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  • Animals  (530)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (546)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (546)
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  • 101
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: CD1 represents a third lineage of antigen-presenting molecules that are distantly related to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules in the immune system. The crystal structure of mouse CD1d1, corresponding to human CD1d, at 2.8 resolution shows that CD1 adopts an MHC fold that is more closely related to that of MHC class I than to that of MHC class II. The binding groove, although significantly narrower, is substantially larger because of increased depth and it has only two major pockets that are almost completely hydrophobic. The extreme hydrophobicity and shape of the binding site are consistent with observations that human CD1b and CD1c can present mycobacterial cell wall antigens, such as mycolic acid and lipoarabinomannans. However, mouse CD1d1 can present very hydrophobic peptides, but must do so in a very different way from MHC class Ia and class II molecules.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeng, Z -- Castano, A R -- Segelke, B W -- Stura, E A -- Peterson, P A -- Wilson, I A -- CA-58896/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):339-45.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology at the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, CD1/*chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glycolipids/chemistry/immunology/metabolism ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/chemistry ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/chemistry ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Ligands ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids/chemistry/immunology ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; *Protein Conformation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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  • 102
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shanahan, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1897-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Cork, University Hospital, Cork, Ireland. fshanahan@iruccvax.ucc.ie〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122691" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/metabolism ; Cell Communication ; Cell Division ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Receptors, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Thyrotropin/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone/*metabolism/pharmacology
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  • 103
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: A distant relative of catalase that is specialized for metabolism of a fatty acid hydroperoxide was identified. This heme peroxidase occurs in coral as part of a fusion protein, the other component of which is a lipoxygenase that forms the hydroperoxide substrate. The end product is an unstable epoxide (an allene oxide) that is a potential precursor of prostaglandin-like molecules. These results extend the known chemistry of catalase-like proteins and reveal a distinct type of enzymatic construct involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koljak, R -- Boutaud, O -- Shieh, B H -- Samel, N -- Brash, A R -- GM49502/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- TW00404/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):1994-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9302294" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arachidonic Acid/metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Catalase/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cnidaria/*enzymology/genetics ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; *Intramolecular Oxidoreductases ; Isomerases/chemistry ; Lipoxygenase/*chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Peroxidase/*chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Peroxidases/*chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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  • 104
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):975.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9281075" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila/genetics ; Drosophila Proteins ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*genetics ; Lac Operon ; *Lasers ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic
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  • 105
    Publication Date: 1997-10-10
    Description: The caspase-3 (CPP32, apopain, YAMA) family of cysteinyl proteases has been implicated as key mediators of apoptosis in mammalian cells. Gelsolin was identified as a substrate for caspase-3 by screening the translation products of small complementary DNA pools for sensitivity to cleavage by caspase-3. Gelsolin was cleaved in vivo in a caspase-dependent manner in cells stimulated by Fas. Caspase-cleaved gelsolin severed actin filaments in vitro in a Ca2+-independent manner. Expression of the gelsolin cleavage product in multiple cell types caused the cells to round up, detach from the plate, and undergo nuclear fragmentation. Neutrophils isolated from mice lacking gelsolin had delayed onset of both blebbing and DNA fragmentation, following apoptosis induction, compared with wild-type neutrophils. Thus, cleaved gelsolin may be one physiological effector of morphologic change during apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kothakota, S -- Azuma, T -- Reinhard, C -- Klippel, A -- Tang, J -- Chu, K -- McGarry, T J -- Kirschner, M W -- Koths, K -- Kwiatkowski, D J -- Williams, L T -- P01 HL48743/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HL54188/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):294-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/metabolism ; Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Animals ; Antigens, CD95/physiology ; *Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; *Caspases ; Cell Line ; *Cell Size ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Cytoskeleton/metabolism ; DNA Fragmentation ; Gelsolin/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Neutrophils/cytology/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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  • 106
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pallini, R -- Consales, A -- Lauretti, L -- Fernandez, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):389-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518368" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dopamine/physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes/*metabolism ; *Genetic Therapy ; Genetic Vectors ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics ; Neurons/metabolism/pathology ; *Neuroprotective Agents ; Oxidopamine/pharmacology ; Parkinson Disease/pathology/*therapy ; Rats ; *Stilbamidines ; Substantia Nigra/metabolism/*pathology
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  • 107
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1891.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9206844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; *Cell Division ; Cell Line ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Erythropoietin/metabolism ; Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Receptors, Erythropoietin/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tacrolimus/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Tacrolimus Binding Proteins
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  • 108
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Palmer, J D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 7;275(5301):790-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. jpalmer@bio.indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Eukaryota/genetics/ultrastructure ; Fungi/genetics/ultrastructure ; *Genome ; Heat-Shock Proteins/analysis ; Mitochondria/genetics/physiology ; Organelles/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Trichomonas vaginalis/genetics/ultrastructure
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  • 109
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Expression of Agouti protein is normally limited to the skin where it affects pigmentation, but ubiquitous expression causes obesity. An expressed sequence tag was identified that encodes Agouti-related protein, whose RNA is normally expressed in the hypothalamus and whose levels were increased eightfold in ob/ob mice. Recombinant Agouti-related protein was a potent, selective antagonist of Mc3r and Mc4r, melanocortin receptor subtypes implicated in weight regulation. Ubiquitous expression of human AGRP complementary DNA in transgenic mice caused obesity without altering pigmentation. Thus, Agouti-related protein is a neuropeptide implicated in the normal control of body weight downstream of leptin signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ollmann, M M -- Wilson, B D -- Yang, Y K -- Kerns, J A -- Chen, Y -- Gantz, I -- Barsh, G S -- EY07106/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- GM07365/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30DK-34933/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):135-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311920" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Glands/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Female ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Male ; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones/antagonists & inhibitors/pharmacology ; Melanophores/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Inbred CBA ; Mice, Obese ; Mice, Transgenic ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Obesity/etiology ; Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/pharmacology/*physiology ; RNA/genetics/metabolism ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 3 ; Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 4 ; Receptors, Corticotropin/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Receptors, Peptide/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Xenopus
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  • 110
    Publication Date: 1997-03-21
    Description: The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor protein binds to beta-catenin, a protein recently shown to interact with Tcf and Lef transcription factors. The gene encoding hTcf-4, a Tcf family member that is expressed in colonic epithelium, was cloned and characterized. hTcf-4 transactivates transcription only when associated with beta-catenin. Nuclei of APC-/- colon carcinoma cells were found to contain a stable beta-catenin-hTcf-4 complex that was constitutively active, as measured by transcription of a Tcf reporter gene. Reintroduction of APC removed beta-catenin from hTcf-4 and abrogated the transcriptional transactivation. Constitutive transcription of Tcf target genes, caused by loss of APC function, may be a crucial event in the early transformation of colonic epithelium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Korinek, V -- Barker, N -- Morin, P J -- van Wichen, D -- de Weger, R -- Kinzler, K W -- Vogelstein, B -- Clevers, H -- CA57345/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 21;275(5307):1784-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, University Hospital, Post Office Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9065401" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Line ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cloning, Molecular ; Colon/metabolism ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; *Genes, APC ; Genes, Reporter ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Signal Transduction ; TCF Transcription Factors ; *Trans-Activators ; Transcription Factor 7-Like 2 Protein ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; beta Catenin
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  • 111
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondro, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):23-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Canada ; Clinical Trials as Topic/economics ; Drug Industry/*economics ; Humans ; Patents as Topic ; *Peer Review, Research ; *Research Support as Topic ; Universities/*economics
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  • 112
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-08-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 1;277(5326):635-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cannibalism/*history ; Europe ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae ; Humans ; Indians, North American/*history ; Southwestern United States
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  • 113
    Publication Date: 1997-10-10
    Description: The clonal selection theory states that B lymphocytes producing high-affinity immunoglobulins are selected from a pool of cells undergoing antibody gene mutation. Somatic hypermutation is a well-documented mechanism for achieving diversification of immune responses in mature B cells. Antibody genes were also found to be modified in such cells in germinal centers by recombination of the variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) segments. The ability to alter immunoglobulin expression by V(D)J recombination in the selective environment of the germinal center may be an additional mechanism for inactivation or diversification of immune responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Papavasiliou, F -- Casellas, R -- Suh, H -- Qin, X F -- Besmer, E -- Pelanda, R -- Nemazee, D -- Rajewsky, K -- Nussenzweig, M C -- AI33890/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI033608/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):298-301.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibody Diversity ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Gene Expression ; *Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Genes, RAG-1 ; Germinal Center/cytology/immunology ; Immunoglobulin Joining Region/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/*genetics ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; *Recombination, Genetic ; VDJ Recombinases
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  • 114
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: The human neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) tumor suppressor protein functions as a Ras-specific guanosine triphosphatase-activating protein, but the identity of Ras- mediated pathways modulated by NF1 remains unknown. A study of Drosophila NF1 mutants revealed that NF1 is essential for the cellular response to the neuropeptide PACAP38 (pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide) at the neuromuscular junction. The peptide induced a 100-fold enhancement of potassium currents by activating the Ras-Raf and adenylyl cyclase-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) pathways. This response was eliminated in NF1 mutants. NF1 appears to regulate the rutabaga-encoded adenylyl cyclase rather than the Ras-Raf pathway. Moreover, the NF1 defect was rescued by the exposure of cells to pharmacological treatment that increased concentrations of cAMP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Guo, H F -- The, I -- Hannan, F -- Bernards, A -- Zhong, Y -- R01-NS31747/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS34779/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):795-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology ; Adenylyl Cyclases/*metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Bucladesine/pharmacology ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Drosophila/*enzymology/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Enzyme Activation ; Genes, Insect ; In Vitro Techniques ; Insect Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mutation ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neuromuscular Junction/drug effects/*enzymology ; Neuropeptides/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide ; Potassium/metabolism ; Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide ; Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I ; Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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  • 115
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B-deficient mouse embryos were found to lack microvascular pericytes, which normally form part of the capillary wall, and they developed numerous capillary microaneurysms that ruptured at late gestation. Endothelial cells of the sprouting capillaries in the mutant mice appeared to be unable to attract PDGF-Rbeta-positive pericyte progenitor cells. Pericytes may contribute to the mechanical stability of the capillary wall. Comparisons made between PDGF null mouse phenotypes suggest a general role for PDGFs in the development of myofibroblasts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindahl, P -- Johansson, B R -- Leveen, P -- Betsholtz, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):242-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Goteborg, Medicinaregatan 9A, S-413 90 Goteborg, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aneurysm/*etiology ; Animals ; Brain/blood supply ; Capillaries/*cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Cell Movement ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/metabolism ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mutation ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta ; Receptor, TIE-2 ; Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; Up-Regulation
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  • 116
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Extracellular levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the nervous system are maintained by transporters that actively remove glutamate from the extracellular space. Homozygous mice deficient in GLT-1, a widely distributed astrocytic glutamate transporter, show lethal spontaneous seizures and increased susceptibility to acute cortical injury. These effects can be attributed to elevated levels of residual glutamate in the brains of these mice.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tanaka, K -- Watase, K -- Manabe, T -- Yamada, K -- Watanabe, M -- Takahashi, K -- Iwama, H -- Nishikawa, T -- Ichihara, N -- Kikuchi, T -- Okuyama, S -- Kawashima, N -- Hori, S -- Takimoto, M -- Wada, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1699-702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira, Tokyo 187, Japan. tanaka@ncnaxp.ncap.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180080" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Transport System X-AG ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Brain/*metabolism/pathology ; Brain Injuries/*metabolism/pathology ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy/*metabolism/pathology ; Gene Targeting ; Glutamic Acid/*metabolism ; Hippocampus/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nerve Degeneration ; Pyramidal Cells/pathology/physiology ; Synapses/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 117
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Immunotherapy of mice with preexisting cancers with heat shock protein preparations derived from autologous cancer resulted in retarded progression of the primary cancer, a reduced metastatic load, and prolongation of life-span. Treatment with heat shock protein preparations derived from cancers other than the autologous cancer did not provide significant protection. Spontaneous cancers (lung cancer and melanoma), chemically induced cancers (fibrosarcoma and colon carcinoma), and an ultraviolet radiation-induced spindle cell carcinoma were tested, and the results support the efficacy of autologous cancer-derived heat shock protein-peptide complexes in immunotherapy of cancers without the need to identify specific tumor antigenic epitopes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tamura, Y -- Peng, P -- Liu, K -- Daou, M -- Srivastava, P K -- CA44786/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA64394/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):117-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, MC1601, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Neoplasm/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Autoimmunity ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/immunology ; Heat-Shock Proteins/*immunology/therapeutic use ; Immunization ; *Immunotherapy ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Lung Neoplasms/immunology/pathology/secondary/therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasms/immunology/pathology/*therapy ; Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology/pathology/*therapy
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  • 118
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1647-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9206828" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breeding ; Carnivora/*genetics ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Dogs/*genetics ; Female ; Haplotypes ; Male
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  • 119
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kang, S M -- Hoffmann, A -- Le, D -- Springer, M L -- Stock, P G -- Blau, H M -- F32 HL08991/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01-CA59717/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HD18179/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1322-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411754" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD95/biosynthesis ; Apoptosis ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Transplantation ; Fas Ligand Protein ; *Graft Rejection ; Immune Tolerance ; Islets of Langerhans/cytology ; *Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/*cytology/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/*cytology/metabolism ; Neutrophils/*immunology ; Transfection
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  • 120
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: In vertebrates, the presence of multiple heat shock transcription factors (HSFs) indicates that these factors may be regulated by distinct stress signals. HSF3 was specifically activated in unstressed proliferating cells by direct binding to the c-myb proto-oncogene product (c-Myb). These factors formed a complex through their DNA binding domains that stimulated the nuclear entry and formation of the transcriptionally active trimer of HSF3. Because c-Myb participates in cellular proliferation, this regulatory pathway may provide a link between cellular proliferation and the stress response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kanei-Ishii, C -- Tanikawa, J -- Nakai, A -- Morimoto, R I -- Ishii, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):246-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Tsukuba Life Science Center, RIKEN, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211854" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Cell Cycle ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myb ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection
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  • 121
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: The organizer of the amphibian gastrula provides the neurectoderm with both neuralizing and posteriorizing (transforming) signals. In zebrafish, transplantations show that a spatially distinct transformer signal emanates from tissues other than the organizer. Cells of the germring (nonaxial mesendoderm) posteriorized forebrain progenitors when grafted nearby, resulting in an ectopic hindbrain-like structure; in contrast, cells of the organizer (axial mesendoderm) caused no posterior transformation. Local application of basic fibroblast growth factor, a candidate transformer in Xenopus, caused malformation but not hindbrain transformation in the forebrain. Thus, the zebrafish gastrula may integrate spatially distinct signals from the organizer and the germring to pattern the neural axis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woo, K -- Fraser, S E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):254-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology and Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. kwoo@itsa.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211857" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Body Patterning ; Cell Transplantation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis ; Early Growth Response Protein 2 ; Ectoderm/cytology/physiology/transplantation ; Endoderm/cytology/physiology/transplantation ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Gastrula/*physiology ; Mesencephalon/*embryology ; Mesoderm/cytology/physiology/transplantation ; Morphogenesis ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Rhombencephalon/*embryology ; Stem Cells/physiology ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis ; Zebrafish/*embryology
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  • 122
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):528-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9148410" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Euplotes/enzymology ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Genes, Fungal ; *Rna ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/*chemistry/genetics/isolation & ; purification/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/genetics ; Telomerase/*chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/metabolism
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  • 123
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seife, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1602-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9312853" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Asthma/drug therapy ; Chymases ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Common Cold/drug therapy ; Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy ; Dipeptides/therapeutic use ; Drug Design ; Factor Xa Inhibitors ; Humans ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Osteoporosis/drug therapy ; Protease Inhibitors/*therapeutic use ; Schistosomiasis/drug therapy ; Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Tryptases
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  • 124
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Etkin, L D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1092-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. lde@molgen.mda.uth.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CLOCK Proteins ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Glycoproteins/*genetics ; Oocytes/*metabolism ; *Oogenesis ; Proteins/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/*genetics ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/*genetics ; Xenopus Proteins ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 125
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kay, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):753-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing, Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. stevek@scripps.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9157552" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Clocks ; *Circadian Rhythm ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Genes, Fungal ; Light ; Neurospora/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Period Circadian Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription Factors/chemistry/genetics/*physiology
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  • 126
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schultz, W -- Dayan, P -- Montague, P R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1593-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Physiology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Wolfram.Schultz@unifr.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054347" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Cues ; Dopamine/*physiology ; *Learning ; Mesencephalon/*physiology ; *Models, Neurological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; *Reward
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  • 127
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 11;276(5310):196-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9132940" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/blood supply/*metabolism/radionuclide imaging ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; Energy Metabolism ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Humans ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neurons/*metabolism ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Oxyhemoglobins/metabolism ; Tomography, Emission-Computed
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  • 128
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Runkle, D -- Granger, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1419.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9304206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; *Animal Rights ; Animal Testing Alternatives ; Animals ; Biomedical Research ; Child ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; *Periodicals as Topic ; *Research ; Risk Assessment ; Science/*education
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  • 129
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-24
    Description: Extinction episodes, such as the anthropogenic one currently under way, result in a pruned tree of life. But what fraction of the underlying evolutionary history survives when k of n species in a taxon are lost? This is relevant both to how species loss has translated into a loss of evolutionary history and to assigning conservation priorities. Here it is shown that approximately 80 percent of the underlying tree of life can survive even when approximately 95 percent of species are lost, and that algorithms that maximize the amount of evolutionary history preserved are not much better than choosing the survivors at random. Given the political, economic, and social realities constraining conservation biology, these findings may be helpful.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nee, S -- May, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):692-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, UK. sean.nee@zoo.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Population Density
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  • 130
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: The epithelium that lines the gut is impermeable to macromolecules and microorganisms, except in Peyer's patches (PPs), where the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) contains M cells that transport antigens and microorganisms. A cultured system that reproduces the main characteristics of FAE and M cells was established by cultivation of PP lymphocytes with the differentiated human intestinal cell line Caco-2. Lymphocytes settled into the epithelial monolayer, inducing reorganization of the brush border and a temperature-dependent transport of particles and Vibrio cholerae. This model system could prove useful for intestinal physiology, vaccine research, and drug delivery studies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerneis, S -- Bogdanova, A -- Kraehenbuhl, J P -- Pringault, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):949-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, and Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges-Lausanne, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252325" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; *Bacterial Translocation ; Caco-2 Cells ; Carrier Proteins/analysis ; Cell Polarity ; Coculture Techniques ; Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate ; Humans ; *Immunity, Mucosal ; Intestinal Mucosa/*cytology/*immunology/microbiology ; Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microfilament Proteins/analysis ; Microspheres ; Microvilli/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Peyer's Patches/cytology/*immunology ; Sucrase-Isomaltase Complex/analysis ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Temperature ; Vibrio cholerae/*metabolism
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  • 131
    Publication Date: 1997-01-24
    Description: Lymphocyte-specific interferon regulatory factor (LSIRF) (now called IRF4) is a transcription factor expressed only in lymphocytes. Mice deficient in IRF4 showed normal distribution of B and T lymphocyes at 4 to 5 weeks of age but developed progressive generalized lymphadenopathy. IRF4-deficient mice exhibited a profound reduction in serum immunoglobulin concentrations and did not mount detectable antibody responses. T lymphocyte function was also impaired in vivo; these mice could not generate cytotoxic or antitumor responses. Thus, IRF4 is essential for the function and homeostasis of both mature B and mature T lymphocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mittrucker, H W -- Matsuyama, T -- Grossman, A -- Kundig, T M -- Potter, J -- Shahinian, A -- Wakeham, A -- Patterson, B -- Ohashi, P S -- Mak, T W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 24;275(5299):540-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999800" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Graft vs Host Reaction ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulins/blood ; Interferon Regulatory Factors ; Lymphatic Diseases/etiology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology ; Male ; Mast-Cell Sarcoma/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, SCID ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology
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  • 132
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: Transport of membrane proteins between intracellular compartments requires specific sequences in the protein cytoplasmic domain to direct packaging into vesicle shuttles. A sequence that mediates export from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has proved elusive. A di-acidic signal (Asp-X-Glu, where X represents any amino acid) on the cytoplasmic tail of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) and other cargo molecules was required for efficient recruitment to vesicles mediating export from the ER in baby hamster kidney cells. The existence of such a signal provides evidence that export from the ER occurs through a selective mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nishimura, N -- Balch, W E -- GM 42336/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):556-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9228004" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acid Phosphatase/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Transport ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; Cytoplasm/chemistry ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Golgi Apparatus/metabolism ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Sorting Signals/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Viral Envelope Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Newman, S A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):20-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9340747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Candida albicans/cytology/genetics ; *Genes ; Morphogenesis ; Urochordata/embryology/genetics ; Vertebrates/anatomy & histology/genetics
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: More than 20 different hereditary cancer syndromes have now been defined and attributed to specific germline mutations in various inherited cancer genes. Collectively, the syndromes affect about 1 percent of cancer patients. An individual who carries a mutant allele of an inherited cancer gene has a variable risk of cancer that is influenced by the particular mutation, other cellular genes, and dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Though hereditary cancer syndromes are rare, their study has provided powerful insights into more common forms of cancer. Somatic mutations in sporadic cancers frequently alter the inherited cancer genes, and the functions of cell signaling pathways have been illuminated by study of the affected genes. Further investigation of inherited mutations that affect susceptibility to cancer will aid efforts to effectively prevent, detect, and treat the disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fearon, E R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1043-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4301 MSRB III, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0638, USA. efearon@mmg.im.med.umich.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Disease Models, Animal ; *Genes, Tumor Suppressor ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; *Mutation ; Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/*genetics ; *Oncogenes ; Organ Specificity ; Penetrance ; Signal Transduction
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  • 135
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nelson, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1248-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9064775" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arizona ; *Ecological Systems, Closed ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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  • 136
    Publication Date: 1997-03-28
    Description: Signal transmission by many cell surface receptors results in the activation of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases that phosphorylate the 3' position of polyphosphoinositides. From a screen for mouse proteins that bind phosphoinositides, the protein GRP1was identified. GRP1 binds phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4, 5)P3] through a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and displays a region of high sequence similarity to the yeast Sec7 protein. The PH domain of the closely related protein cytohesin-1, which, through its Sec7 homology domain, regulates integrin beta2 and catalyzes guanine nucleotide exchange of the small guanine nucleotide-binding protein ARF1, was also found to specifically bind PtdIns(3,4,5)P3. GRP1 and cytohesin-1 appear to connect receptor-activated PI 3-kinase signaling pathways with proteins that mediate biological responses such as cell adhesion and membrane trafficking.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klarlund, J K -- Guilherme, A -- Holik, J J -- Virbasius, J V -- Chawla, A -- Czech, M P -- DK30648/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK30898/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 28;275(5308):1927-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072969" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ADP-Ribosylation Factor 1 ; ADP-Ribosylation Factors ; Adipocytes/chemistry ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, CD18/metabolism ; Blood Proteins/*chemistry ; Brain Chemistry ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/chemistry/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; Fungal Proteins/*chemistry ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism ; *Phosphoproteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; *Signal Transduction
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  • 137
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-02-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Service, R F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 7;275(5301):756-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9036534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Amines/chemistry/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Binding Sites ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Design ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/*drug therapy ; Membrane Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Molecular Structure ; Neuraminidase/*antagonists & inhibitors/chemistry/metabolism ; Orthomyxoviridae/*drug effects/enzymology ; Oseltamivir ; *Plant Proteins ; Protein Conformation
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  • 138
    Publication Date: 1997-10-24
    Description: Animals vary in their sensitivity to ethanol, a trait at least partly determined by genetic factors. In order to identify possible responsible genes, mice lacking Fyn, a non-receptor type tyrosine kinase, were investigated. These mice were hypersensitive to the hypnotic effect of ethanol. The administration of ethanol enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) in the hippocampus of control mice but not in Fyn-deficient mice. An acute tolerance to ethanol inhibition of NMDAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potentials in hippocampal slices developed in control mice but not in Fyn-deficient mice. These results indicate that Fyn affects behavioral, biochemical, and physiological responses to ethanol.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyakawa, T -- Yagi, T -- Kitazawa, H -- Yasuda, M -- Kawai, N -- Tsuboi, K -- Niki, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 24;278(5338):698-701.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Neurobiology of Emotion, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama-ken 351-01, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9381182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Central Nervous System Depressants/*pharmacology ; Ethanol/*pharmacology ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Flurazepam/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/*drug effects ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism
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  • 139
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: Most cases of early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) are caused by mutations in the genes encoding the presenilin 1 (PS1) and PS2 proteins, both of which undergo regulated endoproteolytic processing. During apoptosis, PS1 and PS2 were shown to be cleaved at sites distal to their normal cleavage sites by a caspase-3 family protease. In cells expressing PS2 containing the asparagine-141 FAD mutant, the ratio of alternative to normal PS2 cleavage fragments was increased relative to wild-type PS2-expressing cells, suggesting a potential role for apoptosis-associated cleavage of presenilins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, T W -- Pettingell, W H -- Jung, Y K -- Kovacs, D M -- Tanzi, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):373-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genetics and Aging Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9219695" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; *Caspases ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Etoposide/pharmacology ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; Rats ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 140
    Publication Date: 1997-06-06
    Description: Pheromones are intraspecific chemical signals important for mate attraction and discrimination. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, hydrocarbons on the cuticular surface of the animal are sexually dimorphic in both their occurrence and their effects: Female-specific molecules stimulate male sexual excitation, whereas the predominant male-specific molecule tends to inhibit male excitation. Complete feminization of the pheromone mixture produced by males was induced by targeted expression of the transformer gene in adult oenocytes (subcuticular abdominal cells) or by ubiquitous expression during early imaginal life. The resulting flies generally exhibited male heterosexual orientation but elicited homosexual courtship from other males.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferveur, J F -- Savarit, F -- O'Kane, C J -- Sureau, G -- Greenspan, R J -- Jallon, J M -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 6;276(5318):1555-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mecanismes de communication, Unite de Recherche Associee-CNRS 1491, Batiment 446, Universite Paris-Sud, 91405, Orsay-Cedex, France. ferveur@ext.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9171057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Homosexuality ; Male ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Sex Attractants/genetics/*physiology ; *Sex Characteristics ; Sex Differentiation ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Transgenes
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  • 141
    Publication Date: 1997-08-15
    Description: A C. elegans neurosecretory signaling system regulates whether animals enter the reproductive life cycle or arrest development at the long-lived dauer diapause stage. daf-2, a key gene in the genetic pathway that mediates this endocrine signaling, encodes an insulin receptor family member. Decreases in DAF-2 signaling induce metabolic and developmental changes, as in mammalian metabolic control by the insulin receptor. Decreased DAF-2 signaling also causes an increase in life-span. Life-span regulation by insulin-like metabolic control is analogous to mammalian longevity enhancement induced by caloric restriction, suggesting a general link between metabolism, diapause, and longevity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kimura, K D -- Tissenbaum, H A -- Liu, Y -- Ruvkun, G -- R01AG14161/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 15;277(5328):942-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9252323" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Chromosome Mapping ; Conserved Sequence ; Energy Intake ; *Genes, Helminth ; Glucose/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin/metabolism ; Larva/genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Longevity/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; Receptor, IGF Type 1/chemistry/genetics ; Receptor, Insulin/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
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  • 142
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: The role of genetics in determining life-span is complex and paradoxical. Although the heritability of life-span is relatively minor, some genetic variants significantly modify senescence of mammals and invertebrates, with both positive and negative impacts on age-related disorders and life-spans. In certain examples, the gene variants alter metabolic pathways, which could thereby mediate interactions with nutritional and other environmental factors that influence life-span. Given the relatively minor effect and variable penetrance of genetic risk factors that appear to affect survival and health at advanced ages, life-style and other environmental influences may profoundly modify outcomes of aging.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finch, C E -- Tanzi, R E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 17;278(5337):407-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neurogerontology Division, Andrus Gerontology Center, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9334291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*genetics ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis/genetics ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Variation ; Humans ; Longevity/*genetics ; Mutation ; Risk Factors
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  • 143
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: Lhx3 and Lhx4 (Gsh4), two closely related LIM homeobox genes, determine formation of the pituitary gland in mice. Rathke's pouch is formed in two steps-first as a rudiment and later as a definitive pouch. Lhx3 and Lhx4 have redundant control over formation of the definitive pouch. Lhx3 controls a subsequent step of pituitary fate commitment. Thereafter, Lhx3 and Lhx4 together regulate proliferation and differentiation of pituitary-specific cell lineages. Thus, Lhx3 and Lhx4 dictate pituitary organ identity by controlling developmental decisions at multiple stages of organogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sheng, H Z -- Moriyama, K -- Yamashita, T -- Li, H -- Potter, S S -- Mahon, K A -- Westphal, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1809-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9388186" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; Cell Lineage ; Embryonic and Fetal Development/genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; LIM-Homeodomain Proteins ; Mice ; Mutation ; Pituitary Gland/chemistry/cytology/*embryology ; Pituitary Hormones/analysis/genetics ; Stem Cells/cytology ; *Transcription Factors
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  • 144
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Dec 5;278(5344):1700-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9411785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Budgets ; *Genome ; *Human Genome Project/economics ; Humans ; Japan ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Mice/genetics ; Oryza/genetics ; Protein Conformation ; Proteins/chemistry ; *Research ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/economics
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  • 145
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Apoptosis of mouse neocortical neurons induced by serum deprivation or by staurosporine was associated with an early enhancement of delayed rectifier (IK) current and loss of total intracellular K+. This IK augmentation was not seen in neurons undergoing excitotoxic necrosis or in older neurons resistant to staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Attenuating outward K+ current with tetraethylammonium or elevated extracellular K+, but not blockers of Ca2+, Cl-, or other K+ channels, reduced apoptosis, even if associated increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentration were prevented. Furthermore, exposure to the K+ ionophore valinomycin or the K+-channel opener cromakalim induced apoptosis. Enhanced K+ efflux may mediate certain forms of neuronal apoptosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, S P -- Yeh, C H -- Sensi, S L -- Gwag, B J -- Canzoniero, L M -- Farhangrazi, Z S -- Ying, H S -- Tian, M -- Dugan, L L -- Choi, D W -- 30337/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):114-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury and Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311914" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Apoptosis/drug effects ; Benzopyrans/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology ; Cromakalim ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Gadolinium/pharmacology ; Mice ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Neurons/*cytology/metabolism ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Nifedipine/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/*metabolism ; Potassium Channels/drug effects/*metabolism ; Pyrroles/pharmacology ; Staurosporine/pharmacology ; Tetraethylammonium ; Tetraethylammonium Compounds/pharmacology ; Veratridine/pharmacology
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  • 146
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: The regulation of the serine-threonine kinase Akt by lipid products of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) was investigated. Akt activity was found to correlate with the amount of phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate (PtdIns-3,4-P2) in vivo, and synthetic PtdIns-3,4-P2 activated Akt both in vitro and in vivo. Binding of PtdIns-3,4-P2 occurred within the Akt pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and facilitated dimerization of Akt. Akt mutated in the PH domain was not activated by PI 3-kinase in vivo or by PtdIns-3, 4-P2 in vitro, and it was impaired in binding to PtdIns-3,4-P2. Examination of the binding to other phosphoinositides revealed that they bound to the Akt PH domain with much lower affinity than did PtdIns-3,4-P2 and failed to increase Akt activity. Thus, Akt is apparently regulated by the direct interaction of PtdIns-3,4-P2 with the Akt PH domain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Franke, T F -- Kaplan, D R -- Cantley, L C -- Toker, A -- GM41890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- N01-CO-74101/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM041890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):665-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Facility and Development Center (NCI-FCRFDC), Frederick, MD 21702, USA. tfranke@bidmc.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; COS Cells ; Dimerization ; Enzyme Activation ; Mice ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/metabolism ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Point Mutation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 147
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Modern approaches to the treatment of addiction have been influenced by several important factors. These include advances in our understanding of the nature of addiction based on longitudinal studies, and progress in elucidating the biological underpinnings of addictive behavior. In addition, changes in the system for delivery of services have begun to shape the way that addiction is treated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Brien, C P -- P60-05186/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):66-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Pennsylvania VA Medical Center, 3900 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6178, USA. obrien@research.trc.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311929" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alcoholism/drug therapy ; Animals ; Behavior, Addictive ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Delivery of Health Care ; Humans ; Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Receptors, Opioid/agonists ; Recurrence ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/drug therapy ; Substance-Related Disorders/*drug therapy/prevention & control/psychology ; United States ; Vaccines
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  • 148
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freitas, A A -- Rocha, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):1950.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire des Dynamiques Lymphocytaires, Institut Pasteur CNRS URA 1961, 75015 Paris, France. afreitas@pasteur.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333949" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology ; Cell Survival ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/physiology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology ; Immunologic Memory ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; T-Lymphocytes/*cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/*physiology ; Zinc Fingers
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  • 149
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mediates synaptic transmission and plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS) and is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. In membrane patches excised from mammalian central neurons, the endogenous tyrosine kinase Src was shown to regulate the activity of NMDA channels. The action of Src required a sequence [Src(40-58)] within the noncatalytic, unique domain of Src. In addition, Src coprecipitated with NMDA receptor proteins. Finally, endogenous Src regulated the function of NMDA receptors at synapses. Thus, NMDA receptor regulation by Src may be important in development, plasticity, and pathology in the CNS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yu, X M -- Askalan, R -- Keil, G J 2nd -- Salter, M W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):674-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8 Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9005855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Channels/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; N-Methylaspartate/metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Oligopeptides/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Spinal Cord/cytology ; Synapses/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; src-Family Kinases/chemistry/*metabolism
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  • 150
    Publication Date: 1997-02-21
    Description: In a cell-free apoptosis system, mitochondria spontaneously released cytochrome c, which activated DEVD-specific caspases, leading to fodrin cleavage and apoptotic nuclear morphology. Bcl-2 acted in situ on mitochondria to prevent the release of cytochrome c and thus caspase activation. During apoptosis in intact cells, cytochrome c translocation was similarly blocked by Bcl-2 but not by a caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk. In vitro, exogenous cytochrome c bypassed the inhibitory effect of Bcl-2. Cytochrome c release was unaccompanied by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Thus, Bcl-2 acts to inhibit cytochrome c translocation, thereby blocking caspase activation and the apoptotic process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kluck, R M -- Bossy-Wetzel, E -- Green, D R -- Newmeyer, D D -- CA69381/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM50284/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM52735/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 21;275(5303):1132-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cellular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9027315" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Carrier Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Extracts ; Cell-Free System ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Cytochrome c Group/*metabolism ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Ovum ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Recombinant Proteins ; Xenopus
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  • 151
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Young, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 26;277(5334):1907.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9333941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Cell Transplantation ; Genetic Therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; *Nerve Regeneration ; Neuroglia/*transplantation ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/transplantation ; Rats ; Spinal Cord Injuries/surgery/*therapy
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  • 152
    Publication Date: 1997-04-25
    Description: ARIA (for acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity), a protein purified on the basis of its ability to stimulate acetylcholine receptor (AChR) synthesis in cultured myotubes, is a member of the neuregulin family and is present at motor endplates. This suggests an important role for neuregulins in mediating the nerve-dependent accumulation of AChRs in the postsynaptic membrane. Nerve-muscle synapses have now been analyzed in neuregulin-deficient animals. Mice that are heterozygous for the deletion of neuregulin isoforms containing an immunoglobulin-like domain are myasthenic. Postsynaptic AChR density is significantly reduced, as judged by the decrease in the mean amplitude of spontaneous miniature endplate potentials and bungarotoxin binding. On the other hand, the mean amplitude of evoked endplate potentials was not decreased, due to an increase in the number of quanta released per impulse, a compensation that has been observed in other myasthenic states. Thus, the density of AChRs in the postsynaptic membrane depends on immunoglobulin-containing neuregulin isoforms throughout the life of the animal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sandrock, A W Jr -- Dryer, S E -- Rosen, K M -- Gozani, S N -- Kramer, R -- Theill, L E -- Fischbach, G D -- K08-NS01580/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-NS18458/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):599-603.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9110980" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylcholine/metabolism ; Animals ; Bungarotoxins/metabolism ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*physiology ; Heterozygote ; Immunoglobulins/analysis ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Motor Endplate/metabolism/physiology ; Muscle Weakness/etiology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Neuregulin-1 ; Neuregulins ; Neuromuscular Junction/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cholinergic/genetics/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission
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  • 153
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):476-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biology ; Computer Simulation ; Game Theory ; Humans ; Models, Biological
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  • 154
    Publication Date: 1997-02-14
    Description: Posttetanic potentiation (PTP) is a common form of short-term synaptic plasticity that is generally thought to be entirely presynaptic. Consistent with that idea, PTP of evoked excitatory postsynaptic potentials at Aplysia sensory-motor neuron synapses in cell culture was reduced by presynaptic injection of a slow calcium chelator and was accompanied by an increase in the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic potentials. However, PTP was also reduced by postsynaptic injection of a rapid calcium chelator or postsynaptic hyperpolarization. Thus, PTP at these synapses is likely to involve a postsynaptic induction mechanism in addition to the known presynaptic mechanisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bao, J X -- Kandel, E R -- Hawkins, R D -- MH 26212/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 14;275(5302):969-73.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9020078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1-Octanol ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Aplysia ; Calcium/physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Chelating Agents/pharmacology ; Egtazic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Long-Term Potentiation ; Motor Neurons/*physiology ; *Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons, Afferent/*physiology ; Octanols/pharmacology ; Serotonin/pharmacology ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission
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  • 155
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-11-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 19;277(5333):1848.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9324771" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Clone Cells ; Culture Media ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 ; Cyclins/*genetics ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Targeting/*methods ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans
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  • 156
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallagher, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1615.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072827" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Interferons/pharmacology ; Interleukin-12/pharmacology ; Mice ; Receptors, Interleukin/*analysis/biosynthesis ; Receptors, Interleukin-12 ; Th2 Cells/*immunology
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  • 157
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sikorski, R -- Peters, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1893.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9206845" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Coculture Techniques ; Gammaretrovirus/genetics/*physiology ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Retroviridae Infections/transmission ; Swine/genetics/*virology ; *Transplantation, Heterologous
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  • 158
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of addiction requires an integration of basic neuroscience with social psychology, experimental psychology, and psychiatry. Addiction is presented as a cycle of spiralling dysregulation of brain reward systems that progressively increases, resulting in compulsive drug use and a loss of control over drug-taking. Sensitization and counteradaptation are hypothesized to contribute to this hedonic homeostatic dysregulation, and the neurobiological mechanisms involved, such as the mesolimbic dopamine system, opioid peptidergic systems, and brain and hormonal stress systems, are beginning to be characterized. This framework provides a realistic approach to identifying the neurobiological factors that produce vulnerability to addiction and to relapse in individuals with a history of addiction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koob, G F -- Le Moal, M -- AA06420/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- AA08459/AA/NIAAA NIH HHS/ -- DA04043/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):52-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology CVN-7, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; *Behavior, Addictive ; Brain/drug effects/physiopathology ; Dopamine/physiology ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Neurotransmitter Agents/physiology ; Recurrence ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward ; Street Drugs/*adverse effects ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/physiopathology ; *Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology/psychology/therapy
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 159
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-06-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallagher, R B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 20;276(5320):1817.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9206842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*cytology/immunology/physiology ; Gene Rearrangement ; Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Homeostasis ; Lymphocyte Count ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/analysis
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  • 160
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-07-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 25;277(5325):472.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9254417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *European Union ; Humans ; *Internationality ; *Patents as Topic ; Risk Assessment ; *Social Control, Formal
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  • 161
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sasaki, S -- Uchida, S -- Kuwahara, M -- Fushimi, K -- Marumo, F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1490-1; author reply 1492.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072809" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aquaporin 2 ; Aquaporin 6 ; *Aquaporins ; Cations/*metabolism ; Cell Membrane Permeability/*drug effects ; Colforsin/*pharmacology ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Ion Channels/*physiology ; Ion Transport/drug effects ; Oocytes ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Xenopus
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  • 162
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-01-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 31;275(5300):607-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9019813" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Rights ; Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; Biotechnology/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Genetic Engineering/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Genetic Research ; *Government Regulation ; Politics ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Switzerland
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  • 163
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: Engagement of antigen and immunoglobulin receptors on hematopoietic cells is directly coupled to activation of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that then phosphorylate critical intracellular substrates. In mast cells stimulated through the FcvarepsilonRI receptor, activation of several PTKs including Syk leads to degranulation and release of such mediators of the allergic response as histamine and serotonin. Regulation of Syk function occurred through interaction with the Cbl protein, itself a PTK substrate in this system. Overexpression of Cbl led to inhibition of Syk and suppression of serotonin release from mast cells, demonstrating its ability to inhibit a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase. Complex adaptor proteins such as Cbl can directly regulate the functions of the proteins they bind.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ota, Y -- Samelson, L E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):418-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology and Metabolism Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5430, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Degranulation ; Enzyme Precursors/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Genetic Vectors ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mast Cells/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphotyrosine/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-cbl ; Rats ; Receptors, IgE/metabolism ; Receptors, IgG/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Vaccinia virus
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  • 164
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-06-13
    Description: Most natural actions are accomplished with a seamless combination of individual movements. Such coordination poses a problem: How does the motor system orchestrate multiple movements to produce a single goal-directed action? The results from current experiments suggest one possible solution. Oculomotor neurons in the superior colliculus of a primate responded to mismatches between eye and target positions, even when the animal made two different types of eye movements. This neuronal activity therefore does not appear to convey a command for a specific type of eye movement but instead encodes an error signal that could be used by multiple movements. The use of shared inputs is one possible strategy for ensuring that different movements share a common goal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krauzlis, R J -- Basso, M A -- Wurtz, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 13;276(5319):1693-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Eye Movements/*physiology ; Fixation, Ocular/physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Motor Neurons/*physiology ; Pursuit, Smooth/physiology ; Saccades/physiology ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*physiology ; Visual Pathways
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  • 165
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: The lethal yellow (AY/a) mouse has a defect in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) signaling in the brain that leads to obesity, and is resistant to the anorexigenic effects of the hormone leptin. It has been proposed that the weight-reducing effects of leptin are thus transmitted primarily by way of POMC neurons. However, the central effects of defective POMC signaling, and the absence of leptin, on weight gain in double-mutant lethal yellow (AY/a) leptin-deficient (lepob/lepob) mice were shown to be independent and additive. Furthermore, deletion of the leptin gene restored leptin sensitivity to AY/a mice. This result implies that in the AY/a mouse, obesity is independent of leptin action, and resistance to leptin results from desensitization of leptin signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boston, B A -- Blaydon, K M -- Varnerin, J -- Cone, R D -- DK/AR517330/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK02404/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- HD33703/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 28;278(5343):1641-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA. Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9374468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenalectomy ; Agouti Signaling Protein ; Alleles ; Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/*metabolism ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Corticosterone/blood ; Crosses, Genetic ; Eating/drug effects ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/blood ; *Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Leptin ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Obese ; Neurons/metabolism ; Obesity/genetics/*metabolism ; Pro-Opiomelanocortin/*metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Weight Gain
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  • 166
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: Hepatocyte nuclear factors 1 and 4 (HNF-1 and HNF-4) are liver-enriched transcription factors that function in the regulation of several liver-specific genes. HNF-1 activates genes containing promoters with HNF-1 binding sites. However, this factor negatively regulates its own expression and that of other HNF-4-dependent genes that lack HNF-1 binding sites in their promoter region. This repression is exerted by a direct interaction of HNF-1 with AF2, the main activation domain of HNF-4. The dual functions of gene activation and repression suggest that HNF-1 is a global regulator of the transcriptional network involved in the maintenance of hepatocyte-specific phenotype.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ktistaki, E -- Talianidis, I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):109-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Post Office Box 1527, 711 10 Heraklion, Crete, Greece.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9204893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ; Binding Sites ; COS Cells ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-alpha ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1-beta ; Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 ; Humans ; Liver/cytology/*metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/*metabolism ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 167
    Publication Date: 1997-07-11
    Description: An integrated human-mouse positional candidate approach was used to identify the gene responsible for the phenotypes observed in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C (NP-C) disease. The predicted murine NPC1 protein has sequence homology to the putative transmembrane domains of the Hedgehog signaling molecule Patched, to the cholesterol-sensing regions of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and to the NPC1 orthologs identified in human, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mouse model may provide an important resource for studying the role of NPC1 in cholesterol homeostasis and neurodegeneration and for assessing the efficacy of new drugs for NP-C disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loftus, S K -- Morris, J A -- Carstea, E D -- Gu, J Z -- Cummings, C -- Brown, A -- Ellison, J -- Ohno, K -- Rosenfeld, M A -- Tagle, D A -- Pentchev, P G -- Pavan, W J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 11;277(5323):232-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Genetic Disease Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9211850" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cholesterol/*metabolism ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases/chemistry ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Mutant Strains ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Niemann-Pick Diseases/*genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Protein Sorting Signals/chemistry ; Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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  • 168
    Publication Date: 1997-10-10
    Description: Reexpression of the V(D)J recombinase-activating genes RAG1 and RAG2 in germinal center B cells creates the potential for immunoglobulin gene rearrangement and the generation of new antigen receptor specificities. Intermediate products of V(D)J recombination are abundant in a subset of germinal center B cells, demonstrating that the kappa immunoglobulin light-chain locus becomes a substrate for renewed V(D)J recombinase activity. This recombinationally active cell compartment contains many heavy-chain VDJ rearrangements that encode low-affinity or nonfunctional antibody. In germinal centers, secondary V(D)J recombination may be induced by diminished binding to antigen ligands, thereby limiting abrupt changes in receptor specificity to B cells that are usually eliminated from the germinal center reaction. This restriction preserves efficient antigen-driven selection in germinal centers while allowing for saltations in the somatic evolution of B cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Han, S -- Dillon, S R -- Zheng, B -- Shimoda, M -- Schlissel, M S -- Kelsoe, G -- AI24335/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI40227/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL48722/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 10;278(5336):301-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323211" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibody Diversity ; B-Lymphocytes/*enzymology/immunology ; DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/*metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; *Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte ; *Genes, Immunoglobulin ; Genes, RAG-1 ; Germinal Center/cytology/*immunology ; Immunization ; Immunoglobulin Joining Region/genetics ; Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Recombination, Genetic ; VDJ Recombinases
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  • 169
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-07-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanahan, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 4;277(5322):48-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0534, USA. dougvhanahan@biochem.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9229772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiopoietin-1 ; Angiopoietin-2 ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Blood Vessels/*embryology/growth & development/metabolism ; Cell Division ; Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism ; Endothelium, Vascular/*cytology/metabolism ; Lymphokines/metabolism ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Morphogenesis ; *Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*metabolism ; Receptor, TIE-2 ; Receptors, Growth Factor/metabolism ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; *Signal Transduction ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
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  • 170
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-02-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cipra, B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 14;275(5302):929.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9053996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Electrophysiology ; Humans ; *Mathematics ; Membrane Potentials ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; *Neural Networks (Computer) ; Neurons/*physiology ; Sleep/physiology ; Thalamus/physiology
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  • 171
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-08-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clark, G A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Aug 22;277(5329):1024-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9289844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; Fossils ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
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  • 172
    Publication Date: 1997-05-30
    Description: In the vertebrate brain, neurons grouped in parallel laminae receive distinct sets of synaptic inputs. In the avian optic tectum, arbors and synapses of most retinal axons are confined to 3 of 15 laminae. The adhesion molecule N-cadherin and cell surface glycoconjugates recognized by a plant lectin are selectively associated with these "retinorecipient" laminae. The lectin and a monoclonal antibody to N-cadherin perturbed laminar selectivity in distinct fashions. In contrast, neurotrophins increased the complexity of retinal arbors without affecting their laminar distribution. Thus, cell surface molecules and soluble trophic factors may collaborate to shape lamina-specific arbors in the brain, with the former predominantly affecting their position and the latter their size.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Inoue, A -- Sanes, J R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 30;276(5317):1428-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9162013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Basement Membrane/cytology/physiology ; Brain/cytology ; Cadherins/*physiology ; Cell Division ; Chick Embryo ; Coculture Techniques ; Glycoconjugates/*physiology ; Nerve Growth Factors/*physiology ; Neurites/physiology ; Quail ; Retina/*cytology ; Superior Colliculi/*cytology ; Visual Pathways/*cytology
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  • 173
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: In vivo, cytoplasmic microtubules are nucleated and anchored by their minus ends at the centrosome and are believed to turn over by a mechanism termed dynamic instability: depolymerization and repolymerization at their plus ends. In cytoplasmic fragments of fish melanophores, microtubules were shown to detach from their nucleation site and depolymerize from their minus ends. Free microtubules moved toward the periphery by treadmilling-growth at one end and shortening from the opposite end. Frequent release from nucleation sites may be a general property of centrosomes and permit a minus-end mechanism of microtubule turnover and treadmilling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rodionov, V I -- Borisy, G G -- GM25062/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):215-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ggborisy@facstaf.wisc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8985015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Centrosome/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Fishes ; Kinetics ; Melanophores/ultrastructure ; Microtubules/metabolism/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Movement ; Pigments, Biological/metabolism ; Polymers
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  • 174
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):24-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9340749" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; SAIDS Vaccines/*adverse effects ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*etiology/transmission ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics/pathogenicity ; Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects ; Virulence
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  • 175
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1606.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9312856" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD4/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Death ; Genetic Engineering ; HIV/*metabolism ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/metabolism ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Lymphocytes/cytology/*virology ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, CXCR4 ; Receptors, HIV/genetics/*metabolism ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/therapy ; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus/*genetics/physiology
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  • 176
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: Current medical imaging technologies allow visualization of tissue anatomy in the human body at resolutions ranging from 100 micrometers to 1 millimeter. These technologies are generally not sensitive enough to detect early-stage tissue abnormalities associated with diseases such as cancer and atherosclerosis, which require micrometer-scale resolution. Here, optical coherence tomography was adapted to allow high-speed visualization of tissue in a living animal with a catheter-endoscope 1 millimeter in diameter. This method, referred to as "optical biopsy," was used to obtain cross-sectional images of the rabbit gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts at 10-micrometer resolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tearney, G J -- Brezinski, M E -- Bouma, B E -- Boppart, S A -- Pitris, C -- Southern, J F -- Fujimoto, J G -- NIH-1-R29-HL55686-01A1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NIH-9-RO1-EY11289/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):2037-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Building 36-357, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9197265" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anatomy, Cross-Sectional ; Animals ; Biopsy ; Catheterization/instrumentation ; Endoscopes ; Epithelium/anatomy & histology ; Esophagoscopes ; Esophagus/*anatomy & histology/blood supply ; Fiber Optic Technology ; Interferometry/instrumentation ; Lasers ; Mucous Membrane/anatomy & histology ; Rabbits ; Scattering, Radiation ; Tomography/instrumentation/*methods ; Trachea/*anatomy & histology
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  • 177
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-07-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jul 18;277(5324):312-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9518358" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Democratic Republic of the Congo/epidemiology ; *Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; *Monkeypox virus/pathogenicity ; Poxviridae Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/*transmission/virology ; Smallpox Vaccine ; Vaccination ; Variola virus/genetics/pathogenicity ; Virulence
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  • 178
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-03-07
    Description: Protein dephosphorylation by phosphatase PP1 plays a central role in mediating the effects of insulin on glucose and lipid metabolism. A PP1C-targeting protein expressed in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (called PTG, for protein targeting to glycogen) was cloned and characterized. PTG was expressed predominantly in insulin-sensitive tissues. In addition to binding and localizing PP1C to glycogen, PTG formed complexes with phosphorylase kinase, phosphorylase a, and glycogen synthase, the primary enzymes involved in the hormonal regulation of glycogen metabolism. Overexpression of PTG markedly increased basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the insulin receptor, which do not express endogenous PTG. These results suggest that PTG is critical for glycogen metabolism, possibly functioning as a molecular scaffold.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Printen, J A -- Brady, M J -- Saltiel, A R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 7;275(5305):1475-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9045612" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Glycogen/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Glycogen Synthase/metabolism ; Insulin/pharmacology ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylase Kinase/metabolism ; Phosphorylase a/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Phosphatase 1 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Transfection
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  • 179
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hayflick, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 18;276(5311):337-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9139350" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; *Cell Transformation, Viral ; Haplorhini ; Humans ; Poliovirus/growth & development ; *Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated ; Simian virus 40/*pathogenicity ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Virus Cultivation
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  • 180
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: In Xenopus laevis embryos, the Wingless/Wnt-1 subclass of Wnt molecules induces axis duplication, whereas the Wnt-5A subclass does not. This difference could be explained by distinct signal transduction pathways or by a lack of one or more Wnt-5A receptors during axis formation. Wnt-5A induced axis duplication and an ectopic Spemann organizer in the presence of hFz5, a member of the Frizzled family of seven-transmembrane receptors. Wnt-5A/hFz5 signaling was antagonized by glycogen synthase kinase-3 and by the amino-terminal ectodomain of hFz5. These results identify hFz5 as a receptor for Wnt-5A.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉He, X -- Saint-Jeannet, J P -- Wang, Y -- Nathans, J -- Dawid, I -- Varmus, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1652-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Cancer Institute, Building 49, Room 4A56, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. xhe.nhgri.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9054360" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Embryonic Development ; *Embryonic Induction ; Frizzled Receptors ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 ; Glycogen Synthase Kinases ; Goosecoid Protein ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; *Repressor Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors ; Wnt Proteins ; *Xenopus Proteins ; Xenopus laevis/embryology
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  • 181
    Publication Date: 1997-02-14
    Description: The telomerase ribonucleoprotein catalyzes the addition of new telomeres onto chromosome ends. A gene encoding a mammalian telomerase homolog called TP1 (telomerase-associated protein 1) was identified and cloned. TP1 exhibited extensive amino acid similarity to the Tetrahymena telomerase protein p80 and was shown to interact specifically with mammalian telomerase RNA. Antiserum to TP1 immunoprecipitated telomerase activity from cell extracts, suggesting that TP1 is associated with telomerase in vivo. The identification of TP1 suggests that telomerase-associated proteins are conserved from ciliates to humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harrington, L -- McPhail, T -- Mar, V -- Zhou, W -- Oulton, R -- Bass, M B -- Arruda, I -- Robinson, M O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 14;275(5302):973-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Arruda, Ontario Cancer Institute-Amgen Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, 620 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9020079" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blotting, Northern ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Humans ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Precipitin Tests ; RNA/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid ; Telomerase/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Tetrahymena/chemistry/genetics ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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  • 182
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-06-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taubes, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 27;276(5321):1991-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9221505" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Diagnostic Imaging/instrumentation/*methods ; Humans ; *Light ; Optics and Photonics ; *Photons ; Scattering, Radiation
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  • 183
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: Activation of the nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factor (NF-AT) is a key event underlying lymphocyte action. The CAML (calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand) protein is a coinducer of NF-AT activation when overexpressed in Jurkat T cells. A member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily was isolated by virtue of its affinity for CAML. Cross-linking of this lymphocyte-specific protein, designated TACI (transmembrane activator and CAML-interactor), on the surface of transfected Jurkat cells with TACI-specific antibodies led to activation of the transcription factors NF-AT, AP-1, and NFkappaB. TACI-induced activation of NF-AT was specifically blocked by a dominant-negative CAML mutant, thus implicating CAML as a signaling intermediate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉von Bulow, G U -- Bram, R J -- CA21765/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Oct 3;278(5335):138-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 North Lauderdale, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9311921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Calcineurin ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells ; Lymphocyte Activation ; *Membrane Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism ; Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*metabolism ; Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Transmembrane Activator and CAML Interactor Protein
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  • 184
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-09-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, E -- Bagla, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 5;277(5331):1429.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9304208" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Curcumin/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; India ; *Patents as Topic ; *Plants, Medicinal ; United States ; Wound Healing
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  • 185
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Albert, M S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Mar 14;275(5306):1547.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9072814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/genetics/psychology ; Animals ; Brain/*physiology ; Humans ; *Mental Processes ; Nerve Net/physiology
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  • 186
    Publication Date: 1997-12-31
    Description: CCR5 and CD4 are coreceptors for immunodeficiency virus entry into target cells. The gp120 envelope glycoprotein from human immunodeficiency virus strain HIV-1(YU2) bound human CCR5 (CCR5hu) or rhesus macaque CCR5 (CCR5rh) only in the presence of CD4. The gp120 from simian immunodeficiency virus strain SIVmac239 bound CCR5rh without CD4, but CCR5hu remained CD4-dependent. The CD4-independent binding of SIVmac239 gp120 depended on a single amino acid, Asp13, in the CCR5rh amino-terminus. Thus, CCR5-binding moieties on the immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein can be generated by interaction with CD4 or by direct interaction with the CCR5 amino-terminus. These results may have implications for the evolution of receptor use among lentiviruses as well as utility in the development of effective intervention.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martin, K A -- Wyatt, R -- Farzan, M -- Choe, H -- Marcon, L -- Desjardins, E -- Robinson, J -- Sodroski, J -- Gerard, C -- Gerard, N P -- AI41581/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL36162/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL51366/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 21;278(5342):1470-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Perlmutter Laboratory, Children's Hospital, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9367961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD4/*physiology ; Cell Line ; HIV Antibodies/immunology ; HIV Envelope Protein gp120/chemistry/*metabolism ; HIV-2/immunology ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Macrophages/virology ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Mutation ; Receptors, CCR5/chemistry/*metabolism ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*metabolism ; Transfection ; *Viral Envelope Proteins
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  • 187
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1261-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9064780" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/immunology/*therapy/virology ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Anti-HIV Agents/*therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Chemokines/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drug Design ; HIV/drug effects/*physiology ; Humans ; Receptors, CCR5 ; Receptors, Cytokine/agonists/*antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism ; Receptors, HIV/agonists/*antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/metabolism
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  • 188
    Publication Date: 1997-05-09
    Description: Timely deactivation of kinase cascades is crucial to the normal control of cell signaling and is partly accomplished by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). The catalytic (alpha) subunit of the serine-threonine kinase casein kinase 2 (CK2) bound to PP2A in vitro and in mitogen-starved cells; binding required the integrity of a sequence motif common to CK2alpha and SV40 small t antigen. Overexpression of CK2alpha resulted in deactivation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and suppression of cell growth. Moreover, CK2alpha inhibited the transforming activity of oncogenic Ras, but not that of constitutively activated MEK. Thus, CK2alpha may regulate the deactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heriche, J K -- Lebrin, F -- Rabilloud, T -- Leroy, D -- Chambaz, E M -- Goldberg, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 9;276(5314):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique, Departement de Biologie Moleculaire et Structurale, Laboratoire de Biochimie des Regulations Cellulaires Endocrines, Unite 244, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9139659" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming ; Binding Sites ; Casein Kinase II ; Cell Division ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1 ; Mice ; *Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases ; Mutation ; Okadaic Acid/pharmacology ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Protein Phosphatase 2 ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism/pharmacology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; ras Proteins/pharmacology
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  • 189
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-10-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Sep 12;277(5332):1600-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9312852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chickens/virology ; Child, Preschool ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; *Influenza A virus/isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology/*transmission/*virology ; Male
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 190
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-02-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Feb 28;275(5304):1249.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9064776" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arizona ; *Ecological Systems, Closed ; *Ecosystem ; Humans
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  • 191
    Publication Date: 1997-11-21
    Description: The gene responsible for autosomal dominant, fully penetrant, nonsyndromic sensorineural progressive hearing loss in a large Costa Rican kindred was previously localized to chromosome 5q31 and named DFNA1. Deafness in the family is associated with a protein-truncating mutation in a human homolog of the Drosophila gene diaphanous. The truncation is caused by a single nucleotide substitution in a splice donor, leading to a four-base pair insertion in messenger RNA and a frameshift. The diaphanous protein is a profilin ligand and target of Rho that regulates polymerization of actin, the major component of the cytoskeleton of hair cells of the inner ear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lynch, E D -- Lee, M K -- Morrow, J E -- Welcsh, P L -- Leon, P E -- King, M C -- R01-DC01076/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 14;278(5341):1315-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. eric@lynch.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9360932" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5 ; Cochlea/metabolism ; *Contractile Proteins ; Deafness/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Drosophila/genetics ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Female ; Frameshift Mutation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Hair Cells, Auditory/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Humans ; Male ; Microfilament Proteins/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Profilins ; RNA Splicing ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; X Chromosome
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  • 192
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-11-14
    Description: Palmitoylation of the alpha subunit of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein Gz inhibited by more than 90 percent its response to the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase)-accelerating activity of Gz GAP, a Gz-selective member of the regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) protein family of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Palmitoylation both decreased the affinity of Gz GAP for the GTP-bound form of Galphaz by at least 90 percent and decreased the maximum rate of GTP hydrolysis. Inhibition was reversed by removal of the palmitoyl group by dithiothreitol. Palmitoylation of Galphaz also inhibited its response to the GAP activity of Galpha-interacting protein (GAIP), another RGS protein, and palmitoylation of Galphai1 inhibited its response to RGS4. The extent of inhibition of Gz GAP, GAIP, RGS4, and RGS10 correlated roughly with their intrinsic GAP activities for the Galpha target used in the assay. Reversible palmitoylation is thus a major determinant of Gz deactivation after its stimulation by receptors, and may be a general mechanism for prolonging or potentiating G-protein signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tu, Y -- Wang, J -- Ross, E M -- GM30355/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Nov 7;278(5340):1132-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235-9041, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353196" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Dithiothreitol/pharmacology ; *GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; *Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins ; Hydrolysis ; Kinetics ; Palmitic Acid/*metabolism ; Palmitoyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Proteins/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *RGS Proteins ; Signal Transduction
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  • 193
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-04-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 25;276(5312):531-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9148411" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; BRCA1 Protein/genetics/*metabolism ; BRCA2 Protein ; Breast Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Division ; *DNA Repair ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, BRCA1 ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics ; Rad51 Recombinase ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/*metabolism
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  • 194
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Iyengar, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):42-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. iyengar@msvax.mssm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8999536" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*metabolism ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; *RGS Proteins ; *Signal Transduction ; ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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  • 195
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-01-10
    Description: The role of back-propagating dendritic action potentials in the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) was investigated in CA1 neurons by means of dendritic patch recordings and simultaneous calcium imaging. Pairing of subthreshold excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) with back-propagating action potentials resulted in an amplification of dendritic action potentials and evoked calcium influx near the site of synaptic input. This pairing also induced a robust LTP, which was reduced when EPSPs were paired with non-back-propagating action potentials or when stimuli were unpaired. Action potentials thus provide a synaptically controlled, associative signal to the dendrites for Hebbian modifications of synaptic strength.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Magee, J C -- Johnston, D -- MH44754/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS09482/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS11535/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 10;275(5297):209-13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA. jmagee@ptp.bcm.tmc.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8985013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects ; Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channel Blockers/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/drug effects/physiology ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Feedback ; In Vitro Techniques ; Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects/*physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects/*physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
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  • 196
    Publication Date: 1997-06-06
    Description: In primary visual cortex of higher mammals neurons are grouped according to their orientation preference, forming "pinwheels" around "orientation centers." Although the general structure of orientation maps is largely resolved, the microscopic arrangement of neuronal response properties in the orientation centers has remained elusive. The tetrode technique, enabling multiple single-unit recordings, in combination with intrinsic signal imaging was used to reveal the fine-grain structure of orientation maps in these locations. The results show that orientation centers represent locations where orientation columns converge containing normal, sharply tuned neurons of different orientation preference lying in close proximity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maldonado, P E -- Godecke, I -- Gray, C M -- Bonhoeffer, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jun 6;276(5318):1551-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Am Klopferspitz 18A, 82152 Munchen-Martinsried, Germany. pedro@chaos.ucdavis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9171056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; *Brain Mapping ; Cats ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Models, Statistical ; Neurons/*physiology ; Visual Cortex/*physiology
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  • 197
    Publication Date: 1997-01-03
    Description: In Drosophila melanogaster, a testis-specific beta-tubulin (beta2) is required for spermatogenesis. A sequence motif was identified in carboxyl termini of axonemal beta-tubulins in diverse taxa. As a test of whether orthologous beta-tubulins from different species are functionally equivalent, the moth Heliothis virescens beta2 homolog was expressed in Drosophila testes. When coexpressed with beta2, the moth isoform imposed the 16-protofilament structure characteristic of that found in the moth on the corresponding subset of Drosophila microtubules, which normally contain only 13-protofilament microtubules. Thus, the architecture of the microtubule cytoskeleton can be directed by a component beta-tubulin.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raff, E C -- Fackenthal, J D -- Hutchens, J A -- Hoyle, H D -- Turner, F R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Jan 3;275(5296):70-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and Indiana Molecular Biology Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. eraff@bio.indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8974394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Microtubules/chemistry/*ultrastructure ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Moths/genetics ; Spermatids/chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Spermatogenesis ; Tubulin/chemistry/genetics/*physiology
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  • 198
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-04-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Roy, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 Apr 4;276(5309):20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9122698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caliciviridae Infections/transmission/*veterinary ; *Hemorrhagic Disease Virus, Rabbit ; New Zealand ; *Pest Control, Biological ; *Rabbits/virology
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  • 199
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Himms-Hagen, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 16;276(5315):1132-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9173544" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipose Tissue ; Animals ; Body Composition ; Body Weight ; *Eating ; Energy Intake ; *Energy Metabolism ; Leptin ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Neuropeptide Y/genetics/physiology ; Obesity/*metabolism ; *Oxygen Consumption ; Proteins/pharmacology
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  • 200
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1997-05-02
    Description: The visual system separates processing of an object's form and color ("what") from its spatial location ("where"). In order to direct action to objects, the identity and location of those objects must somehow be integrated. To examine whether this process occurs within the prefrontal (PF) cortex, the activity of 195 PF neurons was recorded during a task that engaged both what and where working memory. Some neurons showed either object-tuned (what) or location-tuned (where) delay activity. However, over half (52 percent, or 64/123) of the PF neurons with delay activity showed both what and where tuning. These neurons may contribute to the linking of object information with the spatial information needed to guide behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rao, S C -- Rainer, G -- Miller, E K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1997 May 2;276(5313):821-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and The Center for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9115211" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Mapping ; Cues ; Fixation, Ocular ; Form Perception/*physiology ; Macaca fascicularis ; Macaca mulatta ; Memory/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Neurons/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; Saccades ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Visual Pathways
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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