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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Difficulties in location and acceptance of phloem sap combined with reduced concentration of phloem amino acids explain lowered performance of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi on nitrogen deficient barley (Hordeum vulgare) seedlings (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: EPG ; stylectomy ; phloem amino acids ; nitrogen ; aphid-plant interaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of nitrogen deficiency in hydroponically grown barley seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the development and reproduction of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) were investigated. Plant growth was significantly reduced in seedlings grown without nitrogen. Aphid intrinsic rate of increase (r m) was also significantly lower on these plants compared with that on plants grown with 8 mol m−3 nitrogen. Phloem sap was collected from seedling stems by aphid stylectomy and amino acids quantified by HPLC. There was a significant reduction in the concentration of non-essential amino acids as a group, but not of essential amino acids. Electrical penetration graphs (EPG) indicated that aphids reached the phloem more quickly and fed for longer on plants grown with nitrogen. This is the first reported study in which this combination of techniques has been used to understand the interactions of an aphid and plant under different environmental conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004022608401
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioural induction in Drosophila: timing and specificity (2000)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Drosophila ; induction ; habituation ; associative learning ; T-maze olfactometer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments reported in this paper investigate the properties of a change in the responsiveness of adult Drosophila melanogaster induced by exposure to different rearing media. This effect has previously been described as habituation or associative learning. Exposure to food medium containing 0.08% menthol induced a positive response to menthol odour in a T-maze olfactometer. A brief (one hour) exposure to mentholic food just before testing was sufficient to induce a change in responsiveness. The effect did not persist through periods of more than an hour of separation from mentholic medium. Effects induced by exposure to a single compound were not specific to that compound alone. Menthol-reared flies (MRFs) differed from plain reared flies (PRFs) in their responsiveness to the odours of benzaldehyde and ethyl acetate, as well as menthol, and exposure to ethyl acetate induced a change in response to menthol odour. That there was an induced positive response to menthol in MRFs suggests that conventional habituation is insufficient to explain the induced change in responsiveness, but the generalised nature of this behavioural induction in MRFs is hard to explain in terms of associative learning. The mechanism underlying the induction remains elusive.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003998715018
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Ab Initio Study of the Complexes Formed by the Positive Acetylene Ion with the Hydrogen and Nitrogen Molecules and the Argon Atom (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 11 (2000), S. 381-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: acetylene ion ; complex ; hydrogen ; nitrogen ; argon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The complexes formed by the positive acetylene ion with the hydrogen molecule, the nitrogen molecule, and the argon atom are investigated with ab initio calculations using the 6-311G** and the 6-31+G(2df,2pd) basis sets. MP2/6-311G** energies and optimum geometries are obtained, as well as single-point MP3, MP4, and QCISD(T) energies with the MP2/6-311G** optimized geometries. Single-point calculations are performed with the 6-31+G(2df,2pd) basis set at MP2/6-311G** optimized geometries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009053924254
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of Evolutionary Divergence in Courtship Songs of Drosophila pseudoobscura Subspecies (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: courtship song ; wingbeat ; sexual isolation ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007744416116
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copulatory Courtship in Drosophila birchii and D. serrata, Species Recognition and Sexual Selection (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 361-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Drosophila ; copulatory courtship ; mate choice ; cryptic female choice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two endemic Australian Drosophila species, D. birchii and D. serrata, have a copulatory courtship, i.e., the males court the female mainly during copulation. In the present study we found the males of both species to mount their prospective mating partners selectively, exhibiting both sex and species recognition. The males began to sing after mounting the female, and they often exhibited also postcopulatory displays typical to copulatory courtship. D. birchii and D. serrata females discriminated against males which did not sing during mounting/copulation, which suggests that the females utilize cryptic female choice. Our findings raise the question of how widespread a phenomenon cryptic female choice is in Drosophila species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007710218609
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen leaching and crop availability in manured catch crop systems in Sweden (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 56 (2000), S. 139-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; N leaching ; liquid manure ; catch crops ; N mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Results are presented from five years (1990–1995) of a field leaching experiment on a sandy soil in south-west Sweden. The aim was to study N leaching, change in soil organic N and N mineralization in cropping systems with continuous use of liquid manure (two application rates) and catch crops. N leaching from drains, N uptake in crops and mineral N in the soil were measured. Simulation models were used to calculate the N budget and N mineralization in the soil and to make predictions of improved fertilization strategies in relation to manure applications and changing the time for incorporation of catch crops. In treatments without catch crops, a normal and a double application of manure increased average N leaching by 15 and 34%, respectively, compared to treatment with commercial fertilizer. Catch crops reduced N leaching by, on average, 60% in treatments with a normal application of manure and commercial fertilizer, but only by 35% in the treatment with double the normal application rate of manure. Incorporation of catch crops in spring increased simulated net N mineralization during the crop vegetation period, and also during early autumn. In conclusion, manured systems resulted in larger N leaching than those receiving commercial fertilizer, mainly due to larger applications of mineral N in spring. More careful adaptation of commercial N fertilization with respect to the amounts of NH4-N applied with manure could, according to the simulations, reduce N leaching. Under-sown ryegrass catch crops effectively reduced N leaching in manured systems. Incorporating catch crop residues in late autumn instead of spring might be preferable with respect to N availability in the soil for the next crop, and would not increase N leaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009821519042
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous Records of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice-Based Cropping Systems under Rainfed Conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: automated closed chamber method ; wheat ; cowpea ; slow-release nitrogen fertilizer ; residue management ; denitrification ; methane sink ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems are characterized by alternate wetting and drying cycles as monsoonal rains come and go. The potential for accumulation and denitrification of NO3 − is high in these systems as is the production and emission of CH4 during the monsoon rice season. Simultaneous measurements of CH4 and N2O emissions using automated closed chamber methods have been reported in irrigated rice fields but not in rainfed rice systems. In this field study at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, simultaneous and continuous measurements of CH4 and N2O were made from the 1994 wet season to the 1996 dry season. During the rice-growing seasons, CH4 fluxes were observed, with the highest emissions being in organic residue-amended plots. Nitrous oxide fluxes, on the other hand, were generally nonexistent, except after fertilization events where low N2O fluxes were observed. Slow-release N fertilizer further reduced the already low N2O emissions compared with prilled urea in the first rice season. During the dry seasons, when the field was planted to the upland crops cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), positive CH4 fluxes were low and insignificant except after the imposition of a permanent flood where high CH4 fluxes appeared. Evidences of CH4 uptake were apparent in the first dry season, especially in cowpea plots, indicating that rainfed lowland rice soils can act as sink for CH4 during the upland crop cycle. Large N2O fluxes were observed shortly after rainfall events due to denitrification of accumulated NO3 −. Cumulative CH4 and N2O fluxes observed during this study in rainfed conditions were lower compared with previous studies on irrigated rice fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009842502608
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of Calcium in the Evolution of Superconductivity in a (La2−xRx)Ba2(CayCu4+y)Oz (R = Y, Er, Gd) System (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of superconductivity 13 (2000), S. 37-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9605
    Keywords: LaBaCuO ; calcium ; superconductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract It has been reported that, by adding equal amounts of CaO and CuO to non superconducting La3Ba3Cu6O z (La-336), a series of superconductors with nominal compositions La3Ca y Ba3Cu6+y O z were prepared with maximum Ton c ∼ 80K. Similar studies on addition of CaO and CuO in nonsuperconducting LaBaCu2O z (La-112) resulted into superconducting LaCaBaCu3O z (La-1113). To date no attempt has been made to synthesize La2CaBa2Cu5O z (La-2125) superconducting phase by addition of CaO and CuO to non superconducting La2Ba2Cu4O z (La-224) system. Also no reports are published to study the effect of replacing larger La3+-ions (1.01Å) by smaller rare earth ions viz Y3+(0.89Å), Er3+(0.91Å), Gd3+(0.91Å) on the structural and superconducting properties of (La2−x R x )Ba2(Ca y Cu4+y )O z (LRBCaC); 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5; y=2x system. In this paper, we report the method of synthesis, structural and superconducting property characterization using X-ray diffraction, oxygen content measurements using iodometry, resistivity measurements using d.c. four probe technique and a.c. susceptibility measurements in the temperature range RT to 15K. Also a comparative study, on the evolution of superconducting phase with Ca-concentration for different rare earth substitutions for LRBCaC system in the context of hole doping mechanism, is carried out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007765907530
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient flows and land use change in a rural catchment: a modelling approach (2000)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 15 (2000), S. 187-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: BOD5 ; catchment ; empirical model ; land use change ; land use scenarios ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; runoff ; SO4
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Due largely to unprecedented land-use changes in the Porijõgi River catchment (southern Estonia) losses of nutrients and organic matter have decreased significantly. During the period 1987–1997 abandoned lands increased from 1.7 to 10.5% and arable lands decreased from 41.8 to 23.9%. At the same time, the runoff of total-N, total-P, SO4 and organic matter (after BOD5) decreased from 25.9 to 5.1, 0.32 to 0.13, 78 to 48, and 7.4 to 3.5 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The most significant decreases occurred in agricultural subcatchments while the changes were insignificant in the forested upper course catchment. A simple empirical model which incorporates land-use pattern, fertilization intensity, soil parameters and water discharge accurately described the variations of total-N and total-P runoff in both the whole catchment and its agricultural subcatchments (R 2 varies from 0.95–0.99 for N to 0.49–0.93 for P). In small agricultural subcatchments the rate of fertilization is found the most important factor for nitrogen runoff, whereas in larger mosaic watersheds land use pattern plays the main role. Seven alternative scenarios compiled on the base of the empirical model allow to forecast potential nitrogen and phosphorus losses from the catchment. This information can be used in further landscape and regional planning of the whole region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008181811552
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterning defects in the primary axonal scaffolds caused by the mutations of the extradenticle and homothorax genes in the embryonic Drosophila brain (2000)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 289-299 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Brain development ; Axonal scaffold ; Extradenticle ; Homothorax ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  During early brain development in Drosophila a highly stereotyped pattern of axonal scaffolds evolves by precise pioneering and selective fasciculation of neural fibers in the newly formed brain neuromeres. Using an axonal marker, Fasciclin II, we show that the activities of the extradenticle (exd) and homothorax (hth) genes are essential to this axonal patterning in the embryonic brain. Both genes are expressed in the developing brain neurons, including many of the tract founder cluster cells. Consistent with their expression profiles, mutations of exd and hth strongly perturb the primary axonal scaffolds. Furthermore, we show that mutations of exd and hth result in profound patterning defects of the developing brain at the molecular level including stimulation of the orthodenticle gene and suppression of the empty spiracles and cervical homeotic genes. In addition, expression of a Drosophila Pax6 gene, eyeless, is significantly suppressed in the mutants except for the most anterior region. These results reveal that, in addition to their homeotic regulatory functions in trunk development, exd and hth have important roles in patterning the developing brain through coordinately regulating various nuclear regulatory genes, and imply molecular commonalities between the developmental mechanisms of the brain and trunk segments, which were conventionally considered to be largely independent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050316
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of a swallow homologue from Drosophila pseudoobscura (2000)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 157-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Swallow ; bicoid ; Drosophila ; mRNA localization ; Oogenesis ; Embryogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We analyzed a functional homologue of the swallow gene from Drosophila pseudoobscura. The swallow gene of D. melanogaster plays an essential role in localizing bicoid mRNA in oocytes, and swallow mutant embryos show anterior pattern defects that result from the lack of localization of the bicoid morphogen. The pseudoobscura homologue rescues the function of swallow mutants when introduced into the genome of D. melanogaster, and its expression is similar to that of the melanogaster gene. The predicted pseudoobscura and melanogaster proteins are 49% identical and 69% conserved. The coiled-coil domain previously identified in the melanogaster swallow protein is strongly conserved in the pseudoobscura homologue, but the weak similarity of the melanogaster swallow protein to the RNP class of RNA-binding proteins is not conserved in the pseudoobscura homologue. These and other observations suggest a structural role for swallow in localizing bicoid mRNA, perhaps as part of the egg cytoskeleton.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050023
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in cell shape in the ventral neuroectoderm of Drosophila melanogaster depend on the activity of the achaete-scute complex genes (2000)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 210 (2000), S. 190-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Key words Ventral neuroectoderm ; Cell shape ; Achaete-scute complex ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  In the embryonic ventral neuroectoderm of Drosophila melanogaster the proneural genes achaete, scute, and lethal of scute are expressed in clusters of cells from which the neuroblasts delaminate in a stereotyped orthogonal array. Analyses of the ventral neuroectoderm before and during delamination of the first two populations of neuroblasts show that cells in all regions of proneural gene activity change their form prior to delamination. Furthermore, the form changes in the neuroectodermal cells of embryos lacking the achaete-scute complex, of embryos mutant for the neurogenic gene Delta, and of embryos overexpressing l’sc suggest that these genes are responsible for most of the morphological alterations observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004270050303
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    Effect of exogenous calcium on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer in Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree) friable calli (2000)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 19 (2000), S. 851-855 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Key words Rubber tree ; Agrobacterium tumefaciens ; calcium ; gene transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of CaCl2 was investigated on Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated gene transfer in Hevea brasiliensis friable calli which are usually proliferated on maintenance medium (MM) containing 9 mM CaCl2.Five A. tumefaciens strains (C58pMP90, C58pGV2260, AGL1, LBA4404 and EHA 105) and two binary vectors (pGIN and pCAMBIA2301) were tested and the strain EHA105pC2301 was selected to conduct further experiments. The calli were precultured on MM containing a range of CaCl2 concentrations, then inoculated with Agrobacterium suspension. Transfer of friable calli from MM containing 9 mM CaCl2 to calcium-free medium significantly enhanced the transient β-glucuronidase activity. Interestingly, the use of calcium-free Agrobacterium resuspension medium to inoculate friable calli again dramatically increased the transformation efficiency. Induction of Agrobacterium's virulence with acetosyringone remained an important factor to stimulate transformation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002990000208
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coexistence of drosophilid flies: Aggregation, patch size diversity and parasitism (2000)
    Springer
    Ecological research 15 (2000), S. 93-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1440-1703
    Keywords: aggregation ; coexistence ; Drosophila ; parasitism ; patch size
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We carried out field experiments to investigate the coexistence of Drosophila species in domestic and forest areas on the basis of the aggregation model. Three cosmopolitan species Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen and Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, and a native species, Drosophila auraria Peng, emerged abundantly from banana placed at the domestic station, while Drosophila immigrans and five native species, Drosophila lutescens Okada, Drosophila rufa Kikkawa and Peng, Drosophila bizonata Kikkawa and Peng, Drosophila sternopleuralis Okada and Kurokawa and Scaptodrosophila coracina (Kikkawa and Peng), were abundant at the forest station. The present analysis suggests that their coexistence was facilitated by the aggregation mechanism. In the cosmopolitan species, the density of individuals that emerged from patches increased with the increase of patch size, but the relationship between fly density and patch size was not clear in the native species. This difference in distribution patterns between the cosmopolitan and native species is likely to be due to the difference in the female visiting behavior. In the present analysis, however, it was not clear whether patch size diversity facilitated their coexistence or not. The effect of patch size diversity may have been masked, because the effect of aggregation was more prominent. The rate of parasitism by wasps was high in October at the domestic station, and in May and June at the forest station. The present result suggests that the rate of parasitism was density-dependent, at least at the domestic station, and therefore parasitism facilitates the coexistence of drosophilid species in domestic areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1703.2000.00328.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxygen Metastable Defects in Calcium Titanate Thin Films (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of thermal analysis and calorimetry 60 (2000), S. 675-681 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8943
    Keywords: calcium ; diffusion ; metastable defect ; oxide ion ; perovskite ; sputtering ; thin film ; titanate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Metastable defects of oxygen in calcium titanate thin films with perovskite structure were studied. Thin films of calcium titanate were deposited by a magnetron sputtering method. The oxygen defects were evaluated, using the results of oxygen diffusion experiments. The thin film process had tendencies of creation of a large amount of oxygen point defects and the wide range of non equilibrium solid solution at room temperature. Thecrystal distortion was increasing with deviation from the stoichiometric composition. Although the metastable defects were decreasing due to the annealing, annealed samples had more oxygen defects in a few magnitude orders than single crystals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010125322433
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  • 16
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    Kinetics of the Electrons in Striations of Spherical Glow Discharges (2000)
    Springer
    Plasma chemistry and plasma processing 20 (2000), S. 87-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8986
    Keywords: striations ; nitrogen ; spherical discharge ; spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation ; electron velocity distribution function ; dc glow discharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Recent observations of spherical striations in large-volume nitrogen dcdischarges with a central anode have stimulated investigations of thenonlocal electron kinetics in these striations by solving the spatiallyinhomogeneous Boltzmann equation adapted to spherical geometry. Becausethe radial course of the electric potential is largely unknown in thisdischarge, different models concerning its radial course have been developedand used. These models are based on the measured radii of the striationsand the assumption that the potential drop between successive striationsdoes not change. As a consequence, with decreasing distance between thestriations the electric field strongly increases toward the centralanode. It has been found that spherical striations are only obtained ifthe electric field is strongly modulated. In this case, a highly nonlocalbehavior of the velocity distribution function and strongly modulatedradial courses of the macroscopic quantities have been obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006973911319
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  • 17
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    Effects of norepinephrine on the metabolism of fatty acids with different chain lengths in the perfused rat liver (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 205 (2000), S. 13-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: perfused rat liver ; norepinephrine ; fatty acids ; metabolism ; ketogenesis ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of norepinephrine on ketogenesis in isolated hepatocytes have been reported as ranging from stimulation to inhibition. The present work was planned with the aim of clarifying these discrepancies. The experimental system was the once-through perfused liver from fasted and fed rats. Fatty acids with chain lengths varying from 8-18 were infused. The effects of norepinephrine depended on the metabolic state of the rat and on the nature of the fatty acid. Norepinephrine clearly inhibited ketogenesis from long-chain fatty acids (stearate 〉 palmitate 〉 oleate), but had little effect on ketogenesis from medium-chain fatty acids (octanoate and laureate). With palmitate the decrease in oxygen uptake was restricted to the substrate stimulated portion; with stearate, the decrease exceeded the substrate stimulated portion; with oleate, oxygen uptake was transiently inhibited. Withdrawal of Ca2+ attenuated the inhibitory effects. 14CO2 production from [1-14C]oleate was inhibited. Net uptake of the fatty acids was not affected by norepinephrine. In livers from fed rats, oxygen uptake and ketogenesis from stearate were only transiently inhibited. The conclusions are: (a) in the fasted state norepinephrine reduces ketogenesis and respiration by means of a Ca2+-dependent mechanism; (b) the degree of inhibition varies with the chain length and the degree of saturation of the fatty acids; (c) norepinephrine favours esterification of the activated long-chain fatty acids in detriment to oxidation; (d) in the fed state the stimulatory action of norepinephrine on glycogen catabolism induces conditions which are able to reverse inhibition of ketogenesis and oxygen uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007094310429
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  • 18
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    Regulation of Na/K-ATPase β1-subunit gene expression by ouabain and other hypertrophic stimuli in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 215 (2000), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Na/K-ATPase ; calcium ; signal transduction ; ouabain ; Ras ; mitogen-activated protein kinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Partial inhibition of Na/K-ATPase by ouabain causes hypertrophic growth and regulates several early and late response genes, including that of Na/K-ATPase α3 subunit, in cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. The aim of this work was to determine whether ouabain and other hypertrophic stimuli affect Na/K-ATPase β1 subunit gene expression. When myocytes were exposed to non-toxic concentrations of ouabain, ouabain increased β1 subunit mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Like the α3 gene, β1 mRNA was also regulated by several other well-known hypertrophic stimuli including phenylephrine, a phorbol ester, endothelin-1, and insulin-like growth factor, suggesting involvement of growth signals in regulation of β1 expression. Ouabain failed to increase β1 subunit mRNA in the presence of actinomycin D. Using a luciferase reporter gene that is directed by the 5′-flanking region of the β1 subunit gene, transient transfection assay showed that ouabain augmented the expression of luciferase. These data support the proposition that ouabain regulates the β1 subunit through a transcriptional mechanism. The effect of ouabain on β1 subunit induction, like that on α3 repression, was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and on calmodulin. Inhibitions of PKC, Ras, and MEK, however, had different quantitive effects on ouabain-induced regulations of β1 and α3 subunits. The findings show that partial inhibition of Na/K-ATPase activates multiple signaling pathways that regulate growth-related genes, including those of two subunit isoforms of Na/K-ATPase, in a gene-specific manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026503319387
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  • 19
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    Protein kinase C-γ phorbol-binding domain involved in protein-protein interaction (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 209 (2000), S. 69-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: protein kinase C ; phorbol-binding domain ; protein interaction ; calcium ; phospholipids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Protein kinase C-γ (PKC-γ) contains two cysteine-rich regions (Cys1, Cys2) responsible for interaction with phospholipids. However, previous experiments suggested that, only Cys1 represents the high affinity site involved in diacylglycerol-dependent activation of PKC-γ. This raises the question whether Cys2 might participate in other functions of the PKC-γ regulatory domain. The purpose of our studies was to examine the ability of Cys2 domain to bind cellular proteins. The Cys2 domain (residues 92-173) was expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in Escherichia coli and purified. In order to investigate protein-protein interaction of Cys2 domain we used affinity column and an overlay assay. Our results demonstrate that the Cys2 domain of PKC-γ binds several proteins from rat brain extracts. In the absence of phospholipids the Cys2 domain binds some proteins in the cytosolic fraction of rat brain, but no binding was detected with the proteins extracted from particulate fraction. Ca2+ at 1 μM concentration potentiated binding of cellular proteins to Cys2 domain. In the absence of Ca2+ the Cys2 domain binds proteins in the cytosolic fraction of rat brain in the presence of phosphatidylserine and to the lesser extend in the presence of phosphatidylinositol but neither phosphatidylcholine nor phosphatidylethanolamine. These results suggest that the Cys2 domain of PKC-γ has the ability to interact with two classes of proteins. One class binds the Cys2 domain in the phosphatidylserine dependent fashion, and the other proteins bind Cys-2 domain in the Ca2+ dependent and phospholipid independent manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007063331593
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    Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration during Ca2+ depletion of isolated rat hearts (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 203 (2000), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; heart ; rats ; fluorescence spectroscopy ; Indo-1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Reperfusion of isolated mammalian hearts with a Ca2+-containing solution after a short Ca2+-free period at 37°:C results in massive influx of Ca2+ into the cells and irreversible cell damage: the Ca2+paradox. Information about the free intracellular, cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) during Ca2+ depletion is essential to assess the possibility of Ca2+ influx through reversed Na+/Ca2+ exchange upon Ca2+ repletion. Furthermore, the increase in end-diastolic pressure often seen during Ca2+-free perfusion of intact hearts may be similar to that seen during ischemia and caused by liberation of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Therefore, in this study, we measured [Ca2+]i during Ca2+- free perfusion of isolated rat hearts. To this end, the fluorescent indicator Indo-1 was loaded into isolated Langendorff-perfused hearts and Ca2+-transients were recorded. Ca2+-transients disappeared within 1 min of Ca2+ depletion. Systolic [Ca2+]i during control perfusion was 268±54 nM. Diastolic [Ca2+]i during control perfusion was 114±34 nM and decreased to 53±19 nM after 10 min of Ca2+ depletion. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) significantly increased from 13±4 mmHg during control perfusion after Indo-1 AM loading to 31±5 mmHg after 10 min Ca2+ depletion. Left ventricular developed pressure did not recover during Ca2+ repletion, indicating a full Ca2+ paradox. These results show that LVEDP increased during Ca2+ depletion despite a decrease in [Ca2+]i, and is therefore not comparable to the contracture seen during ischemia. Furthermore, calculation of the driving force for the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger showed that reversed Na+/Ca2+ exchange during Ca2+ repletion is not able to increase [Ca2+]i to cytotoxic levels.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007066422997
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    Signal transduction mechanism in human neutrophil: comparative study between the ζ and β-protein kinase c isotypes (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 203 (2000), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: protein kinase C ; ζ-PKC ; pseudosubstrate ; calcium ; neutrophil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Role of protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes in the regulation of neutrophil function are not clearly known. In the present study we purified the β-PKC and ζ-PKC isotypes from human neutrophil. Both the isotypes are immunoreactive only to their respective antibodies. ζ-PKC was further confirmed by RT-PCR using specific primer. Co-factor requirements for both the kinases were found to be different when DG and ceramide were used as second messenger. Selective substrate specificities were determined for both β and ζ-PKC using isotype specific pseudosubstrates viz., [Ser25]PKC [19-31] and [Ser119]PKC[113-130] respectively. Endogenous protein phosphorylation by purified β-PKC and ζ-PKC showed their functional differences in neutrophil. β-PKC phosphorylated 13, 15, 19, 33, 36, 47, 80 and 92 kDa proteins and ζ-PKC phosphorylated 19, 22, 42, 47, 75 and 87 kDa proteins, only exception was the phosphorylation of 47 kDa protein which had been phosphorylated by both the kinases. Differences in phosphorylation between β-PKC and ζ-PKC clearly indicate the selective role for these PKC isotypes in the activation sequences of neutrophil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007097220890
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    Thermal analysis of the plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 209 (2000), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: Ca2+-ATPase ; thermal analysis ; cholesterol ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase is a well known enzyme in eucaryotes able to extrude calcium to the extracellular space in order to restore intracellular calcium to very low levels. This ATPase needs plasma membrane lipids such as acidic phospholipids in order to maintain its activity. In this study, we investigated the role that calcium and cholesterol play on the thermal stability of the Ca2+-ATPase isolated from cardiac sarcolemma and erythrocyte membranes. Calcium showed a stabilizing and protective effect when the enzyme was exposed to high temperatures. This stabilizing effect showed by calcium was potentiated in the presence of cholesterol. These protection effects were reflected on several thermodynamic parameters such as T50, ▵Hvh and apparent ▵G, indicating that calcium might induce a conformational change stabilized in the presence of cholesterol that confers enzyme thermostability. The effect shown by cholesterol on ▵Hvh and apparent ▵H
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    Unmodified calcium concentrations in tumour necrosis factor receptor subtype-mediated apoptotic cell death (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 211 (2000), S. 19-26 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: tumour necrosis factor ; receptors ; subtypes ; calcium ; apoptosis ; cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) receptors mediate a variety of effects dependent on cell type. A role for Ca2+ in TNF-induced death remains uncertain. Here we investigated restricting intracellular/extracellular Ca2+ in HeLa epithelial carcinoma cells expressing low and high levels of p75TNFR receptor subtype and KYM-1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells, models of rapid TNF-induced apoptosis. Ca2+-chelators EGTA and BAPTA-AM as well as microsomal Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, did not alter TNF-induced death. TNF was also unable to alter resting [Ca2+]i levels which remained 〈 200 nM even during times when these cells were undergoing apoptotic cell death. These findings indicate no role for modulated Ca2+ concentrations in TNF-induced apoptotic cell death.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007189911897
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    Chemical Composition of Fruits and Leaves Eaten by Short-Nosed Fruit Bat, Cynopterus sphinx (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2825-2841 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Bats ; calcium ; folivory ; frugivory ; nutrition ; protein ; Pteropodidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We evaluated organic and macromineral composition of selected fruits and leaves consumed by the short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx in South India. Results of principal components analysis (PCA) comparing soluble carbohydrates, crude protein, and crude fats indicate a higher percentage of protein in leaves and a higher percentage of carbohydrates and lipids in fruits. However, results of a paired t test comparing these organic components indicated no differences between fruits and leaves. Among the fruits analyzed, Musa x paradisiaca had the highest percentage of carbohydrates, and Psidium guajava had the highest percentage of lipids. Leaves of Cassia fistula, Moringa oleifera, coccinia cordifolia, and F. religiosa had the highest percentage of protein. PCA of selected macrominerals (Ca, Na, K, and P) indicate higher levels of Ca in leaves than in fruits. Results of t tests comparing these macrominerals revealed a difference between fruits and leaves for Ca, but not for the other macrominerals. Among the leaves analyzed, Ca was highest in mature leaves of C. fistula and lowest in leaves of F. religiosa. Leaves of M. oleifera and fruits of Achras sapota were highest in sodium. Among fruits analyzed for macrominerals, Ca was highest in F. bengalensis and lowest in Prosopis juliflora, A. sapota, and M. x paradisiaca. Potassium levels were highest in leaves of C. cordifolia and fruit pods of Prosopis juliflora. Phosphorus content was highest in leaves of M. oleifera and fruits of M. x paradisiaca. The relatively high concentrations of protein and calcium in leaves eaten by C. sphinx supports the hypothesis that leaves are important dietary sources for this plant-visiting bat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026446011693
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    Conversion of Nitrogen to Protein and Amino Acids in Wild Fruits (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 1749-1763 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Conversion factor ; free amino acids ; fruits ; Kjeldahl ; nitrogen ; nutrition ; protein ; pulp ; secondary metabolites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Protein content of plant tissues is usually estimated by multiplying total nitrogen by a conversion factor of 6.25. This technique assumes that all nitrogen originates from protein. When applied to fruit pulp, it overestimates protein content because pulp typically contains free amino acids and many nitrogenous secondary metabolites. At issue is the extent of error and, consequently, what the conversion factor between nitrogen and protein should be. We calculated a conversion factor based on pulp samples from 18 species collected in the southeastern United States. We also report a new and simple method of estimating protein and free amino acids in fruit pulp. Because previous studies have found high variation in protein and secondary metabolite content among fruit species, use of a single conversion factor for all species will generate error. In an attempt to reduce such error, we calculated protein contents and conversion factors separately for two common fruit types: lipid-rich/carbohydrate-poor and lipid-poor/carbohydrate-rich. We found no difference between these types of fruit and hence combined results in calculating an average conversion factor of 5.64. Use of an accurate conversion factor is important in estimating protein consumption by wild animals and in formulating diets of captive animals. It can also reveal whether loss of body mass in captive animals on fruit diets is due to insufficient protein consumption, secondary metabolite toxicity, or an imbalance of amino acids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005503316406
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    Effect of dephostatin on intracellular free calcium concentration and amylase secretion in isolated rat pancreatic acinar cells (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 205 (2000), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: calcium ; pancreatic acinar cell ; dephostatin ; cholecystokinin ; amylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study investigates the effects of dephostatin, a new tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, on intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and amylase secretion in collagenase dispersed rat pancreatic acinar cells. Dephostatin evoked a sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i by mobilizing calcium from intracellular calcium stores in either the absence of extracellular calcium or the presence of lanthanium chloride (LaCl3). Pretreatment of acinar cells with dephostatin prevented cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8)-induced signal of [Ca2+]i and inhibited the oscillatory pattern initiated by aluminium fluoride (AlF- 4), whereas co-incubation with CCK-8 enhances the plateau phase of calcium response to CCK-8 without modifying the transient calcium spike. The effects of dephostatin on calcium mobilization were reversed by the presence of the sulfhydryl reducing agent, dithiothreitol. Stimulation of acinar cells with thapsigargin in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ resulted in a transient rise in [Ca2+]i . Application of dephostatin in the continuous presence of thapsigargin caused a small but sustained elevation in [Ca2+]i . These results suggest that dephostatin can mobilize Ca2+ from both a thapsigargin-sensitive and thapsigargin-insensitive intracellular stores in pancreatic acinar cells. In addition, dephostatin can stimulate the release of amylase from pancreatic acinar cells and moreover, reduce the secretory response to CCK-8. The results indicate that dephostatin can release calcium from intracellular calcium pools and consequently induces amylase secretion in pancreatic acinar cells. These effects are likely due to the oxidizing effects of this compound.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007086401390
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    Stimulatory effect of regucalcin on proteolytic activity is impaired in the kidney cortex cytosol of rats with saline ingestion (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 206 (2000), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: regucalcin ; calcium ; protease ; rat kidney cytosol ; saline ingestion ; hypertensive state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of regucalcin (RC) on neutral proteolytic activity in the cytosol of rat kidney cortex was investigated. Proteolytic activity was significantly increased by the presence of RC (0.01 + 0.10 μM) in the enzyme reaction mixture. This increase was completely abolished by the addition of anti-RC monoclonal antibody (150 ng/ml). When the renal cortex cytosol was incubated without RC addition, the degradation of globin of substrate was demonstrated by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis. This degradation was clearly inhibited by the addition of anti-RC antibody (150 ng/ml), indicating that protein degradation results partly from the cytosolic endogenous RC. Meanwhile, proteolytic activity was significantly decreased in the renal cortex cytosol of rats with saline ingestion for 2, 7, and 14 days. The effect of RC (0.1 μM) in increasing proteolytic activity was weakened in the kidney cortex cytosol of saline-ingested rats. The present study suggests that endogenous RC plays a role in the activation of proteases in the renal cortex cytosol, and that the RC effect is impaired in saline-ingested rats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007007626813
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    Influence of sustained mechanical stress on Egr-1 mRNA expression in cultured human endothelial cells (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 210 (2000), S. 101-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: human endothelial cells ; mechanical stress ; immediate early genes ; protein kinase C ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Restenosis after initially successful balloon angioplasty of coronary artery stenosis remains a major problem in clinical cardiology. Previous studies have identified pathogenetic factors which trigger cell proliferation and vascular remodeling ultimately leading to restenosis. Since there is evidence that endothelial cells adjacent to the angioplasty wound area synthesize factors which may initiate this process, we investigated the effects of mechanical stimulation on endothelial gene expression in vitro and focussed on the influence of sustained mechanical stress on expression of immediate early genes which have previously been shown to be induced in the vascular wall in vivo. Primary cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the human endothelial cell line EA.hy 926 were plated on collagen-coated silicone membranes and subjected to constant longitudinal stress of approximately 20% for 10 min to 6 h. Total RNA was isolated and the expression of the immediate early genes c-Fos and Egr-1 was studied by Northern blot analysis. We found a rapid upregulation c-Fos and Egr-1 mRNA which started at 10 min and reached its maxima at 30 min. HUVEC lost most of their stretch response after the third passage whereas immediate early gene expression was constantly in EA.hy 926 cells. Using specific inhibitors we investigated the contribution of several signal transduction pathways to stretch-activated Egr-1 mRNA expression. We found significant suppression of stretch-induced Egr-1 mRNA expression by protein kinase C (PKC) inhibition (p 〈 0.05) and by calcium depletion (EA.hy926, p 〈 0. 05; HUVEC, p = 0.063). No effect on stretch-activated Egr-1 mRNA expression was detected by inhibition of protein kinase A, blockade of stretch-activated cation channels or inhibition of microtubule synthesis. We conclude that sustained mechanical strain induces Egr-1 mRNA expression by PKC- and calcium-dependent mechanisms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007126218740
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    Control of cardiomyocyte gene expression as drug target (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: gene expression ; catecholamines ; angiotensin II ; heart failure ; myosin ; hypertension ; eprosartan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Pressure overload of the heart is associated with a perturbed gene expression of the cardiomyocyte leading to an impaired pump function. The ensuing neuro-endocrine activation results in disordered influences of angiotensin II and catecholamines on gene expression. To assess whether angiotensin II type 1 receptor inhibition can also counteract a raised sympathetic nervous system activity, spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a hypercaloric diet were treated with eprosartan (daily 90 mg/kg body wt) and cardiovascular parameters were monitored with implanted radiotelemetry pressure transducers. Both, blood pressure and heart rate were increased (p 〈 0.05) by the hypercaloric diet. Although eprosartan reduced (p 〈 0.05) the raised systolic and diastolic blood pressure, the diet-induced rise in heart rate was blunted only partially. In addition to drugs interfering with the enhanced catecholamine influence, compounds should be considered that selectively affect cardiomyocyte gene expression via 'metabolic' signals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007181626766
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    Angiotensin II-induced changes in G-protein expression and resistance of renal microvessels in young genetically hypertensive rats (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: angiotensin II ; SHR ; preglomerular arterioles ; G-proteins ; cAMP ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Altered regulation of cAMP may contribute to enhanced renal reactivity to angiotensin II (Ang II) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Such a phenomenon may occur in renal preglomerular arterioles and may involve changes in expression of GTP-binding regulatory proteins. We have examined the effects of Ang II on steady state levels of Gαi-1,2, Gαi-3 Gαs and Gαq in preglomerular arterioles from young marginally hypertensive SHR and on mean arterial pressure (MAP), renal vascular resistance (RVR) and renal cAMP excretion (UcAMP.V). Young (5-6 week old) SHR and Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats received Ang II (35 ng/kg/min, s.c.) or vehicle for 7 days via osmotic minipumps. Urine was collected over the last 24 h. On day seven, MAP and renal blood flow were measured in anesthetized rats and RVR was determined. Preglomerular arterioles were isolated by perfusing the kidneys with iron oxide and using a series of mechanical steps coupled with the use of a magnet to retain iron-laden vessels. Membranes were prepared and the expressions of Gαi-1,2, Gαi-3, Gαs and Gαq were evaluated by Western immunoblotting. Baseline MAP (124 ± 6 mmHg) was only marginally (p 〉 0.05) higher in SHR when compared with WKY rats (110 ± 4 mmHg). RBF (3.04 ± 0.16 mL/min) was significantly lower and RVR (41.10 ± 1.37 mmHg.min/mL) was significantly higher in SHR when compared to age-matched WKY rats (4.36 ± 0.30 mL/min and 25.79 ± 1.58 mmHg.min/mL, respectively). Ang II significantly increased MAP in SHR (17 mmHg) but not in WKY rats. These increases in MAP were accompanied by significant increases in RVR in SHR (48% over control) but not in WKY rats. Compared to WKY rats, preglomerular arterioles from SHR exhibited significantly higher basal expression of Gαi-1,2 (11- fold), Gαi-3 (13-fold) and Gαs (3-fold). Chronic infusion of Ang II, however, downregulated the expression of Gαs (by 53%; p 〈 0.05), Gαi-1,2 ( by 72%; p 〈 0.05) and Gαi-3 (by 35%; p 〉 0.05) in SHR preglomerular arterioles but significantly upregulated the expression of these proteins in WKY by 3-, 8- and 15-fold, respectively. Basal levels of Gαq were not different in preglomerular arterioles from the two strains but were downregulated by Ang II in both WKY (74% of basal) and SHR (52% of control). Baseline UcAMP.V was significantly lower in SHR (31.22 ± 6.51 nmol/24 h) compared with WKY rats (65.33 ± 3.60 nmol/24 h). Chronic Ang II infusion significantly increased UcAMP.V in SHR as well as WKY rats. These data clearly demonstrate that expressions of Gi isoforms as well as Gs in renal microvessels are elevated during early stages of hypertension and suggest that the elevated levels of Gi proteins may be directly associated with a blunted adenylyl cyclase-cAMP cascade in the renal microvasculature. Furthermore, Ang II appears to directly downregulate the expression of Gs in young SHR but not in young WKY renal microvessels. Such diversity in its effect on G-protein expression may be important for enhanced renal sensitivity to Ang II in SHR.
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    Designing antisense to inhibit the renin-angiotensin system (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 212 (2000), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: angiotensin ; antisense ; oligodeoxynucleotide ; plasmid ; adeno-associated virus ; hypertension
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Overactive renin-angiotensin system has been indicated in numerous pathological situations. Current treatment is based on pharmaceutical compounds, which work on the proteins level. Undisputedly helpful, it is not, however, flawless. Some of the drawbacks include adverse effects and non-compliance problem, since in many cases medicine has to be taken at least once a day for a long time. Therefore it seems logical to try a different approach, for instance to correct the disease at the gene expression level, possibly having a choice of shorter or longer-lasting effects. This current review combines results, relevant to the angiotensin system, with the antisense approach, which decreases amount of target protein by interfering at the mRNA level. Dependent on the tool used - oligodeoxynucleotide, plasmid or viral vector, the antisense effect lasts from few days to months.
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    The Ca2+-Transporting Activity of Rat Liver Microsomes in Response to Protein Undernutrition: Implications for Liver Tumor Promotion (2000)
    Springer
    Bioscience reports 20 (2000), S. 93-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4935
    Keywords: ATPase ; calcium ; liver ; protein malnutrition ; transport ; tumor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of protein undernutrition on the activity of the smoothendoplasmic reticulum (microsomal) Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) wasinvestigated. After 12 weeks of ad libitum ingestion of low proteindiet (5% protein), a significant depression (p〈0.05) of liver ERCa2+-ATPase activity (68.6% depression) was observed. However,no significant effects on cytochrome P450 activity and relative liverweight were found. It is proposed that low protein diet by inhibitingthe rat liver SERCA activity, might increase the cytosolic free calciumion concentration ([Ca2+]) and promote the development of livertumor. The possible mechanisms of low protein diet induced inhibition ofSERCA activity are highlighted.
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    Letter to the Editor: Sequence-specific resonance assignments and partial unfolding of extracellular domains II and III of E-cadherin (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of biomolecular NMR 16 (2000), S. 181-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5001
    Keywords: calcium ; cell adhesion ; NMR assignments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008306727354
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    High rate algal pond operating strategies for urban wastewater nitrogen removal (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of applied phycology 12 (2000), S. 331-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5176
    Keywords: algal biomass ; algal uptake ; ammonia stripping ; biological nutrient removal ; high rate algal ponds ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; nitrification ; urban wastewater treatment ; waste stabilisation ponds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two experimental high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) (1.5m2, 570 L per unit), each with a secondaryclarifier for algal biomass separation (0.025 m2,without recirculation), were fed with urban wastewaterfor a one-year period (June 1993 to July 1994). TheHRAPs were installed on the roof of the Department ofHydraulic, Coastal and Environmental Engineering ofthe Technical University of Catalonia, Barcelona,Spain (lat. 41° 24′ 42″ N; long. 2° 7′42″ E). Nitrogen removal efficiency and changes intotal nitrogen, total organic nitrogen,NH4 +-N, and oxidized nitrogen underdifferent hydraulic retention times (HRTs) werecompared. HRAP A was always operated at a higherHRT than HRAP B. Both HRAPs were subjected to thesame environmental conditions of solar radiation, airtemperature and influent water quality. Grab samplesof influent, effluent of the HRAP (mixed liquor) andfinal effluent from the clarifiers were taken once aweek. The annual average nitrogen removal was 73% forHRAP A, and 57% for HRAP B. Higher removal in HRAP Awas due to a lower inorganic nitrogen concentration inits effluent. Significant differences (p〉 0.05) inthe relative proportions of nitrogen forms between thetwo HRAPs were observed only in autumn and winter.This was mainly because HRAP B did not achieve a highlevel of NH4 +-N removal by stripping andalgal uptake, as observed in HRAP A. NH4 +-Nstripping was the most important mechanism fornitrogen removal (mean efficiency of 47% and 32% inHRAP A and B, respectively) followed by algal uptake,and subsequent algal separation in the clarifiers(mean efficiency of 26% and 25% in HRAP A and Brespectively). The conclusion of this study is thatHRT determines both the nitrogen removal efficiencyand the distribution of nitrogen forms in the effluentof a HRAP. The nitrogen removal level can becontrolled through suitable HRT operating strategies.By operating at a HRT of 4 days in spring and summer,and 10 days in autumn and winter, nitrogenconcentration in the effluent of a HRAP system can bereduced to less than 15 mg L-1 N.
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    Development of a STS marker linked to a major locus controlling flour colour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; flour colour ; STS ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Flour colour is an important quality trait in the production of bread, noodles and other related end products. Current screening for flour colour in breeding programs requires several grams of flour to be milled. In order to screen large numbers of plants, a rapid PCR-based assay is required. We report here the conversion of a codominant AFLP marker linked to a major locus controlling flour colour in hexaploid wheat, to a sequence tagged site (STS) marker for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). The two-allelic AFLP bands were cloned and sequenced to allow specific primers to be designed. The primers amplified bands of the expected size in the parental varieties and co-segregated with the original AFLP marker in the mapping population. The primers also amplified alleles of the expected size from the DNA of parental lines of two other related mapping populations. Cultivars that contributed to the pedigree of the original parent `Schomburgk' used to generate the mapping population were also screened to determine the origin of the `yellow' allele.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009638017859
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    Involvement of intracellular regulatory systems in the adaptive effects of transient anoxia in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Neuroscience and behavioral physiology 30 (2000), S. 357-363 
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    ISSN: 1573-899X
    Keywords: Anoxia ; brain slices ; calcium ; phosphoinositides ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The involvement of the calcium and phosphoinositide intracellular regulatory systems in the molecular-cellular mechanisms of adaptation of the brain to hypoxia induced by transient anoxia were studied in slices of rat olfactory cortex. Anoxia lasting 2 min initiated the development of moderate but stable activation of intracellular regulatory systems during the reoxygenation period, with increases in binding of Ca2+ to intracellular hydrophobic domains and increases in the level of polyphosphoiositide metabolism. During this period, cells in the slices released neuromediator factors into the perfusion fluid; transfer of these to recipient slices induced similar changes in the activities of intracellular regulatory system components in the recipient slices. After anoxia lasting 10 min, NMDA-mediated pathogenic hyperactivity of the calcium and phosphoinositide systems developed. Preliminary moderate activation of these systems by transient anoxia or neuromodulator factors released by cells in response to transient anoxia prevented disruption of intracellular regulatory system activity induced by subsequent longer-lasting anoxia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471790
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    Identification ofDrosophila mutant with memory defects after acquisition of conditioned reflex suppression of courtship (2000)
    Springer
    Neuroscience and behavioral physiology 30 (2000), S. 307-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-899X
    Keywords: Memory ; suppression of courting ; Drosophila ; mutants ; P insertion mutagenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four lines were selected from a collection of 33 lines prepared by P insertion mutagenesis using a single-copy P-element system; the males of these four lines showed memory defects after acquisition of conditioned reflex suppression of courting. In two lines (P171 and P95), the dynamics of retention of the conditioned reflex in the repeated impregnated-female courting test were similar to those of known short-term memory mutantsdnc andrut. In line P153, the dynamics were more reminiscent of the memory dynamics in a known medium-term memory mutant,amn. In line P124, the learning index was insignificant immediately after training was completed, which may indicate that this line was unable to acquire conditioned reflex suppression of courting. Determination of the positions of the P elements (P171: 48A-B; P153: 49B-C; P124; 67B–68A; P95: 77C-D) showed no correspondence with previously known mutations producing memory lesions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02471783
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    Incidence of bacteria involved in nitrogen and sulphur cycles in tropical shrimp culture ponds (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 463-472 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: nitrogen ; organic matter ; shrimp culture ; sulphur cycle bacteria ; water quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009250004999
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    Sources, sinks, and fluxes of nutrients (N + P) in a small highly modified urban estuary in southern California (2000)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 4 (2000), S. 125-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; macroalgae ; estuary ; anthropogenic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Our objective was to begin to investigate sources, sinks, and flux rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in Famosa Slough, a small (12 ha) highly modified urban estuary in San Diego, California, U.S.A. The hydrology of Famosa Slough has been modified by culverts that dampen tidal influence and seasonal runoff from two urban watersheds, each of which has been implicated as a nutrient source that generates nuisance algal blooms. In 1995 and 1996, the ranges of nutrients measured in the water column were extremely wide; upper values exceeded those in other estuaries identified as eutrophic. Average dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranged from 2 to 250 μM, while dissolved inorganic phosphorus ranged from 〈1 to 15 μM. Nutrient content of the water changed rapidly both spatially and temporally depending on the tides and rainfall. While tidal water dominated this system, especially in the dry season, our results indicate that Famosa Slough's small watershed, not the larger watershed of the San Diego River, was the major source of nutrients during rainfall. Sediment nutrients were also high (∼3 mg N g dry wt−1 and 0.600 mg P g dry wt−1). Short-term flux studies suggest that the large accumulations of opportunistic green macroalgae commonly found in this estuary, and possibly the sediments, may act as a large and rapid sink for nutrients during times of high nutrient supply. We suggest that small, shallow estuaries in urban settings may have more complex and rapid nutrient dynamics than those found in larger systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011359311384
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    Parental Imprinting in Drosophila (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; heterochromatin ; imprinting ; parental effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic imprinting is a form of epigenetic silencing. But with a twist. The twist is that while imprinting results in the silencing of genes, chromosome regions or entire chromosome sets, this silencing occurs only after transmission of the imprinted region by one sex of parent. Thus genetic imprinting reflects intertwined levels of epigenetic and developmental modulation of gene expression. Imprinting has been well documented and studied in Drosophila, however, these studies have remained largely unknown due to nothing more significant than differences in terminology. Imprinting in Drosophilais invariably associated with heterochromatin or regions with unusual chromatin structure. The imprint appears to spread from imprinted centers that reside within heterochromatin and these are, seemingly, the only regions that are normally imprinted in Drosophila. This is significant as it implies that while imprinting occurs in Drosophila, it is generally without phenotypic consequence. Hence the evolution of imprinting, at least in Drosophila, is unlikely to be driven by the function of specific imprinted genes. Thus, the study of imprinting in Drosophilahas the potential to illuminate the mechanism and biological function of imprinting, and challenge models based solely on imprinting of mammalian genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026592318341
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    Searching for a Common Centromeric Structural Motif: Drosophila Centromeric Satellite DNAs Show Propensity to form Telomeric-Like Unusual DNA Structures (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 71-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: centromere ; heterochromatin ; non B-DNA structures ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular basis of centromere formation in a particular chromosomal region is not yet understood. In higher eukaryotes, no specific DNA sequence is required for the assembly of the kinetochore, but similar centromeric chromatins are formed on different centromere DNA sequences. Although epigenesis has been proposed as the main mechanism for centromere specification, DNA recognition must also play a role. Through the analysis of Drosophilacentromeric DNA sequences, we found that dodeca satellite and 18HT satellite are able to form unusual DNA structures similar to those formed by telomeric sequences. These findings suggest the existence of a common centromeric structural DNA motif which we feel merits further investigation.
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    Genetic and biochemical analysis of brown eye mutation in Drosophila nasuta nasuta and Drosophila nasuta albomicans (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 235-243 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; brown eye ; eye pigments ; fitness ; gene localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By analyzing the progeny of crosses involving brown eye mutants and the wild types in two members of Drosophila nasuta subgroup namely D. n. nasuta and D. n. albomicans we could show that the mutant gene is recessive, located in the chromosome 2 and the alleles of this gene are present at different loci. A study of fitness in the eye color mutants in comparison with the wild types revealed that D. n. nasuta mutant has higher viability at both 25 ± 1°C and ambient temperatures; while D. n. albomicans mutant has faster rate of development only at 25 ± 1°C. Quantitative analysis of eye pigments in the mutants revealed that there is biosynthesis of both pteridines and xanthommatins unlike in bw/bw of D. melanogaster, where only xanthommatins are synthesized. In both the species, the pteridine quantities in mutants are similar; whereas xanthommatin quantity in $$\user1{bw}_n \user1{/bw}_n$$ is 10 times higher than that of $$\user1{bw}_a \user1{/bw}_a$$ . Further, the F1 progeny of intraspecific crosses (wild type X mutant) are found to have high amounts of pteridine, even when compared with parental wild type.
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    Dnop56, a Drosophila gene homologous to the yeast nucleolar NOP56 gene (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 275-282 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: DmNop56 ; DsNop56 ; Drosophila ; molecular evolution ; snoRNPs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are trans‐acting factors involved in maturation of rRNA and have been classified into Box C/D and Box H/ACA families. Most of the snoRNAs occur as ribonucleoprotein complexes with snoRNA‐associated proteins (snoRNPs). All Box C/D snoRNAs in yeast form complexes with Nop1p, Nop56p and Nop58p. Similarly, it has been reported that Box H/ACA‐containing snoRNAs form complexes with yeast Gar1p. Nop56p and Nop58p homologs have been described in several species. Here we report the isolation and molecular characterization of the Dnop56 genes from D. melanogaster and D. subobscura which show a very similar structure. Drosophila Nop56p proteins contain lysine‐rich regions at their carboxy‐terminus, and show a high degree of similarity to other Nop56p proteins from different organisms. Phylogenetic relationships among these proteins and other snoRNPs have been established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017596312331
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    Calmodulin-dependent and -independent apoptosis in cells of a Drosophila neuronal cell line (2000)
    Springer
    Apoptosis 5 (2000), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-675X
    Keywords: Apoptosis ; calmodulin ; caspases ; cell line ; Drosophila ; neuron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to reveal apoptotic pathways in neurons using a Drosophila neuronal cell line derived from larval central nervous system. We could induce apoptotic cell death in the cells by a Ca2+ ionophore (A23187), a protein kinase inhibitor (H-7), an RNA synthesis inhibitor (actinomycin D) and a protein synthesis inhibitor (cycloheximide). All the apoptosis induced by each chemical required Ca2+ ions, although the origin of Ca2+ ions were different: apoptosis induced by A23187 was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ ions whereas those by the other three chemicals utilized intracellular Ca2+ ions. Furthermore, different reactions to W-7, a calmodulin inhibitor, were found: W-7 prevented the cell death by each of the three chemicals but not by A23187. Based on the results, we proposed that the apoptotic pathways are classified into two types in individual cells. One pathway induced by H-7, actinomycin D or cycloheximide is calmodulin-dependent (pathway H), and another induced by A23187 is calmodulin-independent (pathway A).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009676528805
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    An episode of accelerated amino acid change in Drosophila esterase-6 associated with a change in physiological function (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 110 (2000), S. 231-244 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; , esterase-6 ; function ; sequence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In most lineages of the subgenus Sophophora esterase-6 is a homodimeric haemolymph protein. In the melanogaster subgroup of species it has become a monomer which is mainly expressed in the male sperm ejaculatory duct. Our analyses of esterase-6 sequences from three melanogaster subgroup species and two close relatives reveal a brief period of accelerated amino acid sequence change during the transition between the ancestral and derived states. In this period of 2–6Myr the ratio of replacement to silent site substitutions (0.51) is about three times higher than the values in other lineages of the phylogeny. There are about 50 more replacements in this period than would be predicted from the ratios of replacement to silent site substitutions found elsewhere in the phylogeny. Modelling on the known structure of a related acetylcholinesterase suggests that an unusually high proportion of the replacements in the transitional branch are non-conservative changes on the protein surface. Up to half the accelerated replacement rate can be accounted for by clusters of changes to the face of the molecule containing the opening of the active site gorge. This includes changes in and around regions homologous to peripheral substrate binding sites in acetylcholinesterase. There are also three changes in glycosylation status. One region predicted to lie on the protein surface which becomes markedly more hydrophilic is proposed to be the ancestral dimerisation site that is lost in the transitional branch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1012727814167
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    Impact of Multiple Insertions of two Retroelements, ZAM and Idefix at an Euchromatic Locus (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: chromatin structure ; Drosophila ; mutagenic effect ; retroelements ; white
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Transposable elements represent a large fraction of eukaryotic genomes and they are thought to play an important role in chromatin structure. ZAMand Idefixare two LTR-retrotransposons from Drosophila melanogastervery similar in structure to vertebrate retroviruses. In all the strains where their distribution has been studied, ZAMappears to be present exclusively in the intercalary heterochromatin while Idefixcopies are mainly found in the centromeric heterochromatin with very few copies in euchromatin. Their distribution varies in a specific strain called RevI in which the mobilization of ZAMand Idefixis highly induced. In this strain, 15 copies of ZAMand 30 copies of Idefixare found on the chromosomal arms in addition to their usual distribution. Amongst the loci where new copies are detected, a hotspot for their insertion has been detected at the whitelocus where up to four elements occurred within a 3-kb fragment at the 5′ end of this gene. This property of ZAMand Idefixto accumulate at a defined site provides an interesting paradigm to bring insight into the effect exerted by multiple insertions of transposable elements at an euchromatic locus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026534207401
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    Variations of male cuticular hydrocarbons with geoclimatic variables: an adaptative mechanism in Drosophila melanogaster? (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 110 (2000), S. 117-130 
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    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: adaptation ; Drosophila ; hydrocarbons ; latitude ; longitude ; natural populations ; polymorphism ; temperaturey ; vapour pressure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 7-tricosene (7T) and 7-pentacosene (7P) are the major components of cuticular hydrocarbons in Drosophila simulans and D. melanogaster males. A chemical study of 16 isofemale lines of D. melanogaster sampled at the first and eighth generations in laboratory conditions showed the stability of chromatographical profiles. Then a large scale study of male 7T/7P polymorphism was performed with 85 populations of D. melanogaster and 29 of D. simulans collected all over the world. There were significant correlations of the values of the balanced ratio (7T − 7P)/(7T + 7P) with geo-climatic parameters, such as latitude, longitude, mean temperature, temperature range and vapour pressure. Parallel variations were also reported for the homologous linear alkanes (23 and 25 Carbon atoms) but not for the longer branched alkanes (27 and 29 Carbon atoms). No correlation was significant for the D. simulans populations studied. In this species a similar polymorphism of 7T/7P was found but restricted to a few populations from West Equatorial Africa.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017987220814
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    Genetic variance in temperature dependent adult size deriving from physiological genetic variation at temperature boundaries (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 110 (2000), S. 195-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: biophysics ; body size ; Drosophila ; ectotherm ; genetic variance ; stress ; temperature extreme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An increase in genetic variation in body size has often been observed under stress; an increase in dominance variance and interaction variance as well as in additive genetic variance has been reported. The increase in genetic variation must be caused by physiological mechanisms that are specific to adverse environments. A model is proposed to explain the occurrence of an increase in genetic variation in body size in Drosophila at extreme temperatures. The model has parameters specific to the low- and high-temperature regions of the viable range. Additive genetic variation in the boundary temperatures leads to a marked increase in additive genetic variation in development rate and body size at extreme temperatures. Additive genetic variation in the temperature sensitivity in the low- and high-temperature regions adds non-additive genetic variation. Development rate shows patterns in additive genetic variation that differ from the patterns of genetic variation in body size; therefore, the genetic correlation between development rate and body size changes sign repeatedly as a function of temperature. The existence of dominance in the genetic variation in the boundary temperatures or in the low- and high-temperature sensitivities leads to a higher total genetic variance due to higher dominance and interaction variance, for both development rate and body size.
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    Composition and Proposed Nutritional Importance of Exudates Eaten by Saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and Mustached (Saguinus mystax) Tamarins (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of primatology 21 (2000), S. 69-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8604
    Keywords: tamarin ; saguinus ; exudate ; mineral ; calcium ; feeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract I provide the first comprehensive data on the composition and mineral content of exudates eaten by saddleback (Saguinus fuscicollis) and mustached tamarins (S. mystax) and assess Garber's (1984; 1993) hypotheses on the potential nutritional importance of exudates in the diet of tamarins. In accordance with his initial findings, nutritional analyses show that the gums consumed are relatively high in calcium and may serve to balance a diet otherwise low in this mineral and high in phosphorus. However, the data on the seasonal variation in the amount consumed do not support the hypothesis that exudates are of particular nutritional importance during the later stages of gestation or lactation for saddleback or mustached tamarins.
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    Short-term Cover Crop Decomposition in Organic and Conventional Soils: Characterization of Soil C, N, Microbial and Plant Pathogen Dynamics (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 37-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: carbon ; cellulose ; cover crop ; damping-off ; discriminant analysis ; lignin ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Stages of oat–vetch cover crop decomposition were characterized over time in terms of carbon and nitrogen cycling, microbial activity and damping-off pathogen dynamics in organically and conventionally managed soils in a field and a controlled incubation experiment. A measurement of relative growth consisting of radial growth of a fungal colony over non-sterilized soil divided by that over sterilized soil was used as an assay of suppressiveness. No differences in relative growth of Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani were detected between organic and conventionally managed soils amended with cover crop residue. Significant effects of cover crop decomposition stage on the relative growth of both pathogens were obtained. Relative growth of P. aphanidermatum was highest just after incorporation and decreased 3 weeks after incorporation. Relative growth of R. solani was highest about 20 days after incorporation, and decreased 2 weeks later in the organic system, but continued to increase in the conventional system. In both experiments, the N or C content, C:N ratio or dry weight of retrieved debris were significantly correlated with relative growth of P. aphanidermatum. Relative growth of R. solani was significantly correlated with the C:N ratio of soil or the C or N content of debris. Microbial activity was not consistently associated with relative growth of either pathogen.
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    Co-development of wetland soils and benthic invertebrate communities following salt marsh creation (2000)
    Springer
    Wetlands ecology and management 8 (2000), S. 197-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: benthic invertebrates ; mitigation ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; pedogenesis ; phosphorus ; plant productivity ; restoration and rehabilitation ; salt marsh ; wetland creation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of wetland soil characteristics andbenthic invertebrate communities were evaluated increated Spartina alterniflorasalt marshes inNorth Carolina ranging in age from 1 to 25 years-old.A combination of measurements from different-agecreated marshes as well as periodic measurements overtime on two marshes were used to (1) document rates ofwetland pedogenesis, especially soil organic matter,and, (2) explore relationships between soil andbenthic invertebrate community development. Soilmacro-organic matter (MOM, the living and dead rootand rhizome mat), organic C and N increased and bulkdensity decreased during the 25 years following marshestablishment. The most dramatic changes in bulkdensity, MOM, C and N occurred within the upper 10 cmof the soil with lesser changes below this depth.Created marshes were sinks for organic C (90–140g·m-2·yr-1) and N (7–11g·m-2·yr-1) but not for P (0–1g·m-2·yr-1). The density of benthicinvertebrates (〉250 μm) and subsurface-depositfeeding oligochaetes also increased over time oncreated salt marshes. Invertebrate and oligochaetedensity were strongly related to MOM content(r2= 0.83–0.87) and soil organic C(r2= 0.52–0.82) and N (r2= 0.62–0.84). Thesefindings suggest that, in created salt marshes,development of the benthic invertebrate community istied to marsh soil formation, especially accumulationof organic matter as MOM and soil. Field studies thatmanipulate the quantity and quality of soil organicmatter are needed to elucidate the relationshipbetween salt marsh pedogenesis and benthicinvertebrate community development.
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    Histone H1-Mediated Transfection: Serum Inhibition Can Be Overcome by Ca2+ Ions (2000)
    Springer
    Pharmaceutical research 17 (2000), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1573-904X
    Keywords: transfection ; serum inhibition ; H1 histone ; DOSPER ; calcium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Purpose. One of the drawbacks of polycationic and cationic liposomalgene transfer is its sensitivity to serum. Gene therapy requires thetransfectant-DNA complex to be resistant to serum as well as blood.Since Ca2+ has proved to be an efficient cofactor of polycationic genetransfer, we decided to investigate its effects on transfection in thepresence of serum. Methods. We studied transgene expression of luciferase gene (pCMVLuc) on ECV 304 human endothelial cells using H1 histone andDOSPER as transfectants in the presence of 0-100% fetal calf serum. Results. H1-and DOSPER-mediated transfection was found to beinhibited by serum above the concentration of 10%. If 2 mM Ca2+ or2 mM Ca2+/0.1 mM chloroquine was included in the culture mediumwhich replace the transfection mixture and was left on the cells for24 hours postincubation, the inhibiting effect of even 100% serumwas overcome. Conclusions. A high serum level does not interfere with binding anduptake of H1- and DOSPER-DNA complexes, but inhibits subsequentsteps such as endosomal escape. Ca2+ in the form of nascent calciumphosphate microprecipitates and other lysosomolytical agents facilitateendosomal/lysosomal release by their fusigenic and membranolyticactivity.
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    Distinct requirements for the AP-3 adaptor complex in pigment granule and synaptic vesicle biogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular genetics and genomics 263 (2000), S. 1003-1014 
    Details
    ISSN: 1617-4623
    Keywords: Key words AP-3 ; Biogenesis ; Pigment granule ; Synaptic vesicle ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The AP-3 adaptor protein complex has been implicated in the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, such as pigment granules/melanosomes, and synaptic vesicles. Here we compare the relative importance of AP-3 in the biogenesis of these organelles in Drosophila melanogaster. We report that the Drosophila pigmentation mutants orange and ruby carry genetic lesions in the σ3 and β3-adaptin subunits of the AP-3 complex, respectively. Electron microscopy reveals dramatic reductions in the numbers of electron-dense pigment granules in the eyes of these AP-3 mutants. Mutant flies also display greatly reduced levels of pigments housed in these granules. In contrast, electron microscopy of retinula cells reveals numerous synaptic vesicles in both AP-3 mutant and wild-type flies, while behavioral assays show apparently normal locomotor ability of AP-3 mutant larvae. Together, these results demonstrate that Drosophila AP-3 is critical for the biogenesis of pigment granules, but is apparently not essential for formation of a major population of synaptic vesicles in vivo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00008688
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    Physiological regulation of plant-atmosphere ammonia exchange (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 95-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonia exchange ; apoplast ; atmosphere ; glutamine synthetase ; nitrogen ; photorespiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants have a compensation point for NH3 which ranges from 0.1 to 20 nmol mol-1, and may be several-fold higher or lower than naturally occurring atmospheric NH3 concentrations. This implies that NH3 fluxes over vegetated surfaces are bi-directional and that ammonia exchange with the atmosphere in many cases contributes significantly to the nitrogen economy of vegetation. Physiological regulation of plant–atmosphere NH3 fluxes is mediated via processes involved in nitrogen uptake, transport and metabolism. A rapid turnover of NH3 + in plant leaves leads to the establishment of a finite NH3 + concentration in the leaf apoplastic solution. This concentration determines, together with that of H+, the size of the NH3 compensation point. Barley and oilseed rape plants with access to NH3 + in the root medium have higher apoplastic NH3 + concentrations than plants absorbing NO3 -. Furthermore, the apoplastic NH3 + concentration increases with the external NH3 + concentration. Inhibition of GS leads to a rapid and substantial increase in apoplastic NH3 + and barley mutants with reduced GS activity have higher apoplastic NH3 + than wild-type plants. Increasing rates of photorespiration do not affect the steady-state NH3 + or H+ concentration in tissue or apoplast of oilseed rape, indicating that the NH3 + produced is assimilated efficiently. Nevertheless, NH3 emission increases due to a temperature-mediated displacement of the chemical equilibrium between gaseous and aqueous NH3 in the apoplast. Sugarbeet plants grown with NO3 - seem to be temporarily C-limited in the light due to a repression of respiration. As a consequence, the activity of chloroplastic GS declines during the day causing a major part of NH3 + liberated in photorespiration to be assimilated during darkness when 2-oxoglutarate is supplied in high rates by respiration.
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    The influence of crop management on the water balance of lupin and wheat crops on a layered soil in a Mediterranean climate (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 239-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drainage ; duplex soil ; evapotranspiration ; lupin ; waterlogging ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of time of sowing and sowing density on evapotranspiration and drainage loss beneath wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Spear) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Gungurru) crops grown on a layered soil was investigated for three seasons in a Mediterranean climate in Western Australia. The aim of the study was to investigate whether managing crops to maximise their canopy growth would increase their water use and minimise groundwater recharge contributing to dryland salinity. A soil water balance approach was used to estimate evapotranspiration, with changes in soil water content measured with a neutron water meter. The study was carried out on a layered soil typical of agricultural soils in the region with variable depth to clay (0.22–0.38 m) and a marked contrast in hydraulic properties between the topsoil and subsoil. As a result of the low permeability subsoil, a perched water table occurred in the sandy topsoil in each of the three seasons under study during winter when rainfall was high and potential evaporation low. Perched water tables persisted for 2–3 months, with hydraulic gradients consistently downward causing drainage losses to occur. Although crop management had a large influence on shoot and root development, evapotranspiration from the different treatments was generally similar. Drainage losses were not influenced by either crop type, time of sowing or sowing density, because potential evaporation and hence evapotranspiration was low during the period when drainage losses occurred. The total drainage loss measured in each season was different, with losses ranging from 20.1 to 22.2 mm in 1990, from 40.4 to 46.7 mm in 1991 and from 49.4 to 66.6 mm in 1992. The increase in drainage loss from 1990 to 1992 was a result of progressively more seasonal rainfall in 1990, 1991 and 1992. It was concluded that there was little scope to increase water use and decrease deep drainage through crop management for sites with climatic conditions where winter rainfall exceeds potential evaporation.
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    Changes in root morphology of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) and its adaptation to soils with heterogeneous alkaline/acid profiles (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 197-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soil ; calcium ; cluster roots ; heterogeneous soil profile ; limed soil ; lupins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The ability of Lupinus albus L. to adapt to a heterogeneous soil profile containing acid subsoil below limed topsoil of the same type, and to utilize nutrients by significantly altering its root system structure, was investigated using specially constructed soil profile tubes. Plants grown in homogeneous acid profiles had the fastest growth while those grown in homogeneous limed-soil profiles showed the slowest growth and exhibited some chlorosis after 19 days. Limed topsoil combined with an acid subsoil profile initially retarded plant growth similar to that in a homogeneous limed soil. However, after 68 days significantly greater growth had occurred in the limed/acid soil treatment relative to the homogeneous limed soil, indicating plants had benefited from the acid subsoil stratum. Plants in the homogeneous limed soil profile had lower concentrations of P, Fe and Mn in shoots compared with those in heterogeneous soils. In contrast, the concentration of Ca increased by 74%, due mainly to an increase in the water-soluble Ca fraction. When grown in a heterogeneous limed/acid soil profile, concentrations of P, Ca, K, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn in shoots were comparable to those grown in a soil with a homogeneous acid profile. Although total root production was lower in the homogeneous limed-soil profile compared to the acid-soil containing profiles, cluster root mass was maintained at a level comparable with that in acid soil. The roots in heterogeneous soil profiles exhibited extensive plasticity, demonstrating a root-type specific, morphological response to the soil conditions. Within the acid subsoil of a heterogeneous profile, there was a large increase in cluster root mass compared with non-cluster roots. The proliferation of cluster roots in acid soil below limed topsoil may enhance the plant's ability to exploit this soil and facilitate the cultivation of L. albus on limed soil.
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    Availability of different forms of sulphur fertilisers to wheat and oilseed rape (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 222 (2000), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: elemental sulphur ; oilseed rape ; sulphate ; sulphur fertilisers ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to compare the availability and efficiency of three sulphur (S) fertilisers to wheat in the first year and oilseed rape in the second year, using six agricultural soils. Four treatments were applied in the initial year: control (no S), two forms of elemental S (either micronised S° particles or a bentonite + S° mixture) and a sulphate fertiliser (ammonium sulphate). In the first year, the micronised S° was as effective as the sulphate fertiliser, both producing similar increases of wheat grain yield (on average 36%) and S uptake (on average 164%) over the control. In contrast, responses to the bentonite + S° form were minimal, indicating a limited S supply. In the second year the control treatment failed to produce seeds in most soils, whereas the micronised S° and sulphate treatments increased seed yields of oilseed rape to an average of 13.4 and 12.9 g pot-1, respectively. The performance of the bentonite + S° varied between soils: two soils produced yields similar to those of the other S fertilisers, while the remaining soils had low yields. To test whether the poor performance of the bentonite clay + S° fertiliser was due to the lack of exposure of the prills to physical weathering in the glasshouse, the effect of freeze-thaw action on the fertilisers performance was assessed in a separate pot experiment. The responses in wheat yield and S uptake showed that freeze-thaw did not enhance the physical disruption of the prills or fertiliser effectiveness. These results suggest that the release of available S from the bentonite + S° mixture was too slow to meet the requirement of wheat and oilseed rape.
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    Colonization of wheat by Azospirillum brasilense Cd is impaired by saline stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; 2 ; 4-D ; para-nodules ; saline stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline stress on the colonization of wheat was analyzed by using Azospirillum brasilense Cd carrying the fusion of the reporter gene lacZ (β-galactosidase) with the N2 fixation gene promoter nifA. Colonization was also studied by inducing para-nodules on wheat roots using 2,4-D, establishing that these structures acted as bacterium protected niches. Bacteria grown under standard conditions were distributed along the whole root system, except the elongation zone, and colonized the para-nodules. Bacteria experiencing saline stress were mainly localized at the root tips and the lateral roots. In 2,4-D treated plants, most of the bacteria were present around the basal surface of the modified lateral root structures. Using the MPN method, there were not statistical differences between the numbers of control and stressed bacteria. As this method estimates endophytic colonization in contrast with the one using X-gal, which emphasizes colonization on the root surface, both procedures demonstrated to be necessary, concluding that salt treatment reduced surface colonization (X-gal) but not colonization inside the root. The bacterial counts made on inoculated wheat roots indicated higher numbers of both control and stressed bacteria in roots treated with 2,4-D compared with untreated roots.
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    A comparison between Ca and Sr cycling in forest ecosystems (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 299-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acer pseudoplatanus L. ; calcium ; Fagus sylvatica L. ; Karst ; Picea abies L. ; strontium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In favourable conditions, the 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios of the Sr delivered by rain and soil mineral weathering differ. Assuming that Ca and Sr behave similarly in forest ecosystems, several authors have used the 87Sr/86Sr variation in forest compartments to calculate the contribution of rain and mineral weathering to Ca fluxes and pools. However, there are a number of experimental reports showing that Ca and Sr may behave differently in the soil and in the plant. We have tested this Ca–Sr analogy in the field by measuring the variation of Sr and Ca concentrations, fluxes and pools in spruce, beech and maple stands on granite, sandstone and limestone. Results show that (1) variations of Ca and Sr concentrations are generally correlated at each level of the ecosystems. (2) In spruce on acid soils, a preferential uptake of Ca over Sr occurs (Aubure spruce Sr/Ca = 0.8×10−3; soil exchangeable Sr/Ca between 2 and 6×10−3). On calcareous soils, a preferential uptake of Sr over Ca by spruce may occur. (3) In spruce and beech on acid and calcareous soils, a preferential translocation of Ca over Sr from roots to leaves occurs ((Sr/Ca) in leaves was between 10 and 90% of that in roots). (4) The biological cycling of Ca and Sr leads to an enrichment of the upper soil layers in Ca and Sr. Compared to Sr, Ca accumulates in the upper layer of acid soils because Ca cycling through litterfall is favoured over Sr cycling, and possibly because of the selectivity of acid organic exchangers for Ca.
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    Nitrogen and base cation uptake in seedlings of Acer pseudoplatanus and Calamagrostis villosa exposed to an acidified environment (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 71-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soil ; ammonium ; calcium ; magnesium ; nitrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of solution acidity and form of nitrogen on net nutrient uptake rates in Acer pseudoplatanus and Calamagrostis villosa seedlings were examined as part of a complex ecological study. Uptake rates were measured by the depletion method under controlled conditions (temperature 20 °C, irradiance 400 μmol m−2 s−1 PAR) from a nutrient solution containing 1.5 mM nitrogen in the form of nitrate or ammonium or an equimolar mixture of both. The solution acidity was kept constant at pH 5.5 (control treatment), 4.5 or 3.5 (low pH treatments). Strongly acid pH decreased or stopped the uptake rates of NO3 −, Mg2+ and Ca2+, but the uptake of NH4 + was not changed in both species. Ammonium ions reduced the uptake rate of NO3 − in Acer but increased the uptake rate in Calamagrostis. Ammonium as the sole source of nitrogen had a strong negative impact on the uptake rates of calcium and magnesium and this effect was independent of the media acidification usually connected with NH4 + uptake and assimilation. However, the negative effect of ammonium ions on the base cation uptake was more pronounced at low pH values.
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    The effect of three or five years of set-aside on the husbandry and grain yield of subsequent cereal crops in the UK (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 279-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cereal ; cereal quality ; cereal yields ; natural regeneration ; nitrogen ; nitrogen uptake ; rye-grass ; set-aside ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During the period 1993–1997, at six contrasting sites located throughout England, two successive cereal test crops were grown both with and without nitrogen fertiliser after three or five years of set-aside or after continuous arable cropping. Vegetation during set-aside included natural regeneration and perennial rye-grass (Lolium perenne) with or without white clover (Trifolium repens), managed by mowing on one or more occasions per year. Establishment of the successive cereal test crops after destruction of the set-aside was generally not a problem. Fertile tiller numbers were increased by inclusion of clover in the set-aside cover or application of inorganic nitrogen. The presence of couch grass (Elytrigia repens) or volunteer cereals in the set-aside covers provided alternative hosts for take-all (Gaeumanomyces graminis) and eyespot (Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides) and take-all caused some yield reductions in following cereal crops. Management during the set-aside period significantly affected grain yields of the subsequent cereal crops in the majority of the site-year combinations. However, these effects were not as large as would be expected after traditional break crops and were frequently masked by the application of nitrogen fertiliser. Mean yields increased by 80% due to the application nitrogen at the optimum rate compared to nil nitrogen. Most of the effects of set-aside treatment on grain yield were shown to be attributable to soil mineral nitrogen content, but at some sites, infections by take-all or eyespot also accounted for some of the variation. There were no effects of pests that could be related to treatment. The presence of sown clover during the set-aside period had the most consistent effect across sites, affecting tiller populations, grain yield and grain quality of cereal crops. At some sites, establishing a sown cover during the set-aside period, or cutting the cover more than once a year, improved grain yield and quality, and reduced the incidence of some specific weeds and disease.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026531528082
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    Root-shoot interactions in mineral nutrition (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 226 (2000), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ABA ; K/Na selectivity ; nitrate reduction ; nitrogen ; phloem ; phosphate ; root-shoot interactions ; salinity ; xylem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this paper four classes of co-operative root-shoot interations are addressed. (I) Nitrogen concentrations in the xylem sap originating from the root and in the phloem sap as exported from source leaves are much lower than those required for growth by apices and developing organs. Enrichment of xylem sap N is achieved by xylem to xylem (X-X) transfer, by which reduced N, but not nitrate, is abstracted from the xylem of leaf traces and loaded into xylem vessels serving the shoot apex. Nitrogen enrichment of phloem sap from source leaves is enacted by transfer of reduced N from xylem to phloem (X-P transfer). Quantitative data for the extent of the contribution of X-X and X-P transfer to the nutrition of young organs of Ricinus communis L. and for their change with time are presented. (II) Shoot and root cooperate in nitrate reduction and assimilation. The partitioning of this process between shoot and root is shifted towards the root under conditions of nitrate- and K-deficiency and under salt stress, while P deficiency shifts nitrate reduction almost totally to the shoot. All four changes in partitioning can be attributed to the need for cation-anion balance during xylem transport and the change in electrical charge occurring with nitrate reduction. (III) Even maintenance of the specificity of ion uptake by the root may – in addition to its need for energy – require a shoot-root interaction. This is shown to be needed in the case of the maintenance of K/Na selectivity under the highly adverse condition of salt stress and absence of K supply from the soil. (IV) Hormonal root to shoot interactions are required in the whole plant for sensing mineral imbalances in the soil. This is shown and addressed for conditions of salt stress and of P deficiency, both of which lead to a strong ABA signalling from root to shoot but result in different patterns of response in the shoot.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026431408238
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    Selenium accumulation by sequentially grown wheat and rice as influenced by gypsum application in a seleniferous soil (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: residual effect of gypsum ; rice ; selenium toxicity ; sulphur ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for 2 years on an alkaline calcareous seleniferous soil to study the effect of different levels of gypsum (0.2 – 3.2 t ha−1) applied to wheat only in the first year on Se accumulation by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping sequence. With gypsum application, grain yield of both rice and wheat crops increased by 0.4 – 0.5 t ha−1; the increase in straw yield was 0.4 – 1.1 t ha−1. Significant reduction in Se accumulation by wheat was observed with gypsum application up to 0.8 t ha−1 and its residual effect was evident on the following crops for 2 years. Reduction in Se accumulation varied from 53 to 64% in wheat grain, 46 to 49% in wheat straw, 35 to 63% in rice grain and 36 to 51% in rice straw with an application of gypsum at 0.8 t ha−1. A corresponding increase in S concentration was observed. In the gypsum-treated plots, the ratio of S:Se increased by 6 – 8 times in wheat and 3 – 6 times in rice. Reduction in Se accumulation by crop plants through gypsum application may help in lowering the risk of Se over-exposure of animals and humans that depend on diet materials grown on high selenium soils.
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    Genetic control of aluminum tolerance in mutant lines of the wheat cultivar Anahuac (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminum tolerance ; genetic control ; induced mutations ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of 17 gamma irradiation mutant lines derived from the aluminum sensitive wheat cultivar `Anahuac' was compared with two sensitive and three tolerant cultivars in nutritent solutions containing seven Al3+ concentrations (0; 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 6 and10 mg/liter), at a temperature of 25 °C and 4.0 pH. Tolerance was measured by the continued growth of the primary roots in a solution without aluminum after 48 hours in a solution containing a known concentration of aluminum. 14 mutant lines were as tolerant to the presence of 10 mg/liter of Al3+ in the treatment solutions as were the tolerant `BH-1146', `IAC-60' and `IAC-24' cultivars. Two mutant lines were tolerant and one was sensitive to the presence of 1 mg/liter of Al3+, while the cultivars `Siete Cerros' and `Anahuac' were sensitive to 1 and 0.5 mg/liter Al3+ in the solutions, respectively. F2 seedlings, obtained from cross among one sensitive and twelve tolerant mutant lines to the sensitive cultivars (`Siete Cerros' or `Anahuac') and the tolerant cultivars (`BH-1146' or `IAC-24') were assessed for tolerance to 2 mg/liter Al3+ in nutritient solutions. The twelve tolerant mutant lines and the tolerant `IAC-60' and `IAC-24' cultivars differed from the sensitive `Siete Cerros' or `Anahuac' cultivars by one pair of dominant alleles. The results indicated that tolerance in the induced mutants was due to a single pair of dominant alleles and that these alleles expressed the same tolerance as `BH-1146' and `IAC-24' cultivars.
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    Detection of wheat-barley translocations by genomic in situ hybridization in derivatives of hybrids multiplied in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; GISH ; in situ hybridization ; translocation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat-barley translocations were identified by genomicin situ hybridization (GISH) in backcross progenies originating from in vitro regenerated wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring) × barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Betzes) hybrids. The regenerated hybrids were pollinated with the wheat line Martonvásári 9 kr1. Five translocated wheat-barley chromosomes were recovered among 51 BC2F2 progeny from the in vitro regenerated wheat × barley hybrids. All were single breakpoint translocations with the relative positions of the breakpoints ranging from the centromere to about 0.8 of the relative arm length. Of the four translocations with intercalary breakpoints, three were transfers of terminal barley segments to wheat chromosomes; one was a transfer of a terminal wheat segment to a barley chromosome. Because of the absence of diagnostic N-bands, the identity of three barley segments could not be determined; in one translocation the barley chromosome involved had a NOR so it must have been 5H or 6H, and the centric translocation was 4HS.2BL. Following selfing, homozygotes of four translocations were selected. The experiment suggests that in vitro culture conditions are conducive for major genome rearrangements in wheat-barley hybrids.
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    Epicuticular waxes and regulation of ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting in barley and wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; cer ; β-diketone ; glaucous ; pre-harvest sprouting ; waxes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Morphological features of the cereal ear, including awns, alter pre-harvest sprouting damage by changing the rate of water absorption during rainfall. In this paper, the potential for wheat (Triticum sp.) arid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waxes to reduce sprouting by increasing water repellency of the mature ear has been examined. Six barley F2 populations segregating for different non-glaucous single-gene mutants controlling waxes on ears were examined. Water repellency was assessed by measuring both the contact angle of a water drop placed on the lemma surface (internal angle) and by repetitive weighings of whole ears during their exposure to simulated rainfall. The lemma of glaucous (wild type) lines had larger water drop contact angles, an indication of poorer spread of water over the surface. In simulated rainfall, ears of the glaucous lines showed a clear reduction of wetting (20–30% less) and, after 72 h of wetting, their in-ear sprouting was reduced by 50 to 65%. When pre-wet, the glaucous ears also shed water more readily when shaken to simulate the combined effect of wind and rainfall. To reduce pre-harvest sprouting of barley it may be possible to screen visually for ears that are more glaucous but a more specific screen would be to select for lemma water drop contact angle since it is a good indicator of ear wettability and so allows differences in surface properties to be assessed. For bread wheat (T. aestivumL.), as for barley, the more glaucous the ear, the greater the water drop contact angle and the more tubular surface wax coverage seen in scanning electron microscope images. In addition, surface wax amount apparently affected in-ear wettingin lines of durum wheat, (T. turgidum L.). Possible genetic relationships between waxy/waxless genes in wheat and barley are suggested with the aim, ultimately, of altering ear glaucousness to give increased water repellency and a reduction of in-ear sprouting of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003832031695
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    Cross prediction in bread wheat germplasm using single seed descent lines (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cross prediction ; grain yield ; recombinant inbred lines ; single seed descent ; wheat ; yellow rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Populations of F6 recombinant inbred lines, generated by single seed descent from a half diallel among eight bread wheat lines adapted to the East African highlands, were used to identify those crosses that were more likely to produce cultivars which combined resistance to yellow rust with improved yield. Crosses having the most resistant line as one parent offered the best prospect of success, particularly those which produced F1hybrids exhibiting better parent heterosis. For plot grain yield there was a highly significant correlation between the observed and predicted rankings of the recombinant inbred line populations for the proportion of individual lines equalling or surpassing the target value. For yellow rust severity, however, this correlation was non-significant when a target value of zero was used. Adopting a slightly less stringent target of 0.25, coupled with the omission of two aberrant populations, increased this correlation significantly. The plant breeding implications of these results are discussed.
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    Evaluation of grain yield and its components in wheat cultivars and landraces under near optimal and drought conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 43-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cultivars ; drought stress ; droughtsusceptibility index ; landraces ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a 2-years experiment, 30 wheat cultivars and 21 landraces from different countries were tested under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Plant height, number of sterile spikelets per spike, spikelets per spike, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield were evaluated. The number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight and especially yield were more sensitive to drought stress in the cultivars than plant height and number of spikelets per spike, while in the landraces these traits did not differ under drought stress compared to near optimum conditions. The average yield of cultivars was significantly better than the average yield of landraces under near optimum as well as drought stress conditions. Path coefficient analysis showed that for cultivars under near optimum conditions there was no significant direct association of any of the analysed characters with yield, while under drought stress conditions, number of kernels per spike had a significant positive direct effect. Under drought stress conditions, the number of sterile spikelets displayed a negative direct effect, while kernel weight per spike had a positive direct effect on yield. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used as a tool to classify cultivars and landraces according to their yield ability under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Among the cultivars, two groups out of five and among one of three in the landraces were characterised by high yields in both near optimum as well as under drought stress conditions. These genotypes may serve as sources of germplasm for breeding for drought tolerance.
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    Dynamics of biomass and N accumulation of alfalfa under three N fertilization rates (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; growth ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of biomass and N accumulation following defoliation of alfalfa and the application of N fertilization has rarely been studied under field conditions, particularly in the seeding year. Our objectives were to determine the effect of N fertilization on the dynamics of biomass and N accumulation during the first regrowth of alfalfa in the seeding year, and to determine if a model describing critical N concentration developed for established stands could be used in the seeding year. In two separate experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993, the biomass and N accumulation of alfalfa grown with three N rates (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha-1) were determined weekly. Maximum shoot growth was reached with 40 kg N ha-1 in 1992, and maximum shoot growth was not reached with the highest N fertilization rate in 1993. Nitrogen fixation, root N reserves and soil inorganic N uptake when no N was applied were, therefore, not sufficient to ensure non-limiting N conditions, particularly when growth rates were the highest between 14 to 21 d after defoliation. Nitrogen fertilization increased shoot biomass accumulation in the first 21 d of regrowth, biomass partitioning to the shoots and shoot and taproot N concentrations. The model parameters of critical N concentration developed by Lemaire et al. (1985) for established stands of alfalfa were not adequate in the seeding year. The N requirements per unit of shoot biomass produced are greater in the seeding year than on established stands, and this was attributed to a greater proportion of leaves in the seeding year.
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    13C NMR study of pine needle decomposition (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 273-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cellulose ; lignin ; litter ; nitrogen ; Pinus radiata ; tannins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The quality of substrates in plantation forest litter, and their chemistry, can influence decomposition and N cycling. We studied the decomposition of Pinus radiata D. Don needles suspended on branches in windrows, for 3 yr after clear-cutting, using improved solid-state 13C NMR and chemical analysis. The NMR spectra suggested that the concentration of condensed tannins was 12–22%, and showed they were chemically altered during the period 4–12 months after clear-cutting. The spectra showed no evidence for further chemical modification of the tannins during the second or third years. Data for P. radiata needle decomposition in New Zealand indicated rapid loss of mass in the first 3 months, and condensed tannins did not appear to prevent mineralization of C or N. The tannin and lignin concentrations increased with decomposition of the needles, which was consistent with the early mineralization of readily available C compounds.
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    The effects of slash burning on ecosystem nutrients during the land preparation phase of shifting cultivation (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 247-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cations ; fire ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; phosphorus ; slash-and-burn ; soil ; tropical forests
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The most commonly observed change in soil following slash-and-burn clearing of tropical forest is a short-term increase in nutrient availability. Studies of shifting cultivation commonly cite the incorporation of nutrient-rich ash from consumed aboveground biomass into soil as the reason for this change. The effects of soil heating on nutrient availability have been examined only rarely in field studies of slash-and-burn, and soil heating as a mechanism of nutrient release is most often assumed to be of minor importance in the field. Few budgets for above and belowground nutrient flux have been developed in the tropics, and a survey of results from field and laboratory studies indicates that soils are sufficiently heated during most slash-and-burn events, particularly in dry and monsoonal climates, to cause significant, even substantial release of nutrients from non-plant-available into plant-available forms in soil. Conversely, large aboveground losses of nutrients during and after burning often result in low quantities of nutrients that are released to soil. Assessing the biophysical sustainability of an agricultural practice requires detailed information about nutrient flux and loss incurred during management. To this end, current conceptual models of shifting cultivation should be revised to more accurately describe these fluxes and losses.
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    Soil patchiness in juniper-sagebrush-grass communities of central Oregon (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 47-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: correlograms ; nitrogen ; soil arthropods ; soil resource islands ; variograms ; vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study compared the sizes, spacings and properties (soil moisture, pH, nitrogen, soil arthropods and VAM) of soil resource islands and bare patches in sagebrush-grass communities invaded by western juniper versus those without juniper. We analyzed 1000 surface soil samples taken from nine 50-m radius circular plots sampled in December of 1991 and May of 1992 on ‘The Island’, one of the few undisturbed areas of sagebrush-grass shrubland in Oregon. Spatial structure was interpreted from correlograms (Moran's I) and standardized semivariograms. The presence of juniper was associated with increased bare area and smaller, more widely spaced grass and sagebrush plants. Soil arthropod numbers and biomass in plots with juniper were only roughly one-fifth of those in sagebrush-grass plots in December. The dominant soil pattern in both sagebrush-grass and juniper-sagebrush-grass plots was regularly-distributed patches spanning a range of sizes and spacings. Plots with juniper had greater patchiness at shorter lags (〈3 m), and patchiness was more developed for soil moisture, net nitrification, and net N mineralization, whereas sagebrush-grass plots had greater patchiness at longer lags (3 – 9 m) and patchiness was more developed for NO3–N, arthropod numbers and biomass. These differences in soil patterns with and without juniper indicate that juniper responds to, or causes, changes in the size of resource islands under sage and grass when it invades sage-grass communities.
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    Estimating crop N uptake from organic residues using a new approach to the 15N isotope dilution technique (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 33-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crop residues ; nitrogen ; organic residues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to test a new approach to the 15N isotope dilution technique for estimating crop N uptake from organic inputs. Soils were pre-labelled with 15N fertiliser and a carbon source. These were then incubated until there was stabilisation of the 15N abundance of the inorganic N pool and resumption of inorganic N concentrations. Residues were then applied to the soils and planted with ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.) to determine the nitrogen derived from the residue (Ndfr) using the isotope dilution equations. This method was compared with the direct method, i.e. where 15N-labelled residues were added to the soil and Ndfr in the ryegrass calculated directly. Estimates of percentage nitrogen derived from the residue (%Ndfr) alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) in the ryegrass, were similar, 22 and 23% for the direct and soil pre-labelling methods, respectively, in the Wechsel sandy loam. Also, estimates of the %Ndfr from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) residues in the Krumbach sandy loam were similar 34% (direct) and 36% (soil pre-labelling approach). However, in the Seibersdorf clay loam, the %Ndfr from soybean was 49% using the direct method and 61% using the soil pre-labelling method; yet Ndfr from common bean residue was 46% using the direct approach and 40% using the pre-labelling, not significantly different (P 〉 0.05). The soil pre-labelling approach appears to give realistic values for Ndfr. It was not possible to obtain an estimate of Ndfr using the soil pre-labelling method from the maize residues (Zea mays L.) in two of the soils, as there was no increase in the total N of the ryegrass over the growing period. This was probably due to microbial immobilisation of inorganic N, as a result of the wide C:N ratio of the residue added. The results suggest that the new soil pre-labelling method is feasible and that it is a potentially useful technique for measuring N release from a wide range or organic residues, but it requires further field-testing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004789103949
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    Chemistry and toughness predict leaf litter decomposition rates over a wide spectrum of functional types and taxa in central Argentina (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; functional types ; leaf tensile strength ; litter quality ; mass loss ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Litter decomposition, a major determinant of ecosystem functioning, is strongly influenced by the litter quality of different species. We aimed at (1) relating interspecific variation in leaf litter decomposition rate to the functional types different species belong to; and (2) understanding the chemical and/or physical basis for such variation and its robustness to environmental factors. We selected 52 Angiosperms from a climatic gradient in central-western Argentina, representing the widest range of functional types and habitats published so far. Ten litter samples of each species were simultaneously buried for 9 weeks during the 1996 summer in an experimental decomposition bed. Decomposition rate was defined as the percentage of dry mass loss after incubation. Chemical litter quality was measured as carbon (C) content, nitrogen (N) content, and C-to-N ratio. Since tensile strength of litter and living leaves were strongly correlated, the latter was chosen as an indicator of physical litter quality. A subset of 15 species representing different functional types was also incubated in England for 15 weeks, following a similar experimental procedure. Litter C-to-N and leaf tensile strength of the leaves showed the strongest negative associations with decomposition rate, both at the species and at the functional-type level. Decomposition rates of the same species in Argentina and in England were strongly correlated. This reinforces previous evidence that species rankings in terms of litter decomposition rates are robust to methodological and environmental factors. This paper has shown new evidence of plant control over the turnover of organic matter through litter quality, and confirms, over a broad spectrum of functional types, general models of resource allocation. The strong correlations between leaf tensile strength – a trait that is easy and quick to measure in a large number of species – decomposition rate, and C-to-N ratio indicate that leaf tensile strength can be useful in linking plant quality to decomposition patterns at the ecosystem level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014981715532
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    On variation in forest floor thickness across four red pine plantations in Pennsylvania, USA (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; litter quality ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; saprotrophic microorganisms ; tannins ; forest soils ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied variation in forest floor thickness in four plantations of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) which were similar in age, soil type and associated vegetation. The plantations were located (west to east) in the Clear Creek, Moshannon, Sproul and Tiadaghton State Forests of Pennsylvania, USA. A gradient in forest floor thickness exists across these plantations; the forest floor is thickest in the west and it becomes progressively thinner toward the east. Decomposition of imported litter increased from west to east, suggesting that the variation in forest floor thickness is related to variation in the rate of decomposition. Decomposition rates were related to saprotroph abundance. Variation in forest floor N and phenolic concentrations, in overall mycorrhiza density and in the relative proportions of three common mycorrhiza morphotypes could not explain the variation in decomposition rate. The P concentrations and pH of the forest floor were significantly lower at Clear Creek and Moshannon, where decomposition rates were lowest, compared to Sproul and Tiadaghton, where decomposition rates were most rapid. This suggests that P concentration and pH may have exerted some control on decomposition.
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    Comparative response of wheat and oilseed rape to nitrogen supply: absorption and utilisation efficiency of radiation and nitrogen during the reproductive stages determining yield (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 189-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; intercepted radiation ; nitrogen nutrition ; oilseed rape ; radiation use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the response of spring wheat and oilseed rape to nitrogen (N) supply, focusing on the critical period for grain number definition and grain filling. Crops were grown in containers under a shelter and treated with five combinations of applied N. Wheat and oilseed rape produced comparable amounts of biomass and yield when corrected for the costs of biomass synthesis (SC). From the responses of biomass and yield to late N applications and the apparent contribution of mobilised biomass to yield, it seems that the yield of oilseed rape was more source-limited during grain filling than that of wheat, particularly at the medium and high N levels. Both species recovered equal amounts of N from the total available N in the soil and had similar N use efficiencies, expressed as yield per unit of N absorbed. However, oilseed rape had higher efficiency to convert absorbed N in biomass, but lower harvest index of N than wheat. Oilseed rape had similar or lower root biomass than wheat, depending on N level, but higher root length per unit soil volume and specific root length. The specific uptake rate of N per unit root dry weight during the critical period for grain number determination was higher in oilseed rape than in wheat. In wheat, N limitation affected growth through a similar or lower reduction in radiation use efficiency corrected for synthesis costs (RUESC) than in the cumulative amount of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPARc). In oilseed rape, lower growth due to N shortage was associated more with RUESC than IPARc, during flowering while during grain filling both components contributed similarly to decreased growth. RUESC and the concentration of N in leaves and inflorescence (LIN%) decreased from flowering to maturity and were curvilinearly related. Oilseed rape tended to have higher RUESC than wheat at high N supply during the critical period for grain number determination, and generally lower during grain filling. The reasons for these differences and possibilities to increase yield potential are discussed in terms of the photosynthetic efficiency of the different organs and changes in source–sink ratio during reproductive stages.
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    The relationship between ions, vigour and salinity tolerance of Acacia seeds (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 229-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia ; calcium ; potassium ; salinity tolerance ; seed germination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seeds of A. bivenosa DC. Prod., A. coriacea DC., A. elata A. Cunn. Ex Benth., A. farnesiana (L.) Willd., A. nilotica Willd. ex Del., A. salicina Lindl., A. saligna (Labill.) H. Wendle., A. senegal (L.) Willd., A. tortilis (Forsk.) Hayne and A. tumida F. Muell. ex Benth. were tested for their final germination percentage (FG) in distilled water (DW) and in 25–400 mol m-3 NaCl, germination rate (1/t50, where t50 is the time to 50% of final germination in DW), Ca and K concentration (Caunt, Kunt), the leakage of these ions when soaked for 24 h in DW (CaDW, KDW) and the leakage (additional to that in DW) when soaked in 250 mol m-3 NaCl (CaNaCl, KNaCl). Linear regression revealed significant positive relationships between salinity tolerance (I50, the concentration of NaCl required to reduce final germination to 50% of the control value in DW) and FG, Rate, Caunt/Kunt and CaNaCl/KNaCl. There was also a significant negative relationship between I50 and Kunt. Multiple regression equations were developed to predict I50 from the above parameters. Equations based on (1) FG and Rate, (2) Caunt and Kunt, and (3) any of these four factors, accounted for 61, 60 and 79%, respectively, of the variation in I50. Further equations, introducing the leakage of ions into DW and NaCl and the ratios of ion concentrations monitored, improved the predictive value of the equation. The best equation, accounting for 93% of the variation was: I50 = 108 + 422 Rate − 1.32 Kunt + 16.3 CaDW − 5.4 KDW + 71.6 K/CaDW. These equations provide a screening test for salt tolerance of Acaciaseed germination based on simple and rapid laboratory chemical analyses and germination tests.
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    Dynamics of mineral N availability in grassland ecosystems under increased [CO2]: hypotheses evaluated using the Hurley Pasture Model (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 224 (2000), S. 153-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: climate change ; immobilisation ; mineralisation ; N-turnover ; nitrogen ; soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The following arguments are outlined and then illustrated by the response of the Hurley Pasture Model to [CO2] doubling in the climate of southern Britain. 1. The growth of N-limited vegetation is determined by the concentration of N in the soil mineral N pools and high turnover rates of these pools (i.e., large input and output fluxes) contribute positively to growth. 2. The size and turnover rates of the soil mineral N pools are determined overwhelmingly by N cycling into all forms of organic matter (plants, animals, soil biomass and soil organic matter — `immobilisation' in a broad sense) and back again by mineralisation. Annual system N gains (by N2 fixation and atmospheric deposition) and losses (by leaching, volatilisation, nitrification and denitrification) are small by comparison. 3. Elevated [CO2] enriches the organic matter in plants and soils with C, which leads directly to increased removal of N from the soil mineral N pools into plant biomass, soil biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). ‘Immobilisation’ in the broad sense then exceeds mineralisation. This is a transient state and as long as it exists the soil mineral N pools are depleted, N gaseous and leaching losses are reduced and the ecosystem gains N. Thus, net immobilisation gradually increases the N status of the ecosystem. 4. At the same time, elevated [CO2] increases symbiotic and non-symbiotic N2 fixation. Thus, more N is gained each year as well as less lost. Effectively, the extra C fixed in elevated [CO2] is used to capture and retain more N and so the N cycle tracks the C cycle. 5. However, the amount of extra N fixed and retained by the ecosystem each year will always be small (ca. 5–10 kg N ha-1 yr-1) compared with amount of N in the immobilisation-mineralisation cycle (ca. 1000 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Consequently, the ecosystem can take decades to centuries to gear up to a new equilibrium higher-N state. 6. The extent and timescale of the depletion of the mineral N pools in elevated [CO2] depends on the N status of the system and the magnitude of the overall system N gains and losses. Small changes in the large immobilisation—mineralisation cycle have large effects on the small mineral N pools. Consequently, it is possible to obtain a variety of growth responses within 1–10 year experiments. Ironically, ecosystem models — artificial constructs — may be the best or only way of determining what is happening in the real world.
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    Autumn leaf colours as indicators of decomposition rate in sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deciduous tree ; foliar pigmentation ; fungus ; litter mass loss ; nitrogen ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We tested the hypothesis that there is a causal connection between autumn colour, nutrient concentration and decomposibility of fresh leaf litter. Samples from patches of different autumn colours within the leaves of the deciduous tree sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus) were sealed into litter bags and incubated for one winter in an outdoor leaf mould bed. Green leaf patches were decomposed faster than yellow or brown patches and this corresponded with the higher N and P concentrations in the former. Black patches, indicating colonisation by the tar spot fungus Rhytisma acerinum, were particularly high in P, but were decomposed very slowly, owing probably to resource immobilisation by the fungus. The results supported the hypothesis and were consistent with a previous study reporting an interspecific link between autumn coloration and decomposition rate. Autumn leaf colour of deciduous woody plants may serve as a useful predictor of litter decomposibility in ecosystem or biome scale studies where extensive direct measurements of litter chemistry and decomposition are not feasible.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026530214258
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    Improvement of resistance to Fusarium head blight by recurrent selection in an intermating breeding spring wheat population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2 (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium head blight ; intermating breedingpopulation ; male-sterile gene ms 2 ; recurrent selection ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four cycles of recurrent selection for FHB resistance were conducted in an intermating wheat breeding population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2 during 1987–1991.Five cycles of phenotypic mass selection for male-sterile plants were evaluated using the soil-surface inoculation method in Experiment I. Experiment II evaluated changes in FHB scores during five cycles of progeny selection for fertile plants using the single-floret inoculation method. In Experiment I, the average level of FHB response increased to MR level in C4, compared to MS level in C0. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.32 and 2.68 per cycle, respectively. In Experiment II, the average level of FHB response increased to R level in C4F1. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.93 and 4.58 per cycle, respectively. In both experiments, the largest selection gains were realized in the first cycle. The frequencies of R and MR individuals were increased significantly. The frequencies of individuals with FHB response equal and/or superior to Sumai 3 were increased to 5–8% in C4 and 25% in C4F1after the fourth cycle. Agronomic traits tended to be slightly improved in selected populations. Compared to 2% in C0, about 34% of lines superior in both FHB resistance and agronomic traits in C4F1 were selected to enter the conventional breeding program for further evaluation. Sixty three semidwarf lines superior in both FHB resistance and yield potential were selected from the F5 generations derived from C1F1 to C4F1. From them, two resistant cultivars with high-yielding potential were developed and commercialized in the Lower Yangtze Valley. Recurrent selection appears to be highly effective and feasible in shifting the average FHB response of the intermating population in the desirable direction, thereby enhancing the frequency of resistant individuals.
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    The inheritance and expression of grain texture in wheat, as measured by a microtome procedure (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: grain texture ; microtome ; quality ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although grain texture has been extensively studied, there is still some controversy about its mode of inheritance. The aim of this study was to use a microtome method to determine the inheritance of grain texture. The backcross method was used with a hard, well adapted cultivar, M29519 as recurrent parent, and Edwall, a soft cultivar with good biscuit-making quality, as donor. Segregation ratio's for grain texture were calculated after each backcross. The backcross derivates M29519 (soft) and M29519 (hard) and the donor and recurrent parents were also compared for biscuit-making quality. The microtome method was found to be very effective to determine grain texture. In this study grain softness was determined by a single dominant gene. M29519 (hard) and the recurrent parent did not differ significantly for any quality characteristics. M29519 (hard) and M29519 (soft) differed significantly for seven characteristics associated with biscuit-making quality, and M29519 (soft) produced a significantly larger biscuit diameter than M29519 (hard). M29519 (soft) differed significantly from the donor parent for six of the measured characteristics. Despite this, M29519 (soft) produced a biscuit similar in diameter to that of the donor parent. Therefore, although the transfer of the softness genes into a different genetic background did not transfer all the factors generally associated with good biscuit-making quality, it did produce a biscuit that did not differ significantly from that of the donor.
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    Resistance to septoria nodorum blotch in the Aegilops tauschii accession RL5271 is controlled by a single gene (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; incubation period ; infection frequency ; Stagonospora nodorum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Septoria nodorum blotch is the most important leaf disease of wheat in Western Australia. A potentially useful source of resistance has been identified in an accession of Aegilops tauschii. To study the genetics of resistance of this source a cross was made between the resistant Ae. tauschii accession, RL5271, and a susceptible accession, CPI110889. The resistant parent took significantly longer to develop symptoms, developed significantly fewer lesions and expressed significantly lower levels of disease than the susceptible parent. The F1 mean response for disease severity indicated there was no complete dominance. The F3 families were classified using three approaches. In the first approach the individual F3 plant response was used to classify the F3 families. In the second approach the F3 family means and standard errors were used to classify the F3 families. In the final approach Best Linear Unbiased Predictors of disease score and standard error for each F3 family derived from a REML analysis were used to classify the F3 families. The genotypic ratios generated by each of the approaches suggested that resistance is controlled by a single gene. The effectiveness of the resistance and its simple genetic control in the Ae. tauschii, accession RL5271 may be a useful resistance source for use in a bread wheat breeding program.
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    Isolation of mildew resistant wheat-rye translocation lines from a double substitution line (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alien genetic variation ; chromosome translocation ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A powdery mildew resistant double disomic wheat-rye substitution line carrying rye chromosomes 1R and 2R was crossed with normal bread wheats. The F2 generation was analysed cytologically by C-banding. Wheat-rye chromosome translocations involving both rye chromosomes 1R and 2R were frequent in F2. Lines with translocations of 1R and 2R were harvested separately. After four generations of selfing and selection for mildew resistance and fertility, fully fertile resistant lines were selected and analysed cytologically. Lines with 1BL/1RS and 2BS/2RL translocations were identified. The resistance on chromosome 1RS could not be shown to be different from control varieties carrying the same rye segment, while the resistance on 2RL is much broader than the earlier known 2RL derived resistance in the line Transec.
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    Accumulation and leakage of abscisic acid during embryo development and seed dormancy in wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid (ABA) ; dormancy ; mature germination ; seed ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed dormancy develops latein embryogenesis after a period of potential prematuregermination and has been associated with levels ofabscisic acid (ABA) in, and sensitivity to, ABA ofembryos. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)embryos, there are two peaks in levels of ABA duringdevelopment: the first occurs 25 days afterpollination (DAP) and the second from 35 to 40 DAP. The first peak of ABA appears to be associated withthe development of the embryo's sensitivity to ABAsince such sensitivity was altered in seeds on earsthat were incubated in a solution of ABA from 15 and20 DAP. In the embryos of Kitakei wheat, a line thatexhibits dormancy, the second peak, at around 35 DAP,was more prolonged in comparison to Chihoku, anon-dormant line. The results support the proposedinvolvement of ABA in the formation and maintenance ofseed dormancy during middle and late embryogenesis. When developing embryos were incubated in water,embryonic ABA leaked out from the embryos, inparticular between 30 and 40 DAP. Prematuregermination observed between 30 and 40 DAP might berelated to such leakage of ABA from embryos.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006320614530
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    Morphoagronomic and biochemical variation in an Argentinean landrace of wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: agronomic traits ; isozymes ; landrace ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sample of an Argentinean landrace of wheat showed considerable variation in most of the evaluated morphological and agronomic characters. However, analyses with high molecular glutenins and two isozyme systems, known to be highly polymorphic among current cultivars, revealed very little or no variation, respectively. The large difference in the observed variation between morphoagronomic and biochemical characters is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008711903949
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    Salinity induced nuclear and DNA degradation in meristematic cells of soybean (Glycine max (L.)) roots (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 49-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: calcium ; DNA degradation ; meristematic root cells ; salt stress ; soybean
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the nuclei of meristematic root cells of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Acme) in response to severe salinity were studied. Root growth was inhibited by 200 mM NaCl, when 1 mM CaCl_2 was present in the culture media. Increasing CaCl_2 up to 5 mM partially prevented this inhibition. However, inhibition also occurred with 100~mM NaCl without CaCl_2. We examined the meristematic cells under a series of NaCl treatments. Nuclear deformation of the cells occurred with 24 h of 150 mM or higher NaCl, and was followed by degradation of nuclei in the apical region of the root. TEM observation and agarose gel electrophoretic analysis confirmed that root tip nuclear DNA deformed or degraded with 150 mM or higher NaCl concentrations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006311619937
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    Tracing mangrove carbon in suspended matter and aquatic fauna of the Gautami–Godavari Delta, Bay of Bengal (India) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 431 (2000), S. 225-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Stable isotope tracers ; carbon ; nitrogen ; mangroves ; litterfall ; suspended matter ; zooplankton ; macrobenthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Stable carbon isotopic composition and C/N ratio were used to trace the input of carbon associated with mangrove litter into the estuary of the Godavari–Gautami delta system and Kakinada bay (Andhra Pradesh, India). Suspended organic matter in the mangrove channels was more depleted in 13C (average δ13C = −24.5‰) than in Kakinada bay which showed δ13C values for suspended matter (average δ13C = −22.7‰) closer to those expected for marine phytoplankton. Suspended organic matter from mangrove channels was enriched in nitrogen (average C/N atom ratio ≤ 12.7) and 13C (average δ13C = −24.5‰) relative to mangrove leaf litter, which had a C/N ratio of 75 and a δ13C value of −28‰. Lowest C/N ratios for suspended matter were observed during southwest monsoon when rainfall was highest. Although in general, mangrove litter fall was also lower during this period, no clear correlation was observed between litter fall and C/N ratio of suspended matter. In general, the composition of suspended matter pointed towards phytoplankton as a major component. Isotopic composition of zooplankton suggested selective feeding on 13C-enriched, marine phytoplankton in open Kakinada bay and on 13C-depleted organic matter, such as estuarine phytoplankton and mangrove litter, in the mangrove channels. From the δ13C signature, it appeared that mangrove carbon was present to some extent in zooplankton and macrofauna from the mangrove mudflats and channels, but the signal rapidly decreased in Kakinada bay. Nitrogen isotopic composition of zooplankton and macrofauna indicated a progressive enrichment of 15N away from the mangrove forest towards the northern part of Kakinada bay, in approach of Kakinada city. This is thought to reflect input of anthropogenic nitrogen enriched in 15N and subsequent uptake of this enriched nitrogen into the aquatic food chain.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004072310525
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  • 88
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    Nutrient losses in runoff from grasslandand shrubland habitats in southern New Mexico: II. Field plots (2000)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 49 (2000), S. 69-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: Bouteloua eriopoda ; Chihuahuan Desert ; desertification ; hydrology ; Larrea tridentata ; nitrogen ; nutrient budgets ; phosphorus ; runoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Losses of dissolved nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na,Cl, and SO4) in runoff were measured on grasslandand shrubland plots in the Chihuahuan desert ofsouthern New Mexico. Runoff began at a lowerthreshold of rainfall in shrublands than ingrasslands, and the runoff coefficient averaged 18.6%in shrubland plots over a 7-year period. In contrast,grassland plots lost 5.0 to 6.3% of incidentprecipitation in runoff during a 5.5-year period. Nutrient losses from shrubland plots were greater thanfrom grassland plots, with nitrogen losses averaging0.33 kg ha−1 yr−1 vs0.15 kg ha−1 yr−1, respectively, during a 3-year period. Thegreater nutrient losses in shrublands were due tohigher runoff, rather than higher nutrientconcentrations in runoff. In spite of these nutrientlosses in runoff, all plots showed net accumulationsof most elements due to inputs from atmosphericdeposition. Therefore, loss of soil nutrients byhillslope runoff cannot, by itself, account for thedepletion of soil fertility associated withdesertification in the Chihuahuan desert.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006246126915
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  • 89
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    Changes in Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca and 87Sr/86Sr ratios between trophic levels in two forest ecosystems in the northeastern U.S.A. (2000)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 49 (2000), S. 87-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: barium ; calcium ; food chain ; forest ; songbird ; strontium isotope
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The variability and biologicalfractionation of Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca and 87Sr/86Srratios were studied in a soil–plant–invertebrate–bird food chain in two forested ecosystems withcontrasting calcium availability in the northeasternU.S.A. Chemical measurements were made of the soilexchange pool, leaves, caterpillars, snails, and boththe femurs and eggshells of breeding insectivorousmigratory songbirds. 87Sr/86Sr values weretransferred up the food chain from the soil exchangepool to leaves, caterpillars, snails and eggshellswithout modification. Adult birds were the oneexception; their 87Sr/86Sr values generallyreflected those of lower trophic levels at each site,but were lower and more variable, probably becausetheir strontium was derived in part from foods intropical winter habitats where lower87Sr/86Sr ratios are likely to predominate. Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios decreased at each successive trophiclevel, supporting previous suggestions that Sr/Ca andBa/Ca ratios can be used to identify the trophic levelat which an organism is primarily feeding. The changesin Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios we measured for vegetationand insects were comparable to similar measurementsmade previously (but based on single samples of eachorganism) in an alpine ecosystem. Changes in Sr/Ca andBa/Ca ratios between birds and their food have notpreviously been measured, but the values we obtainedwere similar to those for herbivorous and carnivorousmammals at similar trophic levels. Our results provideevidence that supports the use of Sr/Ca ratios in thedetermination of human paleodiets and suggests thatSr/Ca ratios may also provide a useful tool in studiesof modern food webs. Furthermore, our findings suggestthat 90Sr from nuclear fallout will notbioaccumulate in forests and that changes in Sr/Caratios between trophic levels will need to beconsidered in some cases when using87Sr/86Sr as a tracer of calciumbiogeochemistry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006390707989
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    Nutrient fluxes in intertidal communities of a South European lagoon (Ria Formosa) – similarities and differences with a northern Wadden Sea bay (Sylt-Rømø Bay) (2000)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 436 (2000), S. 217-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: nutrient flux ; nitrogen ; phosphate ; tidal flats ; temperature ; geographical comparison
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract During an annual cycle, flux rates of oxygen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and silicate were measured in light and dark bell jars at three sites in Ria Formosa (Algarve, Portugal) enclosing either a natural macrophytic community (macroalgae on sand or mud, a seagrass bed of Zostera noltii) or bare sediments. The results are compared with a preceeding study in which the same bell jar technique has been applied in the Sylt-Rømø Bay of the northern Wadden Sea. Nitrate flux was mainly directed from the water column to the benthic communities in Ria Formosa, as well as in the Sylt-Rømø Bay. However, nitrate uptake was higher in the northern, more eutrophic study area. In Ria Formosa, nutrient concentrations were lower than in the Sylt-Rømø Bay possibly due to strong water exchange with Atlantic waters. High temperatures and strong insolation had a greater impact on nitrate fluxes in Ria Formosa than in the Sylt-Rømø Bay. Bioturbating macrofauna increased ammonium efflux in the Sylt- Rømø Bay while this effect was not as pronounced in the Ria Formosa study sites. Benthic phosphate uptake dominated in the Ria Formosa and was correlated to initial phosphate concentrations in incoming waters. At both study sites, oxygen and nutrient fluxes were correlated with temperature. Additionally, flux rates were strongly influenced by biotic components and levels of eutrophication. A literature survey showed that mainly in temperate regions, material fluxes increase with temperature, whereas in warmer areas, ammonium and phosphate fluxes between sediment and water were generally lower.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026542621512
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    Isolation and characterization of the wheat prolyl isomerase FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 73 promoter (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 489-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA-responsive ; FKBP73 ; promoter ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 73 is a member of the peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase gene family, which catalyses the interconversion between the cis and trans forms of the peptide bond preceding proline residues in proteins. A 3.5 kb sequence 5′ upstream of the ATG codon of the wheat FKBP73 was isolated from a wheat genomic library, and characterized by deletion analysis and transient expression in wheat embryos. The 1517 bp fragment is referred to as the full promoter due to the maximal activity of the fused luciferase reporter gene. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of three abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive elements (ABREs) proximal to coupling elements (CE1-like), a putative lectin box, two putative binding sites for the myb transcription factor and a 36 bp fragment which exhibits 100% identity to the pSau3A9 clone located in the centromeric region of wheat chromosomes. In a transient expression assay the promoter preserved the tissue specificity described in vivo, namely it is expressed only in germinating embryos and young shoots. The promoter was induced 1.9-fold by ABA, the minimal promoter was designated at −221 and the TATA box located at −137. The inducibility by ABA and the expression during germination may indicate that FKBP73 belongs to the group of genes induced by ABA upon germination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006345411056
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    Intron-mediated gusA expression in tritordeum and wheat resulting from particle bombardment (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 615-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: introns ; maize ubiquitin promoter ; tritordeum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The promoterless maize ubiquitin first exon and intron fragment can drive gusA expression in immature tritordeum inflorescences and immature wheat scutella. In fluorescence assays, this fragment induces gusA expression in tritordeum inflorescences to 50 times higher than background. The activity of the complete promoter, exon and intron cassette was up to 20 000-fold higher than background but the maize ubiquitin promoter in isolation had very low activity. A construct with the maize alcohol dehydrogenase first exon and intron had low activity, visible in histochemical assays. Both intron sequences have promoter-like features and in the ubiquitin intron there is a sequence homologous to the opaque-2-binding box. We suggest that the combination of these elements may explain the promoter activity detected in these introns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006331831858
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    A rapid induction by elicitors of the mRNA encoding CCD-1, a 14 kDa Ca2+-binding protein in wheat cultured cells (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Ca2+-binding protein ; EF-hand ; elicitor ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular Ca2+ has been implicated in the signal transduction processes during the development of the plant defense system against fungal pathogens. From wheat cultured cells that had been treated with the elicitor derived from Typhula ishikariensis, the ccd-1 gene encoding a 14 kDa Ca2+-binding protein with an acidic amphiphilic feature was isolated. The ccd-1-encoded protein (CCD-1) shares homology to the C-terminal half domain of centrin, a Ca2+-binding protein conserved in eukaryotes. Unlike typical eukaryotic centrins, CCD-1 contains only one Ca2+-binding loop, which corresponds to the one in the fourth EF-hand from the N-terminus of centrin. The recombinant CCD protein expressed in Escherichia coli bound to a phenyl-Sepharose column in the presence of Ca2+ and was eluted out by EGTA. It also showed a Ca2+-dependent electrophoretic mobility shift on the non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The ccd-1 mRNA expression was rapidly induced by treatment with fungal and chitosan oligosaccharide elicitors, implying that it might have a role in transducing Ca2+ signals provoked by the elicitors. The expression of the ccd-1 mRNA was induced by treatment with A23187, and the induction was suppressed by La3+ or 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). This study suggests the involvement of intracellular Ca2+ in the elicitor-induced mRNA expression of a novel class of Ca2+-binding proteins conserved in higher plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006431724090
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    Control of Telomere Elongation and Telomeric Silencing in Drosophila Melanogaster (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; heterochromatin ; telomere ; transcription ; transposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome length in Drosophilais maintained by the targeted transposition of two families of non-LTR retrotransposons, HeT-Aand TART. Although the rate of transposition to telomeres is sufficient to counterbalance loss from the chromosome ends due to incomplete DNA replication, transposition as a mechanism for elongating chromosome ends raises the possibility of damaged or deleted telomeres, because of its stochastic nature. Recent evidence suggests that HeT-Atransposition is controlled at the levels of transcription and reverse transcription. HeT-Atranscription is found primarily in mitotically active cells, and transcription of a w +reporter gene inserted into the 2L telomere increases when the homologous telomere is partially or completely deleted. The terminal HeT-Aarray may be important as a positive regulator of this activity in cis, and the subterminal satellite appears to be an important negative regulator in cis. A third chromosome modifier has been identified that increases the level of reverse transcriptase activity on a HeT-A RNA template and greatly increases the transposition of HeT-A. Thus, the host appears to play a role in transposition of these elements. Taken together, these results suggest that control of HeT-Atransposition is more complex than previously thought.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026548503320
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    Models of Calmodulin Trapping and CaM Kinase II Activation in a Dendritic Spine (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of computational neuroscience 8 (2000), S. 65-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6873
    Keywords: LTP ; CaM kinase II ; calmodulin ; calcium ; dendritic spine ; dentate ; computational model ; hippocampus ; phosphorylation ; autophosphorylation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Activation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) by calmodulin following calcium entry into the cell is important for long-term potentiation (LTP). Here a model of calmodulin binding and trapping by CaMKII in a dendritic spine was used to estimate levels and durations of CaMKII activation following LTP-inducing tetani. The calcium signal was calcium influx through NMDA receptor channels computed in a highly detailed dentate granule cell model. Calcium could bind to calmodulin and calmodulin to CaMKII. CaMKII subunits were either free, bound with calmodulin, trapped, autonomous, or capped. Strong low-frequency tetanic input produced little calmodulin trapping or CaMKII activation. Strong high-frequency tetanic input caused large numbers of CaMKII subunits to become trapped, and CaMKII was strongly activated. Calmodulin trapping and CaMKII activation were highly dependent on tetanus frequency (particularly between 10 and 100 Hz) and were highly sensitive to relatively small changes in the calcium signal. Repetition of a short high-frequency tetanus was necessary to achieve high levels of CaMKII activation. Three stages of CaMKII activation were found in the model: a short, highly activated stage; an intermediate, moderately active stage; and a long-lasting third stage, whose duration depended on dephosphorylation rates but whose decay rate was faster at low CaMKII activation levels than at high levels. It is not clear which of these three stages is most important for LTP.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008969032563
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    Molecular organization of the Drosophila melanogaster Adh chromosomal region in D. replete and D. buzzatii, two distantly related species of the Drosophila subgenus (2000)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 8 (2000), S. 375-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: Adh ; Drosophila ; FISH ; genome evolution ; repleta group
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The molecular organization of a 1.944-Mb chromosomal region of Drosophila melanogaster around the Adh locus has been analyzed in two repleta group species: D. repleta and D. buzzatii. The extensive genetic and molecular information about this region in D. melanogaster makes it a prime choice for comparative studies of genomic organization among distantly related species. A set of 26 P1 phages from D. melanogaster were successfully hybridized using fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) to the salivary gland chromosomes of both repleta group species. The results show that the Adh region is distributed in D. repleta and D. buzzatii over six distant sites of chromosome 3, homologous to chromosomal arm 2L of D. melanogaster (Muller's element B). This observation implies a density of 2.57 fixed breakpoints per Mb in the Adh region and suggests a considerable reorganization of this chromosomal element via the fixation of paracentric inversions. Nevertheless, breakpoint density in the Adh region is three times lower than that estimated for D. repleta chromosome 2, homologous to D. melanogaster 3R (Muller's element E). Differences in the rate of evolution among chromosomal elements are seemingly persistent in the Drosophila genus over long phylogenetic distances.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009206702214
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    Distribution of the Transposable Element Minos in the Genus Drosophila (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 108 (2000), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: Drosophila ; horizontal transfer ; Minos ; Tc1-like ; Tc1-marinerfamily ; transposable elements ; transposon distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed 28 species of the genus Drosophilafor the presence of the Tc1-like transposable element Minosusing Southern blot hybridization under high stringency conditions. The Minostransposon was found in members of both the Drosophilaand the Sophophorasubgenus showing a distribution that is wider if compared to other well-studied Drosophilatransposons such as the Pelement, hoboand mariner. The presence of Minos-hybridizing sequences was discontinuous in the Sophophorasubgenus, especially in the melanogasterspecies group. Using the Polymerase Chain Reaction we amplified a portion corresponding to the putative Minostransposase from different Drosophilaspecies. Cloning and sequence analysis of randomly selected Minoscopies from D. mojavensisis, D. saltansand D. willistonisupports the idea that event(s) of horizontal transfer may have contributed to the spreading of this transposon in the Drosophilagenus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004185024017
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    Spatial differences in patterns of modification: selection on hairy in Drosophila melanogaster wings (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 169-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: artificial selection ; atavistic structures ; Drosophila ; pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Artificial selection was carried out for over 45 generations to enhance and suppress expression of the mutation hairy on the Drosophila melanogaster wing. Whole chromosome mapping of X‐linked and autosomal modifiers of sense organ number displayed regional differences in magnitude and direction of their effects. Regional specificity of modifier effects was also seen in some interchromosomal interactions. Scanning electron microscopy allowed precise measurement of sense organ size and position along the L3 longitudinal wing vein. Sense organ size varied in a predictable fashion along the proximal–distal axis, and the dorsal pattern differed from the ventral pattern. The high and low selection lines differed most in the proximal portion of the L3 vein. Extra sense organs in the High line were often associated with vein fragments at locations predicted from ancestral vein patterns. Thus, regional specificity of polygenic or quantitative trait locus modifier effects was identified in several different parts of the wing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017531404454
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    Genetic analysis of extended lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster III. On the relationship between artificially selected and wild stocks (2000)
    Springer
    Genetica 109 (2000), S. 245-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: artificial selection ; Drosophila ; lifespan ; mortality ; paraquat ; DDT ; recovery hypothesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Adult lifespans, age‐specific survival, age‐specific mortality, survival times on paraquat, and survival times on DDT were assayed in seven lines of Drosophila melanogaster, including two genetically heterogeneous wild lines recently collected from nature, and three inbred and recombinant inbred lines derived from an artificial selection experiment for increased lifespan. Survival on paraquat is positively correlated with adult lifespan. DDT resistance is uncorrelated with either paraquat resistance or lifespan. The wild lines are unexceptional with respect to average lifespan, paraquat resistance, age‐specific survivorship, and leveling off of mortality rates at advanced ages, but have high levels of DDT resistance. Cluster analysis groups the wild lines with three unselected laboratory stocks in one cluster, while two long‐lived elite recombinant inbred lines form a second cluster. Long‐lived laboratory‐adapted lines are quantitatively differentiated from the wild stocks, both with respect to average adult lifespans and resistance to an oxidizing agent. We reject the ‘recovery’ hypothesis, which proposes that Drosophila artificially selected for long life have phenotypes that merely recover the wild state.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017569318401
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    Role of AWD/Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase in Drosophila Development (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes 32 (2000), S. 293-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: abnormal wing discs ; lethal mutant ; Drosophila ; Killer-of-prune ; prune
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The abnormal wing discs gene of Drosophila encodes a soluble protein with nucleosidediphosphate kinase activity. This enzymic activity is necessary for the biological function ofthe abnormal wing discs gene product. Complete loss of function, i.e., null, mutations causelethality after the larval stage. Most larval organs in such null mutant larvae appear to benormal, but the imaginal discs are small and incapable of normal differentiation.Killer-of-prune is a neomorphic mutation in the abnormal wing discs gene. It causes dominant lethalityin larvae that lack prune gene activity. The Killer-of-prune mutant protein may have alteredsubstrate specificity. Null mutant larvae have a low level of nucleoside diphosphate kinaseactivity. This suggests that there may be additional Drosophila genes that encode proteinswith nucleoside dipthosphate kinase activity. Candidate genes have been found in theDrosophila genome.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005545214937
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