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  • Lepidoptera  (62)
  • Immunocytochemistry  (52)
  • Springer  (114)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (114)
  • 1992  (114)
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  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (114)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata to volatile infochemicals: effects of bioassay set-up, parasitoid age and experience and barometric flux (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 163-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; cabbage ; tritrophic interactions ; semiochemicals ; host-habitat location ; foraging behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Upon initiating a research project on the role of volatile infochemicals in the tritrophic system Cotesia (= Apanteles) glomerata (L.)-Pieris brassicae (L.)-cabbage, a bioassay was developed to investigate the response of C. glomerata. The bioassay should be effective in terms of high responsiveness and minimum variability and constructed through a comparative approach. Twenty seven treatments, organized in a factorial randomized block design, compared the effect of three bioassay set-ups (glasshouse flight chamber, wind-tunnel and Y-tube olfactometer), three parasitoid age groups (1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 days old females), three pre-treatment experiences (naive, damage experienced and oviposition experienced wasps) and the day-to-day effect on response of C. glomerata to clean cabbage (CC) and planthost complex (PHC) in a dual choice test. The best results with regard to the strength and consistency of response to the PHC were obtained in the glasshouse flight-chamber by 4–5 days old female wasps with either damage or oviposition experience (94 and 90%, respectively). It is therefore recommended as a suitable bioassay for studying the role of volatile infochemicals in host-habitat location by C. glomerata. A day-to-day variation in response was found in the glasshouse and wind-tunnel. It was correlated with the direction of change in barometric pressure within the time period of the experiment, showing that steadily increasing atmospheric pressure yields a significantly higher response than steadily decreasing or fluctuating barometric flux. To control for the day effect it is suggested to conduct further experiments in a block design, having day as a block. Several aspects of the infochemical ecology of C. glomerata are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343576
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet-induced food preference by Manduca sexta larvae: acceptable non-host plants elicit a stronger induction than host plants (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 63 (1992), S. 3-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Feeding ; behaviour ; food preference induction ; diets ; Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diet-induced changes in food preference by fifth instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae), were examined. Two groups of larvae with different diet experience were used: larvae reared on a host or on an acceptable non-host plant species. Each group of larvae was offered a choice between leaf discs from each rearing plant species (2-plant choice test) and food preference was measured as the consumption of one plant species relative to that of the other plant species. Diet-induced changes in preferences were larger with the host versus acceptable non-host plant pairs Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.) versus Raphanus sativus (L.), Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.) versus Vigna sinensis (Savi), and Datura innoxia (L.) versus V. sinensis than with the host versus host plant pairs L. esculentum versus Capsicum annuum (L.) and L. esculentum versus D. innoxia. To examine how much the food preference had been altered for each test plant species alone, two other groups of larvae were offered a choice between leaf discs from a single plant species and filter paper discs laced with distilled water (1-plant choice test). Larvae preferred the dietary plant species more strongly than the non-dietary plant species in tests using the following plant species: for C. annuum with C. annuum and L. esculentum as diets, for V. sinensis with V. sinensis and L. esculentum or D. innoxia as diets, and for R. sativus with R. sativus and S. pseudocapsicum as diets. The preference for the hosts L. esculentum and D. innoxia did not change significantly after rearing larvae on different hosts or on an acceptable non-host. Thus, diet-induction by M. sexta larvae results in an enhancement of preference for the dietary plant species which is much stronger with acceptable non-hosts than with hosts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00350341
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gut contents in molting lepidopteran larvae: a source of error in nutritional studies (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 87-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Molting ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional indices
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185646
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resistance in certain maize cultivars to first and third-instar Chilo partellus larvae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pyralidae ; Lepidoptera ; Zea mays L. ; Chilo partellus ; susceptibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The resistance/susceptibility levels of ten maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars to neonates and 3rd-instar larvae of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) were measured in the field and screenhouse experiments. The maize cultivars tested were: Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, Population 10, Hybrid 511, Katumani Composite B, ER-29 SVR, Poza Rica 7832, ICZ2-CM, and MMV 400. Most cultivars were found susceptible to 3rd-instar larvae based on the incidence of dead heart symptoms, foliar feeding and stem tunnelling caused by stem borers in both the field and screenhouse experiments. However, the maize cultivars V-37, MMV 400 and Poza Rica 7832 sustained significantly lesser damage than the other cultivars when infested with neonates or 3rd instar larvae. The screenhouse experiments conducted with five maize cultivars, i.e. Inbred A, Mp 704, V-37, ER-29 SVR, and Poza Rica 7832 showed that neonates fed less on the resistant than the susceptible maize cultivars but feeding by the 3rd instars was equally high on all the maize cultivars except Mp 704 on which the larvae fed less than the others. In the cultivars infested with neonates, the mean period for 50% moth emergence P50 was longest on Mp 704 followed by Poza Rica 7832, ER-29 SVR, V-37 and Inbred A. In the cultivars infested with 3rd-instars, P50 was longest for Poza Rica 7832 followed equally by the remaining cultivars. On the basis of the evidence presented we here conclude that neonates of C. partellus are sensitive to the growth inhibiting effects of the resistant maize cultivars Mp 704, V-37, and Poza Rica 7832 but the older larvae are insensitive to these effects of Mp 704 and V-37 but not of Poza Rica 7832.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189719
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel flight periodicity of Chilo partellus (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; stem borer ; suction trap ; behaviour ; maize ; dispersal ; pheromones ; activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The diel flight periodicity of the nocturnal moth Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera;Pyralidae) was measured in the laboratory using an actograph and in the field with suction traps. Females showed almost no flight activity on the night of eclosion. Flight activity of mated females peaked before midnight, the period of peak oviposition activity. Male peak activity occurred after midnight coinciding with female eclosion. Presence or absence of females did not affect when or how long males were active. Data on flight activity and reproductive behaviour are discussed in relation to the use of pheromones to protect maize.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221367
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MaleHeliothis virescens maintain upwind flight in response to experimentally pulsed filaments of their sex pheromone (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 669-687 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Noctuidae ; Lepidoptera ; upwind flight ; sex pheromone ; filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Aspects of the intermittent fine structure of an odor plume were mimicked and experimentally modified in the wind tunnel using an air-pulsing device. Filaments of a behaviorally active blend of six sex-pheromone components created by the device in a temporally regular fashion elicited sustained upwind flight and source location in male Heliothis virescens.Males did not exhibit sustained upwind flight in significant numbers until a frequency of 4 filaments/s was delivered, at a loading of 1 μg of the major component, Z11-16: Ald, with the other components loaded at their appropriate ratios. A loading of 10 μg Z11-16: Ald was found to be optimal at this filament delivery rate. Electroantennogram recordings to different filament delivery rates of the complete blend indicated that a stationary male antenna can respond to the pulse rates used in this study. Importantly, when a main component necessary for upwind flight, Z9-14:Ald, was isolated into its own filaments and pulsed alternately against filaments of the five other components (including the other component essential for upwind flight, Z11-16: Ald), upwind flight to the source was significantly reduced (9%) compared to upwind flight and source location in response to filaments composed of the entire blend (30%), indicating that the complete pheromone blend must arrive on the antenna simultaneously for optimal evocation of sustained upwind progress. Neurophysiological evidence from other studies suggests that higher-order interneurons whose phasic response is enhanced when the entire blend is presented simultaneously may be of importance in explaining this behavioral difference stemming from synchronous vsasynchronous arrival of the components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047979
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors influencing the landing of maleEpiphyas postvittana (Walker) exhibiting pheromone-mediated flight (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 5 (1992), S. 699-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: sex pheromone ; landing behavior ; visual cues ; Epiphyas postvittana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effects of changes in various visual and olfactory properties of a white card surface on the landing position of male Epiphyas postvittanaexhibiting pheromone-mediated flight were studied in a wind tunnel. Males landed predominantly at the most downwind position of a surface in line with the pheromone source, regardless of the strength of the source. The position on the surface that males landed was strongly influenced by visual factors. The landing position of males appeared to be influenced by visual cues along all three axes of the surface. Decreases in either the dimension horizontally perpendicular to the wind direction or the vertical dimension resulted in greater numbers of males landing farther upwind on the surface than the downwind edge. Visual changes in the axis along the wind direction also affected the position at which males landed. For example, when presented with two white card surfaces with a 4- cm gap between them, males tended to land on the downwind edge of the upwind surface (on which the source was located). When the gap was bridged with clear Mylar, the landing pattern was significantly different, with the greater proportion of males landing on the downwind surface. However, when Mylar was placed on the plexiglass floor of the tunnel (in addition to bridging the gap), the landing pattern on the surface was not significantly different from that on the two surfaces without the Mylar bridge. It is suggested that during the prelanding and landing phases of pheromone-mediated flight, male moths orient to visual features of the surface containing the pheromone source rather than to visual features of the source (conspecific female moth) itself.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01047981
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of nutritional and genetic factors on larval performance of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 62 (1992), S. 29-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Alkaloids ; cinnabar moth ; insect genetics ; larval performance ; Lepidoptera ; nutritional ecology ; nitrogen ; sugar ; Tyria jacobaeae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In a laboratory experiment using full-sibs, 60% of the variation in pupal weight of the monophage Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) could be explained by variation in the nitrogen concentration of the food plant, Senecio jacobaea L. and only 4% by variation in sugar concentration. Larval weight and growth rates of young and old larvae were also positively correlated with nitrogen and sugar concentration. Developmental time was negatively correlated with nitrogen concentration. In a second experiment full-sib families differed significantly in larval weight at day 7, mortality, growth rate and developmental time. Pupal weight did not differ significantly among families, but was positively correlated with nitrogen concentration of Senecio. Larval performance was not significantly influenced by concentrations of sugars or alkaloids. We conclude that larval performance of Tyria during most of the larval period is mainly determined by genetic factors, but pupal weights are primarily determined by nitrogen concentration of the food plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185638
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Deterrence of feeding and oviposition responses of adult Heliothis virescens by some compounds bitter-tasting to humans (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; feeding behavior ; oviposition behavior ; electrophysiology ; deterrence ; antifeedant ; quinine ; quinidine ; atropine ; caffeine ; denatonium benzoate ; naringin ; sucrose octaacetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Some compounds that are bitter-tasting to humans, both alkaloidal (quinine, quinidine, atropine, caffeine) and non-alkaloidal (denatonium benzoate, sucrose octaacetate, naringin), deterred feeding and oviposition by Heliothis virescens (F.) in laboratory and field cage experiments. Preliminary electrophysiological studies of gustatory sensilla on the ovipositor of H. virescens provided evidence of 3 neurons, one of which is responsive to sucrose. Preliminary indications are that responses of this neuron may be inhibited by quinine and denatonium benzoate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00189720
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nnonagrioides (1992)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 65 (1992), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Sesamia nonagrioides ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; calling behaviour ; mating behaviour ; circadian rhythm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mating behaviour of the corn stalk borerSesamia nonagrioides (Lef.) [Lepidoptera:Noctuidae] was studied under laboratory conditions at 25 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% r.h. and 16:8 (L:D) regime. The females began calling during the first scotophase following emergence, the peak of calling occurred during the second scotophase and thereafter decreased. Maximum calling was observed between the fourth and sixth hour of the scotophase. The calling pattern varied with age. During the first and second scotophase most of the females were calling continuously, while during the third and fourth scotophase periodic calling was observed. The mean onset of calling was advanced and the mean length of calling per day was increased slightly as the female became older. Females held for 72 h in continuous darkness exhibited an endogenous circadian rhythm of calling. Matings began during the first scotophase following emergence and the peak of mating was observed during the second scotophase. Mated females did not remate. Few males mated more than once during the following scotophases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02343852
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization of spectral receptors in the ommatidium of butterfly compound eye determined by polarization sensitivity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Electrophysiology ; Lepidoptera ; Photoreceptor ; Spectral sensitivity ; Vision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A butterfly Papilio has 5 types of spectral receptors in the compound eye. The spectral sensitivity of each type peaks in the UV, violet, blue, green, and red wavelengths, respectively. The green type contains two subtypes with and without a UV secondary peak. Here we studied the localization of these spectral receptors within the ommatidium. 2. An ommatidium contains 9 photoreceptors (R1–9), each of which is one of the 5 spectral receptor types. The photoreceptors bear parallel microvilli to form a nontwisted rhabdom, and thereby the photoreceptors are polarization sensitive. 3. We first examined the microvillar orientation by electron microscopy. The microvilli of R1, 2, and 9 are oriented dorso-ventrally (0°), whereas those of R3 and 4 are parallel to the antero-posterior axis (90°). The R5–8 bear microvilli diagonally: 45° for R6 and R8, 135° for R5 and R7. 4. We then recorded spectral and polarization sensitivities from single photoreceptors. The peak angle of the polarization sensitivity (θmax) of the UV, violet, and blue receptors were around 0°, whereas that of the green receptors was around 90°. In the double-peaked green receptors, the θmax at UV was also around 90°. The red receptors showed a θmax at around 35°. The polarization sensitivity ratio (PSmax/PSmin) of the double-peaked green receptors measured at UV was around 4, whereas the ratio of other receptors was around 2. 5. We conclude that R1 and R2 are either UV, violet, or blue receptors whereas R3 and R4 are green receptors. Some R6 and R8 are red receptors. We also conclude that the UV secondary peak in the double-peaked green receptor is not simply attributable to the coupling with UV receptors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223959
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High resolution measurement of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration changes by the labial palp organ of the moth Heliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 171 (1992), S. 317-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide ; Chemoreception ; Lepidoptera ; Microclimate ; Sensory transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In recordings of single unit action potentials, the responses of CO2-receptors in the labial palp organ of the moth Heliothis armigera to modulation of CO2-density around a background of 350 ppm were investigated. Modulation of CO2-density by square wave changes in concentration at constant barometric pressure evokes modulation of the spike rate. Modulation of CO2-density by square wave changes in barometric pressure at constant CO2-concentration evokes responses similar to those evoked by concentration modulation. For modulation depths of less than 1.5%, the output modulation depth is linearly related to the input; at higher modulation depths the gain decreases progressively. Using sinusoidal pressure modulation, the frequency dependence of both gain and output noise was determined over a range of 0.05 to 12.8 Hz. With increasing frequency the gain progressively increases at a rate of 2.4 dB/octave up to a maximum of 63 at 3 Hz; at higher frequencies, it decreases rapidly. The threshold sensitivity of the receptors, using input noise amplitude density as a criterion, is broadly tuned, with a minimum of 1 % contrast Hz-0.5 between 0.3 and 3 Hz. Using these figures, it is concluded that the sensory organ is capable of detecting fluctuations in CO2-density of 0.14% or 0.5 ppm. The results are related to the fluctuations in CO2-density which occur in a natural environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00223962
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Antioxidant alteration ofGlycine max (Fabaceae) defensive chemistry: Analogy to herbivory elicitation (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 25-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: defensive chemistry ; alterable ; elicitation ; herbivory ; antioxidant ; Fabaceae ; Glycine max ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The water-soluble antioxidant, L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), proved elicitory to alterable anti-herbivory inGlycine max againstTrichoplusia ni larvae. Elicitation by vitamin C was influenced especially by dose, time after elicitation and space in the plant. Results allow an analogy between antioxidant and herbivory elicitation. Elicitation apparently involves a sulfhydryl-protein-dependent redox mechanism which can be significantly affected by antioxidants. Findings would also support a proposed common redox-based mechanism, involving the plasma membrane, for communication between plant and animal cells and their environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261453
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardenolide content, emetic potency, and thin-layer chromatography profiles of monarch butterflies,Danaus plexippus, and their larval host-plant milkweed,Asclepias humistrata, in Florida (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: aposematism ; cardenolide fingerprint ; chemical defense ; emesis ; plant-insect interaction ; migration ; Asclepiadaceae ; Apocynales ; Asclepias humistrata ; milkweed ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; monarch butterfly
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper is the fourth in a series on cardenolide fingerprints of monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus, Danainae) and their host-plant milkweeds (Asclepiadaceae) in the eastern United States. Cardenolide concentrations ofAsclepias humistrata plants from north central Florida ranged from 71 to 710 µg/0.1 g dry weight, with a mean of 417 µg/0.1 g. Monarchs reared individually on these plants contained cardenolide concentrations ranging from 243 to 575 µg/0.1 g dry weight, with a mean of 385 µg/0.1 g. Cardenolide uptake by butterflies was independent of plant concentration, suggesting that sequestration saturation occurs in monarchs fed cardenolide-rich host plants. Thinlayer chromatography resolved 19 cardenolides in the plants and 15 in the butterflies. In addition to humistratin,A. humistrata plants contained several relatively non-polar cardenolides of the calotropagenin series which are metabolized to more polar derivatives in the butterflies. These produced a butterfly cardenolide fingerprint clearly distinct from those previously established for monarchs reared on otherAsclepias species. In emetic assays with the blue jay,Cyanocitta cristata, the 50% emetic dose (ED50) per jay was 57.1 µg, and the average number of ED50 units per butterfly was 13.8, establishing that this important south eastern milkweed produces highly emetic, chemically defended monarchs. Our data provide further support for the use of cardenolide fingerprints of wild-caught monarchs to make ecological predictions concerning defence against natural enemies, seasonal movement and larval host-plant utilization by monarch butterflies during their annual cycle of migration, breeding and overwintering.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261450
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf surface chemicals stimulating oviposition byPieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on cabbage (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate ; sinigrin ; glucoiberin ; cabbage ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris rapae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chemical stimulation of oviposition byPieris rapae on cabbage was investigated by leaf washing and extraction. Isolation of the stimulant by various chromatographic techniques was monitored by a bioassay using Sieva bean as a surrogate host plant. Cold water, chloroform, or chloroform followed by cold water washes failed to release the stimulant from leaf surfaces. Boiling water or chloroform followed by methanol was required. The most active stimulatory compound was identified as 3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate (glucobrassicin). Other glucosinolates were identified as sinigrin, which was only slightly active, and glucoiberin, which was completely inactive as a stimulant. The significance of the selective response ofP. rapae andP. brassicae to different glucosinolates and the implications of the binding of polar allelochemicals to leaf surfaces is discussed with respect to host utilization and perception mechanisms of pierids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261454
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  • 16
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    Electronic Resource
    Survival of first instar larvae ofDanaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content ofAsclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 81-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: first instar survival ; latex ; cardiac glycosides ; cardenolides ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepias humistrata ; milkweed
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Our paper addresses field survivorship of first instar monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus L., Lep.: Danainae) in relation to the dual cardenolide and latex chemical defenses of the sand hill milkweed plant,Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) growing naturally in north central Florida. Survival of first instar larvae in the field was 11.5% in the first experiment (15–20 April 1990), and dropped to 3.4% in the second experiment (20–30 April). About 30% of the larvae were found glued to the leaf surface by the milkweed latex. Predator exclusion of non-flying inverte-brates by applying “tanglefoot” to the plant stems suggested that the balance of the mortality was due to volant inverte-brates, or to falling and/or moving off the plants. Regression analyses to isolate some of the other variables affecting survivorship indicated that first instar mortality was correlated with (1) increasing cardiac glycoside concentration of the leaves, (2) increasing age of the plants, and (3) the temporal increase in concentration of cardiac glycosides in the leaves. The study also provided confirmatory data of previous studies that wild monarch females tend to oviposit onA. humistrata plants containing intermediate concentrations of cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycoside concentration in the leaves was not correlated with that in the latex. The concentration of cardenolide in the latex is extremely high, constituting an average of 1.2 and 9.5% of the mass of the wet and dry latex, respectively. The data suggest that an increase in water content of the latex is compensated for by an influx of cardenolide with the result that the cardenolide concentration remains constant in the latex systems of plants that are growing naturally. We also observed first instar larvae taking their first bite of milkweed leaves in the field. In addition to confirming other workers findings that monarch larvae possess elaborate “sabotaging” behaviour of the milkweed's latex system, we discovered that several larvae on their first bite involuntarily imbided a small globule of latex and instantly became cataleptic. This catalepsis, lasting up to 10 min, may have been in response to the high concentration of cardenolide present in the latex ofA. humistrata, more than 10 times that in the leaves. The results of the present study suggest that more attention should be directed to plant chemical defenses upon initial attack by first instar insect larvae, rather than attempting correlations of plant chemistry with older larvae that have already passed the early instar gauntlet. The first bite of neonate insects may be the most critical moment for coping with the chemical defenses of many plants and may play a much more important role in the evolution of insect herbivory than has previously been recognized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245886
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    Identification of an oviposition-regulating pheromone in the European grapevine moth,Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 697-699 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Oviposition-deterring pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Lobesia botrana ; eggs ; fatty acids ; esters of fatty acids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The oviposition of the European grapevine moth (EGVM)Lobesia botrana can be deterred by an extract of conspecific eggs corresponding to 20 egg equivalents. The reduction of the oviposition behavior is dose-dependent. Nine chemicals have been extracted from the eggs and identified as straight chain fatty acids and esters of fatty acids. A mixture of these rather simple molecules induces the same levels of deterrence as the total extract. It might be possible to use oviposition regulating pheromone in the future for the control of EGVM populations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118323
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    Leaf surface compound fromBrassica oleracea (Cruciferae) induces oviposition byPieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) (1992)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: oviposition ; kairomone ; host plant selection ; indole glucosinolates ; Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; cabbage ; Lepidoptera ; Pieridae ; Pieris brassicae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Chemicals present on the surface of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) leaves were extracted by dipping these leaves for 3 s in dichloromethane followed by a 3 s dip in methanol. When offered in dual choice bioassays using green paper cards as a substrate, the methanol extract stimulated oviposition activity byPieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) females. The oviposition stimulant was isolated using medium pressure liquid chromatography, reversed-phase HPLC, ion-pair HPLC and ion exchange chromatography. Using1H-NMR spectroscopy, the stimulant could be identified as glucobrassicin (3-indolyl-methyl-glucosinolate). When pure glucobrassicin was offered at a dose identical to that in the crude methanol extract, butterflies did not discriminate between these two substrates in a dual choice test. It is argued that a high sensitivity for indole glucosinolates as host recognition factors may confer an adaptive value for these specialist crucifer feeders. The nutritional significance of their precursor tryptophan and the non-volatile nature of the aglycones formed upon enzymic hydrolysis in damaged tissues are proposed as properties of indole glucosinolates that contribute to this possible adaptive advantage.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01261455
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    The egg-jelly macromolecule, a fucose sulphate glycoconjugate, originates from the accessory cells of the ovary in the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus (1992)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 201 (1992), S. 179-189 
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    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Sea urchin ; Jelly coat ; Accessory cell ; Oogenesis ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The immunocytochemical localization of the egg-jelly macromolecule, a fucose sulphate glycoconjugate (FSG) that induces the acrosome reaction in spermatozoa, was investigated in ovaries of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus by use of a polyclonal antibody. The polyclonal antibody reacted with the accessory cells and oocytes in the ovarian lumen. In the accessory cells, evidence of an intense immunohistochemical reaction was observed in many globules of variable density. Products of the specific immunohistochemical reaction were frequently observed in the surface region of oocytes, at a distance from the ovarian wall. At the ultrastructural level, the polyclonal antibody was found to react with the material present in the vacuole-like structures of the globules in the accessory cells. Many gold particles, demonstrating specific immunolabelling, were associated with well-developed microvilli on the vitellogenic oocytes. In the mature oocytes, intense labelling was observed in the jelly coat but not in the vitelline coat. By contrast, oogonia and early oocytes were barely labelled. Quantitative data indicated that the extent of immunolabellings in the surface region of oocytes was very high in the vitellogenic and mature oocytes. In all cases, neither the oocyte cytoplasm nor the subcellular organelles were labelled. These results suggest that FSG is produced by the accessory cells and is deposited initially on the surface of vitellogenic oocytes for the formation of jelly. These findings may provide a new insight into the role of the accessory cells in the reproductive process of the sea urchin.
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    Chemical basis of pupal cannibalism in a caterpillar (Utetheisa ornatrix) (1992)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 48 (1992), S. 97-102 
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    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; cannibalism ; acquired defense ; phagostimulation ; specific hunger
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The mothUtetheisa ornatrix derives protection against predation from systemic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) that it sequesters as a larva from its foodplants (Leguminosae,Crotalaria spp.). We here show, in laboratory tests, thatUtetheisa deficient in body PA can make up for the chemical shortfall by cannibalizing pupae. We present evidence indicating that cannibalism in larvae is elicited not by hunger, but possibly by PA deficiency itself, and that in making cannibalistic choices larvae prefer PA-containing over PA-free pupae. PAs themselves, either in crystalline form or as additives to food items, proved phagostimulatory to larvae. In natureUtetheisa tend to pupate away from their foodplant, essentially out of reach of larval attack. The threat of cannibalism may have contributed to the evolution of this pupation behavior.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923618
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    Expression of growth hormone receptor by immunocytochemistry in rat molar root formation and alveolar bone remodeling (1992)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 50 (1992), S. 541-546 
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    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Growth hormone receptor ; Odontogenesis ; Bone remodeling ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Growth hormone (GH) may regulate tooth formation and bone remodeling associated with tooth eruption. This study reports the distribution of growth hormone receptor/binding protein in developing rat molars and adjacent alveolar bone by immunocytochemistry using well-characterized anti-growth hormone receptor monoclonal antibodies. These tissues represent an excellent model for studying the ontogenic changes that occur in odontogenic and osteogenic cells, as these cells are found in linear arrays displaying the various stages of morphological and functional differention, and differentiated function. Immunoreactivity was first seen in precementoblasts in contact with the epithelial root sheath, and preodontoblasts. However, growth hormone receptor immunoreactivity was associated primarily with the cytoplasm of odontogenic and osteogenic cells forming their respective matrices. Thus, cementoblasts and odontoblasts at sites of new matrix formation showed intense immunoreactivity whereas cementocytes and mature odontoblasts at later stages of tooth development were nonreactive. Osteoblasts engaged in intramembranous ossification in the alveolar bone were positive, although osteocytes and endosteal cells were immunonegative. Osteoclasts at sites of alveolar bone remodeling resorption were also immunopositive. These patterns of receptor expression parallel the ontogenic sequences of odontogenic and osteogenic cells and suggest that GH promotes the functional state of these cells. Our results also imply that GH may influence differentiation or differentiated functions associated with odontogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone remodeling independent of systemic insulin-like GF-I.
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    Relative nutritional quality of C3 and C4 grasses for a graminivorous lepidopteran, Paratrytone melane (Hesperiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 92 (1992), S. 97-103 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: C3 and C4 grasses ; Lepidoptera ; Hesperiidae ; Paratrytone melane ; Nutrients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We tested the hypothesis that C4 grasses are inferior to C3 grasses as host plants for herbivorous insects by measuring the relative performance of larvae of a graminivorous lepidopteran, Paratrytone melane (Hesperiidae), fed C3 and C4 grasses. Relative growth rates and final weights were higher in larvae fed a C3 grass in Experiment I. However, in two additional experiments, relative growth rates and final weights were not significantly different in larvae fed C3 and C4 grasses. We examined two factors which are believed to cause C4 grasses to be of lower nutritional value than C3 grasses: foliar nutrient levels and nutrient digestibility. In general, foliar nutrient levels were higher in C3 grasses. In Experiment I, protein and soluble carbohydrates were digested from a C3 and a C4 grass with equivalent efficiencies. Therefore, differences in larval performance are best explained by higher nutrient levels in the C3 grass in this experiment. In Experiment II, soluble carbohydrates were digested with similar efficiencies from C3 and C4 grasses but protein was digested with greater efficiency from the C3 grasses. We conclude (1) that the bundle sheath anatomy of C4 grasses is not a barrier to soluble carbohydrate digestion and does not have a nutritionally significant effect on protein digestion and (2) that P. melane may consume C4 grasses at compensatory rates.
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    Digestion of uncrushed leaf tissues by leaf-snipping larval Lepidoptera (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 89 (1992), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Digestion ; Larvae ; Mandible ; C4 grasses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cynodon dactylon (Poaceae) leaf pieces recovered from the frass of final-instar Paratrytone melane larvae (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) were composed of 14–22 percent crushed cells and 78–86 percent uncrushed cells, yet approximate digestibilities of soluble carbohydrates and protein averaged 78 and 88 percent, respectively. Therefore, nutrients from uncrushed cells were extracted by P. melane. The ability of P. melane and another leaf-snipping lepidopteran, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Noctuidae), to digest the contents of uncrushed bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in C. dactylon was examined with transmission electron microscopy. Organelles and plasma membranes were digested in the foreguts and midguts of both species. These findings suggest that nutrients in uncrushed leaf cells may be extracted through plasmodesmata and cell wall pores after membranes are digested. The generality of leaf-snipping, vis-a-vis leaf crushing, among larval Lepidoptera was assessed by surveying the mandible morphologies of 202 species. In 82 percent of the species surveyed only incisor regions were present. I conclude that leaf-snipping is a common mode of feeding among phytophagous Lepidoptera and that the digestion of cell contents is efficient despite the fact that few of the cells of ingested plant tissues are crushed.
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    Microfilaments (F-actin) in generative cells and sperm: an evaluation (1992)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 5 (1992), S. 89-100 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Actin ; Cytoskeleton ; Generative cell ; Immunocytochemistry ; Microtubule ; Mitosis ; Phragmoplast ; Pollen ; Rhodamine phalloidin ; Sperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Disagreement has arisen over the presence of actin-containing microfilaments (Mfs) in angiosperm generative cells and sperm (GSP). In order to address this issue, we subjected GSP of Tradescantia virginiana, Nicotiana tabacum and Rhododendron laetum to a series of localizations using different antiactins, rhodamine phalloidin and antimyosin. Coordinate staining with antitubulin and Hoechst 33258 defined the status of the microtubule (Mt) cytoskeleton and stages of generative cell division. Additional experiments utilized cytochalasin D (CD). In no instance could Mfs be detected in GSP of the three species. Instead, Mfs seen at the periphery of GSP appear to be continuous with vegetative Mfs and thus are in the vegetative cytoplasm. Mfs are not seen in the constriction zone of dividing T. virginiana generative cells, nor are they indicated in the phragmoplast of N. tabacum and R. laetum. Myosin localizations reveal punctate staining in the vegetative cytoplasm and a thin line of fluorescence around the the outside of the generative cell. While CD seems to delay generative cell division, cytokinesis still takes place. CD-induced Mf fragments are evident in the vegetative cytoplasm but not in GSP. The weight of evidence therefore indicates that GSP do not contain Mfs. The implications of this conclusion for the behavior of GSP and the mechanism of cytokinesis in dividing generative cells are considerable.
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    Periplasmic location of nitrous oxide reductase and its apoform in denitrifying Pseudomonas stutzeri (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 157 (1992), S. 218-222 
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    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Denitrification ; N2O reductase ; Nitrite reductase ; Immunocytochemistry ; Localization ; Two-dimensional electrophoresis ; Cell fractionation ; Pseudomonas stutzeri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Immunogold labelling techniques on ultrathin sections of low temperature embedded cells yielded evidence for the periplasmic location of the respiratory enzymes N2O reductase and nitrite reductase (cytochrome cd 1) in Pseudomonas stutzeri strain ZoBell. Cell fractionation by spheroplast preparation and two-dimensional electrophoresis showed the absence of a membrane association of these enzymes. Immunocytochemical localization of N2O reductase in a mutant strain deficient in the chromophore of N2O reductase showed the gold label at the cell periphery, indicating that the copper chromophore processing takes place after export of this protein's apoform.
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    Capture of gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.), andLymantria mathura (L.) males in traps baited with disparlure enantiomers and olefin precursor in the People's Republic of China (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2153-2159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; gypsy moth ; Lymantria mathura ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone ; disparlure ; cis-7,8-epoxy-2-methyocta-decane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Pheromone traps baited with (+)-disparlure,cis-7,8-epoxy-2methyocta-decane, captured males ofLymantria dispar, L. monacha, andL. mathura in northeastern People's Republic of China.L. dispar responded to the addition of olefin to (+)-disparlure-baited traps in a negative doseresponse manner. Observations on site and seasonal capture ofL. dispar andL. mathura are discussed.
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological activity of (Z,E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate, a mimic of the major sex pheromone component of carob moth,Ectomyelois ceratoniae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2331-2352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; sex pheromone ; (Z,E)-9,11,13-tetradecatrienal ; mimic ; (Z,E)-7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate ; wind tunnel ; attractant ; electrophysiology ; receptor cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The behavioral and electrophysiological activity of a mimic [(Z,E)7,9,11-dodecatrienyl formate] of the major sex pheromone component [(Z,E) 9,11,13-tetradecatrienal] of carob moth was assessed. Wind-tunnel bioassays demonstrated that the formate was as effective as natural gland extracts, and significantly more effective than the trienal alone or than the trienal blended with two minor pheromone components, in evoking source contact. Dispensers containing the formate were as effective as trienal-containing blend lures in attracting males when placed at the same dosage in traps in date gardens. Single-cell recordings showed that at least two olfactory neurons, differentiated by spike amplitude, are located in the long trichoid hairs on male carob moth antennae. Dose-response relationships indicated that puffs from cartridges loaded with at least 0.1 μg of the formate or of the trienal were necessary to elicit spiking by either the small or the large-spiking cell within a sensillum. Cross-adaptation studies demonstrated that both compounds stimulated the same large-spiking cell. The frequencies of spikes evoked from the large cell when stimulated by emissions from 0.1-μg, 1-μg, or 10-μg cartridges of either the formate or the trienal were not significantly different, suggesting that the formate is an effective mimic of the trienal at the antennal receptor cell level.
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    Evaluation of flavonoids inGossypium arboreum (L.) cottons as potential source of resistance to tobacco budworm (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 105-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Cotton ; Gossypium arboreum ; tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; resistance ; allelochemicals ; flavonoids ; gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside ; gossypetin 8-0-glucoside
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Asiatic cottons [Gossypium arboreum (L.)] have been investigated as a source of resistance to the tobacco budworm [Heliothis virescens (Fab.)] because their diversely colored petals have been presumed to contain various allelochemicals. However, we found that larvae fedG. arboreum squares (buds) grew about equally compared with those fed squares from commercialG. hirsutum lines. The best source of resistance was found in severalG. hirsutum double-haploid (DH) lines. In our investigation of allelochemicals, G.arboreum lines were found to contain much less gossypol in leaves, squares (buds), and petals thanG. hirsutum L. lines. Flavonoids were significantly higher inG. arboreum lines only in petals. Of 22G. arboreum lines from which squares were gathered and fed to tobacco budworm (TBW) larvae in the laboratory, larval growth was not significantly decreased on any, but larval survival was decreased on six. When the square flavonoids were isolated and incorporated in laboratory diets for the TBW, moderate toxicity was observed. However, the estimated toxicities were not greater than those of the same flavonoid isolates fromG. hirsutum lines. The most prevalent flavonoids, all previously found in G.arboreum plant tissues, were gossypetin 8-0-glucoside and gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside, neither of which were present inG. hirsutum tissue. Quercetin 3-0-glucoside, quercetin-3′-0-glucoside, and quercetin 7-0-glucoside were also present in significant amounts in both species. Gossypetin 8-0-rhamnoside and gossypetin 8-0-glucoside were the most toxic flavonoids tested (the ED50% was estimated to be 0.007 and 0.024) and therefore may prove to be contributing factors of resistance to TBW feeding.
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    Attraction ofHeliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to volatiles from extracts of cotton flowers (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 907-914 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tobacco budworm ; Heliothis virescens ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; cotton ; gossypium hirsutum ; oviposition ; attractant ; floral extracts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Mated and virgin female and virgin male tobacco budworm moths,Heliothis virescens (F.), responded via directed upwind flight in wind-tunnel bioassays to volatiles from floral extracts of cotton,Gossypium hirsutum L. Significantly more male and female moths landed on cloth dispensers treated with a methylene chloride extract of debracted flowers than on control dispensers treated only with methylene chloride. Only mated females landed in significant numbers on the dispensers treated with extract of cotton squares, flowers (including bracts), or flower petals. After landing, most of the moths examined the dispensers by probing with their antennae, proboscis, and/or ovipositor.
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    Influence of cabbage proteinase inhibitorsin situ on the growth of larvalTrichoplusia ni andPieris rapae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1009-1024 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pieris rapae ; Artogeia rapae ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; Pieridae ; trypsin inhibitors ; chymotrypsin inhibitors ; serine proteinase inhibitors ; cabbage ; Cruciferae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors are proteins that are developmentally regulated in foliage of cabbage plants, appearing at high concentrations in young foliage on mature plants. This temporal and spacial regulation of foliar proteinase inhibitors is synchronized with the appearance and distribution of foliar feeding Lepidoptera. When insects were allowed to select their feeding sites, larvalPieris rapae fed on the young foliage of cabbage plants, while larvalTrichoplusia ni fed on the mature foliage on cabbage plants. LarvalP. rapae that fed on mature plants were significantly smaller than larvae feeding on young plants, while there was no significant difference between larvalT. ni feeding on mature plants and those feeding on young plants. Thus, there was a significant inverse correlation between the level of proteinase inhibitory activity in cabbage foliage and larval growth. WhenP. rapae andT. ni were provided with an artificial diet containing total protein (including significant levels of proteinase inhibitors) that was extracted from cabbage foliage, there was a significant reduction in growth and development of both species of Lepidoptera.
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    Qualitative and quantitative analyses of volatiles and pheromone gland extracts collected fromGalleria mellonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1255-1268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Gallerinae ; Galleria mellonella ; greater wax moth ; sex pheromone gland ; nonanoic acid ; undecanoic acid ; 1-nonanol ; 1-undecanol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical analyses of pheromone-gland extracts and volatiles released by maleGalleria mellonella (L.), the greater wax moth, resulted in the identification and quantification of the aldehydes, primary alcohols, and fatty acids of nonane and undecane. Adult females released none of these six compounds. Mean percentages of the aldehydes and alcohols in the gland extracts were 19.0% undecanal, 3.9% nonanal, 48.3% 1-undecanol, and 28.8% 1-nonanol. Mean percentages of the aldehydes and alcohols in volatiles collected during the first hour of scotophase from moths 1 to 9 days old were 77.4% undecanal, 20.8% nonanal, 1.46% 1-undecanol, and 0.36% 1-nonanol. Age did not significantly affect the amount of each compound collected. The collection of volatiles from moths 3 to 5 days old during a 12-hr scotophase indicated that production was greatest during the first and third quarters of the period. Methylation of group volatile samples allowed the quantification of the fatty acids.
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    Abraxas grossulariata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification of (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene and (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene in the female sex pheromone (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 13-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone identification ; (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyhepta-decadiene ; (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene ; Abraxas grossulariata ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-Heptadecatriene and (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene have been identified in female sex pheromone gland extracts ofAbraxas grossulariata L. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). The compounds were detected by gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and identified by GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amounts of hydrocarbon and epoxide were 0.13 and 0.42 ng/female, respectively. These identifications were confirmed by synthesis; the absolute configuration of the epoxide remains to be determined. Another isomeric epoxide, (3Z,6Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheptadecadiene, was tentatively identified in small amounts (0.04 ng/female). Racemic (6Z,9Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxyheptadecadiene elicited the largest electroantennogram response within a series of heptadecadiene and nonadecadiene monoepoxides and the corresponding trienic hydrocarbons and, in field tests, attracted maleA. grossulariata into traps. Addition of 10% (3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-heptadecatriene to this epoxide enhanced attractiveness; addition of (3Z,6Z)-3,6-cis-9,10-epoxyheptadecadiene had no effect at low proportions while higher proportions caused a reduction in the numbers of males caught.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00997161
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    Multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentrus grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1901-1912 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Parasitoid ; pheromone ; bioassay ; wind-tunnel ; Hymenoptera ; Braconidae ; Macrocentrus grandii ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubil-alis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A multicomponent sex pheromone inMacrocentms grandii Goidanich (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was demonstrated using wind-tunnel and field bioassays. In wind-tunnel bioassays, three Florisii fractions from female wasps (hexane, 5%, and 50% ether in hexane) and one from male wasps (50% ether in hexane) were attractive to males. The hexane and 5% ether in hexane fractions each elicited similar male behavioral responses. These included upwind anemotaxis, casting, landing on the source, wing fanning, and mating attempts between males. The 50% ether in hexane fraction, whether male- or female-derived, initiated a strong flight response by males but few landings on the source. In addition, the 50% ether in hexane fraction was found to synergize strongly the hexane fraction. All females tested in the wind tunnel gave no responses to male- or female-derived extracts. Field tests generally supported the wind-tunnel results, although no field attraction was observed for the 5% ether in hexane fraction.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00981915
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    Sex pheromone components of the giant looper,Boarmia selenaria schiff. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Identification, synthesis, electrophysiological evaluation, and behavioral activity (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 165-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Boarmia selenaria ; giant looper ; sex pheromones ; Lepidoptera ; Geometridae ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3R,4S)-epoxynonadecadiene ; (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene, anantiomers ; enantioselective synthesis ; EAG ; wind tunnel ; field tests ; precursor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-(3S,4R)-Epoxynonadecadiene9a and (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene have been identified as sex pheromone components in female ovipositor extracts and effluvia of the geometridBoarmia selenaria. The identification was based on relative retention times on gas chromatographic columns, GC-MS, chemical enantioselective syntheses, EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral experiments, and field tests. A single female ovipositor extract contained an average of 42 ng of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene and 2 ng of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene.EAG, wind-tunnel behavioral studies, and field tests demonstrated that maleB. selenaria exhibit preferential attraction for the (3S,4R)-enantiomer of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3,4-epoxynonadecadiene. Only in effluvia and ovipositor extracts of calling females was (Z,Z)-6,9-cis- 3,4-epoxynonadecadiene detected, whereas relatively high amounts of (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene were found in noncalling females. Wind-tunnel behavioral studies showed that (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene did not elicit any response in the males, and when tested in combination with a mixture of monoepoxynonadecadienes, (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene decreased the observed behavioral responses. A possible precursor role for (Z,Z,Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene in the pheromonal system is discussed.
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    Biological activity and in vivo degradation of tritiated female sex pheromone in the male European corn borer (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 283-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; European corn borer ; tritiated pheromone ; 11-tetradecenyl acetate ; sensory biochemistry ; catabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Isomers of [11,12-3H2]-11-tetradecenyl acetate (57 Ci/mM) were synthesized. Behavioral assay of the two compounds using Z- and E-type European corn borer (ECB) males showed that introduction of tritons into the double bond of the pheromone caused a significant isotope effect in the E-type ECB but not in the Z-type ECB. Measurements of tritium associated with the male antennae after a 3-min exposure showed that radioactivity equivalent to 10−7 mol pheromone was adsorbed onto male antennae. Time-course in vivo metabolic studies with picogram amounts of compound applied topically to antennae of E- and Z-type males and Z-type females showed that they metabolized pheromone similarly but females degraded pheromone more slowly than males. Pheromone was hydrolyzed, and the only other major radiolabeled metabolite observed by combined high-pressure liquid chromatography-radiodetection was tritiated water. Capillary gas chromatography and radiomonitoring permitted detection of a trace amount of 11-tetradecenoic acid, which indicated alcohol oxidase activity is associated with the antennae. Evidence shows that clearing of pheromone from the ECB male antennae involves hydrolysis and oxidation of the alcohol to fatty acid, which in turn is degraded, probably via β-oxidation, to carbon dioxide and water.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994232
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    Occurrence and expression of acid phosphatase of Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf & Kernan, in isolation or associated with plant roots (1992)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 1 (1992), S. 137-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Ericaceae ; Mycorrhizal fungi ; Acid phosphatase ; Protein expression ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The activity of acid phosphatase produced in pure culture by the endomycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf & Kernan (H. ericae LPA 2) was inhibited by high phosphorus levels, alkaline pH, fluoride, molybdate and mannosidase, and activated by concanavalin A. Over 80% of the enzyme activity was due to two wall-bound acid phosphatase isozymes with the characteristics of mannose-rich glycoproteins. Antiserum was raised against the major, low-molecular-weight wall isozyme and its activity tested by immunoblotting and ELISA. The antiserum cross reacted 100% with exocellular (excreted) and 28% with cytoplasmic cellular fractions of H. ericae (LPA 2) cultures, and showed high reactivity with other strains of H. ericae but not with fungal isolates from Erica hispidula L. or E. mauritanica L. Ultrastructural localization of acid phosphatase by cytoenzymology and indirect immunogold labelling confirmed its association with the fungal wall in pure culture and showed that the influence of a high phosphorus level, fluoride and molybdate is through inactivation of the enzyme. Intense acid phosphatase activity, sensitive to the latter inhibitors, was also present on external hyphae growing over a host or non-host root but it was weak or absent from intracellular hyphae where these developed within a host root. Indirect immunolabelling confirmed that this acid phosphatase was of fungal origin and that the specific inhibitory effect of host cells is due to inactivation of the enzyme rather than repression of its synthesis. Possible implications of fungal acid phosphatase in ericoid endomycorrhizal infection processes are discussed together with mechanisms that may be regulating the enzyme activity.
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    Immunocytochemical and electron-microscopic study of the elasmobranch nucleus sacci vasculosi (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 395-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus sacci vasculosi ; Ultrastructure ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hypothalamus ; Tuberculum posterius ; Scyliorhinus caniculus, Raja undulata (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elasmobranch nucleus sacci vasculosi was studied by means of electron microscopy (in the dogfish) and immunocytochemistry (in the dogfish and the skate) by using antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, somatostatin, serotonin, and substance P. Ultrastructural study of the dogfish nucleus sacci vasculosi shows the presence of medium-sized cells that possess numerous mitochondria but that have no dense-core vesicles in the cytoplasm or in cell processes. Fibres of the conspicuous tractus sacci vasculosi have a beaded appearance and form conventional synapses with dendrites and cell perikarya of the nucleus sacci vasculosi. The perikarya of this hypothalamic nucleus were not immunoreactive to any of the antibodies tested, and fibres immunopositive to tyrosine hydroxylase, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, somatostatin, serotonin, and substance P were scarce within this nucleus, in both the dogfish and the skate. Dorsal to the nucleus sacci vasculosi, there are numerous positive neuronal processes in addition to many small neurons that show immunoreactivity to alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, somatostatin and tyrosine hydroxylase. Two types of neuron occur in this dorsal region, displaying dense-core vesicles of either 100–160 nm or 60–100 nm diameter in their cytoplasm; they were identified as peptide-containing and monoamine-containing neurons, respectively. The neuropil of this region has a significantly different ultrastructure from that of the nucleus sacci vasculosi, with many processes containing dense-core vesicles. This group of neurons, located dorsal to the nucleus sacci vasculosi and showing (a) immunoreactivity to neuropeptides or to monoamine-synthesizing enzyme, and (b) cytoplasm with dense-core vesicles, was considered not to be a part of the nucleus sacci vasculosi but rather part of the nucleus tuberculi posterioris. These results support the non-peptidergic and non-aminergic character of the nucleus sacci vasculosi.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328023
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    Serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the ventral nerve cord of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata: Identification of five different neuron classes (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 405-413 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Serotonin ; Whole-mount ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect ventral nervous system ; Interneurons ; Efferent neurons ; Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an immunohistochemical study of the ventral nerve cord of L. decemlineata, five distinct neuron categories were distinguished: 1) Two paired segmental twin interneurons occur in each ganglion or neuromere; their axons distribute processes over almost the entire nerve cord and run to the cerebral ganglion complex. In contrast, other axons are distributed locally. 2) Four large frontal neurosecretory neurons occur in the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), two of which have axons that run into the mandibular nerves to form a neurohemal plexus on the surface of cerebral nerves. 3) A pair of large caudal neurons occur in the terminal ganglion and innervate the hindgut. 4) Local miniature interneurons occur in the SOG. 5) Terminal neurons are present in the last abdominal ganglion. Segmental twin interneurons appear to be grouped into 3 ‘functional units’ spanning several ganglia. Their axons run to specific projection areas, which separate the functional units, and which mark the externally visible separation of condensed ganglion complexes. A possible role of the most caudal functional unit might be the synaptic control of caudal neurons innervating the hindgut.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328024
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    Pericyte involvement in capillary sprouting during angiogenesis in situ (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 469-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pericytes ; Angiogenesis ; Capillaries ; Capillary sprouting ; Desmin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat Adenocarcinoma cells, rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To investigate the participation of microvascular pericytes in the process of capillary sprouting, we examined whole-mount preparations of the rat mesentery by use of a double immunofluorescence approach. Angiogenesis was induced by intraperitoneal injections of either the mast cell-degranulating substance compound 48/80 or tumor cell-conditioned medium. Capillary sprouts were visualized by staining with rhodaminconjugated phalloidin and pericytes were simultaneosly stained by an antibody to the intermediate filament protein desmin. Developing pericytes were negative for the smooth-muscle isoform of α-actin, bbut were clearly reactive for desmin. Pericytes appear to be involved in the carliest stages of capillary sprouting. Pericytes were regularly found lying at and in front of the advancing tips of endothelial sprouts. At many sites pericytes were seen to bridge the gap between the leading edges of opposing endothelial sprouts, which were apparently preparing to merge, suggesting that pericytic processes may serve as guiding structures aiding outgrowth of endothelial cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645048
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    Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor in a subpopulation of rat sensory neurons (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sensory ganglia ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Parasympathetic ganglia ; Basic fibroblast growth factor ; Substance P ; Somatostatin ; Bombesin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar: Han)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-immunoreactivity (IR) was studied in rat sensory and autonomic ganglia. In postnatal and adult sympathetic superior cervical ganglia and in adult parasympathetic otic ganglia no bFGF-staining was found. Postnatal and adult neural crest-and placode-derived sensory ganglia displayed intensive bFGF-IR in a neuronal subpopulation. This subpopulation was characterized by use of consecutive sections of adult dorsal root ganglia stained with antibodies against substance P, somatostatin, bombesin, and bFGF. Basic FGF was colocalized with the somatostatin/bombesin subpopulation but not with substance P.
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    Aminergic neurons in the brain of blowflies and Drosophila: dopamine- and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons and their relationship with putative histaminergic neurons (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 147-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Tyrosine hydroxylase ; Histamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Insect nervous system ; Drosophila melanogaster, Phormia terraenovae, Calliphora erythrocephala (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and morphology of neurons reacting with antisera against dopamine (DA), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and histamine (HA) were analyzed in the blowflies Calliphora erythrocephala and Phormia terraenovae. TH-immunoreactive (THIR) and HA-immunoreactive (HAIR) neurons were also mapped in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. The antisera against DA and TH specifically labeled the same neurons in the blowflies. About 300 neurons displayed DA immunoreactivity (DAIR) and THIR in the brain and subesophageal ganglion of the blowflies. Most of these neurons were located in bilateral clusters; some were distributed as bilateral pairs, and two ventral unpaired median (VUM) neurons were seen in the subesophageal ganglion. Immunoreactive processes were found in all compartments of the mushroom bodies except the calyces, in all divisions of the central body complex, in the medulla, lobula and lobula plate of the optic lobe, and in non-glomerular neuropil of protocerebrum, tritocerebrum and the subesophageal ganglion. No DA or TH immunoreactivity was seen in the antennal lobes. In Drosophila, neurons homologous to the blowfly neurons were detected with the TH antiserum. In Phormia and Drosophila, 18 HA-immunoreactive neurons were located in the protocerebrum and 2 in the subesophageal ganglion. The HAIR neurons arborized extensively, but except for processes in the lobula, all HAIR processes were seen in non-glomerular neuropil. The deuto- and tritocerebrum was devoid of HAIR processes. Double labeling experiments demonstrated that TH and HA immunoreactivity was not colocalized in any neuron. In some regions there wasm however, substantial superposition between the two systems. The morphology of the extensively arborizing aminergic neurons described suggests that they have modulatory functions in the brain and subesophageal ganglion.
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    Differentiation of the melanotrophic cells of rat pituitary primordium in organotypic culture in defined medium (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 169-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fetal intermediate lobe ; Tissue culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Dopamine ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Organotypic cultures, in defined medium, of pituitary primordia obtained from 15-day-old rat fetuses were performed in order to study the in vitro differentiation of melanotrophic cells. The morphological and ultrastructural features of the transplants resembled those of the gland developing in vivo. In situ hybridization on semi-thin sections, using a 35S-labelled oligonucleotide probe, revealed pro-opiomelanocortin-mRNA-containing cells on the first day of culture in the anterior lobe and after 2–3 days in the intermediate lobe. Immunoperoxidase labelling of adjacent sections showed that the same cells reacted with antibodies against α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), γ3 and adrenocorticotropic hormone in both lobes. The pro-opiomelanocortin-mRNA-containing cells formed progressively conspicuous areas in the intermediate lobe, which was almost uniformly labelled after 6 days. In the anterior lobe, these cells remained scattered in small cell groups, and colloidal gold immunolabelling showed the progressive disappearance of αMSH labelling from the secretory vesicles in cells exhibiting morphological features of adult corticotrophic cells. Both the αMSH content of the explants and αMSH release into the culture medium increased with time. Treatment with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine induced a strong dose-dependent decrease in αMSH secretion, which was significant after 3 days in culture, indicating that dopamine D2 receptors are able to regulate hormonal release of melanotrophic cells at early stages. This system constitutes a suitable model for further studies of factors controlling cell differentiation and cellular interactions involved in histogenesis.
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    Light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry of a molluscan insulin-related peptide in the central nervous system of Planorbarius corneus (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 473-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebral ganglia ; Neurohormones ; Molluscan insulin-related peptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Tannic acid ; Planorbarius corneus (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two groups of cerebral dorsal cells of the pulmonate snail Planorbarius corneus stain positively with antisera raised against synthetic fragments of the B- and C-chain of the molluscan pro-insulin-related prohormone, proMIP-I, of another pulmonate snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. At the light-microscopic level the somata of the dorsal cells and their axons and neurohemal axon terminals in the periphery of the paired median lip nerves are immunoreactive with both antisera. Furthermore, the canopy cells in the lateral lobes of the cerebral ganglia are positive. In addition, MIPB-immunoreactive neurons are found in most other ganglia of the central nervous system. At the ultrastructural level, pale and dark secretory granules are found in somata and axon terminals of the dorsal cells. Dark granules are about 4 times as immunoreactive to both antisera as pale granules. Release of anti-MIPB- and anti-MIPC-immunopositive contents of the secretory granules by exocytosis is apparent in material treated according to the tannic acid method. It is concluded that the dorsal and canopy cells synthesize a molluscan insulin-related peptide that is packed in the cell body into secretory granules and that is subsequently transported to the neurohemal axon terminals and released into the hemolymph by exocytosis. Thus, MIP seems to act as a neurohormone on peripheral targets. On the basis of the analogy between the dorsal cells and the MIP-producing cells in L. stagnalis, it is proposed that the dorsal cells of P. corneus are involved in the control of body growth and associated processes.
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    Culture and characterization of dental follicle cells from rat molars (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 483-492 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental follicle ; Cell culture ; Fibroblasts ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure ; Collagen ; Gel-electrophoresis ; Western blotting ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Because the dental follicle is necessary for the eruption of teeth of limited eruption, it was the objective of this study to determine if the cells of the follicle could be cultured in vitro. To achieve this, dental follicles and associated enamel organs were dissected from the first and second mandibular molars of 6–7-day-old rats (secretory stage of amelogenesis), and then cultured in a medium that promotes fibroblast growth — the predominant cell type of the dental follicle. The cultured cells grew to confluency and were kept through 3 passages before experimentation. The cultured cells were fibroblastic in shape, elongate with processes, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that they contained an abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum, but did not form desmosomes. Immunofluorescent staining for anti-vimentin showed that all the cells stained and electron-microscopic immunogold labeling indicated that the antibody was associated with intermediate filaments. As revealed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blotting, the cultured cells synthesized and secreted the extracellular matrix molecules fibronectin and procollagens. Subsequent immunofluorescence staining of permeabilized and non-permeabilized cells confirmed the presence of fibronectin and type I collagen both intra- and extracellularly. Thus, based on all the above characteristics, the cultured cells appeared to be fibroblasts derived from the dental follicle, although a few of the fibroblasts may be derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells interposed between the alveolar bone and follicle. Experiments now can be conducted to determine how these cultured cells respond directly to growth factors that alter the rates of tooth eruption.
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    Characterization and fine-structural localization of actin-and fibronectin-like proteins in planaria (Dugesia lugubris s.l.) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 499-506 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Actin-like protein ; Fibronectin-like protein ; Regeneration ; Cell migration ; Immunocytochemistry ; Dugesia lugubris (Tricladida)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Actin- and fibronectin-like proteins were characterized in the planarian, Dugesia lugubris s.l., by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis using antisera to vertebrate actin and fibronectin. These antisera recognized protein bands of 42 kDa and 220 kDa, respectively. In addition, the immunohistochemical distribution of both actin- and fibronectin-like material was examined by using immuno-electron microscopy. Actin-like protein was localized in myofibrils in various differentiation stages, and in the peripheral cytoplasm and lamellipodia of cells that were migrating. The fibronectin-like component was associated with the extracellular matrix in the fibrillar structures and with the surface of the migrating cells. Our data suggest that similar cellular and molecular mechanisms are involved in cell-matrix interactions and in the morphogenesis of living organisms at different evolutionary levels.
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    Synaptic contacts of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive elements in the inner plexiform layer of the retina of Bufo marinus (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 525-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Retina ; Dopaminergic neurons ; Synapses ; Inner plexiform layer ; Immunocytochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Bufo marinus (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry was utilized to quantify dopaminergic synapses in the inner plexiform layer of the retina of Bufo marinus. Since dopaminergic cells have bistratified dendritic arborisation in the inner plexiform layer, attention was given to the segregation of synapses between the scleral and the vitreal sublaminae. Light-microscopically, a more elaborate dendritic branching was observed in the scleral than in the vitreal sublamina. In contrast, about 55% of synapses occurred in the vitreal one fifth of the inner plexiform layer, 30% in the scleral fifth, and 15% in the intermediate laminae. Input sources and output targets showed only minor quantitative differences between sublaminae 1 and 5. TH-immunoreactive processes were found in presynaptic (62.8%) and postsynaptic (37.2%) positions. Synapses to the stained dendrites derived from bipolar (40.4%) and amacrine (59.6%) cells, whereas outputs from the TH-positive processes were directed to amacrine cells (56.8%) and to small and medium-sized dendrites (35.4%); at least some of these can be considered as ganglion cell dendrites. TH-positive profiles neither formed synapses with each other nor were presynaptic to bipolar cell terminals. Junctional appositions of the immunoreactive profiles were occasionally seen on non-stained amacrine and ganglion cell dendrites in the scleral sublamina of the inner plexiform layer and on optic axons in the optic fibre layer. Although dopaminergic cells are mainly involved in amacrine-amacrine interactions, inputs from bipolar terminals and outputs to ganglion cell dendrites were also substantial, suggestive of a role also in vertical information processing.
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    Embryonic origin and development of the corpuscles of Stannius in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stanniocalcin ; Corpuscles of Stannius ; Embryology ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pronephros ; Oncorhynchus keta (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An immunocytochemical technique was used to follow the embryological origin and development of the corpuscles of Stannius (CS) in the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta. Stanniocalcin immunoreactive (ir-) cells can be observed as early as 13 days before hatching. The ir-CS cells appear in clusters of variable size in close association with nephric ducts. In addition, individual ir-cells also occur at this stage amoung epithelial cells of the nephric ducts. these individual cells may give rise to clusters which subsequently increase in size, the largest reaching 100 μm in diameter by the time of hatching. During this period, dispersed CS cells become evident and develop into secondary clusters in the vicinity of the primary clusters. These clusters appear to fuse to form larger clusters with a lobular structure. Transfer of the larvae (20 days after hatching) from fresh water to 50% seawater, accelerates the development of the CS tissue, suggesting an important role of the CS in seawater adaptation.
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    Distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the brain and hypophysis of the cloudy dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazame (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 453-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptide Y ; Brain, vertebrate ; Hypothalamus ; Pituitary gland, pars intermedia ; Nervus terminalis ; Immunocytochemistry ; Scyliorhinus torazame (Elasmobranchii)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a specific antiserum raised against synthetic neuropeptide Y, we examined the localization of immunoreactivity in the brain and hypophysis of the cloudy dogfish, Scyliorhinus torazame, by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method. Immunoreactive perikarya were demonstrated in the ganglion of the nervus terminalis, the dorsocaudal portions of the pallium dorsale, the basal telencephalon, and the nucleus lateralis tuberis and the nucleus lobi lateralis in the hypothalamus. Labeled perikarya were also found in the tegmentum mesencephali, the corpus cerebelli, and the medulla oblongata. Some of the immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus were of the CSF-contacting type. The bulk of the labeled fibers in the nervus terminalis ran toward the basal telencephalon, showing radial projections and ramifications. Large numbers of these fibers coursed into the nucleus septi caudoventralis and the nucleus interstitialis commissurae anterioris, where they became varicose and occasionally formed fine networks or invested immunonegative perikarya. In the diencephalon, immunoreactive fibers were observed throughout the hypothalamus, e.g., in the pars neurointermedia of the hypophysis, the subependymal layer of the lobus inferior hypothalami, and in the neuropil of the posterior (mammillary) recess organ. Labeled fibers were scattered throughout the rest of the brain stem and were also seen in the granular layer of the cerebellum. These results suggest that, in the dogfish brain, neuropeptide Y or a related substance is involved in a variety of physiological processes in the brain, including the neuroendocrine control of the hypophysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319152
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    Comparative study of the olfactory epithelium of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 267-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Olfactory epithelium ; Comparative study ; Histochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Non-specific label ; Microsmatic fish ; Three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (Teleostei) ; Nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The olfactory epithelium of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) has been studied with a conventional histochemical and a novel immunological staining technique. In both species, the sensory epithelium is arranged in folds separated by non-sensory epithelial tissue. In the nine-spined stickleback, intrinsic folds consisting of non-sensory cells are found in the apical part of the sensory epithelium where they divide the surface of the sensory epithelium into small islets. These non-sensory cells are non-ciliated, flattened and piled on top of each other; they contain numerous electron-translucent vesicles. The intrinsic folds are absent from the sensory epithelium of the three-spined stickleback. In both species, axons of receptor cells form a layer of fibers in the sensory epithelium immediately above the basal cells. In the three-spined stickleback, thick branches of the olfactory nerve are frequently found in this layer. These branches are only occasionally observed in the sensory epithelium of the nine-spined stickleback. Thus, the three-spined stickleback and the nine-spined stickleback show considerable differences in the organization of the sensory regions of the olfactory epithelium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319617
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    Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP): occurrence in rodent pancreas and effects on insulin and glucagon secretion in the mouse (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pancreas, endocrine, exocrine ; Insulin secretion ; Glucagon secretion ; Mouse (NMRI) ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that occurs in several tissues, e.g., in the gut. We have studied PACAP-like immunoreactivity in the pancreas of rat and mouse, and the effects of PACAP-38 on basal and stimulated insulin and glucagon secretion in the mouse. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated the presence of PACAP-like immunoreactivity in nerve fibers in both the rat and mouse pancreas. The nerve fibers were seen in the exocrine pancreas and surrounding the islets. Occasionally, the nerve fibers occurred within the islets. Most PACAP-positive nerve fibers innervated the intrapancreatic ganglia, although no nerve cell bodies contained PACAP-like immunoreactivity. In-vivo experiments in mice revealed that basal plasma glucagon levels were increased by PACAP-39 injected intravenously at dose levels exceeding 1.8 nmol/kg. Furthermore, PACAP-38 (7 nmol/kg) potentiated the plasma glucagon response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol (0.16 μmol/kg). This potentiation was reduced to simple addition by pretreatment with a combined α- and β-adrenergic blockade by phentolamine (35 μmol/kg) and propranolol (8.5 μmol/kg). Moreover, PACAP-38 inhibited a carbachol-induced increase in the level of plasma insulin in the absence but not in the presence of adrenergic blockade. PACAP-38 increased basal plasma insulin levels and increased basal plasma glucose levels 6 min and 10 min, respectively, after injection of the peptide. We conclude that PACAP-like immunoreactivity exists in nerve fibers innervating the mouse and rat pancreas, particularly the intrapancreatic ganglia, and that PACAP-38 augments both basal and carbachol-stimulated glucagon secretion in the mouse.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319618
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    Localization of calcitonin gene-related peptide and islet amyloid polypeptide in the rat and mouse pancreas (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 315-322 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide ; Islet amyloid polypeptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pancreas endocrine, exocrine ; Rat (Sprague-Dawley) ; Mouse (NMRI)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It was previously demonstrated that the two chemically related peptides calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) both occur in the pancreas. We have now examined the cellular localization of CGRP and IAPP in the rat and the mouse pancreas. We found, in both the rat and the mouse pancreas, CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers throughout the parenchyma, including the islets, with particular association with blood vessels. CGRP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were regularly seen within the islets. In contrast, no IAPP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were demonstrated in this location. Furthermore, in rat islets, CGRP immunoreactivity was demonstrated in peripherally located cells, constituting a major subpopulation of the somatostatin cells. Such cells were lacking in the mouse islets. IAPP-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in rat and mouse islet insulin cells, and, in the rat, also in a few non-insulin cells in the islet periphery. These cells seemed to be identical with somatostatin/CGRP-immunoreactive elements. In summary, the study shows (1) that CGRP, but not IAPP, is a pancreati neuropeptide both in the mouse and the rat; (2) that a subpopulation of rat somatostatin cells contain CGRP; (3) that mouse islet endocrine cells do not contain CGRP; (4) that insulin cells in both the rat and the mouse contain IAPP; and (5) that in the rat, a non-insulin cell population apparently composed of somatostatin cells stores immunoreactive IAPP. We conclude that CGRP is a pancreatic neuropeptide and IAPP is an islet endocrine peptide in both the rat and the mouse, whereas CGRP is an islet endocrine peptide in the rat.
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    Immunocytochemistry of somatotrophs, gonadotrophs, prolactin and adrenocorticotropin cells in larval sea bream (Sparus auratus) pituitaries (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 341-346 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone ; Prolactin ; Gonadotropin ; Adrenocorticotropin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Pituitary gland ; Sparus auratus (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The chronological appearance of endocrine cells in the pituitary of sea-bream (Sparus auratus) larvae was studied using antisera against salmon prolactin, trout growth hormone, salmon gonadotropin and N-terminal human adrenocorticotropin. The larval pituitary (1–12 days after hatching) was oval in shape and was composed of a dense mass of cells with few neurohypophysial fibres. By 60 days after hatching it began to resemble the adult and was divisible into a distinct rostral pars distalis containing prolactin and adrenocorticotropin cells; a proximal pars distalis containing somatotrophs and gonadotrophs and a pars intermedia. Cells immunoreactive with antisera against growth hormone were observed immediately after hatching (2 days post-fertilization). Weakly staining prolactin cells were observed 2 days later in the region corresponding to the rostral pars distalis. Cells immunoreactive with anti-gonadotropin and anti-adrenocorticotropin sera were observed in the pituitary 6 and 8 days after hatching, respectively. All the cell-types studied were immunoreactive from the time they were first identified until the final samples 90 days after hatching.
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    Immuno-electron-microscopic localization of laminin and collagen type IV in normal and denervated tooth pulp of the cat (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 157-164 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dental pulp ; Laminin ; Collagen IV ; Odontoblast ; Nerve regeneration ; Immunocytochemistry ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of laminin-like immunoreactivity in adult normal and denervated cat mandibular tooth pulps was studied by the use of fluorescence microscopy and pre-embedding immunogold electron microscopy. Immunoreactivity to collagen IV was also assessed in order to distinguish basement membranes. In normal pulps, light-microscope laminin-like immunoreactivity was strong along blood vessels and Schwann cell sheaths, and a faint immunoreactivity was seen also in the odontoblast layer. Electron microscopy confirmed the laminin-like immunoreactivity of endothelial and Schwann cell basement membranes at all pulpal levels. In the odontoblast layer and the predentine, nerve-like structures lacking basement membranes but possessing strong membrane laminin-like immunoreactivity were encountered. In addition, a clear-cut laminin-like immunoreactivity of plasma membranes of the somata and processes of odontoblasts was seen. Observations on denervated pulps as well as pulps in which nerve regeneration had taken place did not reveal any changes in the pattern of laminin-immunoreactivity in basement membranes or odontoblasts. Distribution of collagen IV-like immunoreactivity was very similar to laminin-like immunoreactivity in basement membranes of blood vessels and Schwann cells, and appeared unaffected by denervation. The odontoblasts and nerve-like profiles in the odontoblast layer were devoid of collagen IV-like immunoreactivity. We propose that odontoblast-associated laminin could be of significance as guidance for regenerating terminal pulpal nerve fibers to appropriate targets.
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    Ultrastructural evidence for multiple mucous domains in frog olfactory epithelium (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 47-56 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cilia ; Microvilli ; Secretory granules ; Mucus ; Freeze-substitution ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rana pipiens (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary This study showed that the olfactory mucus is a highly structured extracellular matrix. Several olfactory epithelial glycoconjugates in the frog Rana pipiens were localized ultrastructurally using rapid-freeze, freeze-substitution and post-embedding (Lowicryl K11M) immunocytochemistry. Two of these conjugates were obtained from membrane preparations of olfactory cilia, the glycoproteins gp95 and olfactomedin. The other conjugates have a carbohydrate group which in the olfactory bulb appears to be mostly on neural cell-adhesion molecules (N-CAMs); in the olfactory epithelium this carbohydrate is present on more molecules. Localization of the latter conjugates was determined with monoclonal antibodies 9-OE and 5-OE. Ultrastructurally all antigens localized in secretory granules of apical regions of frog olfactory supporting cells and in the mucus overlying the epithelial surface, where they all had different, but partly overlapping, distributions. Monoclonal antibody 18.1, to gp95, labeled the mucus throughout, whereas poly- and monoclonal anti-olfactomedin labeled a deep mucous layer surrounding dendritic endings, proximal parts of cilia, and supporting cell microvilli. Labeling was absent in the superficial mucous layer, which contained the distal parts of the olfactory cilia. Monoclonal antibody 9-OE labeled rather distinct areas of mucus. These areas sometimes surrounded dendritic endings and olfactory cilia. Monoclonal antibody 5-OE labeled membranes of dendritic endings and cilia, and their glycocalyces, and also dendritic membranes.
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    Localization of dopamine in the freshwater hydrozoanHydra attenuata (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 601-607 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; HPLC ; Immunocytochemistry ; Hydra attenuata (Cnidaria)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with electrochemical detection, is an analytical method sensitive enough to permit quantification of dopamine, dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) and 5-S-cysteinyl DOPA in single or hemisected specimens ofHydra attenuata. Dopamine and 5-S-cysteinylDOPA appear to be the quantitatively predominant catechol compounds inH. attenuata, whereas DOPA is present in minor amounts. The presence of DOPA and 5-S-cysteinylDOPA, and the quantitative correlation between dopamine and these compounds in many specimens, suggests that dopamine inH. attenuata, as in higher animals, is formed through decarboxylation of DOPA. Contrary to the dopaminergic nerves in higher animals, DOPA inHydra seems to be oxidized and 5-S-cysteinyl DOPA is formed as a by-product. The oxidation of DOPA indicates that the hydroxylation of tyrosine into DOPA in the tissues ofH. attenuata is mediated by a tyrosinase rather than a tyrosine hydroxylase. Immunocytochemical methods demonstrate a highly variable distribution of dopamine in the tissues of different specimens ofH. attenuata. Dopamine immunoreactivity is confined to ectodermal tissue and can be found in several different cell types including nerve cells, battery cells, nematocytes, epithelial cells and interstitial undifferentiated cells. The large amounts of dopamine found in some specimens ofH. attenuata indicate some biological function, although its sporadic occurrence in neurites makes it less plausible as a generally utilized neurotransmitter in this animal.
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    Immunocytochemical identification of some regulatory peptides (gastrin, gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) in the Harderian gland of the green frog,Rana esculenta (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 609-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gastrin ; Gastrin-releasing peptide ; Neurotensin ; Vasoactive intestinal peptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Harderian gland ; Rana esculenta (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The presence and distribution of gastrin-, gastrin-releasing peptide-, neurotensin-and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactivity in the Harderian gland ofRana esculenta were studied at different times of the annual cycle. Gastrin-releasing peptide, neurotensin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like substances were found either in the glandular cells, or in the nerve fibers surrounding the glandular acini. Gastrin-like immunoreactivity was confined to the glandular cells. The immunoreactivity varied during the annual cycle, with the greatest concentration being noted during the recovery phase of glandular secretory activity.
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    Distribution and development of the serotonin-and RFamide-like immunoreactive neurons in the arrowworm, Paraspadella gotoi (Chaetognatha) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 215-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Serotonin ; RFamide ; Development ; Paraspadella gotoi (Chaetognatha)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution and development of serotonin-and RFamide-like immunoreactivities in the nervous system of Chaetognatha, Paraspadella gotoi, were examined in whole-mount preparations. In adults, a single serotonin-like immunoreactive (5HTLI) neuron and numerous RFamide-like immunoreactive (RFaLI) neurons were found in the central nervous system. Based on the structure of the fins, hooks, and eyes, seven postembryonic developmental stages were recognized. The most obvious features of the stages are: stage 1, newly hatched young; stage 2, elongation of a continuous lateral tail fin; stage 3, separation of the lateral and tail fins; stage 4, appearance of hooks; stage 5, pigmentation of eyes, stage 6, attachment by tail adhesive fins; stage 7, prey capture. Stage 1 did not show any immunoreactivity. The 5HTLI neuron first appeared at stage 4 and its axonal pathway became similar to the adult at stage 6. On the other hand, the RFaLI neurons appeared at stage 3 in the ventral ganglion. Some of their somata disappeared at stage 5 and the neuronal architecture resembled the adult at stage 7 although the RFaLI neurons in the cerebral ganglion were complete at the juvenile stage.
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    Sulfhydryl oxidase immunoreactivity in seminiferous tubules of infertile men (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 209-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Testis ; Sulfhydryl oxidase ; Hypospermatogenesis ; Sertoli cell integrity ; Immunocytochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sulfhydryl oxidase (SOx) immunoreactivity was investigated in the seminiferous epithelium of human biopsy material from the testes of 33 adult men with disturbed fertility. SOx immunoreactivity was expressed in normal seminiferous epithelium in type-A spermatogonia (27±4% of all spermatogonia) (n=4), in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Mature spermatozoa as well as Sertoli cells were unlabelled. within the interstitium, Leydig cells were immunopositive. In biopsies of oligozoospermic men showing hypospermatogenesis (n=24), an increase in labelled spermatogonia up to more than 90% was observed in biopsies, where seminiferous epithelia revealed only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Within the group of oligozoospermic patients there was a significant increase of labelled spermatogonia from 43±13% (〉20 mill/ejaculate) (n=7) to 55±16% ( 20 and 〉20 mill/ejaculate) (n=6) to 68±8% (〈5 mill/ejaculate) (n=11) and a significant (P=0.01) decrease of score count from 7.0±2.7 to 2.0±1.8. In this group the increase of labelled spermatogonia was correlated with sperm concentrations in the ajaculate (correlation coefficient: r=-0.6). In biopsies of azoospermic patients showing maturation arrest at the level of spermatocytes or spermatids (n=5) the percentage of labelled spermatogonia was within the range of 24% to 59%. Immunoreactivity in Sertoli cells was only found in single degenerating cells and in tubules showing Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome (SCO) without lumen formation. Sertoli cells within immature seminiferous cords were immunonegative, indicating that Sertoli cell SOx immunoreactivity is rather a sign of physiological alterations in degenerating cells than dependent on the stage of differentiation. Leydig cells did not show changes of immunoreactivity in any biopsy. It is concluded that SOx expression in spermatogonia may serve as a marker for spermatogenic efficiency.
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    The alpha-subunit of glycoprotein hormones exists in the prolactin secretory granules of the bullforg (Rana catesbeiana) pituitary gland (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 223-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: α-Subunit ; Pituitary glycoprotein hormone ; PRL cell ; Pars distalis ; Colocalization ; Immunocytochemistry ; Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana (Anura)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Our recent finding that the number of immunoreactive α-subunit cells was invariably greater than the total number of immunoreactive gonadotropin (GTH) and thyrotropin (TSH) cells in the bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) pituitary gland raises the possibility that the α-subunit also exists in pituitary cells other than GTH and TSH cells. The present study demonstrates that there are a considerable number of immunoreactive prolactin (PRL) cells that are also stained with antibody against the α-subunit when adjacent sections are immunocytochemically examined. Neither immunoreactive growth hormone nor adrenocorticotropin cells are stained with the antibody against the α-subunit. The specificity of the antibody against the α-subunit and of that against PRL was demonstrated by preabsorption test, non-competitive binding test, and immunoblot analysis. Double-immunolabeling with gold particles of different sizes for the α-subunit and PRL revealed that most of the immunolabeled PRL-secretory granules are also labeled with the α-subunit antibody. The gold particles indicating the presence of the α-subunit were mostly found in the peripheral zone of the secretory granules.
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    The VD1/RPD2 neuronal system in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis studied by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 551-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system, central ; VD1/RPD2 system ; Neuropeptide immunocytochemistry ; Hybridization, in situ ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary VD1 and RPD2 are two giant neuropeptidergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS) of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. We wished to determine whether other central neurons in the CNS of L. stagnalis express the VD1/RPD2 gene. To this end, in situ hybridization with the cDNA probe of the VD1/RPD2 gene and immunocytochemistry with antisera specific to VD1 and RPD2 (the α1-antiserum, Mab4H5 and ALMA 6) and to R15 (the α1 and 16-mer antisera) were performed on alternate tissue sections. A VD1/RPD2 neuronal system comprising three classes of neurons (A1–A3) was found. All neurons of the system express the gene. Division into classes is based on immunocytochemical characteristics. Class A1 neurons (VD1 and RPD2) immunoreact with the α1-antiserum, Mab4H5 and ALMA 6. Class A2 neurons (1–5 small and 1–5 medium sized neurons in the visceral and right parietal ganglion, and two clusters of small neurons and 5 medium-sized neurons in the cerebral ganglia) immunoreact with the α1-antiserum and Mab4H5, but not with ALMA 6. Class A3 neurons (3–4 medium-sized neurons and a cluster of 4–5 small neurons located in the pedal ganglion) immunoreact with the α1-antiserum only. All neurons of the system are immunonegative to the R15 antisera. The observations suggest that the neurons of the VD1/RPD2 system produce different sets of neuropeptides. A group of approximately 15 neurons (class B), scattered in the ganglia, immunostained with one or more of the antisera, but did not react with the cDNA probe in in situ hybridization.
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    Octopamine-immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 287-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nervous system, central ; Ganglia, invertebrate ; Octopamine ; Immunocytochemistry ; DUM neurone ; Neurosecretion ; Gryllus bimaculatus (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of octopamine-immunoreactive neurons is described using whole-mount preparations of all central ganglia of the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus. Up to 160 octopamine-immunoreactive somata were mapped per animal. Medial unpaired octopamine-immunoreactive neurons occur in all but the cerebral ganglia and show segment-specific differences in number. The position and form of these cells are in accordance with well-known, segmentally-organized clusters of large dorsal and ventral unpaired medial neurons demonstrated by other techniques. In addition, bilaterally arranged groups of immunoreactive somata have been labelled in the cerebral, suboesophageal and terminal ganglia. A detailed histological description of octopamine-immunoreactive elements in the prothoracic ganglion is given. Octopamine-immunoreactive somata and axons correspond to the different dorsal unpaired medial cell types identified by intracellular single-cell staining. In the prothoracic ganglion, all efferent neurons whose primary neurites are found in the fibre bundle of dorsal unpaired cells are immunoreactive. Intersegmental octopamine-immunoreactive neurons are also present. Collaterals originating from dorsal intersegmental fibres terminate in different neuropils and fibre tracts. Fine varicose fibres have been located in several fibre tracts, motor and sensory neuropils. Peripheral varicose octopamine-immunoreactive fibres found on several nerves are discussed in terms of possible neurohemal releasing sites for octopamine.
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    Species variability in the expression of met- and leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in mammalian Merkel cell dense-core granules (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 347-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Immunocytochemistry ; Enkephalin ; Skin ; Touch dome ; Merkel cells ; Dense-core granules ; Mammalian species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunogold staining failed to show met-enkephalin immunoreactivity in the Merkel cell dense-core granules of rats when examined by electron microscopy, but showed gold particle staining in the Merkel cell dense-core granules of mice and nude mice. Merkel cells of hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, cat and dog were also examined using a similar method, and different antisera dilutions. Immunogold particles were consistently found in the dense-core granules of mice and nude mice at all antisera dilutions, but not in the other species, except in the dog, where a very low labelling response was encountered. Merkel cells from skin touch domes or sinus hair follicles, did not exhibit any difference in peptide expression as far as met-enkephalin immunoreactivity was concerned. In addition, all species studied, including mice and nude mice, did not show leu-enkephalin immunoreactivity in their Merkel cell dense-core granules. It is concluded that species variability in peptide expression occurs in the Merkel cell dense-core granules, and may be closely related to the different methodologies used.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319627
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    The distribution of pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN) immunoreactivity in the central nervous system of the corn earworm moth, Helicoverpa zea (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 229-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Helicoverpa zea (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Production of sex pheromone in several species of moths has been shown to be under the control of a neuropeptide termed pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide (PBAN). We have produced an antiserum to PBAN from Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and used it to investigate the distribution of immunoreactive peptide in the brain-suboesophageal ganglion complex and its associated neurohemal structures, and the segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord. Immunocytochemical methods reveal three clusters of cells along the ventral midline in the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG), one cluster each in the presumptive mandibular (4 cells), maxillary (12–14 cells), and labial neuromeres (4 cells). The proximal neurites of these cells are similar in their dorsal and lateral patterns of projection, indicating a serial homology among the three clusters. Members of the mandibular and maxillary clusters have axons projecting into the maxillary nerve, while two additional pairs of axons from the maxillary cluster project into the ventral nerve cord. Members of the labial cluster project to the retrocerebral complex (corpora cardiaca and cephalic aorta) via the nervus corpus cardiaci III (NCC III). The axons projecting into the ventral nerve cord appear to arborize principally in the dorsolateral region of each segmental ganglion; the terminal abdominal ganglion is distinct in containing an additional ventromedial arborization in the posterior third of the ganglion. Quantification of the extractable immunoreactive peptide in the retrocerebral complex by ELISA indicates that PBAN is gradually depleted during the scotophase, then restored to maximal levels in the photophase. Taken together, our findings provide anatomical evidence for both neurohormonal release of PBAN as well as axonal transport via the ventral nerve cord to release sites within the segmental ganglia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328008
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    Immunocytochemical localization of collagen types I, III, IV, and fibronectin in the human dermis (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 505-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dermis ; Collagen fibers ; Extracellular matrix ; Fibronectin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of collagen types I, III, IV, and of fibronectin has been studied in the human dermis by light and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry, using affinity purified primary antibodies and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-conjugated secondary antibodies. Type I collagen was present in all collagen fibers of both papillary and reticular dermis, but collagen fibrils, which could be resolved as discrete entities, were labeled with different intensity. Type III collagen codistributed with type I in the collagen fibers, besides being concentrated around blood vessels and skin appendages. Coexistence of type I and type III collagens in the collagen fibrils of the whole dermis was confirmed by ultrastructural double-labelling experiments using colloidal immunogold as a probe. Type IV collagen was detected in all basement membranes. Fibronectin was distributed in patches among collagen fibers and was associated with all basement membranes, while a weaker positive reaction was observed in collagen fibers. Ageing caused the thinning of collagen fibers, chiefly in the recticular dermis. The labeling pattern of both type I and III collagens did not change in skin samples from patients of up to 79 years of age, but immunoreactivity for type III collagen increased in comparison to younger skins. A loss of fibronectin, likely related to the decreased morphogenetic activity of tissues, was observed with age.
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    The distribution of dopamine-like immunoreactivity in the thoracic and abdominal ganglia of the locust (Schistocerca gregaria) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 113-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dopamine ; Nervous sytem, insect ; Ganglia, invertebrate ; Immunocytochemistry ; Schistocerca gregaria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of dopamine-like immunoreactivity in somata and neurites within the thoracic and abdominal nervous system of the locust Schistocerca gregaria was mapped using two polyclonal antibodies. The prothoracic ganglion contains three bilateral pairs of immunoreactive somata. Two of these lie close to the root of the anterior connective while the third lies between the somata of anterior and common inhibitory motor neurones. The primary neurites of the third pair have a distinctive branching pattern that can be followed through the neuropile and gives rise to a large descending axon. The mesothoracic ganglion has a single pair of antero-lateral immunoreactive somata but the metathoracic and fourth abdominal ganglia have none. The fifth, sixth, and seventh abdominal ganglia each have one pair of somata which are situated at the root of the sternal nerve while the terminal ganglion has a similar pair in the eighth neuromere only. Seven to ten immunoreactive axons enter each ganglion from each of the connectives. Some of these can be traced along the longitudinal tracts that traverse the neuropile. In each ganglion there is one axon in the median dorsal tract and two in ventral median tract. In the meso- and metathoracic ganglia an additional large axon is seen in lateral dorsal tract and dorsal intermediate tract. The axons in median dorsal, and dorsal intermediate tracts send out long ventro-lateral and ventro-medial branches which extend throughout much of the neuropile. Those in median ventral tract send markedly varicose branches to the ventral and dorsal edges of the medial neuropile.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381886
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    Ontogeny of the endocrine pancreas in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 339-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Endocrine pancreas ; Ontogeny ; Regulatory peptides ; Immunocytochemistry ; Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The development of the endocrine pancreas of the teleost sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) was examined from hatching to 61 days, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique for light microscopy. Mammalian and bonito insulin (mI and bI)-, salmo somatostatin-25 (SST-25)-, somatostatin-14 (SST-14a and b)-, glucagon-, bovine pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY)- and salmo neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated. Four ontogenetic stages were established according to the organization and immunostaining of the endocrine cells. One cell strand or primordial cord showing mI/bI- and SST-25/SST-14a-like immunoreactivity was first found at hatching in the dorsal epithelium of the anterior zone of the midgut (stage 1). One primitive islet, comprising outer SST-25/SST-14a- and inner mI/bI- and SST-14a/ SST-14b-immunoreactive cells, was found in 2- to 5-day-old larvae (stage 2). One single islet, in which glucagon-immunoreactive cells appear in the periphery, was found in larvae from 9 to 20 days after hatching (stage 3). One big islet containing, in addition, PP-immunoreactive cells in the outer region and slender cell processes which showed PYY-like immunoreactivity, was found from 25 to 61 days after hatching. During this period, primordial islets, composed of SST-25- and bI-immunoreactive cells, and clustered or isolated pancreatic endocrine cells, close to the pancreatic duct, as well as small and intermediate islets (secondary islets), in which glucagon, PP, PYY and NPY seem to be co-localized, were progressively found (stage 4). The origin of the endocrine pancreas of sea bass, and the ontogenetic and phylogenetic significance, are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328018
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    Gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons and pathways in the brain of the female mink (Mustela vison) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 383-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ; Immunocytochemistry ; Annual cycle-Mink ; Mustela vison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distribution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive neurons and processes was mapped in the female mink brain using coronal, horizontal and sagittal sections. Perikarya were found along a ventral continuum including the olfactory tubercle, the diagonal band of Broca, the lateral septum, the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic area and the mediobasal hypothalamus; 80% of the perikarya were counted in the mediobasal hypothalamus. Fibres were mainly observed in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and the median eminence. A few processes terminated in the ependymal cells lining the third and lateral ventricles. The total number of immunoreactive perikarya was the highest in the brains of females sacrificed in July; it then significantly decreased until December. This variation is discussed in relation to the annual breeding cycle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328022
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    Proliferative and functional stages of rat ameloblast differentiation as revealed by combined immunocytochemistry against enamel matrix proteins and bromodeoxyuridine (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 415-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ameloblasts ; Differentiation ; Proliferation ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Enamel matrix proteins ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A double-staining immunocytochemical technique was used for the simultaneous detection, at the light- and electron-microscopical level, of proliferating bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labelled cells and enamel protein (EP)-producing cells in the inner enamel epithelium (IEE) of rat tooth germ. BrdU-positive cells were found in the region of the IEE close to the cervical loop and never displayed EP-like immunoreactivity. BrdU-immunoreactivity was confined to the nucleus of replicating cells. In contrast, epithelial cells displaying EP-like immunoreactivity were found in the region of the forming dental cusp and were consistently BrdU-negative. EP-like immunoreactivity was detectable in the cytoplasmic compartments involved in the exocrine secretion pathway and in the extra-cellular matrix close to EP-immunoreactive cells. These data support the view that withdrawal from the cell cycle in the IEE is a temporal prerequisite for acquiring the functional competence of secreting EP. Moreover, cycling cells and secretory cells in the IEE constitute two separate compartments that are spatially defined, and that exhibit clear-cut staining patterns with respect to BrdU- and EP-immunoreactivity, respectively. We thus propose that BrdU-incorporation and EP-production may be used as specific markers of the differentiation of the IIE cells in studies of the possible role of growth factors, their receptors and oncoproteins in this tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645042
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    Colocalization of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities in the brain of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 435-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; Neuropeptide Y ; FMRFamide ; Immunocytochemistry ; Telencephalon ; Thalamus ; Salmo salar (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The colocalization of the peptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) in the brain of the Atlantic salmon was investigated with double immunofluorescence labeling and peroxidase-antiperoxidase immunocytochemical techniques. Colocalization of NPY-like and FMRE amide-like immunoreactivities was observed in neuronal cell bodies and fibers in four brain regions: in the lateral and commissural nuclei of the area ventralis telencephali, in the nucleus ventromedialis thalami, in the laminar nucleus of the mesencephalic tegmentum, and in a group of small neurons situated among the large catecholaminergic neurons in the isthmal region of the brainstem. All cell bodies in these nuclei were immunoreactive to both NPY and FMRF. We consistently observed larger numbers of FMRF-immunoreactive than NPY-immunoreactive fibers. In the nucleus ventromedialis thalami NPY- and FMRFamide-like immunoreactivities were colocalized in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting neurons. NPY-immunoreactive, but not FMRF-immunoreactive, neurons were found in the stratum periventriculare of the optic tectum, and at the ventral border of the nucleus habenularis (adjacent to the nucleus dorsolateralis thalami). Neurons belonging to the nucleus of the nervus terminalis were FMRF-immunoreactive but not NPY-immunoreactive. The differential labeling indicates, as do our cross-absorption experiments, that the NPY and FMRFamide antisera recognize different epitopes. Thus, it is probable that NPY-like and FMRFamide-like substances occur in the same neurons in some brain regions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00645044
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    An identified dorsal unpaired median neurone and bilaterally projecting neurones exhibiting bovine pancreactic polypeptide-like/FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in abdominal ganglia of the migratory locust (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 85-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ganglia, invertebrate ; Neurosecretory cells ; DUM neurone ; Neurohemal organs ; Heart ; Immunocytochemistry ; Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Three antisera were used to study the distribution and anatomy of bovine pancreatic polypeptide (BPP)-like/FMRFamide-like immunoreactive neurones within the unfused abdominal ganglia of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. All the antisera used stained two or more clusters of perikarya, localized anteriorly and posteriorly near the midline within each unfused abdominal ganglion. Double labelling experiments with intracellular dye injection, or differential backfilling, combined with subsequent immunostaining were carried out to identify these neurones. Two of the antisera (antisera 1 and 2, both raised against FMRFamide) stained three groups of midline neurones, located anterior dorsal, anterior ventral and posterior dorsal within the ganglion. Neurones of the former of these two clusters projected via the anterior median nerve to a neurohaemal organ. The posterior cluster of midline cells comprised immunopositive perikarya all but one of which also projected via the anterior median nerve to innervate the neurohaemal organ. Double labelling with Lucifer yellow and antisera 1 and 2 showed that the remaining neurone was the previously identified doral unpaired median (DUM)heart1 neurone. The third antiserum (AK141), also raised against FMRFamide, stained neurones within an anterior dorsal cluster, and in a posterior cluster. Double labelling with differential Co2+/Ni2+-backfilling and the antiserum 3 (AK141) demonstrated that the large neurones of both clusters belonged to the population of bilaterally projecting neurones (BPNs), including the DUMheart1 neurone. Since the antisera cross-react with BPP and fail to label neurones when preadsorped with BPP or FMRFamide, we conclude that the labelled neurones contain polypeptides of the FMRFamide/BPP-family.
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    Stanniocalcin-like immunoreactivity in the corpuscles of Stannius of the bowfin Amia calva L. (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 283-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Corpuscles of Stannius ; Stanniocalcin ; Immunocytochemistry ; Western blot ; Amia calva (Holostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We used an antiserum against salmon stanniocalcin in an immunohistochemical, immunocytochemical, and Western blot analysis of bowfin (Amia calva) corpuscles of stannius. The bowfin is one of two extant holostean species with ancient ancestral links to modern-day bony fishes. The corpuscles of Stannius (white corpuscles) of the bowfin were scattered throughout much of the kidney among the adrenocortical homolog (yellow corpuscles) but could be distinguished from the adrenocortical homolog by their positive staining with both the periodic acid-Schiff reaction and a salmon stanniocalcin antiserum. Immunoreactivity was confined to cytoplamic granules and was absent when the antiserum was blocked with salmon stanniocalcin or with a crude extract of bowfin corpuscles of Stannius. When bowfin corpuscle-of-Stannius extracts were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, two closely spaced bands were evident (43–45 kDa). Staining of both bands was abolished by pre-absorption of the antiserum with salmon stanniocalcin. In comparison to salmon stanniocalcin, the reputed bowfin hormone migrated faster in gels, suggesting a smaller apparent size. The purification of bowfin stanniocalcin should yield important new information regarding the evolution of this unique calcium-regulating hormone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302966
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    Immunocytochemical and biochemical studies of histamine in the retina of the turtle Pseudemys scripta (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 267 (1992), S. 449-454 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Histamine ; Biochemistry ; Immunocytochemistry ; Retina ; Photoreceptors ; Paraboloid ; Turtle, Pseudemys scripta (Chelonia)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A combination of immunocytochemical and biochemical methods was used to study histamine in the turtle retina. Histamine-like immunoreactivity was localized within paraboloids of certain cone photoreceptors by use of two different antisera directed against histamine. Preincubation of eyecups in Ringer's containing 10 μM histamine selectively increased the immunoreactivity of these photoreceptor paraboloids. The present localization of histamine in paraboloids indicated that, although histamine is in photoreceptors of the turtle retina, it may play some metabolic or neuromodulatory role, and not function as a neurotransmitter.
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    Progressive redistribution of alcohol dehydrogenase during vitellogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster: characterization of ADH-positive bodies in mature oocytes (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) ; Oogenesis ; Vitellogenesis ; Yolk ; Immunocytochemistry ; Drosophila melanogaster (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The use of monoclonal antibodies against Drosophila alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) provides a powerful tool in the analysis of the tissue and temporal patterns of Adh gene expression. Immunocytochemical techniques at the light- and electron-microscopic levels have been used to determine the distribution of ADH in the ovarian follicles of D. melanogaster during oogenesis. In the early stages of oogenesis, small amounts of ADH are detectable in the cystocytes. At the beginning of vitellogenesis (S7), ADH appears to be located mainly in the nurse cells. From stage S9 onwards, the ADH protein is evenly distributed in the ooplasm until the later stages of oogenesis (S13–14), when multiple ADH-positive bodies of varying size appear in the ooplasm. This change in distribution is a result of the compartmentalization of the ADH protein within the glycogen yolk or β-spheres. Yolk becomes enclosed within the lumen of the primitive gut during embryonic development, and thus our results suggest a mechanism for the transfer of maternally-inherited enzymes to the gut lumen via yolk spheres.
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    Immunolocalization of 67 kDa elastin-binding protein in perinatal rat lungs (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 277-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Elastin-binding protein ; Lectins ; Galactose ; Monocytes ; Immunocytochemistry ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 67 kDa elastin-binding protein (RL-67EBP) has been isolated from neonatal rat lungs by the use of an elastin-coupled affinity column, followed by elution with either lactose or synthetic elastin hexapeptide (VGVAPG), and immunohistochemistry has been used on perinatal rat lungs to determine the tissue localization of this protein. No immunoreactive structures occur in fetal lungs, or in the lungs of day-1 and-4 neonates. On day-7 after birth, immunoreactive cells appear in the subepithelial connective tissue of the intrapulmonary airways, from day-10 on, these cells become evenly distributed in the alveolar parenchyma. Occasionally, some cells occur in the alveolar air space, being free from the surface of the alveolar septum. Unpermeabilized cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage, show cell surface immunoreactivity, indicating that RL-67EBP is expressed on the surface membrane of the cells. From these findings, it is suggested that the immunoreactive cells are blood-borne monocytes, and that RL-67EBP may function as an elastin peptide receptor by which monocytes mobilize through interstitial connective tissue during their migration from blood to alveolar air space, where they eventually differentiate into alveolar macrophages.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of Bombyx-PTTH-like molecules in neurosecretory cells of the brain of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 133-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Brain ; Immunocytochemistry ; Prothoracicotropic hormone ; Insulin-related peptide ; Neuroparsins ; Locusta migratoria (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a monoclonal antibody directed against a synthetic pentadecapeptide corresponding to the N-terminus of the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) of Bombyx mori, we report the presence of immunoreactive molecules in a large number of median neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis of the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria. These cells correspond to the A1 cell type which we show to contain also neuroparsins, a family of predominant neurohormones of the migratory locust. In contrast, PTTH-like molecules are absent from A2 cells of the pars intercerebralis which contain Locusta insulin-related peptide (LIRP). Developmental studies show the presence of PTTH-related substances in neurosecretory cells of Locusta migratoria from late embryogenesis to adult development, including ageing vitellogenic female adults.
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    Functional morphology of the neuroendocrine sodium influx-stimulating peptide system of the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, studied by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 268 (1992), S. 559-566 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sodium influx-stimulating (SIS) peptide ; Na+ transport ; In situ hybridization ; Immunocytochemistry ; Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The functional morphology of the neuroendocrine system producing sodium influx-stimulating (SIS) peptide in the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, was studied by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. The SIS-peptide, which is 76 amino acids long, stimulates sodium uptake from the ambient medium. Two synthetic DNA probes were used for in situ hybridization. The nucleotide sequences were chosen from the cDNA structure; they encode amino acids 8–17 and 64–73, respectively. SIS-peptide sequences 10–20 and 67–76 were synthesized and antibodies were raised to them and affinity-purified. In addition to these antibodies, a monoclonal antibody raised to a bioactive, high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-purified brain extract was used for immunocytochemistry. Paraffin sections of central nervous systems and of whole snails were studied. The SIS-peptide system could be identified as the previously described yellow cell (YC) system by comparing alternate sections treated with the DNA probes, stained with the antibodies, or stained with alcian blue-alcian yellow. SIS-peptide neurons (∼45) occur in the ganglia of the visceral ring and in the proximal parts of visceral nerves. Axons run in the nerves of these and in several nerves of other ganglia. Numerous axon branches penetrate the perineurium forming a vast central neurohemal area. The SIS-peptide system innervates the pericardium, the nephridial gland, the reno-pericardial canal, the ureter, the spermoviduct and gonadal acini, the anterior aorta, the ventral buccal artery, and the penis protractor muscle. The morphology of the system is discussed in relation to the process of sodium ion uptake from the ambient medium and from pro-urine, and to that of regulating blood pressure. In the central nervous system and other organs, neurons and axons not labeled with the DNA probes, but immunoreactive to one or two of the antibodies, were observed. It seems unlikely that these elements are functionally related to the SIS-peptide system.
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    Immunocytochemical localization of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in the rat endocrine pancreas (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 99-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreas, endocrine ; Immunocytochemistry ; Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ; Acetylcholine ; Somatostatin ; Rat (Wistar)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical application of the antimuscarinic acetylcholine receptor antibody M35 to pancreas tissue revealed the target areas for the parasympathetic nervous system. Immunoreactivity in the endocrine pancreas was much higher than that in the exocrine part. Moreover, the endocrine cells at the periphery of the islets of Langerhans displayed the highest level of immunoreactivity. Based on these findings in the mantle of the islets, two types of islets have been distinguished: type-I islets with intensely stained mantle cells, and type-II islets with a much lower concentration of these cells. On average, type-I islets were larger (244.8 μm±6.1 SEM) than type-II islets (121.5 μm±3.8 SEM). M35-immunoreactivity was present on the majority of D cells, which were characterized by their immunoreactivity to somatostatin [of 446 D cells 356 (79.8%) were M35-immunopositive]. However, only a small proportion of the intensely stained mantle cells belonged to the D cell population. Therefore, it is concluded that the majority of the intensely stained mantle cells represent glucagon-secreting A and/or pancreatic polypeptide-secreting F cells. The intensity of M35-immunoreactivity at the periphery and central core of the islets paralleled the density of cholinergic innervation, suggesting a positive correlation between the intensity of cholinergic transmission and the number of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors at the target structures. The present study further revealed some striking parallels for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor characteristics between the (endocrine) pancreas and the central nervous system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384730
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    Differential expression of four genes encoding molluscan insulin-related peptides in the central nervous system of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 269 (1992), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Molluscan insulin-related peptide ; Neuropeptide ; Light green cells ; Differential gene expression ; Immunocytochemistry ; In situ hybridization ; Lymnaea stagnalis (Mollusca)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis, the growth regulating system consists of (1) about 200 neuroendocrine light green cells, located in four clusters in the cerebral ganglia, and (2) the paired canopy cells, located in the lateral lobes. These cells express genes encoding the molluscan insulin-related peptides (MIPs). Six MIP genes have previously been identified. Four of these (I, II, III and V) are expressed in the light green cells and the canopy cells. The MIP-VI gene is a pseudogene. In the present in situ hybridization study, using oligonucleotide probes specific to the transcripts of MIP-I,-II,-III,-IV, and-V, no signal was obtained with the MIP-IV probe, indicating that gene IV is also a pseudogene. With the other four probes, two types of light green cells were distinguished. Type-A cells express all four MIP genes, whereas type-B cells do not (or only faintly) express the MIP-I gene. Gene III is relatively strongly expressed in type-B cells. Genes II and V are moderately expressed in both cell types. Type-A cells are mainly located in the periphery of the clusters, whereas type-B cells are present in the center. The canopy cell resembles type-A light green cells. The expression levels of the MIP-II and MIP-V genes are low in the canopy cell. The expression pattern of the MIP genes correlates with the staining pattern of the anti-MIP-C antibody, which has been raised to a synthetic C-fragment shared by MIP-I,-II and-V. Type-A cells stain more intensely with the antibody than type-B cells.
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    Allatostatin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the corpora allata of adult Diploptera punctata (1992)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 270 (1992), S. 15-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Allatostatin ; Corpus allatum inhibitors ; Immunocytochemistry ; Brain ; Neuroendocrine complex ; Diploptera punctata (Insecta)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A monoclonal antibody against allatostatin I was used to demonstrate the allatostatin-immunoreactive pathways between the brain and the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex in the adult cockroach Diploptera punctata. The antibody was two to three orders of magnitude more sensitive to allatostatin I than to the other four known members of the allatostatin family. Whole and sectioned brains in which immunoreactivity was localized with horseradish peroxidase-H2O2-diaminobenzidine reaction showed strongly immunoreactive cells in the pars lateralis of the brain with axons leading to and arborizing in the corpus cardiacum and the corpus allatum. Although many neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis project to the corpora allata only, four strongly immunoreactive cells were evident here (two pairs on either side), and these did not project to the corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum but rather terminated within the protocerebrum in areas in which lateral cells also formed arborizations. Immunoreactivity was found in many other cells in the brain, especially in the tritocerebrum.
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    Morphogenesis of the feeding apparatus ofEntosiphon sulcatum (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 168 (1992), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Morphogenesis ; Phagotrophic ; Euglenoids ; Immunocytochemistry ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The disruption and development of the siphon during division ofEntosiphon have been followed by immunofluoresence with both an anti-cement MAb (IIID12) and an anti-tubulin MAb. (IVA10), by nuclear DNA labelling and by electron microscopy of serial section. The disruption of the parental siphon begins at the reservoir level where two new transversely orientated daughter siphons arise. In the degenerating bundles the cement disappears, first liberating the microtubules which then depolymerize. The first structure which surrounds the anterior part of the two young siphons is a loop of 5 microtubules linked to the reservoir membrane. From around this loop a row of perpendicular microtubules sink in the cytosplasm; they will form the primary row of microtubules in the definitive bundles. Inside the loop, reinforced microtubules are seen beneath the membrane, they will generate the future vanes, and also penetrate into the cytosplasm. Amorphous material surrounds the young siphons and may correspond to cement material. The growth of the siphons proceeds as they adopt a central longitudinal position in the cell. The cement material progressively condenses on structures such as the primary row of microtubules. The bundles, the supplementary plaque, and the scaffold. After flagellar partition each of the canals becomes distinct and cytokinesis occurs from the anterior end. These observations indicate that the microtubular loop could be the source of microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) proteins initiating the assembly of the primary row of microtubules. Bundle microtubules start to assemble at the anterior end and extend backwards. The microtubules of the loop could be linked to roots associated with the basal bodies which double in number before division. The cement later condenses, linking and stabilizing the structures. Microfibrils play an important role in basal body and siphon separation and positioning.
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    Freeze fracture immunocytochemistry of light-harvesting pigment complexes in a cryptophyte (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 170 (1992), S. 166-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cryptophytes ; Chloroplasts ; Light-harvesting complexes ; Phycoerythrin ; Chlorophylla/c 2 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Freeze ; fracture labelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemical techniques using colloidal gold as the marker have been used to examine the location of the two light harvesting pigment-protein complexes in cryptophyte chloroplasts. A comparison of post-embedding thin section labelling and freeze fracture labelling has been carried out onRhodomonas salina using polyclonal antibodies to a chlorophylla/c 2 light-harvesting complex, phycoerythrin and the β-subunit of phycoerythrin. The effect of different fixation procedures on the intensity of labelling and ac curacy of antigen location have been examined and the effectiveness of uranyl acetate and tannic acid in improving both the preservation of thylakoid structure and labelling density of phycoerythrin has been demonstrated. Freeze fracture labelling gives better spatial res olution of the different antigens than post-embedding labelling, as well as better definition of thylakoid membranes. It confirms the location of phycoerythrin in the thylakoid lumen and the location of the chlorophylla/c 2 LHC in both appressed and unappressed thylakoid membranes.
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    Effect of thefloury-2 locus on protein body formation during maize endosperm development (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 171 (1992), S. 123-133 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Endosperm ; Floury-2 ; Immunocytochemistry ; Protein bodies ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The seed storage proteins of maize (Zea mays L.) are synthesized during endosperm development on membrane-bound polyribosomes. These proteins, collectively called zeins, are translocated into the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they assemble into protein bodies. Protein body formation in normal genotypes occurs via an ordered deposition of the various types of zeins, and leads to the formation of spherical structures with a diameter of about 1 μm. These structures consist of a central core that contains predominantly α-zein; this central region is surrounded by a peripheral layer of β- and γ-zeins, and the entire structure is bounded by rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the endosperm mutant floury-2 the levels of all classes of zeins are reduced; these kernels exhibit an opaque phenotype instead of the vitreous phenotype observed in normal genotypes. In contrast to the discrete, spherical protein bodies which are formed in normal maize endosperm, the protein bodies within floury-2 endosperm are irregular and the zeins are disorganized; patches of β- and γ-zeins occur within irregularly lobed clusters of α-zein within the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The implications of this aberrant distribution are discussed, both with respect to protein body development and kernel characteristics.
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    Immunogold localization of light-harvesting and photosystem I complexes in the thylakoids ofFucus serratus (Phaeophyceae) (1992)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 166 (1992), S. 99-106 
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    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Fucus ; Light-harvesting complex ; Photosystem I complex ; Thylakoids ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The repartition of light-harvesting complex (LHC) and photosystem I (PS I) complex has been examined in isolated plastids ofFucus serratus by immunocytochemical labelling. LHC is distributed equally all along the length of thylakoid membranes, without any special repartition in the appressed membranes of the three associated thylakoids ofFucus. PS I is present on all the thylakoid membranes, but the external membranes of the three associated thylakoids are largely enriched relatively to the inner ones. This specific repartition of PSI on non-appressed membranes can be compared to the localization of PSI on stroma thylakoid membranes of higher plants and green algae. Consequently, although they share some common features with those of higher plants and green algae, the appressions of thylakoids in brown algae has neither the same structure nor the same functional role as typical grana stacked membranes in the repartition of the harvested energy.
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    Filamentous nature of pheromone plumes protects integrity of signal from background chemical noise in cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 299-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; inhibitor ; (Z)-7-dodecenol ; wind tunnel ; orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (Z)-7-Dodecenol failed to interrupt pheromone-mediated anemotactic responses by male cabbage looper moths,Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a wind tunnel when released 5 cm crosswind on both sides of the pheromone source or 10 cm upwind of the source to create an overlapping plume downwind. Significant inhibitory effects of (Z)-7-dodecenol were observed when released with the six-component pheromone blend from the same septum or abutting septa. These results indicate that (Z)-7-dodecenol needs to be received simultaneously with the pheromone blend to inhibit the anemotactic responses of males to the sex pheromone. We suggest that this feature and the filamentous nature of pheromone plumes render pheromone signals relatively protected from background chemical noise that may originate from pheromone plumes of other insect species. Unless filaments from a pheromone signal and an inhibitor arrive simultaneously, the integrity of the signal is maintained.
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    Biological evidence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone inLobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromone ; oviposition-deterring pheromone ; oviposition ; Lobesia botrana ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.) usually deposit isolated eggs on flowers and berries of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). We have investigated whether an epideictic pheromone could be present on the egg surface to explain this spacing behavior. About 21,000 eggs ofL. botrana were washed in cold methanol, and the biological activity was tested in a two-choice bioassay offering treated and nontreated areas. Different dilutions of the extract were tested in methanol, which was inactive alone. At the dose of four egg equivalents per microliter of extract, the number of eggs laid by theL. botrana females was reduced by as much as 57% on the treated areas compared to nontreated areas. A longer-term suppression of oviposition (at least 24 hr) following an exposure to the extract occurred for two doses (0.6 and 4.0 eggs/μl) of egg extract. Our results strongly suggest the occurrence of an oviposition-deterring pheromone (ODP) on the eggs ofL. botrana. The ecological value of these results is discussed.
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    6,10,14-Trimethylpentadecan-2-one: A Bermuda grass phagostimulant to fall armyworm (lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 673-682 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelochemistry ; Bermuda grass ; Cynodon dactylon ; phagostimulant ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; fall armyworm ; 6,10, 14-trimethylpentadecan-2-one
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A phagostimulant, 6,10,14-trimethylpentadecan-1-one (phytone), was isolated and identified from Bermuda grass,Cynodon dactylon (L.). The phagostimulant activity of this isoprenoid ketone was established from bioassays of fall armyworm larvae,Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Larvae displayed increased body mass accumulation as well as preference to diet supplemented with this molecule. Neonate larvae fed diet supplemented with chromatographic isolates of phytone-containing fractions from six Bermuda grass cultivars showed a 10–40% increase in body mass accumulation as compared with controls. This variation in larval body mass accumulation seems attributable to a differential concentration of phytone in the cultivars, which ranged from 0.5 to 43 ppm. Additionally, first-instar larvae responded preferentially to diet pellets topically treated with phytone in concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm.
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    Floral volatiles ofTanacetum vulgare L. attractive toLobesia botrana den. et schiff. females (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 693-701 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lobesia botrana ; Vitis vinifera ; Tanacetum vulgare ; tansy ; grapevine ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Compositae ; plant-insect relationships ; olfaction ; allelochemicals ; terpenoids ; coupling GC-EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The European grapevine moth (EGVM),Lobesia botrana, is a major pest of grapes in Europe. Females are attracted to a nonhost plant: tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.), which is a common weed in Slovakian vineyards. A steam distillate extract of tansy flowers was analyzed by means of a GC-EAG technique to screen constituents detected by the olfactory receptors of EGVM females. From more than 200 GC peaks, nine peaks corresponding to monoterpenoids released an EAG response in more than 70% of the females (N=15):p-cymene,d-limonene,α-thujene,α-thujone,β-thujone, thujyl alcohol, terpinene-4-ol, (Z)-verbenol, and piperitone. The steam distillate of tansy as well as a synthetic blend of identified compounds released consistent attraction in a field cage. The use of nonhost plants and host plant odors in integrated pest management is discussed.
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    Activity of perfluorobutyl-containing components in pheromone blend of cabbage looper moth,Trichoplusia ni (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 737-748 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: (Z)-7-Dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; pheromone blend kwTrichoplusia ni ; flight behavior ; flight tunnel ; pheromone analog ; perfluoroalkyl substitution ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Substitution of nine hydrogens by nine fluorines in the butyl terminus of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, the major component of the pheromone blend of the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), produces a highly volatile analog that is significantly less active as a replacement for the natural pheromone component, either alone or substituted in the sixcomponent pheromone blend of this species. When 9,9,10,10,11,11,12,12, 12-nonafluoro-(Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (nf-Z7-12: OAc) was tested in a wind tunnel as a single component or as part of the six-component blend, males exhibited preflight activation, but they did not orient in the pheromone plume and fly upwind over a five-decade range of doses at levels comparable with those of the natural component and blend. Addition of large amounts of nf-Z7-12:OAc to the optimal dose of the natural blend also did not effect flight arrestment as when increased amounts of Z7-12:OAc were added. The nonafluoro (nf) analog of (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate, a minor component in theT. ni blend, did not affect male behavior when substituted in the sixcomponent blend, and substitution of both nf analogs in the natural blend produced the same results as observed for blends containing nf-Z7-12:OAc. The lack of an effect with substitution of nf-Z9-14:OAc is discussed in relation to the reported redundancy in the action of minor components inT. ni.
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    Reassessment of interaction between gut detergents and tannins in lepidoptera and significance for gypsy moth larvae (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1437-1453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Tannins ; phenolics ; surface tension ; surfactants ; lysolecithin ; lysophosphatidylcholine ; lipids ; detergents ; protein ; Lymantria dispar L. ; gypsy moth ; Lepidoptera ; Lymontriidae ; red oak ; Quercus rubra L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Surface-active lysophospholipids are thought to interfere with tannin-protein interactions and may comprise an adaptation in Lepidoptera to tannin-rich diets. We found several lysophospholipids and phospholipids at about eight times the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in the midguts of gypsy moth larvae, which exhibited appropriately reduced surface tensions. We confirmed the interfering activity of lysophosphatidylcholine (lysolecithin) in a model astringency assay using tannic acid and hemoglobin (hemanalysis), but discovered that tannic acid and red oak tannin extracts precipitate the lipid from simulated midgut solutions quantitatively, even at pH 10. Leaf tannin extracts from trees on which gypsy moths grew and reproduced poorly precipitated lysolecithin more effectively than did extracts from trees on which gypsy moths performed well. Adding tannic acid to midgut fluid elevated surface tension, and about 25% of larvae feeding on oak leaves exhibited elevated midgut surface tension, suggesting a loss of surfactants. Larvae appear able to replace lost surfactants to a limited degree. An important effect of leaf tannins, and perhaps other phenolics, may be to reduce concentrations of surface-active phospholipids in the midgut and produce lipid or other dietary deficiencies in insects.
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    Performance characteristics of a commercial controlled-release dispenser of sex pheromone for control of codling moth (Cydia pomonella) by mating disruption (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 2177-2189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; codling moth ; Cydia pomonella ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Olethreutinae ; controlled release ; mating disruption ; dodecan-1-ol ; tetradecan-1-ol ; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Performance characteristics of polyethylene tube dispensers containing a mixture of (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (1), dodecan-1-ol (2), and tetradecan-1-ol (3) were evaluated for suitability as a mating disruptant for codling moth control. The rate of loss of pheromone component from a dispenser at any time was found to be described by the equation: −dP/dt=(k 1 k 2 +k d)P whereP is the amount of pheromone component in the dispenser well;t is time;k 1 is the ratio of the amount dissolved in the dispenser wall to the amount in the dispenser well;k 1 is the ratio of the evaporation rate to the amount dissolved in the dispenser wall;k d is the rate constant for chemical decomposition. The evaporation rate,E, of a pheromone component at any time was given by:E=k 1 k 2 P For all three components during the first three weeks,k 1 decreased from ca. 0.25 to ca. 0.10 and was approximately constant thereafter. The decrease ofk 1 with time may have been caused by weather-induced cross-linking of the polyethylene. Over timek 2 was constant and was 1.27 ± 0.26 × 10−3/hr for1, 1.96 ± 0.33 × 10su−3/hr for 2, and 0.31± 0.05 × 10−3/hr for 3. Thek 2 was zero for2 and3 and 6.96 × 10−4 for1. After 150 days in an orchard in 1991, 95% of1 was lost from the dispensers (61% of the loss was by chemical decomposition and 39% by evaporation). The heat summation units in a Yakima valley orchard during 1991 were 4.7% above the average for the 1980–1991 period, while during 1990 they were the highest for this period (26% above average). After the first three weeks of dispenser aging, the regression line half-lives for1 for 1990 and 1991 were 31.0 and 35.1 days, respectively. The difference in temperature between 1990 and 1991 did not affect the half-life of1 very much because so much of the loss was from photochemically induced decomposition. Based on an estimate of the required minimum evaporation rate for mating disruption of 2 mg/ha-hr and a half-life of 35 days for1, 2345 dispensers/ha would be required for one application per season; 944 dispensers/ha for two applications per season; and 734 dispensers/ha for three applications per season. If a different emission rate of1 is required for reliable mating disruption, then the number of dispensers required would be changed proportionately.
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    Identification and synthesis of insect pheromone XXX. Sex pheromone of mulberry clearwing mothParadoxecia pieli Lieu (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 419-425 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect sex pheromone ; mulberry clearwing moth ; Lepidoptera ; Sesiidae ; Paradoxecia pieli L. (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-yl acetate ; (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol ; single cell recording ; EAG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract (E,Z)-3,13-OctadecadienyI acetate (1a) and (E,Z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol(2a) were identified from the sex pheromone gland of the virgin female mulberry clearwing mothParadoxecia pieli L., by GC analysis, EAG, SCR survey, and field bioassay. One female equivalent contained 250 ng of1a and 30 ng of2a. In the field tests, 100μg of synthetic1a was attractive to male moths of the species.
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    A potential kairomone stimulates pheromone-responsive receptor neurons inUtetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 427-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Insect olfaction ; electrophysiology ; pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; hydroxydanaidal ; male-produced ; pheromone ; olfactory receptor neurons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The olfactory receptor neurons in basiconic sensilla on the antennae ofUtetheisa ornatrix, which, in females, had earlier been shown to be responsive to stimulation with hydroxydanaidal (HD), are here shown to be responsive to volatile substances in samples of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). These latter substances are secondary plant metabolites present in the host plant of the larvae. Their sequestration during larval life serves to protect all life stages from predation. In males, the PAs also provide precursors for the production of the male pheromone, HD. In females, basiconic receptor neurons begin to respond to stimulus cartridges containing 1 ng of (R)-(−)-hydroxydanaidal, 100 ng of its isomer, (S)-(+)-hydroxydanaidal, and to volatiles emanating from 10μg of the alkaloids monocrotaline and heliotrine. Receptor neurons in males are generally responsive to the same array of substances but with reduced sensitivity. The dietary background of the adult moths with respect to prior ingestion of PAs does not influence the response capabilities of basiconic receptor neurons to HD or to the volatile components of PAs. Earlier studies in another arctiid (Rhodogastria), had indicated that trace amounts of HD are present in PAs, presumably as their hydrolysis product. Thus we assume that, under natural conditions, HD may be an active component of the volatiles from PAs and may serve as both a male pheromone and a kairomone. Sensitivity to HD could thereby provide information about the location and PA content of potential mates and food plants. Mechanisms that may have resulted in the evolution of a signaling system with these properties are discussed.
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    Identification of male cabbage looper sex pheromone attractive to females (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 441-453 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Male-produced pheromone ; cabbage looper ; Trichoplusia ni ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; female attractant ; linalool ; p-cresol ; m-cresol ; enantiomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A multicomponent pheromone produced by male cabbage looper moths that is attractive to female moths in a flight tunnel bioassay was isolated and identified. Based on analyses of hairpencil extracts of male cabbage loopers and volatiles emitted by males, the pheromone has been identified as a blend consisting of (S)-(+)-linalool,p-cresol, andm-cresol. The chirality of the major component, (S)-(+)-linalool, is important for behavioral response of females. These pheromonal compounds were also identified as volatiles released by males when males were exposed to the principal pheromone component of female cabbage loopers, (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate. The amount of male pheromone released was increased significantly when males were exposed to a combination of (Z)-7-dodecen-1-ol acetate and the odor from cabbage. Neither linalool nor the cresols were detected in volatiles from cabbage or from males exposed to cabbage odor.
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    Effect of kairomones from egg and female adult stages ofOstrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) onTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) female kinesis (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 761-773 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichogramma brassicae ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; kairomone ; pheromone ; Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae biological control ; European corn borer ; parasitoid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Volatile chemicals emanating from the different developmental stages ofOstrinia nubilalis Hübner (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) increase the mobility ofTrichogramma brassicae Bezdenko (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) in a linear airflow olfactometer. In this paper, we have demonstrated that airborne chemicals from egg masses and virgin females during calling activity stimulate an intensive search behavior byTrichogramma females. On the other hand, emanations from mated females with extruded abdominal tips do not incite the parasitoid's movement. For the moment we cannot elucidate, with these bioassays, the real role of these kairomones as attractants, guides, stimulants, or retainers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994613
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    Diel periodicity and influence of age and mating on sex pheromone titer in gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 749-760 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone glandtiter ; diel periodicity ; age effect ; mating effect ; cis-7 ; 8-epoxy-2-methylocta-decane ; 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The diel periodicity of sex pheromone titer from pheromone glands of femaleLymantria dispar is described. On the day of emergence (day 0), pheromone titer was generally low; means ranged from 1 to 4 ngcis- 7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane during photophase and gradually increased to 8.4 ng over the course of scotophase. For day-1, -2, and -3 females, the diel fluctuations of titer were more pronounced. Lowest titers (5–9 ng) occurred 0–4 hr after lights-on, and peak titers (19–32 ng) were found 0–4 hr before lights-off. Comparison of the average daily titer among the different age groups (data pooled over six time points at 4-hr intervals) indicated that significantly less pheromone was extracted from glands of day-0 (4.5 ng) than day-1 (12.4 ng), day-2 (15.4 ng), or day-3 females (13.5 ng). No significant differences were found among the three older ages. Femalesin copula exhibited a rapid reduction in titer within the first 0.5 hr of mating initiation (7.6 ng vs. 19.5 ng from virgin females of similar age). After the second 0.5 hr, the reduction in titer was not nearly as marked, falling only to 4.5 ng. Twenty-four hours after mating, titer fell below the limits of detection (0.5 ng). All extracts from pheromone glands of virgin or mated females contained 〈 1.0 ng of the putative pheromone precursor, 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994612
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  • 96
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    Fate of iridoid glycosides in different life stages of the Buckeye,Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 817-831 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Junonia coenia ; Lepidoptera ; Nymphalidae ; Plantago lanceo-
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The buckeye butterfly,Junonia coenia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), specializes on plants that contain iridoid glycosides. To determine the fate of these compounds in larvae, pupae, and adults of this species, we reared larvae on artificial diets with and without iridoid glycosides, and on leaves of a host plant,Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae). Quantification by gas chromatography showed that newly molted third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae reared on leaves ofP. lanceolata contained means of 5.13, 2.88, and 6.83% dry weight iridoid glycoside. In contrast, the mean iridoid glycoside concentration of actively feeding fifth-instar larvae was 0.28% dry weight, that of pupae was 0.19% dry weight iridoids, and adults contained no detectable iridoids. Feeding experiments suggested that this reduction in actively feeding larvae was due to the metabolism of iridoid glycosides.P. lanceolata leaves in these experiments contained a mean of 1.00% dry weight iridoid glycoside, with a 2:1 ratio of aucubin to catalpol. Calculation of iridoid consumption and utilization indices showed that larvae fed artificial diets consumed, digested, and sequestered aucubin and catalpol in similar ways. When these indices were calculated for larvae fed leaves ofP. lanceolata, catalpol was sequestered twice as efficiently as aucubin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988322
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  • 97
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    d-(+)-Pinitol, an oviposition stimulant for the pipevine swallowtail butterfly,Battus philenor (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 799-815 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Battus philenor ; Papilionidae ; Lepidoptera ; Aristolochia macrophylla ; Aristolochiaceae ; learning ; d-pinitol ; sequoyitol ; myo-inositol ; cyclitols ; oviposition stimulant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition by females of the pipevine swallowtail butterfly,Battus philenor, was stimulated by contact with alcoholic extracts of host foliage.d-(+)-Pinitol was isolated and identified from leaf material of one host species,Aristolochia macrophylla (Aristolochiaceae). In combination with chloroform-soluble components of host leaf material, this compound was comparable to the parent extract in stimulating oviposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994616
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  • 98
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    Calling behavior and pheromone titer in the smaller tea tortrix moth,Adoxophyes sp. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 855-861 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Calling behavior ; pheromone titer ; Adoxophyes sp ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The calling behavior and pheromone titer in the female smaller tea tortrix moth,Adoxophyes sp., were investigated under a 14∶10-hr light-dark photoperiod. Quantitative gas chromatographic analysis of ovipositor extract for (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (Z11–14∶Ac) and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (Z9–14∶Ac), the major pheromone components of this species, obtained on the third day postemergence, indicated that extractable amounts of sex pheromone were present throughout the period of observation. Maximal pheromone titer and calling activity was reached at 8 and 10 hr after onset of scotophase, respectively. The ratio ofZ11–14∶Ac toZ9–14∶Ac through the 24-hr period varied significantly. The significance of the sex pheromone component ratio variation on the attraction of males was tested in a field experiment. The ratio of males trapped by the most attractive blend versus the least attractive one was 2.16.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988326
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  • 99
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    Feeding stimulatory and inhibitory chemicals from an acceptable nonhost plant forManduca sexta: Improved detection by larvae deprived of selected chemosensory organs (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 885-895 
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    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Manduca sexta ; Lepidoptera ; Sphingidae ; food selection ; nonhosts ; extracts ; sensory deprivation ; Vigna sinensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The chemical basis of feeding responses to the acceptable nonhost plantVigna sinensis (cowpea) by larvae ofManduca sexta was investigated using chemical isolation techniques directed by a novel chemosensory-based bioassay. The presence of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds in leaves or leaf extracts was determined in a two-choice preference test using leaf disks or glass fiber filter paper disks laced with leaf extract as test substrate and filter paper disks laced with water as control. Larvae strongly prefer the control disks over leaf disks, indicating the presence of feeding inhibitory compounds in the leaf. An ethanol extract of both fresh and dried leaves neither stimulated nor inhibited feeding. The cause of this inactivity was examined by using larvae that respond strongly to either feeding stimulatory or inhibitory compounds due to selective chemosensory deprivation. Larvae having chemosensory organs remaining only on the maxillary palps are stimulated to feed by whole leaf disks and by the ethanol extracts. In contrast, larvae having only the medial and lateral maxillary sensilla styloconica and the epipharyngeal sensilla remaining are strongly inhibited by whole leaf disks and the ethanol extract of fresh leaves. Thus, the ethanol extract contains both feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds, which elicit opposite behavioral effects in unoperated larvae, therefore nullifying any stimulatory and inhibitory activity. These compounds can only be demonstrated by using discrimination-enhanced larvae in the choice tests. Further isolation of the feeding stimulatory principle inV. sinensis yielded two separate fractions of neutral compounds, suggesting at least two different chemicals belonging to two different classes: nonpolar and polar lipids. Feeding inhibitory chemicals have apparently polar properties because strong activity was found in the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of dried leaves. The role of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory compounds in food selection ofM. sexta larvae is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988329
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  • 100
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    Sex attractants for the white-barred groundling moth (Recurvaria leucatella clerck) and the lesser bud moth (R. nanella Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 1093-1105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex attractant ; (3E,5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate ; (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate ; (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate ; Recurvaria leucatella ; Recurvaria nanella ; Lepidoptera ; Gelechiidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In field tests synthetic (3E,5Z)-3,5-tetradecadienyl acetate was found to attract large numbers of males ofRecurvaria leucatella Clerck into sticky traps. The other geometrical isomers did not influence catches. Of the corresponding monoenic compounds, (3E)-3-tetradecenyl acetate was highly attractive to a close relative,Recurvaria nanella Hübner. The catches of the latter species were suppressed by higher amounts of (5Z)-5-tetradecenyl acetate added to the bait, and the addition of (3E)-3-tetradecenol or (3Z)-3-tetradecenyl acetate was without effect. The attractive compounds can be used in traps for monitoring the two pests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980065
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