer primers resulting in 96 highly reproducible RAPD bands. To avoid bias in parameter estimation, analyses of population genetic structure were restricted to bands (35 of 96) whose observed frequencies were less than 1–3/n in each population. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) with distances among individuals corrected for the dominant nature of RAPDs (genotypic analysis) showed that most of the variation (84.8%) occurred among individuals within populations, which is expected for an outcrossing organism. Of the remaining variance, 9.7% was attributed to differences between regions, and 5.5% for differences among populations within regions. Estimates of the Wright, Weir and Cockerham and Lynch and Milligan FST from null-allele frequencies corroborated AMOVA partitioning and provided significant evidence for population differentiation in D. obscura. A non-parametric test for the homogeneity of molecular variance (HOMOVA) also showed significant differences in the amount of genetic variability present in the six populations. UPGMA cluster analyses, based on Apostol genetic distance, revealed grouping of some geographically proximate populations. Nevertheless, a Mantel test did not give a significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances. This is the first report of the partitioning of genetic variability within and between populations of D. obscura and provides important baseline data for optimising sampling strategies and for conserving the genetic resources of this medicinal species.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Cucumis melo ; Molecular markers ; RAPD ; CAPS ; RFLP ; Fusarium oxysporum ; Fusarium resistance ; Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht f. sp. melonis Snyder & Hans, is a worldwide soil-borne disease of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Resistance to races 0 and 1 of Fusarium wilt is conditioned by the dominant gene Fom-2. To facilitate marker-assisted backcrossing with selection for Fusarium wilt resistance, we developed cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS) and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) markers by converting RAPD markers E07 (a 1.25-kb band) and G17 (a 1.05-kb band), respectively. The RAPD-PCR polymorphic fragments from the susceptible line ’Vedrantais’ were cloned and sequenced in order to construct primers that would amplify only the target fragment. The derived primers, E07SCAR-1/E07SCAR-2 from E07 and G17SCAR-1/G17SCAR-2 from G17, yielded a single 1.25-kb fragment (designated SCE07) and a 1.05-kb fragment (designated SCG17) (the same as RAPD markers E07 and G17), respectively, from both resistant and susceptible melon lines, thus demonstrating locus-specific associated primers. Potential CAPS markers were first revealed by comparing sequence data between fragments amplified from resistant (PI 161375) and susceptible (’Vedrantais’) lines and were then confirmed by electrophoresis of restriction endonuclease digestion products. Twelve restriction endonucleases were evaluated for their potential use as CAPS markers within the SCE07 fragment. Three (BclI, MspI, and BssSI) yielded ideal CAPS markers and were subsequently subjected to extensive testing using an additional 88 diverse melon cultigens, 93 and 119 F2 individuals from crosses of ’Vedrantais’ x PI 161375 and ’Ananas Yokneam’×MR-1 respectively, and 17 families from a backcross BC1S1 population derived from the breeding line ’MD8654’ as a resistance source. BclI- and MspI-CAPS are susceptible-linked markers, whereas the BssSI-CAPS is a resistant-linked marker. The CAPS markers that resulted from double digestion by BclI and BssSI are co-dominant. Results from BclI- and MspI-CAPS showed over 90% accuracy in the melon cultigens, and nearly 100% accuracy in the F2 individuals and BC1S1 families tested. This is the first report of PCR-based CAPS markers linked to resistance/susceptibility for Fusarium wilt in melon. The RFLP markers resulting from probing with a clone-derived 1.05-kb SCG17 PCR fragment showed 85% correct matches to the disease phenotype. Both the CAPS and RFLP markers were co-dominant, easier to score, and more accurate and consistent in predicting the melon phenotype than the RAPD markers from which they were derived.
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  • 70
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Pinaceae ; Picea mariana ; P. rubens ; P. glauca ; RAPD ; genetic relationship ; interspecific hybrids ; mitotic stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to determine genetic relationships amongP. mariana (black spruce),P. rubens (red spruce), andP. glauca (white spruce) and to assess the degree of polymorphism within populations from different provenances and among spruce hybrids. Eleven arbitrary decamer primers were used to amplify genomic DNAs extracted from embryogenic cultures and seedlings. Species-specific RAPD markers were identified.Picea mariana andP. rubens showed similar RAPD profiles confirming their close genetic relationship. Species-specific RAPD markers were identified and were useful in distinguishing white spruce from black and red spruces. RAPD differentiation between populations within each species was small. The level of polymorphism was much higher in spruce hybrid populations than in the pure species. Cytological analysis ofP. mariana ×P. rubens hybrids showed normal mitotic behaviour at prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. All the hybrids analyzed from different cross combinations were euploids.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Fagaceae ; Quercus ; Hybridization ; RAPD ; allozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract RAPDs were employed as genetic markers to detect interspecific hybridization between the closely related oak speciesQuercus robur andQ. petraea. Fourteen primers were used in order to check the genetic status (“pure” or hybrid) of individuals classified morphologically. Among the 147 PCR fragments obtained 11 appear to be species-specific. In the phenotypically intermediate individuals different combinations of these species-specific bands were obtained. The patterns in these putative hybrids were not additive, which may be either the result of repeated backcrossing and introgression between the two species or of heterozygosity within the parental species. The results of the RAPD study are consistent with morphological analyses and allozyme data obtained for theGot-2 locus. Thus the RAPD markers used in this study may provide a powerful genetic tool for the identification of hybrids and the discrimination between the two “pure” species.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Clonal structure ; Cloudberry ; Genetic variation ; DNA fingerprinting ; RAPD ; Rubus chamaemorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The clonal structure of Rubus chamaemorus populations was investigated using DNA fingerprinting. The PCR-based methods included the use of 10-base RAPD primers and 16-base simple sequence repeat primers. In the hybridization method variation was studied using hypervariable multilocus probes, one derived from the M13 bacteriophage and the other a synthetic (AC)/(TG) polynucleotide. Although R. chamaemorus expresses clear variation in morphology, the level of genetic differentiation appears to be fairly low. The observed numbers of clones in the three populations examined in Finland varied from 2 to 4. The total number of genotypes across populations was 5, of which one was unique. The results obtained using the two fingerprinting methods were comparable but lead to a slightly different grouping of clones.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: Chironomidae ; interspecific competition ; streams ; stability ; succession
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract New streams formed following ice recession in Glacier Bay National Park, southeastern Alaska allow insights into the role of abiotic and biotic interactions in the assemblage of benthic communities. Reductions in abundance of a pioneer chironomid colonizer, Diamesa alpina/lupus, in one new stream, Wolf Point Creek, is considered to be a result of competitive interactions with subsequent colonizers, as opposed to intolerance of warmer water temperature as previously suggested. Reduced densities of potential competitors (25–50 larvae per 500 cm2) in a cobble transplant experiment between streams, allowed persistence of D. alpina/lupus at low densities. In addition, significantly more D. alpina/lupus larvae emigrated from artificial stream channels containing other chironomid taxa than channels without potential competitors while there was no significant correlation of emigration with water temperature. A small number of D. alpina/lupus transplanted from a cold stream (4–6 °C) survived at water temperatures of 10–15 °C for 1 week. These results infer that interference competition is the causal mechanism in the decline of D. alpina/lupus. Complete exclusion of D. alpina/lupus from the stream has not occurred and water temperature may play a role in partitioning D. alpina/lupus from other taxa on a temporal or a spatial basis.
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  • 74
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    Aquatic ecology 33 (1999), S. 311-321 
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: coasts ; conservation ; environmental law ; estuaries ; EU directives ; habitats ; management ; pollution ; UK ; Portugal ; The Netherlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many recent developments in European marine and estuarine science have been against the demands of European Union legislation. The implementation of certain statutes, the role of scientists and the nature of the data required are discussed using examples from the UK, the Netherlands and Portugal. This includes the implementation of the EU Directives on Urban Waste-water Treatment, the control of Nitrates, the designation of Species and Habitats, the control of Dangerous Substances, the statutory requirement for Environmental Impact Assessments and the recently proposed Water Framework Directive. For these, the integration of physical, chemical and biological monitoring and investigation is discussed in relation to the science dictated by the legislative and administrative requirements. Each of these Directives requires the development of generic guidelines and protocols for implementation and the use of national enabling legislation. This indicates that, in several cases, the science should concentrate on monitoring and assessment in a well-structured and quality-controlled manner. The paper concludes by summarising developments based on similarities in the implementation of present and proposed Directives across Europe.
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1519-1532 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Botrychium ; Pteridophyte ; grassland ; conservation ; plant community
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two species of Botrychium are present in the Bitcherland grasslands, B. lunaria and B. matricariifolium, and both are protected in this territory. They occur in five different continental grassland communities, (i) a dune grassland (Diantho-Armerietum), (ii) a mesotrophic sandy grassland (Viscario-Avenetum), composed of three sub-units, therophitic ( V.A. airetosum), meso-eutrophic (V.A. saxifragetosum) and acidic (V.A. violetosum caninae), and (iii) an oligotrophic sandy grassland (Aveno-Genistetum). Both species of Botrychium appear in the three sub-units of Viscario-Avenetum, but only one in Diantho-Armerietum (B. matricariifolium) and in Aveno-Genistetum (B. lunaria). These Botrychium species are present in quite similar habitats in other lowland areas in Central Europe. The conservation of these threatened species, sensitive to plant competition, requires the maintenance or restoration of extensive agricultural management with late cutting and no fertilization.
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  • 76
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    Biological invasions 1 (1999), S. 339-352 
    ISSN: 1573-1464
    Keywords: aquaculture ; Batillaria ; coexistence ; competitive exclusion ; conservation ; Cerithidea ; Crassostrea gigas ; displacement ; exploitative competition ; grazers ; impact ; introduced species ; invasions ; non-indigenous species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The estuarine mud snail, Batillaria attramentaria, was transported to the Pacific coast of North America with the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (C. gigas), imported from Japan in the early part of this century, and has proliferated in several bays where the oyster was introduced. Since the arrival of Batillaria there have been declines in populations of its native ecological equivalent, Cerithidea californica. This study documents the distribution of the exotic Batillaria throughout its entire introduced range, concentrating on the few bays in northern California where both snails exist sympatrically. Using dates of initial importation of C. gigas and dates of first documentation of Batillaria within a bay, I established the earliest possible date for the introduction of Batillaria in a particular area. In cases where Cerithidea also was, or had been, present within a bay, I calculated a range of time for either the continued coexistence of the two species or the time until local exclusion of the native. Density measurements of Cerithidea within these bays where the species co-occurred allowed comparison of present Cerithidea numbers to historical accounts. Results indicated that Batillaria is replacing Cerithidea in the northern marshes of California. This replacement of the northernmost Cerithidea populations is not only reducing Cerithidea's overall range, but also eliminating a race recently shown to be a genetically distinct from southern Cerithidea populations. Other studies that have demonstrated superior exploitative competitive ability by Batillaria provide a potential mechanism for this displacement pattern. Regardless, the results presented here indicate that the displacement process is slow, taking on average 〉50 years to complete. This study illustrates a gradual, but predictable process of exotic replacement of native species, and argues strongly against complacency toward invaders that may currently seem innocuous.
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 20 (1999), S. 912-916 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: delay ; neural network ; stability ; TN911.23 ; O332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, by using Liapunov functional, some sufficient conditions are obtained for the stability of the equilibrium of a neural network model with delay of the type $$u'_i \left( t \right) = - b_i u_i \left( t \right) + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^n {T_{ij} f_j } \left( {\mu _j u_j \left( {t - \tau _j } \right)} \right) + c_i ,\tau _j \geqslant 0,i = 1,2 \cdots ,n.$$
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 20 (1999), S. 1384-1388 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: nonlinear dynamic system ; bifurcation ; stability ; TB123 ; O322
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A computation algorithm based on the Poincaré Mapping in combination with Pseudo-Arc Length Continuation Method is presented for calculating the unstable response with saddle-node bifurcation, and the singularity, which occurs using the general continuation method combined with Poincaré Mapping to follow the path, is also proved. A normalization equation can be introduced to avoid the singularity in the process of iteration, and a new iteration algorithm will be presented too. There will be two directions in which the path can be continued at each point, but only one can be used. The method of determining the direction will be presented in the paper. It can be concluded that is method is effective in analysis of nonlinear dynamic system with saddle-node bifurcations.
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  • 79
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    Applied mathematics and mechanics 20 (1999), S. 233-240 
    ISSN: 1573-2754
    Keywords: viscoelasticity ; cylindrical shell ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the dynamic stability of a viscoelastic circular cylindrical shell subject to an axial compressive force and a uniformly distributed radial compressive load is discussed. By using the Laplace transformation, stability conditions of viscoelastic shell under constant loads are yielded. By using synthetically the classical dynamic methods, the various dynamical properties for the dynamical system defined by the viscoelastic shell and the effect of parameters on the stability of structure are obtained.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Musa ; plantain ; RAPD ; VNTR ; AFLP ; breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Progress in the breeding of plantain and banana has been restricted by the complex genetic structure and behaviour of cultivated polyploid Musa. Genetic improvement has been hindered due to the large amount of space required for growth and maintenance of plant populations, in addition to the long growth cycle and the low levels of fertility and seed viability characteristic of cultivated genotypes. Molecular marker assisted breeding has the potential to dramatically enhance the pace and efficiency of genetic improvement in Musa. This study was conducted to compare different PCR-based marker systems (RAPD, VNTR and AFLP) for the analysis of breeding populations generated from two diverse Musa breeding schemes. All three assays detected a high level of polymorphism between parental genotypes and within progeny populations. As expected, AFLP assays had by far the highest multiplex ratio while VNTR analysis detected the highest levels of polymorphism. AFLP analysis of a full-sib tetraploid hybrid population confirmed previous reports based on VNTR analysis, of a high frequency of recombination during 2n (3x) gamete formation by a triploid plantain landrace. In addition, both VNTR and RAPD analyses of a full-sib triploid hybrid population suggested a high frequency of homoeologous recombination during n (2x) gamete formation by tetraploid hybrids. In general, there was a poor correlation between estimates of genetic similarity based on different types of marker. The implications of these findings for the molecular breeding of Musa crops are discussed.
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  • 81
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1435-1445 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: clay ; conservation ; pasture ; phytosociology ; ruderal plant ; trampling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Carex hordeistichos is a peri-Mediterranean species, which is rare over all its distribution range. In Lorraine (France), where the field investigations were conducted, as in other Western European areas, it is present only in secondary habitats, constituted of heavily trampled wet pastures and vehicle tracks on clayed soils. All plant communities with Carex hordeistichos described from Western European areas can be linked to the Carici hordeistichi-Trifolietum fragiferi association, classified in the Agropyro-Rumicion wet pasture alliance. The conservation of this threatened ruderal plant requires the maintenance of a high disturbance level through grazing, trampling and soil packing.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; degradation ; Juniperus thurifera ; management ; mediterranean basin ; thuriferous juniperwoodland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Thuriferous juniper is only found in isolated parts of the western Mediterranean: France (Alps, Pyrenees and Corsican highlands), Spain, Algeria and Morocco. These semi-arid mountain stands, where thuriferous juniper trees grow in low-density open woodland, are seriously endangered: (i) In the Atlas mountains, the thuriferous juniper stands are heavily degraded as a result of the intensive wood removal and livestock activity in these densely populated areas. This situation, which will soon become irreversible unless remedial measures are urgently taken, has produced impoverished soils and hillside instability while contributing to desertification. (ii) In Spain, although livestock activity and cultivation have strongly reduced areas occupied by Juniperus thurifera, stands are still numerous and, in some regions, show a good regeneration due to conservation measures. (iii) In France, the decline in human and livestock activities over recent decades has led to a recolonization of some of the Juniper stands by pines or oak. A forest management system that enables these original stands to survive and regenerate must be undertaken without delay. The dynamics of evolution of these stands is quite different north and south of the Mediterranean. In both cases, conservation measures are urgently required to protect or rehabilitate these original stands with floristic, ecological and socio-economic interest.
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  • 83
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 1697-1706 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: conservation ; fragmentation ; microclimate ; reedbed ; vegetation structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of the study was to describe microclimate (surface and air temperature, humidity, light and wind intensity) and vegetation structure (density and height of reeds, and reed shoot structure) across the first 20 m of a sharp reedbed edge at Lake Velence, Hungary, in June 1996. There was a significant edge effect, although different variables contributed differently to the pattern. The reedbed edge had three bands: the first is characterised by very dense stand, where the shoots were thin and short; in the second band density declined, but reed shoots were thick and very high, and in the third band both density and height declined, but not shoot diameter. Microclimate variables showed similar pattern: reedbed edges were warm, dry, bright and windy, further inside temperature, light and wind intensity declined, humidity increased, and still further temperature and light intensity increased, and humidity decreased. I estimated that the edge effect penetrates into the reedbed up to ca. 15 m. The great variation of variables across the edge inevitable has significant impact on the occurrence of animals species; our knowledge, however, is too limited to predict the expected extinction of species owing to edge effect.
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  • 84
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    Biodiversity and conservation 8 (1999), S. 419-437 
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Eastern Ghats ; tropical forest ; tree diversity ; population structure ; dispersion pattern ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Species diversity, density, population structure and dispersion patterns of all trees and lianas (≥30cm gbh) were inventoried in a tropical semi-evergreen forest in the Shervarayan hills of Eastern Ghats, south India. Such data are necessary for ecosystem conservation of the under-studied Eastern Ghats, as extensive forests here have already been converted to coffee and orange plantations and the landscape changed due to aluminium ore mining and quarrying. Four 1-ha plots were established in Sanyasimalai (SM) reserve forest of the Shervarayan hills, one plot (SM1) located close to mining and quarrying area, two other contiguous plots (SM2 and SM3) located in selective felling area and the fourth (SM4) in a relatively undisturbed forest. These are 1 to 4km apart in the same semi-evergreen forest tract. In the four study plots a total of 3260 stems (mean density 815ha−1) covering 80 species in 71 genera and 44 plant families were recorded. Species richness was greatest in the undisturbed plot SM4 (50), while lowest (33) in the selectively felled site SM2. The forest stand (SM4) was also denser (986 stemsha−1) and more voluminous (basal area 44.3m2ha−1 as compared with the site mean of 35m2ha−1) than the other plots. Four trees, Chionanthus paniculata, Syzygium cumini, Canthium dicoccum and Ligustrum perrottetii dominated the stand, collectively contributing to 〉50% of the total density. Species richness and stand density decreased with increasing tree girths. The forest stand contained a growing population, but there was considerable variation in basal area distribution between the plots. Trends in species population structure varied, particularly for selective-felled species. Most species exhibited clumped dispersion of individuals both at 0.25ha and 1-ha scales. Variation in plant diversity and abundance are related to site attributes and human impacts.
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    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 275-281 
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; DNA markers ; genetic mapping ; marker-aided selection ; Pinus radiata ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Efficient construction of reasonable density genetic linkage maps is an essential component of QTL detection programmes. The AFLP technique has been used to produce genetic linkage maps in a range of species. We have developed protocols to generate reproducible AFLP profiles in Pinus radiata and have evaluated the inheritance and informativeness of AFLP markers in this important timber species. The large genome size of P. radiata necessitated increased levels of selection at both the pre-amplification and selective amplification steps of the AFLP protocol to generate reproducible AFLP profiles. Once optimised ca. 41.3 scorable AFLP bands were resolvable through denaturing gels, of which 48.4% were polymorphic in a screen of eight unrelated trees. This level of polymorphism is ca. three times higher than with RAPD markers. The total number of bands and the number of polymorphismic bands per PCR were ca. halved when AFLPs were electrophoresed on non-denaturing gels and stained with ethidium bromide. Using the protocols developed, AFLP is an efficient method for generating the DNA markers required for genetic linkage map construction in P. radiata.
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  • 86
    ISSN: 1572-9710
    Keywords: Cape ; conservation ; insect borers ; insect diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of regional climate, biotope and host-plant variables on the frequency of occurrence of insect borers associated with infructescences of Protea species in the species-rich flora of the Cape Fynbos was investigated. Large samples of infructescences (n = 1000) were collected on a seasonal basis and borers identified and quantified. Data were analysed using DECORANA and CANOCO so as to correlate environmental variables with borer occurrence. Distinct differences in frequency of occurrence of the various insect taxa were recorded on the various plant species studied. These differences were primarily accounted for by physical host-plant characteristics (infructescence and seed set variables), and secondarily, by biotope variables and climatic factors. Fynbos plant characteristics therefore play a major role in determining insect abundance. Plant diversity in the Fynbos is maintained by burning. These management burns, however, should not be applied too frequently or over areas large enough to extirpate any borer species. As these borers are excellent umbrellas for many other insects, their conservation covers Fynbos insect diversity in general.
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    Neural processing letters 10 (1999), S. 267-271 
    ISSN: 1573-773X
    Keywords: recurrent neural networks ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we point out that the conditions given in [1] are sufficient but unnecessary for the global asymptotically stable equilibrium of a class of delay differential equations. Instead, we prove that under weaker conditions, it is still global asymptotically stable.
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    Discrete event dynamic systems 9 (1999), S. 45-64 
    ISSN: 1573-7594
    Keywords: hybrid dynamic systems ; event feedback ; real-time scheduling ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Based on some practical engineering problems arising from process control and space-structure control, this paper studies a class of hybrid dynamic systems in which N plants are controlled by a central controller in sharing time manner, where the plants are described by differential equations and the controller works according to the mechanism of discrete events. An event feedback strategy is suggested to be a scheduling policy such that one and only one plant among N plants is chosen to be controlled at any time. Some conditions of asymptotical and exponential stability are then given and an exponential upper bound of states norm is also estimated for the event feedback scheduling strategy. An algorithm based on event feedback strategy is presented to determine the control laws of the plants to meet the given performance. An example follows to illustrate the application and effect of the results.
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    Lithuanian mathematical journal 39 (1999), S. 20-32 
    ISSN: 1573-8825
    Keywords: Schrödinger equation ; explicit finite-difference schemes ; stability ; energy conservation ; convergence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We consider three-level explicit schemes for solving the nonlinear variable coefficient Schrödinger-type equation. Using spectral and energy methods we establish the stability and convergence of these schemes. The existence of discrete conservation laws is investigated. General results are applied for the DuFort-Frankel and leap-frog diffenrence schemes.
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    International tax and public finance 6 (1999), S. 621-639 
    ISSN: 1573-6970
    Keywords: expectations ; bubbles ; uniqueness ; stability ; state variables ; multiplicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper concerns the minimal-state-variable (MSV) criterion for selection among solutions in rational expectationsmodels that feature a multiplicity of paths that satisfy all of the model's conditions. It compares the MSVcriterion with others, including the widely used saddle-path (dynamic stability) criterion. It is emphasized that theMSV criterion can be viewed as a scientifically useful classification scheme that delineates the unique solutionthat is free of bubble components. In the process of demonstrating uniqueness for a broad class of linear models,the paper exposits a convenient computational procedure. Applications to current issues are outlined.
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    Mechanics of composite materials 35 (1999), S. 495-506 
    ISSN: 1573-8922
    Keywords: layered structure ; shells ; frames ; stringers ; nonlinearity ; stability ; pulsed loading ; numerical methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Nonlinear three-dimensional problems of dynamic deformation, buckling, and posteritical behavior of composite shell structures under pulsed loads are analyzed. The structure is assumed to be made of rigidly joined plates and shells of revolution along the lines coinciding with the coordinate directions of the joined elements. Individual structural elements can be made of both composite and conventional isotropic materials. The kinematic model of deformation of the structural elements is based on Timoshenko-type hypotheses. This approach is oriented to the calculation of nonstationary deformation processes in composite structures under small deformations but large displacements and rotation angles, and is implemented in the context of a simplified version of the geometrically nonlinear theory of shells. The physical relations in the composite structural elements are based on the theory of effective moduli for individual layers or for the package as a whole, whereas in the metallic elements this is done in the framework of the theory of plastic flow. The equations of motion of a composite shell structure are derived based on the principle of virtual displacements with some additional conditions allowing for the joint operation of structural elements. To solve the initial boundary-value problem formulated, an efficient numerical method is developed based on the finite-difference discretization of variational equations of motion in space variables and an explicit second-order time-integration scheme. The permissible time-integration step is determined using Neumann's spectral criterion. The above method is especially efficient in calculating thin-walled shells, as well as in the case of local loads acting on the structural element, when the discretization grid has to be condensed in the zones of rapidly changing solutions in space variables. The results of analyzing the nonstationary deformation processes and critical loads are presented for composite and isotropic cylindrical shells reinforced with a set of discrete ribs in the case of pulsed axial compression and external pressure.
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  • 92
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; genetic polymorphism ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract We have applied the technique of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to the analysis of the relationships among four species of brine shrimp:Artemia franciscana, A. urmiana, A. sinica, andA. parthenogenetica. Seventy ten-base synthetic oligonucleotides were used to amplify a total of 458 distinct fragments. DNA polymorphisms were found in all the species examined; the highest percentage of polymorphic bands was found inA. parthenogenetica, with 28.8 per cent. Each species was scored for the presence or absence of every amplification product and the data entered into a binary data matrix. Cluster analysis was then performed to create a dendrogram using UPGMA by the NTSYS program. There are significant differences between bisexual species and parthenogenetic populations.A. parthenogenetica provided 94 specific molecular markers, while bisexual species gave 27 specific molecular markers.A. sinica is a species distinct from the other Old World bisexual species.
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  • 93
    ISSN: 1573-8590
    Keywords: Artemia ; genetic polymorphism ; RAPD
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geography
    Notes: Abstract We have applied the technique of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to the analysis of the relationships among four species of brine shrimp: Artemia franciscana, A. urmiana, A. sinica, and A. parthenogenetica. Seventy ten-base synthetic oligonucleotides were used to amplify a total of 458 distinct fragments. DNA polymorphisms were found in all the species examined; the highest percentage of polymorphic bands was found in A. parthenogenetica, with 28.8 per cent. Each species was scored for the presence or absence of every amplification product and the data entered into a binary data matrix. Cluster analysis was then performed to create a dendrogram using UPGMA by the NTSYS program. There are significant differences between bisexual species and parthenogenetic populations. A. parthenogenetica provided 94 specific molecular markers, while bisexual species gave 27 specific molecular markers. A. sinica is a species distinct from the other Old World bisexual species.
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  • 94
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    International journal of primatology 20 (1999), S. 803-826 
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: primates ; disease transmission ; health ; natural habitat ; conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We address the strategies to prevent disease transmission from human to non-human primates in natural settings. Some field research methods, such as gaining close proximity for observation, provisioning for habituation, or reintroducing for repopulation, may place primate subjects at risk for acquiring human-carried diseases. Additional risks arise through inadequate waste disposal or nonhygienic conditions of humans residing at the study site. We describe several disease outbreaks at primate field sites, emphasizing the need for proper protocols to diagnose, to treat, and to prevent recurrence. Finding solutions to the disease transmission problem requires effecting change in the behavior and policies of many individuals, including field researchers, veterinarians, human health care providers, park personnel, government officials, local villagers, and tourists. The prevention of exposure to infectious disease is an important, fundamental aspect of primate conservation; the assurance of good health and longevity in wild primate populations is paramount to the more traditional conservation issues of poaching control and forest protection.
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  • 95
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    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 667-680 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: asexual reproduction ; mating types ; oomycetes ; origin ; RAPD ; RFLP ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phytophthora cinnamomi isolates from South Africa and Australia were compared to assess genetic differentiation between the two populations. These two populations were analysed for levels of phenotypic diversity using random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) and gene and genotypic diversity using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). Sixteen RAPD markers from four decanucleotide Operon primers and 34 RFLP alleles from 15 putative loci were used. A few isolates from Papua New Guinea known to posses alleles different from Australian isolates were also included for comparative purposes. South African and Australian P. cinnamomi populations were almost identical with an extremely low level of genetic distance between them (Dm=0.003). Common features for the two populations include shared alleles, low levels of phenotypic/genotypic diversity, high clonality, and low observed and expected levels of heterozygosity. Furthermore, relatively high levels of genetic differentiation between mating type populations (Dm South Africa=0.020 and Dm Australia=0.025 respectively), negative fixation indices, and significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, all provided evidence for the lack of frequent sexual reproduction in both populations. The data strongly suggest that both the South African and Australian P. cinnamomi populations are introduced.
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  • 96
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    Journal of dynamical and control systems 5 (1999), S. 501-507 
    ISSN: 1573-8698
    Keywords: Singular perturbation ; invariant manifold ; overflowing manifold ; stability ; characteristic numbers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract A singularly perturbed system with a small parameter ε at the velocity of the slow variable y and with the fast variable x is considered. The main hypothesis is that for all y from some bounded domain D, the fast subsystem has a stable invariant or overflowing manifold M 0(y) and that the motions in this system going in the directions transversal to M 0(y) are more fast than the mutual approaching of trajectories on M 0(y) (a precise statement is given in terms of appropriate Lyapunov-type characteristic numbers). It is proved that for a sufficiently small ε, the whole system has an invariant manifold close to $$\bigcup\limits_{y \in D} {M_0 (y) \times \{ y\}}$$ the degree of its smoothness is specifed.
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  • 97
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    Wetlands ecology and management 7 (1999), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: conservation ; management ; science ; wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wetland conservation and management in Australia is not supported by a comprehensive information base. A national inventory has not been compiled and we have very little information on the areal extent and loss of wetlands. Further, we have little information on the values and benefits (products, functions and attributes) derived from wetlands and how these have been degraded or lost. We do know, however, that in some areas at least, wetland loss and degradation has been severe and may even be still occurring. Much of the scientific attention to wetland management has been directed towards the apparent (or ecological) reasons for wetland loss and degradation – changes to the water regime, physical modification of the habitat, eutrophication and other pollution, and invasion by exotic pest species. Lists of threats to wetlands have been compiled, but these rarely address the non-ecological reasons that have resulted in so many wetlands being lost or degraded. In this paper we summarize the key points made from a number of case studies of Australian wetlands that highlight the non-ecological causes of wetland loss and degradation. From this analysis we conclude that awareness and understanding about the non-ecological causes of wetland loss and degradation need to be as well understood as the ecological causes. Foremost amongst these we highlight greater attention to the following issues: economic development in wetlands, bureaucratic obstacles, lack of information or poor access to information, and poor general awareness of the values and benefits derived from wetlands. We further conclude that wetland loss and degradation does not need to happen – our wetlands are valuable and already severely degraded. For this situation to be rectified we need to ensure that the knowledge and expertise of wetland scientists is heard and heeded by decision-makers and wetland users and owners.
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  • 98
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    Wetlands ecology and management 7 (1999), S. 25-35 
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: Australia ; conservation ; hydrology ; irrigation ; management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Humans remove considerable amounts of water from rivers in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin. As a result, many wetlands no longer flood for as long or as frequently as they used to. Even though the extent of ecological damage is becoming better understood, the policies which contributed to increased water use are not well known. The Border Rivers Region of Australia provides an opportunity to more closely examine these issues. Water use rose by more than 2,700% between 1969 and 1991, mostly to irrigate cotton crops. Between 1969 and 1984, only about 5% of the water, measured at Goondiwindi on the main river channel of the Macintyre River, was used for irrigation. Water use to irrigate cotton increased to 60–69% of this measure in the period 1992–1995, which included two extremely dry years. This development was driven primarily by Governments through building dams. The ecological and economic costs of such changes were never adequately measured or forecasted. The key question for the future is whether Government should insist on proponents paying these costs or continue to promote and build infrastructure for water resource developments. Whatever the verdict, there must be better recognition of the economic and ecological costs through transparent processes of environmental assessment. This includes the economic benefits of riverine and wetland conservation. In addition, governmental environment protection and conservation agencies should participate more fully in decisions of water resource management if there is to be balance between resource exploitation and protection.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: polymer implant ; brain cancer ; carmustine ; polyanhydride ; stability ; controlled release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: nanoparticles ; poly(lactic acid) ; poly(lactic acid-co-ethylene oxide) ; freeze-drying ; stability ; flow cytometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. To investigate the feasibility of producing freeze-dried poly-(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-surface modified nanoparticles and to study their ability to avoid the mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), as a function of the PEO chain length and surface density. Methods. The nanoparticles were produced by the salting-out method using blends of poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(D,L-lactic acid-co-ethylene oxide) (PLA-PEO) copolymers. The nanoparticles were purified by cross-flow filtration and freeze-dried as such or with variable amounts of trehalose as a lyoprotectant. The redispersibility of the particles was determined immediately after freeze-drying and after 12 months of storage at −25° C. The uptake of the nanoparticles by human monocytes was studied in vitro by flow cytometry. Results. PLA-PEO nanoparticles could be produced from all the polymeric blends used. Particle aggregation after freeze-drying was shown to be directly related to the presence of PEO. Whereas this problem could be circumvented by use of trehalose, subsequent aggregation was shown to occur during storage. These phenomena were possibly related to the specific thermal behaviours of PEO and trehalose. In cell studies, a clear relationship between the PEO content and the decrease of uptake was demonstrated. Conclusions. The rational design of freeze-dried PEO-surface modified nanoparticles with potential MPS avoidance ability is feasible by using the polymer blends approach combined with appropriate lyoprotection and optimal storage conditions.
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