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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of mycorrhizal colonization and phosphorus on ethylene production by snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) flowers (1999)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 9 (1999), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Vase-life ; Ethylene sensitivity ; Postharvest quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  We determined the effects of phosphorus (P) concentration and mycorrhizal colonization on ethylene production by flowers of snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus L.). Mycorrhizal colonization in a soil-less medium did not significantly affect the total number of flowers per spike or flower P concentration, but it significantly increased flower vase-life and significantly decreased flower ethylene production. This demonstrates for the first time that mycorrhizal colonization can have a non-localized effect on host ethylene production. The reduction in ethylene production caused by mycorrhizal colonization was as large as the variation in ethylene production among snapdragon cultivars. Thus, mycorrhizal colonization may be a viable alternative to toxic ethylene inhibitors such as silver thiosulfate. Increased fertilizer P concentration (15 versus 3 μg P ml–1) significantly increased plant fresh weight and the total number of flowers per spike. In contrast to mycorrhizal colonization, increased fertilizer P concentration resulted in an increase in ethylene production. There was no significant effect of fertilizer P concentration on vase-life. This suggests that factors other than ethylene have at least partial control over vase-life. Postharvest amendment of individual flowers with phosphate also significantly increased flower ethylene production. Phosphorus apparently does not mediate the mycorrhizal effect because mycorrhizal colonization decreased ethylene production without significantly influencing flower P concentration. Moreover, treatment with phosphate increased flower ethylene production. Mycorrhizal colonization did not significantly influence response to exogenous ethylene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050301
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tissue density and growth response of ectomycorrhizal fungi to nitrogen source and concentration (1998)
    Springer
    Mycorrhiza 8 (1998), S. 145-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1890
    Keywords: Key words Ectomycorrhiza ; Protein use ; Hypha foraging ; Arginine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Amanita rubescens Pers., Lactarius affinis Pk., Leccinum aurantiacum (Fr.) S.F. Gray, Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fe.) Karsten, and two isolates of Suillus intermedius (Smith & Thiers) Smith & Thiers collected from an approximately 55-year-old Pinus resinosa Ait. plantation, and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch obtained from another source, were tested for their abilities to grow with protein as the primary source of nitrogen. Protein plates contained 63 mg l–1 N as bovine serum albumen and 7 mg l–1 N as arginine. Control plates contained only 7 mg l–1 N as arginine. All isolates except Leccinum aurantiacum and one isolate of S. intermedius attained greater dry weight with protein as the primary source of N. Lactarius affinis, Leccinum aurantiacum, P. tinctorius, and both isolates of S. intermedius had higher tissue densities on protein medium. Amanita rubescens had lower tissue density. To determine if increase in tissue density was an effect of total N concentration or an effect of N source (protein versus arginine), we performed a second experiment in which arginine concentration was increased (7 mg l–1 N versus 70 mg l–1 N). The second experiment also included Cenococcum geophilum Fr. but excluded T. felleus. Higher tissue densities with increased nutrients were found in C. geophilum, Lactarius affinis, Leccinum aurantiacum, and both isolates of S. intermedius. Only A. rubescens and P. tinctorius did not have increased densities. The results suggest that these ectomycorrhizal fungi alter their growth forms according to N concentration. At low N concentrations, a growth form likely to promote exploitation of a large volume of medium for a given biomass is produced. At high concentrations, a growth form likely to promote exploitation of a rich source of N is produced. Whether ectomycorrhizal fungi growing in association with roots would act in a similar fashion is not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005720050227
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Revegetation of serpentine substrates: Response to phosphate application (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 563-567 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Phosphate ; Mycorrhiza ; Legumes ; Serpentine ; Revegetation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Revegetation was studied on stockpiled serpentine substrate. The native vegetation surrounding the revegetation site is annual grassland. The seed mixture applied to both subsoil and topsoil plots was largely ineffective for revegetation. No growth occurred in the subsoil plots and most of the growth in the topsoil plots was from indigenous seed. Phosphate application (100 kg P ha−1 as NaH2PO4 · H2O) to the topsoil plots resulted in a significant increase in total above-ground productivity. Annual legumes (mostlyLotus subpinnatus Lag.) and, to a lesser degree,Plantago erecta Morris responded to the added phosphate with an increased above-ground productivity. Other annual forbs and annual grasses showed no significant response. The legumes also increased in abundance. Mycorrhizal root colonization forPlantago was not significantly affected by phosphate application, but was lower in this disturbed serpentine site compared to other undisturbed serpentine annual grassland sites nearby.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867662
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of mycorrhizal infection in the growth and reproduction of wild vs. cultivated plants (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 84 (1990), S. 82-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Mycorrhizal dependency ; Adaptation to infertility ; Mineral nutrition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An experiment was conducted to determine whether wild accessions and cultivars ofLycopersicon esculentum Mill. differed in inherent morphological, physiological or phenological traits and whether such differences would result in variation in response to vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection. While distinctions between wild accessions and cultivars were apparent (the cultivars generally had higher phosphorus use efficiencies and shorter lifespans than the wild accessions) and the cultivars were, as a group, more responsive to mycorrhizal infection than the wild accessions, there was significant variation among wild accessions and among cultivars in response to infection. Regardless of cultivation status, non-mycorrhizal plant root density was significantly negatively correlated with response to infection. Phosphorus use efficiency was generally not significantly correlated with response to infection. Mycorrhizal infection decreased phosphorus use efficiency in all accessions, but had variable effects on root density, depending upon accession and time. Finally, the vegetative response was not necessarily of the same magnitude as the reproductive response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665599
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Density-dependent response to mycorrhizal infection in Abutilon theophrasti Medic (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 85 (1991), S. 389-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Mycorrhizal dependency ; Density-dependence ; Root density ; Abutilon theophrasti ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary One purpose of this study was to determine whether an increase in plant density would result in a decrease in response to mycorrhizal infection (particularly as measured by phosphorus content). Increases in plant density generally result in increases in root density in the volume of soil occupied by the plants. Root density, in turn, largely determines phosphorus uptake. If mycorrhizal plants had significantly higher effective root densities than non-mycorrhizal plants due to the fungal hyphae and thus were more thorough in exploiting a given volume of soil for phosphorus, then a given increase in root density might result in a greater proportional increase in phosphorus uptake for non-mycorrhizal plants than for mycorrhizal plants. Two experiments were performed in which mycorrhizal infection and available soil volume per plant were manipulated; one in which the number of plants within a given pot size was varied (experiment 1), and another in which single plants were grown in pots of differing volume (experiment 2). The two experiments yielded similar results but for apparently different reasons. In the first experiment, for a given increase in root density, non-mycorrhizal plants had a greater proportional increase in phosphorus uptake than mycorrhizal plants. Thus, as predicted, response to mycorrhizal infection was greatest at the lowest planting density (highest available soil volume per plant, lowest root density). In experiment 2, response to infection was also greatest at the highest available soil volume per plant (largest pot), but pot size did not influence root density. These results show that the benefit from mycorrhizal infection may be partly determined by root density and they suggest that plants either occurring in patches of contrasting root density in a given community, or occurring in different communities with inherently different root densities may differ in their reliance upon mycorrhizal fungi for phosphorus uptake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320615
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhizal fungi and the nutrient ecology of three oldfield annual plant species (1991)
    Springer
    Oecologia 85 (1991), S. 403-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Abutilon theophrasti ; Ambrosia artemisiifolia ; Setaria lutescens ; Allelopathy ; Mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three oldfield annual species (Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. and Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb.) were investigated. All three developed substantial mycorrhizal infections when inoculated with Glomus etunicatum Becker & Gerd. Mycorrhizal infection dramatically increased phosphorus content and dry weight of both Abutilon and Ambrosia, but did not significantly affect dry weight and only modestly increased phosphorus content of Setaria. These results were consistent with a lower level of infection and much greater root density in Setaria than in the other species. When Abutilon was grown in the presence of Setaria, mycorrhizal infection had no effect on Abutilon phosphorus content or dry weight. The depressive effect of Setaria on the response to inoculation in Abutilon was probably not caused by water soluble allelopathic chemicals from Setaria roots, but soil leachate from Abutilon plants did inhibit infection in other Abutilon plants. The data were consistent with the hypothesis that the very high root density and effective soil exploitation of Setaria reduced the benefit from mycorrhizal infection in Abutilon via phosphorus depletion in a large proportion of the available soil volume. Furthermore, even if mycorrhizal infection were capable of increasing phosphorus content of Abutilon in the presence of Setaria, the very high competitive ability of Setaria for nitrogen in the soil could have reduced the benefit of an enhanced phosphorus content. Carbon isotope ratios were reduced in Abutilon by mycorrhizal infection, indicating a possible reduction in water use efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00320617
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhizal infection of wild oats: maternal effects on offspring growth and reproduction (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 90 (1992), S. 218-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Mycorrhiza ; Maternal effects ; Offspring vigor ; Reproduction ; Avena fatua L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The objective of this study was to determine whether infection of Avena fatua L. plants by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith could influence the vigor of the offspring generation. Two experiments demonstrated that mycorrhizal infection of the maternal generation had slight but persistent positive effects on offspring leaf expansion in the early stages of growth. In two other experiments, mycorrhizal infection of mother plants had several long lasting effects on their offspring. Offspring produced by mycorrhizal mother plants had greater leaf areas, shoot and root nutrient contents and root:shoot ratios compared to those produced by non-mycorrhizal mother plants. Moreover, mycorrhizal infection of mother plants significantly reduced the weight of individual seeds produced by offspring plants while it increased the P concentrations of the seeds and the number of seeds per spikelet produced by offspring plants. The effects of mycorrhizal infections of maternal plants on the vigor and performance of offspring plants were associated with higher seed phosphorus contents but generally lighter seeds. The results suggest that mycorrhizal infection may influence plant fitness by increasing offspring vigor and offspring reproductive success in addition to previously reported increases in maternal fecundity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317179
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycorrhizal symbiosis increases growth, reproduction and recruitment of Abutilon theophrasti Medic. in the field (1993)
    Springer
    Oecologia 94 (1993), S. 30-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Mycorrhiza ; Abutilon theophrasti ; Fitness ; Seed quality ; Recruitment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We examined in the field the effect of the vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorhizal symbiosis on the reproductive success of Abutilon theophrasti Medic., an early successional annual member of the Malvaceae. Mycorrhizal infection greatly enhanced vegetative growth, and flower, fruit and seed production, resulting in significantly greater recruitment the following year. In addition, the seeds produced by mycorrhizal plants were significantly larger and contained significantly more phosphorus than seeds from non-mycorrhizal plants, an effect which may improve offspring vigor. Infection by mycorrhizal fungi may thus contribute to the overall fitness of a host plant and strongly influence long-term plant population dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00317297
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of reproduction in wild and cultivatedLycopersicon esculentum Mill. by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection (1990)
    Springer
    Oecologia 84 (1990), S. 74-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Reproduction ; Flowering phenology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We examined how mycorrhizal infection byGlomus etunicatum Becker and Gerd. affected flowering phenology and components of reproduction in eight wild accessions and two cultivars ofLycopersicon esculentum Mill. We did this by performing a detailed demographic study of flower, fruit and seed production. Mycorrhizal infection had variable effects on the ten accessions. Infection significantly decreased the time taken to initiate flowering in some accessions. In addition, infection increased flowering duration in some accessions. In many accessions, infection significantly increased seed production, primarily by increasing the number of inflorescences and infructescences. In some accessions, mycorrhizal infection also increased the proportion of flowers that produced mature fruits or the number of seeds per fruit. Among accessions, shoot phosphorus content was correlated with seed productivity for both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants. However, non-mycorrhizal plants produced more seed biomass per mg of shoot phosphorus than mycorrhizal plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665598
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On variation in forest floor thickness across four red pine plantations in Pennsylvania, USA (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 57-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; litter quality ; mycorrhiza ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; saprotrophic microorganisms ; tannins ; forest soils ; acidification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied variation in forest floor thickness in four plantations of red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) which were similar in age, soil type and associated vegetation. The plantations were located (west to east) in the Clear Creek, Moshannon, Sproul and Tiadaghton State Forests of Pennsylvania, USA. A gradient in forest floor thickness exists across these plantations; the forest floor is thickest in the west and it becomes progressively thinner toward the east. Decomposition of imported litter increased from west to east, suggesting that the variation in forest floor thickness is related to variation in the rate of decomposition. Decomposition rates were related to saprotroph abundance. Variation in forest floor N and phenolic concentrations, in overall mycorrhiza density and in the relative proportions of three common mycorrhiza morphotypes could not explain the variation in decomposition rate. The P concentrations and pH of the forest floor were significantly lower at Clear Creek and Moshannon, where decomposition rates were lowest, compared to Sproul and Tiadaghton, where decomposition rates were most rapid. This suggests that P concentration and pH may have exerted some control on decomposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004748220856
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