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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Starch and prolamin level in single and double high-lysine barley mutants (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Physiologia plantarum 48 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3054
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: At maturity the high-lysine barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Ris0 mutants 1508, 527 and 29 kernels contained about 20% less starch and twice as much free sugars as the parent varieties Bomi and Carlsberg II. An enhanched effect on starch reduction and free sugar accumulation was observed during kernel development when the single mutants 527 and 29 are combined with the mutant 1508. At maturity, kernels of the double mutants 527/1508 and 29/1508 contained, respectively, 68 and 43% less starch than Bomi.The double mutant 29/1508 kernel had a slightly lower prolamin content than mutant 1508 which is the most prolamin-deficient single mutant. In the double mutant 527/1508, however, an almost complete suppression of prolamin synthesis was observed during kernel development. The percentage of lysine in the seed proteins of the double mutants was about the same as in the most extreme single mutant 1508.Based on the additive effect of the individual high-lysine genes in the double mutants, it is concluded that the influences of these genes on prolamin and starch synthesis are independent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.1980.tb03233.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana invertase gene family (1998)
    Springer
    Planta 207 (1998), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Key words:Arabidopsis (invertase) ; Invertase ; Light/dark regulation ; Sucrose synthase ; Sugar metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. Cell-wall and vacuolar invertases (β-d-fructofuranosidase, EC 3.2.1.26) from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. are encoded by at least four genes, namely Atβfruct1, Atβfruct2, Atβfruct3 and Atβfruct4. Different A. thaliana organs from four developmental stages and under different environmental conditions were analyzed for invertase gene expression. Our results clearly show that both the cell-wall and vacuolar invertase genes are expressed in a development and organ-specific manner. No transcripts of the cell-wall invertase gene Atβfruct1 were found in the cotyledons; however, relatively high levels were detected in the leaves of mature plants. The expression of the second cell-wall gene Atβfruct2 was found to be flower-specific, conversely no expression of Atβfruct1 was detected in flowers. The vacuolar gene Atβfruct3 shows a distinctly different regulation of expression from Atβfruct1. Northern and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses revealed the presence of transcripts in the cotyledons and only low levels in leaves, roots and flower buds. The second vacuolar invertase gene, Atβfruct4, was found to be expressed in leaves of very young plants, but no transcripts were detected in the leaves of mature flowering plants. In order to investigate the respective roles of invertases and sucrose synthase, a comparative analysis of the expression of these genes was carried out. The present study shows that cell-wall and vacuolar invertase genes are differentially regulated by environmental factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050481
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Primer dependent and independent forms of soluble starch synthetase from developing barley endosperms (1980)
    Springer
    Planta 148 (1980), S. 412-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: α-Glucan ; Hordeum ; Starch synthetase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The activity of soluble starch synthetase (ADP-glucose: α-1,4-glucan α-4-glucosyltransferase) in the non-purified extract from 16 day-old Bomi barley endosperms (Hordeum vulgare L.) was low and the reaction was non-linear when plotted against protein concentration. Starch synthetase was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography and separated into four fractions. In the absence of an added carbohydrate primer two of the four fractions catalized the synthesis of a methanol-precipitable α-glucan when high concentrations of sodium citrate and bovine serum albumim were added. The rate of α-glucan synthesis by the unprimed reaction was higher than for the primed reaction. The four enzyme fractions were active with ADP-Glc, but not with UDP-Glc, both in the primed and in the unprimed reaction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388131
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient gene expression in aleurone protoplasts isolated from developing caryopses of barley and wheat (1989)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 13 (1989), S. 21-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: aleurone ; barley ; protoplasts ; transient expression ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methods have been developed for the isolation of aleurone protoplasts from developing caryopses of Hordeum vulgare and Triticum aestivum in order to study transient expression of introduced genes. Chimaeric gene constructs were introduced into aleurone protoplasts by polyethylene glycol (PEG). Transient expression directed by the 35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) of the reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) was detected in aleurone protoplasts from developing barley and wheat grains. Using a similar construct, CAT activity increased when the alcohol dehydrogenase intron 1 fragment from maize was ligated between the 35S promoter and the CAT coding region. The demonstration of transient expression in protoplasts from developing aleurone layers indicates that they may be useful for investigating tissue and developmental control of genes coding for cereal seed proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027332
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of three novel members of the Arabidopsis SHAGGY-related protein kinase (ASK) multigene family (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: serine/threonine protein kinase ; SHAGGY ; GSK-3 ; signal transduction ; Arabidopsis thaliana ; embryo development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we report the characterization of three novel members of the Arabidopsis shaggy-related protein kinase (ASK) multigene family, named ASKdzeta (ASKζ), ASKetha (ASKη) and ASKiota (ASKι). The proteins encoded by the ASK genes share a highly conserved catalytic protein kinase domain and show about 70% identity to SHAGGY (SGG) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) from Drosophila and rat respectively. SGG is an ubiquitous intracellular component of the wingless signalling pathway that establishes cell fate and/or pattern formation in Drosophila. At least ten different ASK genes are expected to be present per haploid genome of A. thaliana. Different amino- and carboxy-terminal extensions distinguish different ASK family members. Five ASK gene sequences were analysed and shown to be present as single-copy genes in the Arabidopsis genome. A comparison based on the highly conserved catalytic domain sequences of all known sequences of the GSK-3 subfamily of protein kinases demonstrated a clear distinction between the plant and the animal kinases. Furthermore, we established the presence of at least three distinct groups of plant homologues of SGG/GSK-3. These different groups probably reflect biochemical and/or biological properties of these kinases. The differential expression patterns of five ASK genes were accessed by northern and in situ hybridization experiments using gene-specific probes. While ASKζ is expressed in the whole embryo during its development, ASKη expression is limited to the suspensor cells. No signal was detected for ASKα, ASKγ and ASKι in developing embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006102812280
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 5′ flanking region of a barley B hordein gene controls tissue and developmental specific CAT expression in tobacco plants (1988)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 10 (1988), S. 359-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: barley ; tissue-specific gene expression ; endosperm ; hordeins ; tobacco
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The 549 base pairs of the 5′ flanking region of a barley seed storage protein (B1 hordein) gene were linked to the reporter gene encoding chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT). The chimaeric gene was transferred into tobacco plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. CAT enzyme activity was detected in the seeds, but not in the leaves, of the transgenic plants. Furthermore, enzyme activity was found only in the endosperm, and only from fifteen days after pollination. In contrast, the constitutive 19S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) directed the expression of the CAT gene in the leaves as well as in both the endosperm and embryo and at all stages in seed development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029886
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular cloning of a novel barley seed protein gene that is repressed by abscisic acid (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1195-1198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; barley ; endosperm ; seed protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00047726
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A homologue of the MAP/ERK family of protein kinase genes is expressed in vegetative and in female reproductive organs of Petunia hybrida (1995)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 27 (1995), S. 339-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene expression ; embryo sac ; ovule ; Petunia hybrida ; protein ; kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway of eukaryotes is stimulated by many growth factors and is required for the integration of multiple cellular signals. In order to study the function of MAP kinases during plant ovule development we have synthesized a Petunia hybrida ovule-specific cDNA library and screened for MAP protein kinase-related sequences using a DNA probe obtained by PCR. A full-length cDNA clone was identified (PMEK for Petunia hybrida MAP/ERK-related protein kinase) and shown to encode a protein related to the family of MAP/ERK protein kinases. Southern blot analysis showed that PMEK is a member of a small multigene family in P. hybrida. The cDNA codes for a protein (PMEK1) of 44.4 kDa with an overall sequence identity of 44% to the products of the mammalian ERK/MAP kinase gene, and the budding yeast KSS1 and FUS3 genes. PMEK1 displays 96 and 80% identity respectively with the tobacco NTF3 and Arabidopsis ATMPK1 kinases, and only 50% to the more distantly related plant MAP kinase MsERK1 from alfalfa. The two phosphorylation sites found in the loop between subdomain VII and VIII in all the other MAP kinases are also present in PMEK1. RNA gel blot and RT-PCR analyses demonstrated that PMEK1 is expressed in vegetative organs and preferentially accumulated in female reproductive organs of P. hybrida. In situ hybridization experiments showed that in the reproductive organs PMEK1 is expressed only in the ovary and not in the stamen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00020188
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    In Arabidopsis thaliana, 1% of the genome codes for a novel protein family unique to plants (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 603-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene family ; combinatorial motifs ; orphan genes ; Arabidopsis ; genome
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the sequences released by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (AGI), we discovered a new and unexpectedly large family of orphan genes (127 genes by 01.08.99), named AtPCMP. The distribution of the AtPCMP genes on the five chromosomes suggests that the genome of Arabidopsis thaliana contains more than 200 genes of this family (1% of the whole genome). The deduced AtPCMP proteins are characterized by a surprising combinatorial organization of sequence motifs. The amino-terminal domain is made of a succession of three conserved motifs which generate an important diversity. These proteins are classified into three subfamilies based on the length and nature of their carboxy-terminal domain constituted by 1–6 motifs. All the motifs characterized have an important level of conservation in both sequence and spacing. A specific signature of this large family is defined. The presence of ESTs in databases and the detection of clones in A. thaliana cDNA libraries indicate that most of the genes of this family are expressed. The absence of similar sequences outside the plant kingdom strongly suggests that this unusually large orphan family is unique to plants. Features, the genesis, the potential function and the evolution of this plant combinatorial and modular protein family are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006352315928
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization and structural evolution of four multigene families in Arabidopsis thaliana: AtLCAD, AtLGT, AtMYST and AtHD-GL2 (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 703-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: gene duplication ; gene structure ; genomics ; intron distribution ; retrotranscription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Arabidopsis Genome Initiative has released up to now more than 80% of the genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana. About 70% of the identified genes have at least one paralogue. In order to understand the biological function of individual genes, it is essential to study the structure, expression and organization of the entire multigene family. A systematic analysis of multigene families, made possible by the amount of genomic sequence data available, provides important clues for the understanding of genome evolution and plasticity. In this paper, four multigene families of A. thaliana are characterized, namely LCAD, HD-GL2, LGT and MYST. Members of HD-GL2 and LCAD have already been reported in plants. The LGT genes specify proteins containing motifs of glycosyl transferase. No plant genes similar to the LGT genes have been reported to date. The novel MYST family, most likely plant-specific, encodes proteins with no identified function. Sequencing and in silico analysis led to the characterization of 29 novel genes belonging to these four gene families. The organization, structure and evolution of all the members of the four families are discussed, as well as their chromosome location. Expression data of some of the paralogues of each family are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006368316413
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