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1

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ECOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF FIRST INSTAR LARVAL LEPIDOPTERA (2002)

Zalucki, Myron P. ; Clarke, Anthony R. ; Malcolm, Stephen B.

Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews

Annual Review of Entomology 47 (2002), S. 361-393

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ISSN: 0066-4170

Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Neonate Lepidoptera are confronted with the daunting task of establishing themselves on a food plant. The factors relevant to this process need to be considered at spatial and temporal scales relevant to the larva and not the investigator. Neonates have to cope with an array of plant surface characters as well as internal characters once the integument is ruptured. These characters, as well as microclimatic conditions, vary within and between plant modules and interact with larval feeding requirements, strongly affecting movement behavior, which may be extensive even for such small organisms. In addition to these factors, there is an array of predators, pathogens, and parasitoids with which first instars must contend. Not surprisingly, mortality in neonates is high but can vary widely. Experimental and manipulative studies, as well as detailed observations of the animal, are vital if the subtle interaction of factors responsible for this high and variable mortality are to be understood. These studies are essential for an understanding of theories linking female oviposition behavior with larval survival, plant defense theory, and population dynamics, as well as modern crop resistance breeding programs.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145220

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It’s the first bites that count: Survival of first-instar monarchs on milkweeds (2001)

Zalucki, Myron P. ; Malcolm, Stephen B. ; Paine, Timothy D. ; [et al.]

Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty

Austral ecology 26 (2001), S. 0

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ISSN: 1442-9993

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Mortality of first instars is generally very high, but variable, and is caused by many factors, including physical and chemical plant characters, weather and natural enemies. Here, a summary of detailed field-based studies of the early-stage survival of a specialist lepidopteran herbivore is presented. First-instar larvae of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, a milkweed specialist, generally grew faster and survived better on leaves when latex flow was reduced by partial severance of the leaf petiole. The outcome depended on milkweed species, and was related to the amount of latex produced, as well as other plant characters, such as leaf hairs, microclimate and concentration of secondary metabolites. Even for a so-called ‘milkweed specialist’, larval performance and survival appears to be related to the concentration of cardenolides produced by the plants (a potential chemical defence against herbivory). This case study of monarchs and milkweeds highlights the need for field-based experiments to assess the effect of plant characters on the usually poor survival of early instar phytophagous insects. Few similar studies concerning the performance and survival of first-instar, eucalypt-specific herbivores have been conducted, but this type of study is considered essential based on the findings obtained using D. plexippus.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2001.01132.x

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3

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Survival of first instar larvae ofDanaus plexippus (Lepidoptera: Danainae) in relation to cardiac glycoside and latex content ofAsclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) (1992)

Zalucki, Myron P. ; Brower, Lincoln P.

Springer

Chemoecology 3 (1992), S. 81-93

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ISSN: 1423-0445

Keywords: first instar survival ; latex ; cardiac glycosides ; cardenolides ; Lepidoptera ; Danainae ; Danaus plexippus ; Asclepiadaceae ; Asclepias humistrata ; milkweed

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary Our paper addresses field survivorship of first instar monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus L., Lep.: Danainae) in relation to the dual cardenolide and latex chemical defenses of the sand hill milkweed plant,Asclepias humistrata (Asclepiadaceae) growing naturally in north central Florida. Survival of first instar larvae in the field was 11.5% in the first experiment (15–20 April 1990), and dropped to 3.4% in the second experiment (20–30 April). About 30% of the larvae were found glued to the leaf surface by the milkweed latex. Predator exclusion of non-flying inverte-brates by applying “tanglefoot” to the plant stems suggested that the balance of the mortality was due to volant inverte-brates, or to falling and/or moving off the plants. Regression analyses to isolate some of the other variables affecting survivorship indicated that first instar mortality was correlated with (1) increasing cardiac glycoside concentration of the leaves, (2) increasing age of the plants, and (3) the temporal increase in concentration of cardiac glycosides in the leaves. The study also provided confirmatory data of previous studies that wild monarch females tend to oviposit onA. humistrata plants containing intermediate concentrations of cardiac glycosides. Cardiac glycoside concentration in the leaves was not correlated with that in the latex. The concentration of cardenolide in the latex is extremely high, constituting an average of 1.2 and 9.5% of the mass of the wet and dry latex, respectively. The data suggest that an increase in water content of the latex is compensated for by an influx of cardenolide with the result that the cardenolide concentration remains constant in the latex systems of plants that are growing naturally. We also observed first instar larvae taking their first bite of milkweed leaves in the field. In addition to confirming other workers findings that monarch larvae possess elaborate “sabotaging” behaviour of the milkweed's latex system, we discovered that several larvae on their first bite involuntarily imbided a small globule of latex and instantly became cataleptic. This catalepsis, lasting up to 10 min, may have been in response to the high concentration of cardenolide present in the latex ofA. humistrata, more than 10 times that in the leaves. The results of the present study suggest that more attention should be directed to plant chemical defenses upon initial attack by first instar insect larvae, rather than attempting correlations of plant chemistry with older larvae that have already passed the early instar gauntlet. The first bite of neonate insects may be the most critical moment for coping with the chemical defenses of many plants and may play a much more important role in the evolution of insect herbivory than has previously been recognized.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01245886

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Performance of first instarChrysophtharta bimaculata larvae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on nine families ofEucalyptus regnans (Myrtaceae) (1996)

Patterson, Kathryn C. ; Clarke, Anthony R. ; Raymond, Carolyn A. ; [et al.]

Springer

Chemoecology 7 (1996), S. 94-106

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ISSN: 1423-0445

Keywords: herbivory ; plant resistance ; leaf colour ; leaf toughness ; tree growth rate ; leaf nutrients ; terpenes ; Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Paropsinae ; Chrysophtharta bimaculata ; Myrtaceae ; Eucalyptus regnans

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Summary In bagged and unbagged shoot experiments, we investigated the survival and growth rate of first instar larvae ofChrysophtharta bimaculata on 9 families of a natural host,Eucalyptus regnans. Families used had been previously assessed as being either of low or high susceptibility toC. bimaculata damage. In conjunction with larval experiments, we measured 24 tree and leaf characteristics (including foliar elemental concentrations, foliar terpenes, leaf toughness and tree growth rates) and attempted to correlate the plant characters measured with differences in larval performance and previous scorings ofE. regnans family susceptibility. First instar larval growth and survival did not differ significantly across families or between low and high susceptibility family groups (=susceptibility classes), although survival was significantly greater in bagged than unbagged treatments. As predators were in low abundance at the study site, we attribute higher survival rates of larvae in bagged treatments to increased protection from adverse weather conditions. Only one plant character measured, an unidentified foliar phlorglucinol, was significantly negatively correlated with larval survival. Of the 24 plant characters measured, 11 were significantly different between families and 10 were signficantly different between susceptibility classes. Only 4 plant characters were significantly different at both the family and susceptibility class levels;viz. proportion red leaves, tree height at end of season, trunk volume at end of season and relative growth rate based on tree height. Principle Component Analysis using all plant characters measured, or subsets of them, could not separate individual families or susceptibility classes. Our results suggest that herbivore resistance mechanisms inE. regnans do not affectC. bimaculata larvae, but may influence adult feeding and/or oviposition.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01239486

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5

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Milkweed latex and cardenolide induction may resolve the lethal plant defence paradox (1996)

Malcolm, Stephen B. ; Zalucki, Myron P.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 193-196

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: Danaus plexippus ; Asclepias syriaca ; secondary plant metabolites ; induced plant defence ; cost of defence

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194755

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6

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Plant Latex and First-Instar Monarch Larval Growth and Survival on Three North American Milkweed Species (1999)

Zalucki, Myron P. ; Malcolm, Stephen B.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 25 (1999), S. 1827-1842

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Asclepias ; cardenolide ; Danaus plexippus ; growth rate ; latex ; laticifer ; milkweed ; neonate larvae ; plant defense ; survival

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract First-instar larvae of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus, a milkweed specialist, generally grew faster and survived better on leaves when latex flow was reduced by partial severance of the leaf petiole. The outcome depended on milkweed species and was related to the amount of latex produced. The outcome also may be related to the amount of cardenolide produced by the plants as a potential chemical defense against herbivory. Growth was more rapid, but survival was similar on partially severed compared with intact leaves of the high-latex/low-cardenolide milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, whereas both growth and survival were unaffected on the low-latex/low-cardenolide milkweed A. incarnata. On the low-latex/low-cardenolide milkweed A. tuberosa, both growth and survival of larvae were only marginally affected. These results contrast sharply to previous results with the milkweed, A. humistrata, in Florida, which has both high latex and high cardenolide. Larval growth and survival on A. humistrata were both increased by partially severing leaf petioles. Larval growth rates among all four milkweed species on leaves with partially severed petioles were identical, suggesting that latex and possibly the included cardenolides are important in first-instar monarch larval growth, development, and survivorship.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020929732223

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7

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Metabolism of 1,8-cineole in tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia andM. linariifolia) by pyrgo beetle (Paropsisterna tigrina) (1995)

Southwell, Ian A. ; Maddox, Craig D. A. ; Zalucki, Myron P.

Springer

Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 439-453

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ISSN: 1573-1561

Keywords: Coleoptera ; Chrysomelidae ; Paropsisterna tigrina ; pyrgo beetle ; Melaleuca alternifolia ; M. linariifolia ; Myrtaceae ; volatile oil ; metabolism ; 1,8-cineole ; hydroxycineole ; (+)-2β-hydroxycineole

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology

Notes: Abstract The frass of the pyrgo beetle (Paropsisterna tigrina) feeding on commercial plantations of the terpinen-4-ol chemical variety of the Australian tea tree.Melaleuca alternifolia, was found to contain a volatile oil almost identical to the essential oil of the ingested leaf. When beetles were fed leaf containing substantial quantities of 1,8-cineole, the predominant frass metabolite as determined by MS, IR,13C and1H NMR, GC, and CoGC was (+)-2β-hydroxycineole. Both male and female adults and larvae metabolizedMelaleuca oils in similar ways.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036741

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