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  • gene expression  (69)
  • Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops)  (54)
  • Zea mays  (50)
  • Springer  (171)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Cell Press
  • 1995-1999  (167)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1955-1959  (4)
  • 1995  (167)
  • 1966
  • 1959
  • 1958
  • 1955  (4)
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  • Springer  (171)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Cambridge University Press
  • Cell Press
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (13)
Years
  • 1995-1999  (167)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1955-1959  (4)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inheritance of resistance in maize silks to the corn earworm (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 77 (1995), S. 315-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Insecta ; Helicoverpa zea ; Zea mays ; resistance inheritance ; joint scaling test ; additive-dominance model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The corn earworm,Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), is a perennial economic pest of field crops in the United States. Maize,Zea mays L., is the major host crop promoting the build-up of devastating corn earworm populations that limit full production of cotton, soybean, peanut, and grain sorghum. Resistance to the corn earworm in maize and in particular sweet maize, would provide an environmentally safe, economical method of control for this pest insect. Antibiotic effects of corn silks on this insect are: small larvae, extended developmental period, and reduced fecundity. Silks from individual maize plants of resistant and susceptible lines and progeny in six generations consisting of parents (P1, P2), F1, F2, and backcrosses BC1.1 (F1 × P1) and BC1.2 (F1 × P2) from each of four crosses were used to determine the genetic basis of the antibiotic resistance of silks to the corn earworm. In the cross of Zapalote Chico × PI340856, genes controlling resistance in the silks to the corn earworm larvae are dominant in PI340856 to those in Zapalote Chico. The cross of Zapalote Chico × GT114 involves parents differing in degree of resistance, and possibly differing for the genetic mechanism by which the resistance is inherited. The inheritance of resistance may involve non-additive (dominance and epistasis) genetic variance. A digenic 6-parameter model indicated (1) the resistance in this cross is controlled by more than one pair of genes and (2) some or all of the genes interact to cause non-allelic interaction. Thus, the resistance in this cross may be controlled by both dominant and recessive genes. The resistance of Zapalote Chico × CI64, an intermediate inbred, is influenced by additive gene effects. The digenic model adequately predicts all generation means of the cross of GT3 × PI340856 except for the F1. Thus, it appears that the additive-dominance model is not satisfactory for this cross involving susceptible and resistant parents. Generation mean analysis indicates that resistance to silk-feeding by corn earworm larvae is under genetic control, but gene action differs from one type of cross to another.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383066
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of gene function inDictyostelium (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 1116-1123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Antisense RNA ; gene expression ; insertional mutagenesis ; physical mapping ; reporter genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Over the past ten years, powerful molecular genetic techniques have been developed to analyze gene function inDictyostelium. DNA-mediated transformation using a variety of selections and vectors has allowed the introduction of wild-type or modified genes that are under various forms of transcriptional control. Homologous recombination is efficient and can be used to modify the genome in precise ways. In addition, it is now possible to clone genes based on their mutant phenotype alone, either by insertional mutagenesis, or by screening antisense expression cDNA libraries. Finally, a nearly complete physical map of the genome is available and so genes are easily mapped by physical techniques. We discuss many of these advances within the context of major research problems presently under study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01944729
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of metallothionein gene expression in Cd- or Zn-adapted RK-13 cells (1995)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 51 (1995), S. 606-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Metallothionein ; isometallothioneins ; gene expression ; rabbit kidney cell-line ; cadmium adaptation ; zinc adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We explored the molecular genetics underlying the massive induction of isoMTs by Zn2+ or Cd2+ in metal tolerant rabbit kidney (RK-13) sub-line cells, using band shift assays and Southern blotting analysis. In sub-line cells accommodated to intermediate metal concentrations (100 μM Zn2+; 1–20 μM Cd2+) evidence suggested that the increase in the capacity for isoMT synthesis is brought about by an increased binding activity of the nuclear transcription factors MTF-1 and Sp1. Using quantitative band shift analysis with a mouse MRE-d oligonucleotide probe, the binding of both transcription factors was found to be enhanced two to three times over the binding activity measured in the unexposed parental RK-13 cells. Their increase in binding activity is probably the cause of the overexpression of MT genes and the development of metal tolerance in these cells. In cells tolerant to the highest concentrations of metal the analysis of Southern blot signals revealed MT gene amplification to be the most probable cause of the increased MT production. Thus, in cells of sub-lines growing in the presence of 350 μM Zn2+, two of the isoMT genes were coordinately triplicated and in cells tolerant to 150 μM Cd2+ one isoMT gene was amplified two-fold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02128753
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and other soil microorganisms on growth, mineral nutrient acquisition and root exudation of soil-grown maize plants (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 321-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Glomus mosseae ; Zea mays ; Mineral uptake ; Root exudation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Maize (Zea mays L. cv. Alize) plants were grown in a calcareous soil in pots divided by 30-μm nylon nets into three compartments, the central one for root growth and the outer ones for hyphal growth. Sterle soil was inoculated with either (1) rhizosphere microorganisms other than vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, (2) rhizosphere microorganisms together with a VAM fungus [Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappel], or (3) with a gamma-irradiated inoculum as control. Plants were grown under controlled-climate conditions and harvested after 3 or 6 weeks. VAM plants had higher shoot∶root ratios than non-VAM plants. After 6 weeks, the concentrations of P, Zn and Cu in roots and shoots had significantly increased with VAM colonization, whereas Mn concentrations had significantly decreased. Root exudates were collected on agar sheets placed on the interface between root and hyphal compartments. Six-week-old VAM and non-VAM plants had similar root exudate compositions of 72–73% reducing sugars, 17–18% phenolics, 7% organic acids and 3% amino acids. In another experiment in which root exudates were collected on agar sheets with or without antibiotics, the amounts of amino acids and carbohydrates recovered were similar in VAM and non-VAM plants. However, threeto sixfold higher amounts of carbohydrates, amino acids and phenolics were recovered when antibiotics were added to the agar sheets. Thus, the high microbial activity in the rhizosphere and on the rhizoplane limits the exudates recovered from roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00207404
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and other soil microorganisms on growth, mineral nutrient acquisition and root exudation of soil-grown maize plants (1995)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 5 (1995), S. 321-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Glomus mosseae ; Zea mays ; Mineral uptake ; Root exudation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Maize (Zea mays L. cv. Alize) plants were grown in a calcareous soil in pots divided by 30-μm nylon nets into three compartments, the central one for root growth and the outer ones for hyphal growth. Sterile soil was inoculated with either (1) rhizosphere microorganisms other than vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi, (2) rhizosphere microorganisms together with a VAM fungus [Glomus mosseae (Nicol. and Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappel], or (3) with a gamma-irradiated inoculum as control. Plants were grown under controlled-climate conditions and harvested after 3 or 6 weeks. VAM plants had higher shoot : root ratios than non-VAM plants. After 6 weeks, the concentrations of P, Zn and Cu in roots and shoots had significantly increased with VAM colonization, whereas Mn concentrations had significantly decreased. Root exudates were collected on agar sheets placed on the interface between root and hyphal compartments. Six-week-old VAM and non-VAM plants had similar root exudate compositions of 72–73% reducing sugars, 17–18% phenolics, 7% organic acids and 3% amino acids. In another experiment in which root exudates were collected on agar sheets with or without antibiotics, the amounts of amino acids and carbohydrates recovered were similar in VAM and non-VAM plants. However, three- to sixfold higher amounts of carbohydrates, amino acids and phenolics were recovered when antibiotics were added to the agar sheets. Thus, the high microbial activity in the rhizosphere and on the rhizoplane limits the exudates recovered from roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050079
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioavailability of heavy metals and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza in a soil polluted by atmospheric deposition from a smelter (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 22-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Limed silty loam Heavy metals ; Pb-Zn smelter ; Root colonization Spore numbers ; Tolerance ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The bioavailability of heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu) and the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) were studied in two agricultural fields close to a Pb-Zn smelter and three fields outside the pollution zone all cultivated with maize (Zea mays L.). Metal extractability with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)-NH4OAc and Ca(NO3)2, plant metal uptake, and mycorrhizal parameters (spore number, root colonization) were assessed at two growth stages (six-leaf and maturity). Despite regular liming, the availability of Cd, Zn, and Pb was markedly higher in the two metal-polluted fields than in the three uncontaminated fields. However, the AM abundance was not correlated with metal availability. Root colonization and spore numbers in the metal polluted fields were relatively high, though at plant maturity the former was significantly lower than in one of the uncontaminated fields. The very low AM abundance in the two other unpolluted fields was related to other factors, particular soil and plant P status and soil pH. AM root colonization did not substantially prevent plant metal accumulation, since the metal concentrations in maize grown on the polluted fields strongly exceeded normal values, and for Cd and Pb reached the limits of toxicity for animal feed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336342
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen use in maize-grain legume cropping systems in semi-arid Kenya (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Nitrogen use ; Nitrogen fertilizer recovery ; Zea mays ; Phaseolus vulgaris ; Vigna unguiculata ; Nitrogen fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Locally suitable cultivars of maize, beans, and cowpeas were grown in field experiments for four seasons in semi-arid Kenya. For three seasons, the dry matter production and grain yield of maize and beans were not increased by N fertilizer additions up to 120 kg N ha-1. Fertilizer recoveries measured by 15N isotope dilution techniques were low, less than 20%. Inoculated and uninoculated beans failed to fix N2. By contrast the cowpea derived 50% of its N from fixation, equivalent to 197 kg N ha-1. The N content of the grain generally exceeded 40 kg N ha-1, and the N content of the seeds from the grain legumes were greater than those from the cereals. Large inputs of N fertilizer or N by fixation are required if maize-grain legume cropping system in semiarid Kenya are to be sustained in the long term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307842
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enterobacter cloacae is an endophytic symbiont of corn (1995)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 129 (1995), S. 117-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Biological control ; Corn seedling disease ; Enterobacter cloacae ; Fusarium moniliforme ; Maize ; Seedling blight ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The bacteriumEnterobacter cloacae is presently used for biocontrol of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables and as a preplant seed treatment for suppression of damping-off. This bacterium has apparent affinities for several grass species, but it is not considered to be an endophyte. While screening corn for fungi and bacteria with potential for biocontrol of various corn diseases, the surface-sterilized kernels of one unknown Italian corn cultivar produced fungus-free corn seedlings with roots endophytically infected byE. cloacae. This paper describes the microscopic nature ofE. cloacae RRC 101 with corn, and the in vitro control ofFusarium moniliforme and other fungi with this bacterium. Light and electron microscopy determined that this isolate ofE. cloacae was biologically associated with corn seedling roots, where it was distributed intercellularly within the cortex and stele. This is a first report of a strain of this bacterium as an endophytic symbiont of roots. Following a topical application ofE. cloacae to kernels, and upon germination this bacterium readily infected roots of two other corn cultivars. The bacterium was observed within the endosperm of germinating corn seedling, but germination was not affected. Further, the bacterium was isolated from leaves and stems of 3- to 6-week-old seedlings indicating that the above ground portions of corn were also colonized. There was no evidence of damage to cells of the root during a three to four week observation period. This bacterium was antagonistic to several isolates of the corn pathogenFusarium moniliforme, and to two other species of fungi, all of which produce mycotoxins on corn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103471
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The phytotoxicity of selected mycotoxins on mature, germinatingZea mays embryos (1995)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 132 (1995), S. 173-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Deoxynivalenol ; Embryo ; Mature ; Ochratoxin ; Plantlet ; Zearalenone ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Mature maize (Zea mays) embryos were exposed to 5, 10 and 25 µg ml−1 of deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), ochratoxin A (OA) and a mixture of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol (ZEA/DON) for 9 days. DON and the ZEA/DON combination were consistently more inhibitory of the measured parameters than either ZEA or OA. Based on the predicted additive values, it would appear that, in combination, ZEA and DON act synergistically to inhibit root and shoot growth. For ZEA alone, a concentration of 5 µg ml−1 ZEA was generally inhibitory of root and shoot elongation and fresh mass accumulation, while at 10 and 25 µg ml−1, this toxin had a stimulatory effect on these parameters. For OA, the measured effects on root and shoot growth at 5 and 25 µg ml−1 were stimulatory, while at 10 µg ml−1 OA, an inhibitory effect was observed. For all toxins, inhibitory/stimulatory effects were generally more marked for root parameters than for shoot elongation or mass.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01103984
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Coherence and correlation in laser excitation of semiconductor quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1315-1322 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The concept of coherence due to optical excitation of an ensemble of two-level atoms is relatively simple and well established. For the laser-excited electron-hole pairs or excitions in a semiconductor, the Pauli exclusion and the Coulomb interaction lead to the necessary evolution of the theory of coherence to incorporate the spin degree of freedom, the filling of phase space, the excitons and particularly, their correlation. We have developed two theoretical approaches: one using the Feynman diagrams and one in terms of a force-force correlation function. The former gives us a pictorial way to describe the optical processes and the latter gives us a prescription for computation beyond the perturbative approach. In this paper, we will attempt to use simple physical pictures based on our theory to describe the time development of the coherence, the role of correlation, the dependence on the polarization of light, and the nonlinear time-resolved optical experiments which measure the coherence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457203
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Exciton dynamics in ZnSe/ZnS x Se1−x superlattices (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1429-1433 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Localised single-particle electronic states (excluding impurities) ; Photoluminescence ; II–VI semiconductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Time-resolved photoluminescence experiments in a wide carrier density range up to and beyond the threshold for stimulated emission in ZnSe/ZnS x Se1−x superlattices are presented. Different localisation mechanisms of free excitons are identified giving rise to different radiative recombination channels. At high carrier density localised energy states merge into miniband that allows for exciton-exciton interaction, such as screening of the free-exciton absorption and inelastic exciton-exciton scattering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457222
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size-dependent electron-hole exchange interaction in CdSe quantum dots (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1407-1412 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Surface and interface electron states ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the fine structure of luminecence of CdSe nanocrystals observed with size-selective excitation. We show that the luminescence line closest to the laser arises from the recombination of the optically forbidden A-exciton. Radiative recombination occurs via a phonon-assisted virtual transition to theB-exciton state. The electron-hole exchange energy obtained from the experimental results strongly increases with decreasing nanocrystal size as expected from the increasing overlap of the electron and hole wave functions. The size dependence is in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457218
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Exciton states in In x Ga1−x As/GaAs double quantum wells: Normalized reflection spectra (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1423-1427 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Surface and interface electron states ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Normalized reflection spectra in GaInAs/GaAs quantum wells are shown for two sets of samples with different alloy concentration (x=9% and 18.5%) and well thickness ranging from 1.5 nm to 25 nm. All samples were grown on (001) GaAs surface by Molecular Beam Epitaxy and characterized by RHEED and X-ray reflection diffraction. Exciton envelope function in effective mass approximation and optical response in polaritonic schema are computed. Normalized reflection spectroscopy has shown itself to be a well suited technique in order to study structural and electronic properties of confined quantum structures.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457221
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
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    Two-dimensional wannier excitons. Effects of a random adiabatic potential (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1447-1452 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We investigate the absorption spectrum and the distribution of radiative decay times for two-dimensional excitons in semiconductor quantum wells, as affected by an adiabatic white-noise random potential. Such a potential could result from atomic-scale fluctuations in the composition of an alloy semiconductor, or in quantum well thickness. We find in general that the shortest radiative decay time is directly proportional to the inhomogeneous width of the exciton line in absorption, itself proportional to the correlation parameter for the random potential.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457225
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  • 15
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    Experimental evidence of the exciton centre-of-mass quantization in Zn1−x Cd x Se/ZnSe multiple quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1473-1479 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Surface and interface electron states ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We report the evidence of exciton-polariton centre-of-mass quantization in II–VI quantum wells consisting of ternary alloy. Absorption and photoluminescence studies on Zn0.89Cd0.11Se/ZnSe quantum wells, covering the intermediate region between two- and three-dimensional exciton behaviour, exhibit distinct optical resonances in the high-energy tail of the free-exciton structure. We reproduce the well width dependence of the centre-of-mass states by modeling the optical response of the QWs with a thin-slab variational wave function, which takes into account non-adiabatic terms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457229
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  • 16
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    Interparticle interaction in spin-aligned and spin-degenerate exciton systems in II–VI quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1543-1547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Studies of specific magnetic materials ; Optical properties of thin films surfaces and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions and multilayers) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Two qualitatively different e-h systems have been investigated in undoped CdTe/Cd0.88Mn0.12Te and Cd0.97Mn0.03 Te/Cd0.75Mn0.25 Te QWs at 2 K and magnetic fields up to 14 T, namely a strongly spin-depolarized system in the CdTe QW and a highly spin-polarized one in the Cd0.97Mn0.03 Te QW. The interaction of the spin-aligned excitons is repulsive. In contrast, in the spectra of a dense spin-depolarized excitonic system an additional well pronounced emission lineM was observed at approximately 5 meV below the excitonic line. This line is assigned to the emission of molecules consisting of excitons with opposite spins of both electrons and holes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457241
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  • 17
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    Coherent dynamics of excitonic and biexcitonic wave packets in semiconductor superlattices (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1573-1578 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We report on the observation of an electric-field-induced electric-dipole moment of biexcitonic molecules in a GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As superlattice. The macroscopic oscillating electric field, associated with the microscopic wave packet dipole moments, is monitored by time-resolved transmittive electro-optic sampling. The field dependence of the biexcitonic binding energy is detected by transient four-wave mixing. From these experiments, an ultrafast non-resonant excitation mechanism of biexcitons is inferred.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457246
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  • 18
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    Bipolariton in quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1255-1264 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-photon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We develop the bipolariton concept for a quasi-2D excitonic molecule (m) in quantum wells (QWLs). The bipolariton wave equation, which includes both the exciton-exciton (x-x) attraction and thex-photon (γ) coupling, is analysed. In the 2D bipolariton model, a quasi-2Dm exists in QWLs mainly as two quasi-boundsurface polaritons and, consequently, decays mainly into two outgoing surface polaritons. In quasi-2D GaAs QWLs the polariton renormalizations give rise to a «Mexican hat» structure in them dispersion at small momenta together with a considerable increase of both them effective binding energy ɛ m and the inversem radiative lifetimeГ m . A van Hove singularity in the joint density of polariton states is responsible for this effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457197
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  • 19
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    Phonon-polariton interaction in a microcavity (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1657-1662 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems ; optical instabilities, optical chaos, and optical spatio-temporal dynamics ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The linewidth of the microcavity exciton polariton is studied by onresonant and off-resonant photoluminescences. The two main contributions to the linewidth are caused by radiative loss and phonon scattering. The oscillator strength is found to be unmodified by the exciton-phonon coupling. Comparison is made between theory and experiment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457259
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    Fast exciton and free-carrier kinetics in semiconductors: a Monte Carlo simulation (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1717-1722 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The coupled dynamics of free carriers and excitons after non-resonant excitation with short laser pulses is investigated by means of an Ensemble Monte Carlo method which includes phonon-assisted formation and dissociation of free excitons. Simulations for bulk GaAs reveal that excitonic binding under participation of LO phonons is a very fast and effective process. The temporal rise of exciton luminescence depends on the particular excitation conditions and is determined by all interaction mechanisms in the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457269
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    Exciton-photon coupling in GaAs bulk microcavities (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1747-1751 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Quantum optics ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A great interest in the study of exciton-photon coupling in resonant optical media such as semiconductor microcavities is currently developing both in experiments and in theory. We investigate the spectral response of a new semiconductor quantum system in which the cavity material itself is the active medium. If the Fabry-Perot quasi-mode is carefully tuned on the excitonic transition of the cavity bulk material, strong exciton-photon coupling takes place and produces new features such as a Rabi-like splitting as large as that observed in quantum well microcavities and comparable optical absorption. In addition, the polaritonic spatial dispersion and the quantization of the centre-of-mass motion introduce remarkable fine structures which are absent in the quantum well case. We demonstrate the above effects from a spectroscopic analysis of GaAs cavities, using standard reflectance and photoluminescence techniques. The experimental results are further clarified with theoretical calculations performed with an adapted transfer-matrix approach. The case of semi-cavities is finally considered and a new way to control the exciton-photon interaction in our system is achieved tailoring the photonic wave function with a change in the reflectivity phase of the mirrors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457274
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    Theory of resonant rayleigh scattering of excitons in semiconductor quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1801-1805 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells ; superlattices ; layer structures ; and intercalation compounds ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Disorder-induced Rayleigh scattering of excitons in quantum wells is investigated theoretically. For classical excitions (long-range spatial correlation), the disorder average can be performed exactly. For the full problem, a kinetic equation with «weak memory» for the excition distribution is derived which coincides with the classical result in the appropriate limit. The theoretical results are compared with recent experimental data on femtosecond time-resolved luminescence explaining well the finite rise time and the heavy-light-hole beating.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457284
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    Excitons in microcavities: Cavity polariton photoluminescence (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1323-1332 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We present an extensive set of absorption and PL measurements on semiconductor microcavities in the strong-coupling regime. We observe strong coupling from 110 K to room temperature. We look at the behaviour of the photoluminescence for different exciton-photon detuning. We discuss this data using two different pictures, the first is a non-interacting (uncoupled) picture of an exciton in a cavity filter. The second model is that of a cavity polariton and this explains the observed dynamics in the strong-coupling regime. We show how the opposing needs of strong coupling and high photoluminescence extraction efficiency can be reconciled.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457204
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    Binding energies of excitons in ionic quantum well structures (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1343-1347 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polarons and electron-phonon interactions ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; III-V compounds and systems ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We have calculated the binding energies of excitons in quantum well structures based on ionic semiconductors by including the electron-hole interactions with the longitudinal-optical-phonon field. We have taken into account these interactions by using different effective interaction potentials between the electron and the hole as derived by Haken, Aldrich and Bajaj, and Pollman and Buttner. We have calculated the binding energies of excitons in several ionic quantum well structures as functions of well width using these effective potentials following a variational approach. We find that the values of the exciton binding energies calculated using these potentials are always larger than those, obtained using a Coloumb potential screened by static dielectric constant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457207
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    Some new fundamental properties of GaN single-crystal films on SiC and sapphire substrates (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1509-1512 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; III-V Compounds and systems ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The reflectance spectra of GaN/6H-SiC, films and the absorption spectra of GaN/Al2O3 films were studied and several fundumental parameters of GaN-energy positions of exciton, resonances ω0, damping constants⩾s, longitudinal-transverse splittings ωLT and the oscillator, strengthsf of the exciton states were determined. A blue shift and broadening of the luminescence band were observed in the luminescence spectra of GaN quantum dots. The mean dot radius in the sample was estimated to be about 4.5nm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457235
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    Exciton dynamics within growth islands of GaAs/Al x Ga1−x As single quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1531-1536 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The localization dynamics of excitons within growth islands of GaAs/Al x Ga1−x As single quantum wells (SQW) have been investigated by time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL). Several samples with different substrate misorientation and growth interruption times are compared with regard to the photoluminescence (PL) emission dynamics. For monolayer (ML) islands larger than the exciton radius,i.e. long growth interruption, the time evolution of the different PL peaks reflects the transfer of free excitons between growth islands as well as the localization within a single growth island. The samples with shorter growth interruption reveal a much less pronounced PL splitting due to ML islands. The dynamics appears to be mainly determined by exciton localization to thicker ML islands. The density of localization centres is larger for the sample grown on misoriented substrates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457239
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    Non-linear optics of hybrid excitons in organic-inorganic nanostructures (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1555-1559 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Nonlinear optics ; Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and thin layer structures (including superlattices, heterostructures, and intercalation compounds) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary In a system comprising an organic layer coupled to a semiconductor layer, if the energy of the Frenkel exciton in the first is close to that of the Wannier exciton in the second, the lowest electronic excitations can be described as hybrid resonances. These new excitons give rise to very pronounced optical non-linearities because they have at the same time large oscillator strengths, typical of Frenkel excitons, and large radii, typical of Wannier excitons. The results of a microscopic calculation of the optical properties of such a system are presented and discussed: compared with the usual semiconductor quantum wells, enhancements of two orders of magnitude both in the size of the susceptibility (linear part) and in its relative change with increasing excitation density (Kerr non-linearity) are predicted.
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    Excitation energy dependence of the optical properties of InGaAs/GaAs quantum well heterostructures (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1383-1387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: III–V semiconductors ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; III–V compounds and systems ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We report an experimental study on a large set of InGaAs/GaAs quantum well structures by means of continuous-wave photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation. The luminescence spectrum at low temperature systematically exhibits a doublet structure whose lineshape is very sensitive to the excitation energy. Accordingly, the excitation spectra detected by monitoring the emission at the two different luminescence peaks have very different profiles, with peaks and/or dips which are not directly related to absorption resonances. As a matter of fact, the anomalies disappear when increasing the temperature or when using an optical bias with energy above the GaAs energy gap. In these cases, the excitation profiles recover the behaviour typical of 2D systems.
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    Exciton recombination mechanism and binding energies in MOCVD-grown Zn1−x Cd x Se−ZnSe single quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1585-1593 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Optical properties of thin films surfaces and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions and multilayers) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We report here on the study of the optical properties of ZnCdSe−ZnSe quantum structures elaborated by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). The band structure is experimentally investigated by means of photoluminescence and photoreflectance. We have computed the exciton binding energies for heavy- and light-hole excitons in the context of a self-consistent two-parameter trial function. As a complement, we study the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence intensity under both direct and indirect photoexcitation in graded-index separate confinement heterostructures based on these materials.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457248
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    Double 2s-1s resonance in LO-phonon-assisted secondary emission of excitions in CdTe/(Cd, Mn) Te MQW structures (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1787-1790 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; II–VI compounds and other chalcogenides ; II–VI semiconductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We report on the observation of the doubly resonant secondary emission involving 2s and 1s exciton states. The resonance conditions have been realized in CdTe/Cd1-xMnx Te quantum well structures by magnetic-field tuning of the 2s-1s energy spacing to the LO-phonon energy. Theoretical analysis shows the doubly resonant process to be indirect, with hot 1s excitons acting as intermediate states. It is concluded that the resonance width of 2.6 meV gives the 2s-exciton homogeneous linewidth governed by elastic scattering into the hot 1s exciton states.
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    Dynamics of excitons tunnelling in II–VI asymmetric double quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1277-1284 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: II–IV semiconductors ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Steady-state and picosecond photoluminescence experiments on CdTe/CdZnTe and CdTe/CdMnTe asymmetric double quantum wells are presented. An external magnetic field is used to tune the coupling between the two QWs by allowing resonances to occur between excitonic states. Very efficient tunnelling is found when an exciton from the high-energy QW can transfer either with the emission of an LO phonon or via the resonance with the 2s state of the low-energy QW.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457199
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    Exciton-exciton interaction in quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1339-1342 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Fast initial decays of both the luminescence intensity and the circular luminescence polarization at high exciton densities, under resonant excitation, are reported for the first time. These fast decays are simultaneously initiated by the increase of the ellipticity of the photogenerating picosecond laser beam. The theory of the mechanism illustrates the driving role of the interexciton exchange interaction.
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    Excitons in quantum well wires: V-shaped wire, T-shaped wire and strain-induced lateral confinement (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1389-1393 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Surface and interface electron states ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We calculated the energy and the wave function of the exciton for i) a V-shaped quantum wire, ii) a T-shaped quantum wire and iii) a quantum wire resulting from strain-induced lateral confinement. The full Luttinger and Bir-Pikus Hamiltonian are taken into account in the three calculations. We used different parameters inside the well and at the barrier. The basis states |3/2m〉 are defined with respect to [110], the direction of the wire in the three kinds of structures, instead of the usual [001] direction. The hole dispersion curve allows one to define an effective mass which is to be introduced in the variational calculation of the exciton binding energy. We show that the hole is confined in a wire only in case i).
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    Edge magneto-exitons (ring excitons) in antidots (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1413-1416 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Surface and interface electron states ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary An opening (antidot) in two-dimensional (2D) electron gas placed in a strong perpendicular magnetic field makes it possible the formation of ring-shaped excitons stemming from the skipping-states of electrons and holes. The binding energy of the ground state of such excitons is logarithmically larger than that of the «bulk» 2D excitons. The possibility of tunnelling electron to hole (or vice versa) around the antidot results in a shift for each of the excitons levels that oscillates with the magnetic field.
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    Interwell excitons in GaAs multiple quantum wells and superlattices (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1359-1366 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Optical transient phenomena (including quantum beats, dephasings and revivals, photon echoes, free induction decay, and optical mutation) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Weak localization effects (e.g., quantized states) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The optical properties of multiple quantum wells in the transition from isolated wells to a superlattice are investigated theoretically and experimentally. For superlattices with a miniband width similar to the binding energy of the 2s exciton of the isolated quantum well we find an exciton state energetically between the 1s exciton state and the onset of the miniband absorption. We find this state to be an interwell exciton, with the electron confined to one well and the hole to the neighboring well. The interwell exciton resembles the first Wannier-Stark localized exciton of a biased superlattice. However, the localization in the present case is mediated by the Coulomb interaction of the electron and hole. The state has considerable oscillator strength and is observed experimentally in linear and nonlinear experiments.
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    Cretion and annihilation of negatively charged excitons in GaAs quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1395-1400 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Tunneling ; Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts,p-n junctions, and heterojunctions ; Electroluminescence ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The electroluminescence of p-i-n GaAs double-barrier resonant tunnelling diodes has been investigated for various concentrations of free carriers (either holes or electrons) in the quantum well (QW). For these structures it is possible to change the relative electron or hole density quasi-continuously with applied bias-voltage. New low-temperature excitonic recombinations are identified in the electroluminescence spectra. Continuous variation of the carrier density in the quantum well from a hole-rich into an electron-rich environment leads to the observation of positively charged excitons (X 2 +), neutral excitons (X), negatively charged excitons (X −) and finally an unbound electron-hole recombination. An increased temperature causes the dissociation of the charged excitons in favour of the neutral heavy-hole free excitonX. In high magnetic fields the unbound electron-hole recombination is transferred into an excitonic recombination.
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    Excitonic polaritons in superlattices (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1417-1422 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The excitonic energies are computed in superlattices from the poles in the imaginary part of the susceptibility, using an appropriate Green's function expression for the coherent amplitude function of the electron-hole pair. Solving the Maxwell equations, the polariton states are obtained and the optical properties are computed. The procedure includes the effects of coherence between the carriers and the electromagnetic field, and it does not require any type of additional boundary conditions. Detailed calculations in GaAs/Ga1−x Al x As superlattices show polaritonic effects in the optical properties, in particular a peculiar fine-structure lineshape of then=1 andn=2 hh and lh excitons is obtained. A comparison with similar calculations in bulk GaAs clearly shows the roles of quantum confinement and of anisotropy in the superlattice.
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    Polaritons in large-period multiple quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1441-1446 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers) ; II–VI compounds and other chalcogenides ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Experimental studies of high-resolution reflectivity and a temperature dependence of the photoluminescence for periodic MQWs of CdTe/CdZnTe with periods equal to a one-half and one-forth of the light wavelength are presented. Energies and radiative lifetimes of the polariton-like excitations in the relevant structures are computed, and linked to experimental observations.
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    Magnetism as a probe for wave function localization in GaSb/AlGaSb quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1465-1471 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Surface and interface electron states ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The localization of the wave function on the scale length of a single monolayer has been studied by magnetophotoluminescence in GaSb/AlGaSb quantum wells. The studied range of well width includes the direct-indirect transition involvingL-point conduction states and Γ-point valence states induced by quantum size effects. Separate carrier localization dominates at higher field values (B〉2T), whereas the excitonic effects are important only in the low field range. Variational calculations of the excitonic transverse extension provide a quantitative description of the experimental data. The dependence of the effective reduced mass on the well width has been obtained experimentally by magnetoluminescence that is highly sensitive to the modifications of the wave function, even on the scale of a single monolayer.
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    Binding energies and oscillator strengths of excitons in shallow quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1505-1508 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; III-V and II-VI inorganics ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A model for calculating exciton binding energies in quantum wells (QWs) is presented, which can be applied to situations in which one of the two band discontinuities is large, while the second one can be arbitrary (positive, negative, or zero). The model is applied to ZnSe/ZnSSe and InGaAs/GaAs QWs., The crossover between strong-and weak-confinement, regimes for excitons in narrow QWs is studied within a simplified model with two one-parameter, variational wave functions.
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    Magnetic-field-induced dissociation of bound excitons in semi-magnetic semiconductor quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1549-1553 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Studies of specific magnetic materials ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of the electron spin splitting on the stability of quasi-two-dimensional donor bound excitons (D 0 X) has been investigated in the Cd0.97Mn0.03Te/Cd0.7Mg0.3Te semi-magnetic semiconductor quantum well (QW) structure. TheD 0 X binding energy has been measured directly from emission spectra recorded at magnetic field parallel to the QW plane. Complexes have been shown to dissociate into a neutral donor and a free exciton with a spin flip of the electron at high magnetic fields when the electron spin splitting exceeds the binding energy.
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    Pseudodirect biexcitons in GaAs/AlAs type-II superlattices (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1629-1633 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: III–V semiconductors ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; III–V compounds and systems ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We report on the biexciton formation of the pseudodirect exciton consisting of the AlAs-X z electron and the GaAs-Γ heavy hole in (GaAs) m /(AlAs) m type-II superlattices withm=10, 12, and 13 monolayers. The photoluminescence lineshape of the pseudodirect exciton exhibits a doublet feature having an energy separation of ∼3 meV at the excitation power of the order of mW/cm2 in all the samples, and the low-energy band grows superlinearly. The transient profiles of the doublet photoluminescence band early indicate the biexciton formation: the delay of the rise of the biexciton photoluminescence on the low-energy side and its shorter decay time in comparison with the exciton photoluminescence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457255
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    Resonant rayleigh scattering in semiconductor structures (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1487-1492 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: III-V semiconductors ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including, quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A detailed study of the relative role played by localized and/or propagating intermediate excitonic states in, resonant Rayleigh scattering (RRS) is presented for a large set of GaAs quantum well (QW) and bulk structures. We show that the two kinds of states contribute to RRS through different mechanisms. We concluded that RRS occurs via localized states in QW heterostructures, very likely due to localization by the interface roughness, while bulk, crystals turn out to be better candidates for RRS via propagating states.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457231
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    Magnetic-field effects in the luminescence of V-shaped quantum wires (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1681-1685 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Surface and interface electron states ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Quantum wire heterostructures, such as V- and T-shaped wires, are very promising candidates for low-threshold lasing. A crucial issue is the excitonicvs. free-carrier nature of the radiative recombination. Here, we report on magnetophotoluminescence studies of GaAs and InGaAs V-shaped wires that allow to discriminate different regimes of radiative recombination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457263
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    Time-resolved luminescence of excitons in a microcavity (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1601-1605 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Low-temperature time-resolved luminescence experiments with picosecond resolution have been performed on excitons in a microcavity containing InGaAs quantum wells. The decay curves are very dependent on the energy difference between the cavity mode and the exciton. They agree qualitatively with a model which takes into account a reservoir at the exciton energy and two splitted radiant states.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457250
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    Dynamics of excitons in asymmetric double quantum wells: Absorption and relaxation (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1613-1617 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Optical properties of thin films surfaces and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions and multilayers) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We present an analysis of the inter- and intrasubband relaxation dynamics of excitons due to Fröhlich coupling in an unbiased asymmetric double quantum well made from CdTe/CdMnTe. We consider the relaxation processes that take place in the time interval between the excitation of the lowest exciton localized in the narrow well and the recombination in the wide well, by means of Fermi's golden rule. As the excitation falls in the range of a Fano resonance, we have to employ an extended set of rate equations to incorporate the effect of the continuum of initially populated states. Thus, we obtain the transient luminescence, which can directly be compared with time-resolved luminescence experiments.
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    Effect of the scattering by phonons on the temperature dependence of the free QW exciton radiative lifetimes (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1663-1667 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; III–V semiconductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We calculate scattering rates of QW excitons by acoustic phonons using realistic deformation potentials for electrons and holes in structures based on GaAs. We use these rates in order to reproduce the exciton dynamics in a time-resolved photoluminescence experiment. Rise time and decay time of the luminescence signal are studied as a function of temperature and QW size. The exciton distribution function reaches a stationaryshape after the luminescence passes through its maximum. This shape shows strong deviations from the thermalequilibrium distribution, at least for temperatures below 50 K. As a consequence, exciton radiative recombination is slower than the usually expected thermal average of the radiative rate. We discuss the dependence of this effect on the well width.
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    Coherent exciton-photon dynamics in single, double, and quintuple quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1769-1774 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Optical transient phenomena (including quantum beats, dephasings and revivals, photon echoes, free induction decay, and optical nutation) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We have studied experimentally the coherent exciton-photon dynamics in a single, a double, and a quintuple quantum well structure under resonant excitation. In pump and probe experiments we observe an initial fast decay of the exciton population. This initial decay depends on the number of quantum wells. The population decay is accompanied by a coherent light emission induced by the first-order polarization, the intensity of which increases quadratically with the quantum well number. Interference effects and electromagnetic coupling effects between polarizations located in distinct quantum wells probably play a crucial role in the superlinear coherent emission process.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457278
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    Coherent and incoherent dynamics of excitons in semiconductor microcavities (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1295-1303 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We have investigated the dynamics of impulsively excited planar microcavities in the strongly couple regime. With resonant, coherent excitation, the emitted light shows vacuum-Rabi oscillations and a lifetime corresponding to twice the cavity lifetime. As the light intensity is increased, the exciton bleaching leads to reduced normal-mode splitting. The role of interface disorder on the dynamic splitting is discussed. Coherence transfer in exciton-exciton scattering is observed. Off-resonant excitation leads to long lifetimes limited by scattering into the radiatively coupled states of the exciton-cavity system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457201
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    Optical spectroscopy of opal matrices with CdS embedded in its pores: Quantum confinement and photonic band gap effects (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1349-1354 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; II–VI semiconductors ; Wave propagation, transmission and absorption ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The spectra of transmission and reflection of synthetic opal which has 3-dimensional periodic structure were measured at different orientations of incident beam relative to the sample facets. It is shown that opal behaves as «semi-metallic» photonic band gap (PBG) material in the vicinity of photon energy 2.3 eV. The synthesis of CdS microcrystals embedded in the pores of opal was made for the first time in an attempt to form a system of quantum dots. Optical spectra (reflection and transmission, photoluminescence and Raman scattering) were studied. The results demonstrate good crystallinity of microcrystals embedded in opal matrix and exhibit well-pronounced quantum confinement effects in fundamental edge absorption spectra. The spectral overlap of the PBG of opal with electronic band gap of many of II–VI semiconductors seems to make opal/semiconductor system a promising media for experimental studies of such PBG-related effects as inhibition of spontaneous emission, microcavity polariton, etc.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457208
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    Site-selective four-wave-mixing experiments in GaAs/(GaAl) As multiple quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1377-1382 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary The influence of biexciton formation on the four-wave-mixing response of multiple quantum wells having a strong inhomogeneous broadening of the exciton transitions has been investigated. The experimental results are consistent with a model which distinguishes between crystal regions where the exciton energy is almost constant over the spatial extension of the biexciton state, and regions where the fluctuations of the exciton energy are comparable to or larger than the biexciton binding energy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457213
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    A diffusion anomaly in dipole-oriented two-dimensional excitons in GaAs/AlGaAs coupled quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1459-1463 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Other luminescence and radiative recombination ; Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We have observed an anomaly in the low-temperature photoluminescence of dipole-oriented long-lived excitons in a coupled quantum well under an electrical bias. A discrepancy between the experiment and a Monte Carlo simulation for the exciton diffusion in the system suggests a boson correlation for a two-dimensional Bose system in a random potential with repulsive interaction between bosons.
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    Lateral confinement of exciton states in GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells grown on vicinal substrates (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1481-1486 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layers structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We report experimental results on photoluminescence and excitation of photoluminescence of GaAs/Ga0.7Al0.3As quantum wells (19, 38.5 and 77 Å) grown on nominal and vicinal GaAs substrates. In order to study the influence of the interface microscopic structure on the optical properties of the studied quantum wells, we perform luminescence experiments at low temperature by exciting selectively a small area of a few μm2. In this way the presence of isolated islands on the interface is evidenced by a fine structure in the photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectra. The difference in localization length of excitons in samples with steps along the [110] and the [110] directions is emphasized.
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    Four-particle two-dimensional magnetoexciton (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1669-1673 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Quantum Hall effect (including fractional) ; III–V semiconductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary Energy spectrum of an exciton and electron density distribution in it under the fractional quantum Hall regime are calculated within the framework of an anyon exciton model.
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    Polaritons in superlattices and in microcavities (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1211-1218 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Electrons states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; III–V and II–VI inorganics ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A description of polariton effects on excitons in multiple quantum wells (MQWs), superlattices (SLs), and semiconductor microvavities is presented. The non-local semi-classical theory in a transfer matrix formulation is adopted. The radiative width in MQWs atk=0 increases first with the number of wellsN, then goes to zero asN→∞, where stationary SL polaritons are recovered. The crossover from weak- to strong-coupling regimes for QW excitons in microcavities is described. The complex energies of the mixed exciton-radiation modes are shown to be measurable by time-resolved transmission experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02457192
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    Optical transitions involving excitons in quantum wires (1995)
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    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1219-1228 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Optical properties of thin films surfaces and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions and multilayers) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We present a comprehensive discussion of the excitonic properties of V-shaped GaAs and InGaAs quantum wires grown on patterned substrates. Systematic linear and non-linear spectroscopic studies have been performed in order to clarify the impact of lateral confinement on the exciton wave function, namely: enhanced exciton binding energy, localization in magnetic field, recombination from excited states and multiphoton absorption. The careful evaluation of the electron confinement energies, based on the actual quantum wire profile obtained by TEM micrographs, including the internal piezoelectric field induced by off-diagnoal terms of strain tensor, reproduces quite well the measured one-dimensional states. Finally, application of quantum wires in a p-i-n wave guide for bistable operation is demonstrated.
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    Theory of exciton-polariton effects for a double quantum well in a microcavity (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1651-1656 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; III–V semiconductors ; Cooperative phenomena ; superradiance and superfluorescence ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We study excitons in double quantum wells (DQWs) embedded in a semiconductor microcavity (MC) by means of semi-classical theory, which yields analytic results in weak- and strong-coupling regimes. We show how to obtain subpicosecond radiative lifetime for the excitons. A model for disorder is investigated.
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    Γ-X exciton dispersion (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1675-1680 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; II–VI semiconductors ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We discuss the exciton centre-of-mass dispersion in a (Ga,Al)As-GaAs-AlAs-(Ga, Al)As quantum well taking into account the Γ-X coupling. The position of the Γ andX quantum well levels is monitored by applying an external electric field. Near the degeneracy, the coupling plays an important role mixing the Γ andX levels. As a consequence, the exciton in-plane mass presents a significant non-parabolicity as its values change from a Γ-reduced mass to aX-reduced mass.
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    Scattering and relaxation of low-energy excitons in quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1229-1237 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We consider in this work the scattering of low-energy excitons in single quantum wells. In the first part we consider the elastic scattering by a static centre (charged impurity) and discuss the validity of the first Born approximation, which is expected to work well only for particles with large kinetic energy. The second part is devoted to the inelastic scatterings of individual excitons by a phonon reservoir. We discuss in particular the validity of the elastic approximation, which is well known to be very accurate for particles with large kinetic energy.
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    Charged excitons in GaAs quantum wells (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1239-1245 
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    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; III–V semiconductors ; Photoluminescence ; Metal-insulator transitions ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We implement optical spectroscopy to study charged excitons (trions) in modulation-doped GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. We observe for the first time several new trions: the positively charged exciton, the light-hole negatively charged exciton and the triplet state of the negatively charged exciton.
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    Light emission from quantum well excitons in semiconductor microcavities (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1713-1716 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) ; Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) ; III–V and II–VI inorganics ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary A quantum-mechanical model for quantum well polaritons in semiconductor microcavities is presented. The real and imaginary parts of the polariton dispersion are obtained. They represent, respectively, the position and the linewidth of the luminescence peaks observed in typical experiments. The model includes the features of the distributed Bragg reflectors which constitute the cavity mirrors, and has the advantage of describing the weak-coupling as well as the strong-coupling regimes characteristic of this kind of systems. Furthermore, in the limit where no cavity is present, the well-known result for quantum well polaritons is recovered.
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    Theoretical analysis of the coherent optical response of radiatively coupled multiple-quantum-well structures (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1735-1741 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Wave propagation, transmission and absorption ; Optical properties of thin films, surfaces and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary It is shown that collective effects determine the optical response of radiatively coupled multiple-quantum-well structures. Stimulated decay of the coherent electronic excitations is predicted for systems where the periodicity unit is an integer multiple of half the optical wavelength. For quarter wavelength structures it is shown that the induced optical coupling causes an interwell energy transport and a splitting of the excitonic resonances leading to quantum beats in the time-resolved transmitted and reflected signal.
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    Electric-field-induced exciton ionization in a GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice (1995)
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 17 (1995), S. 1759-1762 
    Details
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Optical transient phenomena (including quantum beats, dephasings and revivals, photon echoes, free induction decay, and optical mutation) ; Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) ; Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter ; Optical properties of thin films, surfaces and thin layer structures (including superlattices, heterostructures, and intercalation compounds) ; Conference proceedings
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Summary We study exciton ionization induced by an axial electric field in a strongly coupled GaAs/Al0.3 Ga0.7 As superlattice at low temperatures. The field-induced ionization times of the heavy-hole 1s exciton in the miniband field regime are determined from transient four-wave-mixing experiments and theoretical model calculations. They are found to lie between the field ionization times of excitons in bulk semiconductors, and in strongly confined quantum well systems.
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    Deleterious effect of minimal enzymatic treatments on the development of isolated maize embryo sacs in culture (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 313-317 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Embryo sac ; Zea mays ; Enzymatic isolation ; Zygotic embryogenesis ; Microinjection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The long-term viability of isolated embryo sacs was studied in maize. Fertilised embryo sacs were digested in order to remove most of the nucellus cells present on their surfaces and then transferred to culture. Experiments on 161 embryo sacs showed that isolation treatments using even minimal enzymatic digestion affected the further development of the embryo sacs. Few embryo sacs survived in culture and those produced only abnormal embryos; they produced no plants. We concluded that embryo sacs isolated through enzymatic digestion may offer limited prospects for long-term studies where normal embryogenic development is required. Alternative strategies are discussed for maize.
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    Effects of calcium, magnesium, potassium and boron on sperm cells isolated from pollen of Zea mays L. (1995)
    Springer
    Sexual plant reproduction 8 (1995), S. 113-122 
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    ISSN: 1432-2145
    Keywords: Zea mays ; Calcium ; Cell integrity ; Cell viability ; Sperm cell
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Our previous studies showed that Brewbaker and Kwack salts, which have been widely used in pollen germination and sperm isolation, are not appropriate for the maintenance of isolated maize (Zea mays L.) sperm cells. In the present study, we have characterized the effects of each BKS component salt on the integrity of isolated sperm cells using hemacytometry. At 0.01 and 0.1 mM, there were no differences in cell number between control and any salt-treated cells except a 22% decrease with 0.1 mM MgSO4 at 48 h. At the 1 mM level, cell number decreased with time in the presence of Ca(NO3)2 and MgSO4, with loss of integrity of most cells at 48 h, while KNO3 and H3BO3 had little or no effect. Further characterization of calcium-induced reduction in cell integrity using flow cytometry showed that depletion of possible residual free calcium by addition of EGTA to the suspension medium improved cell longevity and viability. Exposure of isolated sperm cells to 1 mM calcium had no effect on cell integrity and viability in 5 h; however, only 12% of cells remained intact at 24 h. The reduction in cell integrity was hastened when cells were pretreated with the calcium ionophore A23187 prior to exposure to 1 mM calcium, with a 54% reduction in cell number at 1 h and complete cell lysis at 24 h. However, depletion of cytosolic free calcium by pretreatment of cells with the calcium ionophore followed by resuspension in the presence of EGTA resulted in rapid reduction of cell integrity as well. These results collectively suggest that maize sperm cells are sensitive to exogenous free calcium; however, a certain level of cytosolic free calcium is necessary for maintenance of integrity. Mechanisms of calcium-induced reduction in cell integrity are discussed along with possible roles of the sensitivity of sperm cells to calcium in fertilization.
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    Expression of mRNA for vasoactive intestinal peptide in normal human colon and during inflammation (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 142 (1995), S. 1-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: vasoactive intestinal peptide ; ulcerative colitis ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The availability of colon provides a ready source of human neurons. Among the products of nerve cell bodies, vasoactive intestinal peptide is a neuropeptide that serves as a marker of non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory nerves in colon. These nerves have been proposed to be involved in regulation of immune function, secretion, and smooth muscle function. In previous work, we identified decreased tissue levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide in a disorder of chronic colonic mucosal inflammation, ulcerative colitis. We hypothesized that diminished gene expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide could result in decreased tissue levels of this neuropeptide. Sigmoid colon was obtained at surgery from controls (n=6) and patients with ulcerative colitis (n=6). Vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA was quantified by Northern blot hybridization and tissue levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide were determined by radioimmunoassay. Tissue vasoactive intestinal peptide was decreased only in the mucosalsubmucosal layer of ulcerative colitis (p=.02). There was a single 1.7 kbase vasoactive intestinal peptide transcript identified in both control colon and ulcerative colitis. Normalized vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA levels were increased by 260% in ulcerative colitis compared to controls (p〈.01). These observations suggest that decreased vasoactive intestinal peptide gene expression or abnormal post-transcriptional processing are not primary defects in this disorder of chronic inflammation. The findings support the alternative hypothesis that axonal degeneration in ulcerative colitis could result in increased expression of neuronal vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA.
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    Expression of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA is elevated by refeeding of fasted rats: Involvement of glucose, insulin and calcium as stimulating factors (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 142 (1995), S. 35-41 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; insulin ; calcium ; gene expression ; rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of refeeding on the expression of Ca2+-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the liver of fasted rats was investigated. When rats were fasted overnight, the hepatic regucalcin mRNA level was reduced about 70% of that in feeding rats. Refeeding produced a remarkable elevation of hepatic regucalcin mRNA level (about 150–170% of fasted rats). Liver regucalcin concentration was appreciably increased by refeeding, although it was not altered by fasting. The oral administration of glucose (2 g/kg body weight) to fasted rats caused a significant increase in hepatic regucalcin mRNA level. Moreover, hepatic regucalcin mRNA level was clearly elevated by a single subcutaneous administration of insulin (10 and 100 U/kg) to fasted rats. The hormonal effect was not further enhanced by the simultaneous administration of calcium chloride (250 mg Ca/kg) to fasted rats, although calcium administration stimulated regucalcin mRNA expression in the liver. The present study suggests that the expression of hepatic regucalcin mRNA stimulated by refeeding is significantly involved in the action of insulin and/or calcium as stimulating factors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00928911
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    Specific species and tissue differences for the gene expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 143 (1995), S. 67-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; gene distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The existence and expression of gene encoding the Ca2+-binding protein regucalcin in various species and tissues were investigated with Southern and Northern hybridization analyses using regucalcin cDNA (0.9 kb of open reading frame). Genomic Southern hybridization analysis demonstrated that regucalcin gene was widely conserved among higher animals including human, monkey, rat, mouse, dog, bovine, rabbit and chicken. The gene was not found in yeast. The Northern blot analysis of poly (A)+RNAs extracted from the liver of various species showed that regucalcin mRNA was predominantly expressed in rat and mouse, although the expression was also seen in human, bovine and chicken. Furthermore, the enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA) with rabbit-anti-regucalcin IgG indicated that hepatic regucalcin concentration was most pronounced in rat as compared with that of guinea pig, mouse and chicken. These observations show that the gene expression of regucalcin and its protein synthesis is unique in the liver of rats, suggesting the existence of a specific mechanism in demonstrating regucalcin synthesis from gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925928
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    17β-Estradiol stimulates the expression of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in rats (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 143 (1995), S. 137-141 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; estrogen ; gene expression ; rat liver
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of nuclear receptor-related hormones on the expression of hepatic calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in rats was investigated. The change of regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin cDNA (0.9 kb of open-reading frame). A single subcutaneons administration of 17β-estradiol (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/kg body weight) in rats induced a remarkable increase of regucalcin mRNA in liver; the level was about 200% of control at 24 h after the administration of 2.0 mg/kg. The increase showed about 350% even at 6 h after the administration. Meanwhile, hepatic regucalcin mRNA level was not appreciably altered by a single subcutaneous administration of thyroxine (T4) (20, 40 and 80 mg/kg) or hydrocortisone (10 and 30 mg/kg) in rats. The present study demonstrates that the expression of hepatic regucalcin mRNA is stimulated by estrogen action in the liver nuclei of rats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01816947
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    Thyroid hormone inhibits fatty acid synthase gene transcription in chicken liver (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 144 (1995), S. 105-108 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: fatty acid synthase ; gene expression ; and thyroid hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of triiodothyronine (T3) on regulation of fatty acid synthase in chicken liver was investigated. In hypothyroid animals, enzyme activity was about one half of that in euthyroid animals. T3 treatment increased the enzyme activity in hypothyroid animals. There is little difference in both the mRNA concentration and the transcription rate between euthyroid and hypothyroid animals. T3 treatment markedly decreased both the mRNA concentration and the transcription rate in euthyroid and hypothyroid animals. These results suggested that T3 maintained the normal level of enzyme expression primarily by stimulating the post-transcriptional step, while the transcription of the gene was inhibited by hyperthyroidism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00944388
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    Thiol modulation of TNFα and IL-1 induced MnSOD gene expression and activation of NF-κB (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 148 (1995), S. 45-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: manganese ; superoxide dismutase ; gene expression ; hyperoxide lung injury ; nuclear factor kappa B
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract TNFα and IL-1 each can activate NF-κB and induce gene expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), a mitochondrial matrix enzyme which can provide critical protection against hyperoxic lung injury. The regulation of MnSOD gene expression is not well understood. Since redox status can modulate NF-κB and potential κB site(s) exist in the MnSOD promoter, the effect of thiols (including NAC, DTT and 2-ME) on TNFα and IL-1 induced activation of NF-κB and MnSOD gene expression was investigated. Activation of NF-kB and increased MnSOD expression were potentiated by thiol reducing agents. In contrast, thiol oxidizing or alkylating agents inhibited both NF-κB activation and elevated MnSOD expression in response to TNFα or IL-1. Since protease inhibitors TPCK and TLCK can inhibit NF-κB activation, we also investigated the effect of these compounds on MnSOD expression and NF-κB activation. TPCK and TLCK each inhibited MnSOD gene expression and NF-κB activation. Since the MnSOD promoter also contains anAP-1 binding site, the effect of thiols and thiol modifying agents on AP-1 activation was investigated. Thiols had no consistent effect onAP-1 activation. Likewise, some of the thiol modifying compounds inhibited AP-1 activation by TNFα or IL-1, whereas others did not. Since diverse agents had similar effects on activation of NF-κB and MnSOD gene expression, we have demonstrated that activation of NF-κB and MnSOD gene expression are closely associated and that reduced sulfhydryl groups are required for cytokine mediation of both processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00929502
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    Expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex of rats: The stimulation by calcium administration (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 146 (1995), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium-binding protein ; gene expression ; rat kidney cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex of rats was investigated. The change of regucalcin mRNA levels was analyzed by Northern blotting using liver regucalcin complementary DNA (0.9 kb of open-reading frame). Regucalcin mRNA was expressed in the kidney cortex, and this expression was clearly increased by a single intraperitoneal administration of calcium chloride solution (5–15 mg Ca/100 g body weight) in rats; this increase was remarkable at 60–120 min after the administration. Thyroparathyroidectomy (TPTX) caused a slight decrease of regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex. However, the administration of calcium (10 mg/100 g) in TPTX rats produced a clear increase of regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex. The subcutaneous administration of calcitonin (10–100 MRC mU/100 g) or parathyroid hormone [1–34] (1–10 U/100 g) in TPTX rats which received calcium (10 mg/100 g) administration did not cause an appreciable alteration of regucalcin mRNA levels in the kidney cortex, suggesting that the mRNA expression is not stimulated by calcium-regulating hormones. The administration of trifluoperazine (TFP; 5 mg/100 g), an inhibitor of Ca2+/calmodulin action, completely blocked the expression of regucalcin mRNA stimulated by calcium administration. Now, calcium content in the kidney cortex was significantly elevated by a single intraperitpneal administration of calcium (10 mg/100 g) in rats. The present study clearly demonstrates that the expression of regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex is stimulated by calcium administration in rats. This expression may be mediated through Ca2+/calmodulin action in the kidney cortex.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00926884
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    Suppressed expression of calcium-binding protein regucalcin mRNA in the renal cortex of rats with chemically induced kidney damage (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 151 (1995), S. 55-60 
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    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium ; gene expression ; kidney damage ; rat kidney cortex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The alteration of Ca2+-binding protein regucalcin mRNA expression in the kidney cortex of rats administered cisplatin and cephaloridine, which can induce kidney damage, was investigated. Cisplatin (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/100 g body weight) or cephaloridine (25, 50 and 100 mg/100 g) was intraperitoneally administered in rats, and 1, 2 and 3 days later they were sacrificed. The alteration in serum findings after the administration of cisplatin (1.0 mg/100 g) or cephaloridine (50 and 100 mg/100 g) demonstrated chemically induced kidney damage; blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration increased markedly and serum inorganic phosphorus or calcium concentration decreased significantly. Moreover, the administration of cisplatin (1.0 mg/100 g) or cephaloridine (100 mg/100 g) caused a remarkable increase of calcium content in the kidney cortex of rats, indicating kidney damage. The expression of regucalcin mRNA in the kidney cortex was markedly reduced by the administration of cisplatin or cephaloridine in rats, when the mRNA levels were analyzed by Northern blotting using rat liver regucalcin cDNA (0.9 kb). The mRNA decreases were seen with the used lowest dose of cisplatin or cephaloridine. The present study clearly demonstrates that the mRNA expression of Ca2+-binding protein regucalcin in the kidney cortex of rats is decreased by chemically induced kidney damage.
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    Molecular remodelling in hypertrophied hearts from polyomavirus large T-antigen transgenic mice (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 152 (1995), S. 131-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: gene expression ; mRNA ; proto-oncogenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Polyomavirus large T-antigen transgenic mice develop cardiac hypertrophy characterized by an increase in atrial natriuretic factor and β-myosin heavy chain isoform expression. The aim of this study was to examine changes in proto-oncogene expression in hypertrophied hearts from the transgenic mice. Expression of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) mRNA was detected in hearts from all 15 transgenic mice, but was not detectable in 13 control mice. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction experiments usingEgr-1-specific primers confirmed the increase inEgr-1 mRNA in enlarged hearts from the transgenic mice. Expression of c-jun,junD and Ha-ras mRNAs was increased in the transgenic hearts 3, 17 and 2.8-fold, respectively. Western blots showed an increase in c-myc, c-jun and ras protein in hypertrophied transgenic hearts. Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed an increase in Egr-1 and c-jun protein in transgenic cardiomyocytes. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen, Ki-ras and HSP 90 mRNAs were decreased 22, 2.7 and 3-fold, respectively in the transgenic hearts. Not altered in most hypertrophied hearts was expression of c-fos, junB, p53, c-neu, c-myc, HSP70, HSP27, TGF-β or IGF-1 mRNAs. Proto-oncogene and growth factor gene expression in hypertrophy induced by PVLT expression is modulated, with some proto-oncogenes increased and others decreased in expression.
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    Structural organization and differential expression of carrot β-fructofuranosidase genes: identification of a gene coding for a flower bud-specific isozyme (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-fructofuranosidase ; invertase ; gene expression ; gene structure ; flower buds ; Daucus carota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three genomic clones (Inv *Dc1, Inv *Dc2 and Inv *Dc3) were isolated by using the cDNA for carrot cell wall β-fructofuranosidase as a probe. The expression patterns of the three genes differed markedly. High levels of Inv *Dc1 transcripts were found in leaves and roots of young carrot, whereas in plants with developing tap roots no transcripts were detected. A high level of mRNA of Inv *Dc1 was also present in suspension-cultured cells. In developing reproductive organs, only low levels of transcripts of Inv *Dc1 were found in flower buds and flowers and none at later stages of development. In contrast, Inv *Dc2 and Inv *Dc3 were not expressed in vegetative plant organs. Invb1 *Dc1 was exclusively and strongly expressed in flower buds, and Inv *Dc3 at a very low level in suspension-cultured cells.
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    High levels of ripening-specific reporter gene expression directed by tomato fruit polygalacturonase gene-flanking regions (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 423-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: fruit ; gene expression ; promoter ; ripening ; tomato ; transgenic plant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 1.4 kb 5′ polygalacturonase (PG) gene-flanking region has previously been demonstrated to direct ripening-specific chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) expression in transgenic tomato plants. The steady state level of CAT mRNA in these plants was estimated to be less than 1% of the endogenous PG mRNA. Further constructs containing larger PG gene-flanking regions were generated and tested for their ability to direct higher levels of reporter gene expression. A 4.8 kb 5′-flanking region greatly increased levels of ripening-specific reporter gene activity, while a 1.8 kb 3′ region was only shown to have a positive regulatory role in the presence of the extended 5′ region. Transgenic plants containing the CAT gene flanked by both of these regions showed the same temporal pattern of accumulation of CAT and PG mRNA, and steady-state levels of the transgene mRNA were equivalent to 60% of the endogenous PG mRNA on a per gene basis. The proximal 150 bp of the PG promoter gave no detectable CAT activity. However, the distal 3.4 kb of the 4.8 kb 5′ PG promoter was shown to confer high levels of ripening-specific gene expression when placed in either orientation upstream of the 150 bp minimal promoter. The DNA sequence of the 3.4 kb region revealed a 400 bp imperfect reverse repeat, and sequences which showed similarity to functionally significant sequences from the ripening-related, ethylene-regulated tomato E8 and E4 gene promoters. The possible roles of the flanking regions in regulating PG gene expression are discussed.
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    Organization, inheritance and expression of acetohydroxyacid synthase genes in the cotton allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 837-846 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: acetohydroxyacid synthase ; gene organization ; gene expression ; herbicide resistance ; cotton ; Gossypium hirsutum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) gene family of the cotton AD allotetraploid Gossypium hirsutum has been cloned and characterized. We have identified six different AHAS genes from an analysis of genomic clones and Southern blots of genomic DNA. Four of the six genes are organized as tandem pairs, in which the genes are separated by only 2–3 kb. Conservation of restriction fragment length polymorphisms between G. hirsutum and A-genome and D-genome-containing diploid cottons was sufficient to assign the single genes in clones A5 and A19 to the A and D subgenomes, respectively. Each diploid genome has one tandem pair, but in these cases we could not make specific subgenomic assignments. DNA and deduced amino acid sequences were determined for the A5 and A19 genes, and an AHAS cDNA clone isolated from a leaflibrary. The sequence of the A19 gene matches that of the cDNA clone, while the A5 gene is 97.8% similar. The four genes comprising the tandem pairs are much less similar to the cDNA clone. The deduced amino acid sequences of the mature polypeptides encoded by the A5 and A19 genes are collinear with the housekeeping forms of AHAS from Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus. The constitutive expression of A5 and A19 was confirmed with RNase protection assays and northern blots. We conclude that these genes encode the main house-keeping froms of AHAS in G. hirsutum. Among the four AHAS genes comprising the two tandem pairs, at least two are functional. These genes exhibit either low-level constitutive expression (one or both of the ‘downstream’ genes of each pair), or highly specific expression in reproductive tissue (one or both of the ‘upstream’ genes of each pair). The AHAS gene family of G. hirsutum is more complex than that of other plants so far examined.
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    Isolation of cDNA clones of genes with altered expression levels in phosphate-starved Brassica nigra suspension cells (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 859-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Brassica ; phosphate starvation ; gene expression ; β-glucosidase ; mineral nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Differential gene expression at the transcriptional level was examined as an initial step in the investigation of the Pi starvation response of Brassica nigra suspension cells. Total RNA was extracted from 7-day old cells grown in media containing either no Pi, 1.25 mM or 10 mM Pi., In vitro translation was carried out using their respective poly(A)+ RNA isolates and the resultant polypeptides were separated on a high-resolution SDS-PAGE gel. Scanning densitometry identified four polypeptides (ca. 31.7, 32.3, 52.5 and 64.8 kDa) present only in the Pi-starved samples. Screening by differential hybridization was performed on a cDNA library constructed from mRNA isolated from Pi-starved cells. Probes prepared from mRNA from Pi-deficient and Pi-sufficient cells identified a number of clones representing mRNA species that were preferentially transcribed under Pi deficiency. These phosphate starvation-responsive (psr) clones were placed into eleven groups as determined by cross-hybridization. Northern blots showed that the corresponding genes are inducible in both mild and severe Pi starvation conditions. Preliminary sequencing identified one of the clones as being homologous to β-glucosidases from several plant species. The possible role of β-glucosidase during Pi starvation and the identities of the other psr genes are discussed.
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    Molecular cloning of two tandemly arranged peroxidase genes from Populus kitakamiensis and their differential regulation in the stem (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 677-689 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: linked gene ; gene expression ; peroxidase ; Populus kitakamiensis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A genomic library was prepared from Populus kitakamiensis and screened with the cDNA for an anionic peroxidase from P. kitakamiensis. One genomic clone was isolated that contained two tandemly oriented genes for anionic peroxidases, prxA3a and prxA4a. Both genes consisted of four exons and three introns; the introns had consensus nucleotides, namely, GT and AG, at their 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively. The prxA3a and prxA4a genes encoded 347 and 343 amino acid residues, respectively, including putative signal sequences at the amino-termini. Putative promoters and polyadenylation signals were found in the flanking regions of both genes. The sequence of the coding region of prxA3a was completely identical to that of the cDNA clone pA3, whereas the sequence of the coding region of prxA4a was only 73% identical to that of the cDNA clone pA3. Northern blot analysis showed that the patterns of expression of the mRNAs that corresponded to prxA3a and prxA4a differed in stems of P. kitakamiensis.
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    Gerbera hybrida (Asteraceae) imposes regulation at several anatomical levels during inflorescence development on the gene for dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 28 (1995), S. 935-941 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; Compositae ; corolla ; dfr ; flower development ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the ornamental cut flower plant Gerbera hybrida the spatial distribution of regulatory molecules characteristic of differentiation of the composite inflorescence is visualized as the various patterns of anthocyanin pigmentation of different varieties. In order to identify genes that the plant can regulate according to these anatomical patterns, we have analysed gene expression affecting two enzymatic steps, chalcone synthase (CHS) and dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR), in five gerbera varieties with spatially restricted anthocyanin pigmentation patterns. The dfr expression profiles vary at the levels of floral organ, flower type and region within corolla during inflorescence development according to the anthocyanin pigmentation of the cultivars. In contrast, chs expression, although regulated in a tissue-specific manner during inflorescence development, varies only occasionally. The variation in the dfr expression profiles between the varieties reveals spatially specific gene regulation that senses the differentiation events characteristic of the composite inflorescence.
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    Cytoplasmic HSP70 homologues of pea: differential expression in vegetative and embryonic organs (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 441-456 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: HSP70 ; HSC70 ; seed development ; imbibition ; chaperone ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eukaryotes express several cytoplasmic HSP70 genes, and their encoded proteins participate in diverse cellular processes. Three cDNAs encoding highly expressed cytoplasmic HSP70 homologues from Pisum sativum were cloned and characterized. They were designated PsHSP71.2, PsHSC71.0, and PsHSP70b. These HSP70 genes have different expression profiles in leaves: PsHSP71.2 is observed only in response to heat stress, PsHSC71.0 is present constitutively, and PsHSP70b is weakly constitutively expressed, but induced strongly in response to heat stress. In addition to being heat induced, the PsHSP71.2 mRNA is also expressed in zygotic, but not maternal organs of developing pea seeds, while PsHSC71.0 and PsHSP70b mRNAs are present in maternal and zygotic organs throughout seed development. Immunoblot analysis of parallel protein samples detects a 70 kDa polypeptide in all samples, and a 72 kDa polypeptide that corresponds to the PsHSP71.2 gene product is observed in cotyledons beginning at mid-maturation and in axes beginning between late maturation and desiccation. This polypeptide is not detected in the seed coat. The 72 kDa polypeptide remains abundant in both cotyledons and axes through germination, but declines substantially between 48 and 72 h after the onset of imbibition. Differential control of HSP70 expression during heat stress, seed maturation, and germination is consistent with the hypothesis that there are functional distinctions between cytoplasmic HSP70s.
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    The isocitrate lyase gene of cucumber: Isolation, characterisation and expression in cotyledons following seed germination (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 487-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Cucumis sativus ; gene expression ; glyoxylate cycle ; glyoxysome ; isocitrate lyase ; seed germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genome contains only a single gene encoding the glyoxylate cycle enzyme isocitrate lyase (ICL). The cucumber icl gene has been isolated and sequenced, revealing only two small introns. The predicted amino acid sequence is more than 85% identical to ICL from other higher plants, and contains the C-terminal tripeptide Ser-Arg-Met which resembles a peroxisomal targeting sequence. The icl gene is coordinately expressed with the malate synthase (ms) gene after seed germination in both the light and the dark, suggesting that these genes may contain similar DNA elements regulating transcription. The start of transcription of the icl gene was determined and the DNA sequences upstream compared with the region of the ms gene promoter known to regulate transcription. This comparison revealed a highly conserved DNA sequence at similar positions in each gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019316
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    A Zea mays GTP-binding protein of the ARF family complements an Escherichia coli mutant with a temperature-sensitive malonyl-coenzyme A:acyl carrier protein transacylase (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 629-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: GTP binding ; ADP ribosylation ; Zea mays ; Escherichia coli ; fatty acid biosynthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In an attempt to isolate a plant malonyl-coenzyme A:acyl carrier protein transacylase cDNA clone, by direct genetic selection in an Escherichia coli fabD mutant (LA2-89) with a maize cDNA expression library, a Zea mays cDNA clone encoding a GTP-binding protein of the ARF family was isolated. Complementation of a mutation affecting bacterial membrane lipid biosynthesis by a plant ARF protein, could indicate the existence of as yet unidentified bacterial equivalents of this ubiquitous eucaryotic GTP-binding protein.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019329
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    The involvement of Opaque 2 on β-prolamin gene regulation in maize and Coix suggests a more general role for this transcriptional activator (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 1015-1029 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: β-prolamin ; Coix lacryma-jobi ; different O2-binding sites ; Opaque 2 ; transcriptional regulation ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The maize opaque 2 (o2) mutation is known to have numerous pleiotropic effects. Some polypeptides have their expression depressed while others are enhanced. The best characterized effects of the o2 mutation are those exerted on endosperm genes encoding the storage protein class of the 22 kDa α-zeins and the ribosome inactivating protein b-32. The Opaque 2 (O2) locus encodes a basic domain-leucine zipper DNA-binding factor, O2, which transcriptionally regulates these genes. In the maize-related grass Coix lacryma-jobi, an O2-homologous protein regulates the 25 kDa α-coixin gene family. We show in this paper that O2 transcriptionally regulates the structurally and developmentally different class of the β-prolamins. A new O2-binding box was identified in β-prolamin genes from maize and Coix that, together with the boxes previously identified in other endosperm expressed genes, forms a curious collection of O2 cis elements. This may have regulatory implications on the role of O2 in the mechanism that controls coordinated gene expression in the developing endosperm. Considering that the O2 locus controls at least three distinct classes of genes in maize endosperm, we propose that the O2 protein may play a more general role in maize endosperm development than previously conceived.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037028
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    Isolation of a full-length mitotic cyclin cDNA clone CycIIIMs from Medicago sativa: Chromosomal mapping and expression (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 1059-1070 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Alfalfa ; cell division cycle ; chromosomal location ; cyclin ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cyclins in association with the protein kinase p34cdc2and related cyclin-dependent protein kinases (cdks) are key regulatory elements in controlling the cell division cycle. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a full-length cDNA clone of alfalfa mitotic cyclin, termed CycIIIMs. Computer analysis of known plant cyclin gene sequences revealed that this cyclin belongs to the same structural group as the other known partial alfalfa cyclin sequences. Genetic segregation analysis based on DNA-DNA hybridization data showed that the CycIIIMs gene(s) locates in a single chromosomal region on linkage group 5 of the alfalfa genetic map between RFLP markers UO89A and CG13. The assignment of this cyclin to the mitotic cyclin class was based on its cDNA-derived sequence and its differential expression during G2/M cell cycle phase transition of a partially synchronized alfalfa cell culture. Sequence analysis indicated common motifs with both the A- and B-types of mitotic cyclins similarly to the newly described B3-type of animal cyclins.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020880
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    Molecular cloning, characterization and expression of an elongation factor 1α gene in maize (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 611-615 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: elongation factor 1α ; EF-1α ; Zea mays ; cDNA sequence ; gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA (zmEF1A) and the corresponding genomic clone (zmgEF1A) of a member of the gene family encoding the α subunit of translation elongation factor 1 (EF-1α) have been isolated from maize. The deduced amino acid sequence is 447 residues long interrupted by one intron. Southern blot analysis reveals that the cloned EF-1α gene is one member out of a family consisting of at least six genes. As shown by northern hybridizations in leaves the mRNA level increases at low temperature whereas time-course experiments over 24 h at 5°C show that in roots the overall mRNA level of EF-1α is transiently decreased. These results indicate that the expression of EF-1α is differently regulated in leaves and roots under cold stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020988
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    Molecular cloning and expression analysis of peroxidase genes from wheat (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 647-662 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; peroxidase ; powdery mildew ; splicing ; Triticum aestivum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A PCR-based screening approach was used to isolate genomic clones from wheat encoding peroxidase isozymes. Three complete genes (pox1, pox2 and pox4) and one truncated gene (pox3) were characterized. The nucleotide sequences predicted mature proteins of 31 kDa, in which all the highly conserved motifs of secreted plant peroxidases were preserved. The coding regions showed 73–83% DNA sequence identity, with the highest level of similarity noted for the tandemly oriented pox2 and pox3. Expression of respective pox genes in various tissues of wheat was assessed by the RT-PCR technique, which showed that all four genes are active. The primary pox1 mRNA was spliced to remove three introns, whereas processing of the other pox transcripts involved only two intervening sequences. Splicing occurred at consensus GU/AG splice sites except for the first introns of pox1, pox2 and pox4 transcripts, where processing took place at unusual GC donor sites. The RNA analysis suggested that the pox1, pox2 and pox4 genes are predominantly expressed in roots. Lower levels of expression were found for pox4 and pox3 in leaves. Infection of wheat by the powdery mildew fungus selectively induced expression of pox2 in leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00041156
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    A non-photosynthetic ferredoxin gene is induced by ethylene in Citrus organs (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 1211-1221 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ferredoxin ; Citrus ; ethylene ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The sequence and expression of mRNA homologous to a cDNA encoding a non-photosynthetic ferredoxin (Fd1) from Citrus fruit was investigated. The non-photosynthetic nature of this ferredoxin was deduced from: (1) amino acid sequence alignments showing better scores with non-photosynthetic than with photosynthetic ferredoxins, (2) higher expression in tissues containing plastids other than chloroplast such as petals, young fruits, roots and peel of fully coloured fruits, and (3) the absence of light-dark regulation characteristic of photosynthetic ferredoxins. In a phylogenetic tree constructed with higher-plant ferredoxins, Citrus fruit ferredoxin clustered together with root ferredoxins and separated from the photosynthetic ferredoxins. Non photosynthetic (root and fruit) ferredoxins, but not the photosynthetic ferredoxins, have their closest homologs in cyanobacteria. Analysis of ferredoxin genomic organization suggested that non-photosynthetic ferredoxins exist in Citrus as a small gene family. Expression of Fd1 is developmentally regulated during flower opening and fruit maturation, both processes may be mediated by ethylene in Citrus. Exogenous ethylene application also induced the expression of Fd1 both in flavedo and leaves. The induction of non-photosynthetic ferredoxins could be related with the demand for reducing power in non-green, but biosynthetically active, tissues.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020463
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    The effect of matrix attached regions (MAR) and specialized chromatin structure (SCS) on the expression of gene constructs in cultured cells and in transgenic mice (1995)
    Springer
    Molecular biology reports 22 (1995), S. 37-46 
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    ISSN: 1573-4978
    Keywords: MAR ; SCS ; insulation ; gene expression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The flanking sequences of several genes have been shown to direct a position independent expression of transgenes. Attempts to completely identify the insulating sequences have failed so far. Some of these sequences contain a matrix attached region (MAR) located in the flanking part of the genes. This article will show that the MARs in cultured cells located in the 3' OH region of the human apolipoprotein B100 (Apo B100) and within the SV40 genome were unable to stimulate and insulate transgene expression directed by the promoters from a rabbit whey acidic protein (WAP) gene or from human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) early genes. In transgenic mice, the MAR from the Apo B100 and SV40 genes did not enhance the expression of a transgene containing the rabbit whey acid protein (WAP) promotor, the late gene SV40 intron (VP1 intron), the bovine growth hormone (bGH) cDNA and the SV40 late gene terminator. This construct was even toxic for embryos. Similarly, the specialized chromatin structure (SCS) from the Drosophila 87A7 HSP70 gene reduced chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) activity when added between a cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer and a Herpes simplex thymidine kinase (TK) gene promoter. This inhibitory action was almost complete when a second SCS sequence was added before the CMV enhancer. Sequences from the firefly luciferase and from the human gene cathepsin D cDNA used as control unexpectedly showed a similar inhibitory effect when added to the CMVTKCAT construct instead of SCS. When added before the CMV enhancer and after the transcription terminator in the CMVTKCAT construct, the SCS sequence was unable to insulate the integrated gene as seen by the fact that the level of CAT in cell extracts were by no means correlated with the number of copies in individual clones. From these data, it is concluded that i) a MAR containing the canonical AT rich sequences does not amplify the expression of all gene constructs ii) AT rich MAR sequences do not have per se an insulating effect iii) Drosophila SCS from the 87A7 HSP70 gene has no insulating effect in all gene constructs (at least in mammalian cells) iv) and the addition of a DNA fragment between an enhancer and a promoter in a gene construct cannot be used as a reliable test to evaluate its insulating property.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00996303
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    A homologue of the MAP/ERK family of protein kinase genes is expressed in vegetative and in female reproductive organs of Petunia hybrida (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 339-350 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; embryo sac ; ovule ; Petunia hybrida ; protein ; kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway of eukaryotes is stimulated by many growth factors and is required for the integration of multiple cellular signals. In order to study the function of MAP kinases during plant ovule development we have synthesized a Petunia hybrida ovule-specific cDNA library and screened for MAP protein kinase-related sequences using a DNA probe obtained by PCR. A full-length cDNA clone was identified (PMEK for Petunia hybrida MAP/ERK-related protein kinase) and shown to encode a protein related to the family of MAP/ERK protein kinases. Southern blot analysis showed that PMEK is a member of a small multigene family in P. hybrida. The cDNA codes for a protein (PMEK1) of 44.4 kDa with an overall sequence identity of 44% to the products of the mammalian ERK/MAP kinase gene, and the budding yeast KSS1 and FUS3 genes. PMEK1 displays 96 and 80% identity respectively with the tobacco NTF3 and Arabidopsis ATMPK1 kinases, and only 50% to the more distantly related plant MAP kinase MsERK1 from alfalfa. The two phosphorylation sites found in the loop between subdomain VII and VIII in all the other MAP kinases are also present in PMEK1. RNA gel blot and RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that PMEK1 is expressed in vegetative organs and preferentially accumulated in female reproductive organs of P. hybrida. In situ hybridization experiments showed that in the reproductive organs PMEK1 is expressed only in the ovary and not in the stamen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020188
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    Isolation and expression analysis of cDNA clones encoding a small and a large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from sugar beet (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (small and large subunit) ; DNA sequence ; gene expression ; starch synthesis ; sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cDNA cloning of a small and a large subunit of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) from sugar beet is reported. The deduced amino acid sequences are highly homologous to previously identified AGPase polypeptides from other plant species. Both subunits are encoded by low copy genes. When RNA gel blot experiments were performed, strongest expression was detected in sink and source leaves of greenhouse-grown sugar beet plants. A lower expression was found in other tissues tested, i.e. in the hypocotyl, the tap root and roots. In these tissues, slightly higher transcript levels were found for the small subunit gene than for the large subunit gene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019190
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    Expression of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase gene in barley in response to osmotic stress and abscisic acid (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 307-315 
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    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: glycine betaine ; betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ; osmotic stress ; gene expression ; plant hormone ; abscisic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When subjected to salt stress or drought, some vascular plants such as barley respond with an increased accumulation of the osmoprotectant glycine betaine (betaine), being the last step of betaine synthesis catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). We report here cloning and characterization of BADH cDNA from barley, a monocot, and the expression pattern of a BADH transcript. An open reading frame of 1515 bp encoded a protein which showed high homology to BADH enzymes present in other plants (spinach and sugar-beet) and in Escherichia coli. Transgenic tobacco plants harboring the clone expressed high levels of both BADH protein and its enzymatic activity. Northern blot analyses indicated that BADH mRNA levels increased almost 8-fold and 2-fold, respectively, in leaves and roots of barley plants grown in high-salt conditions, and that these levels decreased upon release of the stress, whereas they did not decrease under continuous salt stress. BADH transcripts also accumulate in response to water stress or drought, indicating a common response of the plant to osmotic changes that affect its water status. The addition of abscisic acid (ABA) to plants during growth also increased the levels of BADH transcripts dramatically, although the response was delayed when compared to that found for salt-stressed plants. Removal of plant roots before transferring the plants to high-salt conditions reduced only slightly the accumulation of BADH transcripts in the leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020185
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    Loss of chloroplast transcripts for proteins associated with photosystem II: an early event during heat-bleaching in Euglena gracilis (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 317-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chloroplasts ; gene expression ; heat bleaching ; photosynthesis ; transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A shift in the ratio of chlorophyll (Chl) a and Chl b is an early indicator of heat bleaching in Euglena gracilis. This observation prompted us to consider whether or not changes in steady-state levels of chloroplast transcripts and in transcriptional activity could limit the synthesis of Chl a-binding proteins in bleaching plastids. We found that the mature transcripts for CP47 and CP43, the Chl a-binding apoproteins of the proximal antenna of photosystem II, decline sharply very early during bleaching. Our study also shows that transcription of psbB and psbC, the chloroplast genes encoding CP47 and CP43, remains essentially unchanged during the same interval. We conclude that posttranscriptional events, such as mRNA stability, could play a major role in initiating an irreversible loss of chloroplast function in Euglena at a moderately elevated temperature. Lack of these transcripts would eventually impair the assembly of photosystem II in thylakoids.
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    Differential expression of two barley SNF1-related protein kinase genes (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 1235-1240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; gene family ; higher plants ; Hordeum vulgare ; metabolic regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have amplified and cloned DNA sequences derived from a gene encoding a SNF1 (sucrose-non-fermenting 1)-related protein kinase which differs from that previously reported from barley. Northern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of RNA populations, using specific probes and oligonucleotide primers, indicated that the two SNF1-related genes are differentially regulated. One is expressed in all tissues, whereas the other is expressed at high levels in the seed endosperm and aleurone, but at levels undetectable by northern blot analysis in other tissues. Comparisons with other plant SNF1-related protein kinase genes suggest that the form which is expressed at greatly enhanced levels in the seed is less similar to the other plant homologues which have been reported and may be unique to cereals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020898
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    Evidence for some common signal transduction events for opposite regulation of nitrate reductase and phytochrome-I gene expression by light (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; light regulation ; nitrate reductase ; phytochrome ; signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have explored the possible involvement of the phosphoinositide (PI) cycle and protein kinase C (PKC) in the phytochrome (Pfr)-mediated light signal transduction pathway using nitrate reductase (NR) and phytochrome-I (PhyI) genes as model systems. We have shown earlier that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) completely replaces the red light effect in stimulating nitrate reductase activity and transcript levels in maize. In this paper, we present detailed evidence to show that PMA mimics the red light effect and follows similar kinetics to enhance NR steady-state transcript accumulation in a nitrate-dependent manner. We also show that PMA inhibits phyI steady-state transcript accumulation in a manner similar to red light, indicating that a PKC-type enzyme(s) may be involved in mediating the light effect in both cases. Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a stimulator of PI turnover, was also found to mimic the red light effect in enhancing NR transcript levels and inhibiting phyI transcript accumulation, indicating the role of the PI cycle in generating second messengers for regulating the two genes. These results indicate that phytochrome-mediated light regulation of NR and phyI gene expression may involve certain common steps in the signal transduction pathway such as the PI cycle and protein phosphorylation by a PKC-type enzyme.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019116
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    Promoter analysis of the auxin-regulated tobacco glutathione S-transferase genes Nt103-1 and Nt103-35 (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 413-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: auxin ; DNA binding factor ; gene expression ; glutathione S-transferase ; Nicotiana tabacum ; signal transduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have analysed the promoter regions of two closely related auxin-regulated glutathione S-transferase genes. All active deletion constructs tested showed expression of the reporter gene β-glucuronidase (gusA) in root tips of young seedlings and newly developing lateral roots. Auxin treatment greatly enhanced the level of expression. The Nt103-1 promoter region −370/−276 was found to be necessary, at least as a quantitative element to confer auxin-responsiveness to a reporter gene, and sequences responsible for the auxin-responsiveness must be located downstream of −370. The region −651/−370 contains sequence information necessary for uninduced expression. The Nt103-35 promoter manifested its auxin-responsiveness within the −504/−310 region. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis, using nuclear extracts from tobacco leaves and suspension cells, identified a factor binding to a sequence (ap103, TGAGTCT) at position −560 of the Nt103-1 promoter, which shows homology to the mammalian AP-1 site. A second factor was found to bind a sequence (as103, ATAGCTAAGTGCTTACG) with homology to the CaMV 35S promoter as-1 element. The as103 element is present in both promoters and positioned around −360, so within the region determined to be indispensable for the response to auxin. A third factor was found binding to the −276/−190 region of both promoters. Combined, these data point to the relevance of a 90 bp region for auxin-induced activity of both tobacco genes. The ASF-1 like factor binding to the as103 element within this region might be involved in mediating the auxin response.
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    A role for glutamate decarboxylase during tomato ripening: the characterisation of a cDNA encoding a putative glutamate decarboxylase with a calmodulin-binding site (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 1143-1151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: differential screening ; gene expression ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; rin ; ripening inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A tomato fruit cDNA library was differentially screened to identify mRNAs present at higher levels in fruit of the tomato ripening mutant rin (ripening inhibitor). Complete sequencing of a unique clone ERT D1 revealed an open reading frame with homology to several glutamate decarboxylases. The deduced polypeptide sequence has 80% overall amino acid sequence similarity to a Petunia hybrida glutamate decarboxylase (petGAD) which carries a calmodulin-binding site at its carboxyl terminus and ERT D1 appears to have a similar domain. ERT D1 mRNA levels peaked at the first visible sign of fruit colour change during normal tomato ripening and then declined, whereas in fruit of the ripening impaired mutant, rin, accumulation of this mRNA continued until at least 14 days after the onset of ripening. This mRNA was present at much lower levels in other tissues, such as leaves, roots and stem, and was not increased by wounding. Possible roles for GAD, and its product γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in fruit, are discussed.
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    Isolation and characterisation of a melon cDNA clone encoding phytoene synthase (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 1153-1162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: carotenoids ; cleavage site ; gene expression ; melon ; phytoene synthase ; ripening
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cDNA clone (MEL5), encoding a protein homologous to phytoene synthase (PSY), has been isolated from a climacteric melon fruit cDNA library, using the tomato cDNA clone TOM5 [34] as a heterologous probe. MEL5 hybridised to a transcript of 1.65 kb which suggested that the 1.36 kb clone, isolated originally, was not full-length. The missing 5′ end was isolated by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based method. This enabled the full sequence of the protein to be deduced and the cleavage site of the transit peptide for chromoplast import to be predicted. Northern analysis of RNA extracted from fruit samples of different ripening stages as well as from roots, leaves and flower petals was used to examine the expression pattern of the corresponding mRNA. The transcript corresponding to MEL5 is present at low quantities in unripe (green) fruit, reaches its highest levels when the fruit turns from green to orange and persists at lower levels during later ripening stages. A similar transcript was also detected in flower petals and in trace amounts in leaves and roots. Genomic Southern analysis indicates that the clone is homologous to a low-copy-number gene family. Sequence analysis showed a high degree of conservation among plant PSYs.
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    An unusual Group 2 LEA gene family in citrus responsive to low temperature (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 11-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: drought ; flooding ; freezing tolerance ; gene expression ; salt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six cDNAs representing unique cold-induced sequences have been cloned from the hardy citrus relative Poncirus trifoliata. Among these, pBCORc115 and pBCORc119 were found to belong to the same gene family. Sequencing data indicated that pBCORc115 and pBCORc119 each contained an open reading frame, coding for a 19.8 kDa protein (COR19) and a smaller 11.4 kDa protein (COR11) respectively. Inspection of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed three large repeats in COR19, but only one was present in the COR11. Two elements: a Q-clustered tract and a K-rich motif were identified in each repeat. The K-rich motifs were similar to those of cotton D-11 and Group 2 LEA proteins. A Serine-cluster, a common feature in many Group 2 LEA-like proteins, was also found in these proteins, but it was in an unusual position at the carboxy-terminus. A bipartite motif of basic residues, similar to known nuclear targeting sequences, was also present in COR19 and COR11, suggesting that members of this protein family may have a nuclear targeting function. The expression of COR19 mRNA in response to cold acclimation, drought, flooding, and salinization was examined. COR19 expression in leaf tissue was induced in response to cold acclimation, but repressed during drought and flooding stress.
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    Abundance and half-life of the distinct oat phytochrome A3 and A4 mRNAs (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 29 (1995), S. 367-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Avena sativa ; gene expression ; PHYA ; light regulation ; mRNA degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gene-preferential oligonucleotide probes were used to determined the relative abundance and half-lives of distinct oat phytochrome A (PHYA) mRNAs. Oat PHYA mRNAs are highly conserved in the 5′-untranslated region and the coding region, but the 3′-untranslated region has an overall lower sequence conservation and was the source of gene-preferential probes. PHYA3 mRNA was estimated to be ca. 61% of the oat PHYA mRNA pool present in poly(A)+ RNA from dark-grown seedlings. The half-lives for PHYA3 and PHYA4 mRNAs were both estimated to be ca. 30 min, and a similar short half-life was estimated for the average PHYA mRNA. Sequence comparisons of PHYA mRNAs from four grass species identified conserved sequences within the 5′- and 3′-untranslated regions that might be important for PHYA mRNA degradation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00043659
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