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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ARTHROPODS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 51 (2006), S. 387-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Tallgrass prairie (TGP) arthropods are diverse and abundant, yet they remain poorly documented and there is still much to be learned regarding their ecological roles. Fire and grazing interact in complex ways in TGP, resulting in a shifting mosaic of resource quantity and quality for primary consumers. Accordingly, the impacts of arthropod herbivores and detritivores are expected to vary spatially and temporally. Herbivores generally do not control primary production. Rather, groups such as grasshoppers have subtle effects on plant communities, and their most significant impacts are often on forbs, which represent the bulk of plant diversity in TGP. Belowground herbivores and detritivores influence root dynamics and rhizosphere nutrient cycling, and above- and belowground groups interact through plant responses and detrital pathways. Large-bodied taxa, such as cicadas, can also redistribute significant quantities of materials during adult emergences. Predatory arthropods are the least studied in terms of ecological significance, but there is evidence that top-down processes are important in TGP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151136
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local and distant prey-related cues influence when an acarine predator leaves a prey patch (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 245-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tetranychus urticae ; Phytoseiulus persimilis ; tritrophic ; predator-prey ; synomones
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Over relatively long distances, the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis is able to detect volatiles produced by bean plants that are infested by its prey, Tetranychus urticae, the twospotted spider mite. Our investigation examined the separate and combined effects of prey, their products, and prey-induced plant volatiles on when P. persimilis left a potential prey host plant. In wind tunnels, we assessed the relative importance of and interaction among local and distant prey-related cues. The examination of local cues included: (1) all local cues (prey eggs, webbing, and prey-induced plant volatiles), (2) food (prey eggs) and webbing only, (3) plant volatiles only, and (4) no prey-related cues. The examination of distant cues involved the presence or absence of prey-induced plant volatiles from upwind plants. External volatile cues, produced by placing prey-infested plants upwind in the wind tunnel, resulted in more predators leaving downwind plants, and leaving sooner, than when clean plants were upwind, regardless of the availability of prey or prey-related cues on the local plant. However, local cues, especially the presence of food/webbing, had a greater effect than distant cues on timing of predator leaving. Predators remained in larger numbers and for longer times on prey-infested plants. However, the presence of either locally-produced plant volatiles or food/webbing alone still reduced the number of predators leaving a plant in the first hour compared to clean plants. After the first hour, the number of predators leaving was primarily driven by the presence of food/webbing. When no food/webbing was available, predators left plants rapidly; if food/webbing was available, some predatory mites remained on plants at least 24 hours. Even if no food/webbing was available, predators presented with local volatiles remained on plants for several hours longer than on clean plants without local volatiles. These small changes in leaving rates may lead to differences in local population dynamics, and possibly regional persistence, of the predator-prey interaction in patchy environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004047722647
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Orientation of male gypsy moths,Lymantria Dispar (L.), to pheromone sources: The role of olfactory and visual cues (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 443-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: gypsy moth ; Lymantria dispar ; walking orientation ; flying orientation ; sex pheromone ; visual responses ; mate-finding behaviors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of olfaction and vision in the close-ranging flying and walking orientation of male gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar(L.), to females was studied in the forest and in the laboratory. In the forest, feral males found an isolated pheromone source as readily as one supplemented with female visual cues; dead, acetonerinsed females deployed without pheromone received virtually no visitations. In flight tunnel choice experiments using cylinders as surrogate trees and pheromone in different spatial configurations, visual attributes of the female did not influence either the males' choice of landing site or the efficiency with which they located the female. Rather, the presence of pheromone on the cylinder was necessary to elicit orientation as well as landing and walking on the cylinder. When a female visual model was placed in various positions around a pheromone source, walking males oriented primarily to the chemical stimulus. There were, however, indications that males would alter their walking paths in response to female visual cues over short distances (〈5 cm), but only if they continued to receive pheromone stimulation. When visual and chemical cues were abruptly uncoupled by altering the trajectory of the pheromone plume, most males responded to the loss of the odor cue rather than to visual cues from the female. Temporal pheromone stimulation patterns affected male walking orientation. When stimulated by pheromone, males oriented toward the source; loss of the odor cue prompted an arearestricted local search characterized by primarily vertical and oblique movements with frequent reversals in direction. Presumably these maneuvers enhance the likelihood of recontacting the plume or serendipitously encountering the female. The apparent lack of visual response to the female is discussed in light of morphological and behavioral evidence suggesting that gypsy moths were formerly nocturnal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01052011
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synchronous Crepuscular Flight of Female Asian Gypsy Moths: Relationships of Light Intensity and Ambient and Body Temperatures (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 12 (1999), S. 517-531 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: crepuscular flight ; migratory flight ; temperature effects ; light intensity ; body temperature ; wing loading
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Female gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) of Asian heritage studied in central Siberia and Germany exhibit a highly synchronous flight at dusk, after light intensity falls to about 2 lux. This critical light intensity sets the timing of flight behaviors independent of ambient temperature. Flight follows several minutes of preflight wing fanning during which females in Germany and those from a laboratory colony (derived from Siberian stock) raised their thoracic temperatures to 32–33°C at ambient temperatures of 19–22°C. Thoracic temperature of females in free flight exceeded the air temperature (19–22°C) by approximately 11–13°C. The duration of wing fanning was strongly dependent on ambient temperature. In Germany, where ambient temperatures at dusk ranged between 21 and 25°C, females wing fanned for only 2.1 ± 0.2 (SE) min; in the much colder temperatures prevalent at dusk in Bellyk, central Siberia (11–13°C), females spent 11.2 ± 0.6 min in preflight wing fanning. The majority (≤80%) of mated and even virgin females initiated flight during the evening of the day they eclosed. However, in Bellyk, a small proportion (12%) of females wing fanned for an extended time but then stopped, whereas others (8%) never wing fanned and, therefore, did not take flight. Females also were capable of flight when disturbed during the daylight hours in Germany where the maximal temperature was high (27–30°C), but not in Siberia, where temperatures peaked at only 17–19°C. However, Siberian females were able to propel themselves off the tree on which they were perched by executing several vigorous wing flicks when approached by the predaceous tettigoniid, Tettigonia caudata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1020918924471
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oviposition Site Selection by the Regal Fritillary, Speyeria idalia, as Affected by Proximity of Violet Host Plants (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 651-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: oviposition ; search behavior ; Viola pedatifida ; host plant ; butterfly conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Selection of oviposition sites by female regal fritillary butterflies, Speyeria idalia (Drury), in relation to the location and abundance of their larval food plant, Viola pedatifida G. Don, was studied in Kansas tallgrass prairie. To identify potential cues that females use to select oviposition microsites, we compared plots in which eggs were laid with paired control plots in terms of violet abundance, distance from plot center to the nearest violet plant, plant species composition and relative abundance, plant diversity (Shannon's index), and average plant canopy height. No significant differences occurred between control and oviposition sites for any of these variables (P 〉 0.15). Violets were present in only 30% of the 1-m-diameter oviposition plots, compared with 24% of the corresponding controls. Furthermore, eggs were never laid directly on violets even when they were present nearby. These data imply that S. idalia females do not preferentially orient to or oviposit on their larval food plant. Nevertheless, female S. idalia did not oviposit randomly, for they invariably chose microsites near the ground that were shaded by the grass/forb overstory and usually deposited eggs on the underside of dead vegetation. We speculate that environmental stresses such as high temperatures and intense solar insolation during the egg stage or harsh overwintering conditions experienced by first-instar larvae impact survival and influence choice of oviposition sites. High fecundity (more than 2000 eggs in some individuals) may allow this species to use a conditional, “sweepstakes” strategy, i.e., producing and spreading many eggs over prairie that harbors host plants to compensate for low egg and larval survivorship.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007887809621
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal patterns of sex pheromone titers and release rates inHolomelina lamae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1115-1129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Sex pheromone ; pheromone release rates ; pheromone titer ; airborne pheromone collection ; Homomelius lamae ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; 2-methylheptadecane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Six hydrocarbon components (2-methylhexadecane,n-heptadecane, 2-methylheptadecane, 2-methyloctadecane,n-nonadecane, and 2-methylnonadecane) were identified in sex-pheromone gland extracts and in airborne collections ofHolomelina lamae. Low variability in the ratio of components among individuals indicates tight regulation of blend composition. Minor changes were evident in the quantity and ratio of the blend as a function of time of day. Based on gland extracts, the total quantity of the six components increased from day 1 (X = 6299 ng) to day 4 (X = 7498 ng) and subsequently decreased. No significant correlations were found between total gland contents and wet or dry weights of moths. Emission rates ofH. lamae females were determined from pheromone adsorbed onto Porapak Q. Quantities released peaked shortly after the onset of calling and decreased rapidly as calling continued. Peak release rates ranged from 13 to 350 ng/10 min, and from 37 to 835 ng/60 min. Noncalling females did not emit detectable quantities of pheromone. Based on release rates and the rate of pulsation of the abdominal tip, the average amount released per pulse is not constant. The mean ratio of components released (0.78∶7.45∶ 84.80∶2.84∶2.59∶1.53) was not very different from the ratio of components in gland extracts of 2-day-old females (0.70∶4.19∶90.12∶ 1.65∶1.91∶1.42). We propose that the blend is atomized rather than volatilized from the gland, thus retaining nearly the same ratios in the female's effluvium as in her gland.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020542
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel periodicity and influence of age and mating on sex pheromone titer in gypsy moth,Lymantria dispar (L.) (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 749-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lymantria dispar ; Lepidoptera ; Lymantriidae ; pheromone glandtiter ; diel periodicity ; age effect ; mating effect ; cis-7 ; 8-epoxy-2-methylocta-decane ; 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The diel periodicity of sex pheromone titer from pheromone glands of femaleLymantria dispar is described. On the day of emergence (day 0), pheromone titer was generally low; means ranged from 1 to 4 ngcis- 7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctadecane during photophase and gradually increased to 8.4 ng over the course of scotophase. For day-1, -2, and -3 females, the diel fluctuations of titer were more pronounced. Lowest titers (5–9 ng) occurred 0–4 hr after lights-on, and peak titers (19–32 ng) were found 0–4 hr before lights-off. Comparison of the average daily titer among the different age groups (data pooled over six time points at 4-hr intervals) indicated that significantly less pheromone was extracted from glands of day-0 (4.5 ng) than day-1 (12.4 ng), day-2 (15.4 ng), or day-3 females (13.5 ng). No significant differences were found among the three older ages. Femalesin copula exhibited a rapid reduction in titer within the first 0.5 hr of mating initiation (7.6 ng vs. 19.5 ng from virgin females of similar age). After the second 0.5 hr, the reduction in titer was not nearly as marked, falling only to 4.5 ng. Twenty-four hours after mating, titer fell below the limits of detection (0.5 ng). All extracts from pheromone glands of virgin or mated females contained 〈 1.0 ng of the putative pheromone precursor, 2-methyl-cis-7-octadecene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994612
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparing the effectiveness of sexual communication disruption in the oriental fruit moth (Grapholitha molesta) using different combinations and dosages of its pheromone blend (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 501-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Disruption of communication ; Oriental fruit moth ; Grapholitha molesta ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; sex pheromone ; sex attractant ; (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The relative efficacy of disruptant blends comprised of different combinations of the Oriental fruit moth's pheromone components was determined in field tests. Disruption was evaluated by comparing male moth catch at synthetic and female-baited traps in disruptant and non-treatment areas. Three atmospheric dosages of a 8-dodecenyl acetate (93.5%Z∶6.5%E) blend, representing two successive 10-fold decreases in concentration (2.5 × 10−2 g/hectare/day to 2.5 × 10−4 g/hectare/day) were tested alone and in combination with an additional percentage of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol. Male moth orientation to traps was eliminated in plots exposed to the two highest binary acetate dosages. However, significantly more males were captured in synthetic-baited traps in the lowest acetate-alone treatment, indicating a diminution of disruption efficiency. In contrast, inclusion of (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol in the disruptant blend effected essentially complete disruption of orientation at all concentrations tested. Mating success ofG. molesta pairs confined in small cages apparently was not affected by the presence of relatively high concentrations of the binary acetate and the acetate-alcohol blends. This suggests that habituation and/or adaptation of male response, at least for comparatively “close-range” behaviors, did not occur.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987698
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biosynthesis of a volatile, methly-branched hydrocarbon sex pheromone from leucine by arctiid moths (Holomelina spp.) (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 18 (1991), S. 81-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: 2-methylheptadecane ; elongation-decarboxylation ; Holomelina lamae ; Holomelilna aurantiaca ; Holomelina immaculata ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The biosythesis of 2-methylheptadecane was investigated in three moth species, Holomelina lamae, H. immaculata, and H. aurantiaca, all of which use this hydrocarbon as the principal component of their volatile sex pheromone. Following injection into adult females, deuterium-labeled leucine and isovaleric acid were readily incorporated into pheromone but valine and isobutyric acids were not. Radiolabeled acetate and malonic acid also gave good incorporation into pheromone as did 13-methyltetradecanoic acid and 15-methlhexadecanoic acid. These findings support a biosynthesis pathway whereby leucine is converted to isovaleric acid, which serves as the methly branch donor and chain initiator; malonic acid donates seven additional 2 carbon units to from 17-methloctadecanoic acid, which is then deccarboxylated to produce the odd-carbon chain hydrocarbon pheromone. Methyl-branched fatty acids were detected in only small amounts or were absent in pheromone gland extracts, and among the different glandular lipid classes, labeled leucine and acetate were only incorporated into hydrocarbons. These findings suggest that onceinitiated, biosynthesis of the pheromone proceeds rapidly with little or no accu mulation of intermediates and/or that the pheromone or some long-chain intermediate is biosynthesized elsewhere in the insect and transported to the gland.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940180203
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  • 10
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    Sublethal Effects of Three Pesticides on Larval Survivorship, Growth, and Macromolecule Production in the Aquatic Midge, Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae) (2006)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-21
    Print ISSN: 0090-4341
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0703
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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