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  • 201
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    Data reduction for X‐ray serial crystallography using machine learning (2023)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: Serial crystallography experiments produce massive amounts of experimental data. Yet in spite of these large‐scale data sets, only a small percentage of the data are useful for downstream analysis. Thus, it is essential to differentiate reliably between acceptable data (hits) and unacceptable data (misses). To this end, a novel pipeline is proposed to categorize the data, which extracts features from the images, summarizes these features with the `bag of visual words' method and then classifies the images using machine learning. In addition, a novel study of various feature extractors and machine learning classifiers is presented, with the aim of finding the best feature extractor and machine learning classifier for serial crystallography data. The study reveals that the oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF (ORB) feature extractor with a multilayer perceptron classifier gives the best results. Finally, the ORB feature extractor with multilayer perceptron is evaluated on various data sets including both synthetic and experimental data, demonstrating superior performance compared with other feature extractors and classifiers.
    Description: A machine learning method for distinguishing good and bad images in serial crystallography is presented. To reduce the computational cost, this uses the oriented FAST and rotated BRIEF feature extraction method from computer vision to detect image features, followed by a multilayer perceptron (neural network) to classify the images.
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; serial crystallography ; data reduction ; machine learning ; feature extraction
    Language: English
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  • 202
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    Systematic and Temporal Geochemical Changes in the Upper Deccan Lavas: Implications for the Magma Plumbing System of Flood Basalt Provinces (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) are unusual volcanic events in which massive amounts of melt (∼106 km3) erupt in relatively short time periods (〈106 years). Most LIP magmas have undergone extensive fractional crystallization and crustal contamination, but the crustal magmatic plumbing systems and the processes triggering eruptions are poorly understood. We present new major and trace element and radiogenic isotope data for 43 individual lava flows from a continuous 1,200 m thick stratigraphic profile through the upper, most voluminous part of the Deccan LIP (Bushe to Mahabaleshwar Formations). Eruption rates for this section are constrained by published paleomagnetic directions and absolute U‐Pb ages for zircons from weathered flow tops exposed in the profile. We find four magmatic sequences each lasting ∼104–∼105 years during which major and trace element compositions change systematically, followed by an abrupt change in geochemistry at the start of a new sequence. Within each sequence, the MgO content and proportion of crustal contamination decrease progressively, indicating a continuous replenishment of the associated magma reservoirs with less contaminated but more evolved melts. These geochemical signatures are best explained by repeated episodes of melt recharge, mixing, and eruption of variably evolved magmas originating from relatively small magma reservoir located in different crustal levels.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Volcanism occurs predominantly at plate boundaries, either at mid‐ocean ridges or subduction zones, where most mantle melts are produced. However, the Earth's history is punctuated by volcanic events which are not related to plate boundary processes and during which large amounts of melt erupt (∼106 km3) in relatively short periods of time (〈106 years). These Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs) are associated with the activity of mantle plumes and eruption rates during their main stages are significantly higher than those of today's largest magmatic systems. However, since no LIP is currently active, the architecture of the associated plumbing systems is relatively unknown. In order to understand the magmatic processes during the emplacement of a LIP, we generated geochemical data from a continuous stratigraphic profile covering the most voluminous stage of the ∼66 Ma Deccan LIP. By combining these new data with published paleomagnetic directions and absolute U‐Pb ages for zircons, we found four eruption sequences each lasting ∼104–∼105 years. During these sequences, geochemical compositions change systematically, which is best explained by repeated episodes of melt recharge, mixing, and eruption of variably evolved magmas originating from relatively small magma reservoirs located at different crustal levels.
    Description: Key Points: Four recharge‐crystallization‐eruption sequences fed the most voluminous Deccan lava. Magmatic plumbing system with interconnected small‐ to medium‐sized magma reservoirs. Complex emplacement history including multiple stages of ascent, mixing, and storage.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.26022/IEDA/112672
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; intraplate processes ; magma chamber processes ; magma genesis and partial melting ; major and trace element geochemistry ; radiogenic isotope geochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 203
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    Authigenic and Detrital Carbonate Nd Isotope Records Reflect Pulses of Detrital Material Input to the Labrador Sea During the Heinrich Stadials (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: Limited constraints on the variability of the deep‐water production in the Labrador Sea complicate reconstructions of the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the Late Quaternary. Large volumes of detrital carbonates were repeatedly deposited in the Labrador Sea during the last 32 kyr, potentially affecting radiogenic Nd isotope signatures. To investigate this the Nd isotope compositions of deep and intermediate waters were extracted from the authigenic Fe‐Mn oxyhydroxide fraction, foraminiferal coatings, the residual silicates and leachates of dolostone grains. We provide a first order estimation of Nd release via dissolution of detrital carbonates and its contribution to the authigenic ԑNd signatures in the Labrador Sea. During the Last Glacial Maximum the Nd isotope signatures in the Labrador Sea would allow active water mass mixing with more radiogenic ɛNd values (−12.6 and −14) prevailing in its eastern part whereas less radiogenic values (ɛNd ∼ −18.4) were found on the western Labrador slope. The deposition of detrital carbonates during Heinrich stadials (2,1) was accompanied by negative detrital and authigenic Nd isotope excursions (ɛNd ∼ −31) that were likely controlled by dissolution of dolostone or dolostone associated mineral inclusions. This highly unradiogenic signal dominated the authigenic phases and individual water masses in the Labrador Sea, serving as potential source of highly unradiogenic Nd to the North Atlantic region, while exported southward. The Holocene authigenic ɛNd signatures of the coatings and leachates significantly differed from those of the detrital silicates, approaching modern bottom water mass signatures during the Late Holocene.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Labrador Sea is an important region for deep water formation and for the ocean circulation in the Atlantic region. Over the last 32 thousand years, numerous discharges from melting glaciers added freshwater to the Labrador Sea which could help understand the future effects of current melting glaciers. This information is necessary to better constrain climate predictions in order to gauge the effects on the Global Ocean Water Circulation. However, past deep water production in the Labrador is still poorly constrained, complicating reconstruction of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation on different timescales. In this study we investigated changes in deep and intermediate water mass circulation patterns over the last 32 kyr based on the radiogenic Nd isotope compositions that serve as a water mass circulation proxy. Analysis of four marine sediment cores show that the deposition of large volumes of detrital carbonates during studied period had a large effect on the recorded in the sediment column signals. New data suggest active water mass circulation during the maximum extent of glacial ice sheets. The modern day ocean circulation patterns have emerged during the Late Holocene (6 ka).
    Description: Key Points: Estimation of Nd release via dissolution of detrital carbonates and its contribution to the authigenic ԑNd signatures in the Labrador Sea. Dissolution of detrital dolostones in the water column during Heinrich stadials at least partially controlled ɛNd signatures. During the LGM generally more radiogenic signatures possibly indicate active water mass advection and mixing in the Labrador Sea.
    Description: GEOMAR Helmholtz‐Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003153
    Description: Kiel University
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.952659
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; Labrador Sea ; Late Quaternary ; Paleoceanography ; neodymium isotopes ; dolostone ; AMOC ; carbonate dissolution ; Heinrich stadials
    Language: English
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  • 204
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    Fitting Cumulus Cloud Size Distributions From Idealized Cloud Resolving Model Simulations (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Whereas it is now widely accepted that cumulus cloud sizes are power‐law distributed, characteristic exponents reported in the literature vary greatly, generally taking values between 1 and >3. Although these differences might be explained by variations in environmental conditions or physical processes organizing the cloud ensembles, the use of improper fitting methods may also introduce large biases. To address this issue, we propose to use a combination of maximum likelihood estimation and goodness‐of‐fit tests to provide more robust power‐law fits while systematically identifying the size range over which these fits are valid. The procedure is applied to cloud size distributions extracted from two idealized high‐resolution simulations displaying different organization characteristics. Overall, power‐laws are found to be outperformed by alternative distributions in almost all situations. When clouds are identified based on a condensed water path threshold, using power‐laws with an exponential cutoff yields the best results as it provides superior fits in the tail of the cloud size distributions. For clouds identified using a combination of water content and updraft velocity thresholds in the free troposphere, no substantial improvement over pure power‐laws can be found when considering more complex two‐parameter distributions. In this context however, exponential distributions provide results that are as good as, if not better than power‐laws. Finally, it is demonstrated that the emergence of scale free behaviors in cloud size distributions is related to exponentially distributed cloud cores merging as they are brought closer to each other by underlying organizing mechanisms.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Clouds constitute an important element of the climate system reflecting incoming solar radiation and emitting infra‐red radiation that heats the atmosphere. The net radiative impact of clouds however depends on many factors including their size. It is thus of prime importance to characterize the size of clouds, in particular convective clouds, and understand the underlying processes controlling them. In this study, a numerical model is used to simulate two convective situations at horizontal resolutions providing a fine description of cloud processes. After identifying individual clouds and calculating their size, statistical methods are employed to characterize the cloud size distributions. Depending on the situation, cloud size distributions are found to be best represented by either power‐laws with an exponential cutoff or exponential functions. Pure power‐laws, which constitute the most popular model used to represent cloud size distributions, are generally found to yield poorer fits. Finally, it is demonstrated that power‐laws in cloud size distributions emerge when individual cloud cores, that are exponentially distributed in size, are brought closer to each other and merge as the cloud ensemble organizes.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: A combination of statistical methods is used to fit cloud size distributions from two simulated convective cloud ensembles.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉〈p〉Depending on the situation, exponential distributions and power‐laws with an exponential cutoff may constitute superior alternatives to pure power‐laws.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The merging of individual cloud cores is found to control the emergence of power‐law cloud size distributions.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: https://bitbucket.org/julien_savre/pycloudfit/src/master/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7005140
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; Moist convection ; cloud resolving modeling ; cloud size distributions ; cloud merging
    Language: English
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  • 205
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    Dynamic Two‐Phase Flow Modeling of Melt Segregation in Continental Crust: Batholith Emplacement Versus Crustal Convection, With Implications for Magmatism in Thickened Plateaus (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Magmatic processes in the continental crust such as crustal convection, melt ascent, magma emplacement, and batholith formation are not well understood. We solve the conservation equations for mass, momentum, and energy for two‐phase flow of melt and solid in 2D, for a thick continental crust heated from below by one or several heat pulses. A simplified binary melting model is incorporated. We systematically vary (a) the retention number, characterizing melt mobility, (b) the intensity of heat pulses applied at the bottom, and (c) the density of the solidified evolved rock. Two characteristic modes are identified: (a) in the “batholith emplacement mode,” segregation is sufficiently strong allowing melts to separate from the convective flow. This melt freezes to form buoyant SiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉‐rich layers. (b) In the “convective recycling mode,” melts are formed in the lower crust, rise together with the hot rock with little segregation, freeze at shallow depth but are partly recycled back to the lower crust where they remelt. Phase‐change‐driven convection dominates. Mode (a) is favored by high heat input, multiple heat pulses, high melt mobility, and low density of the evolved rock. Mode (b) is favored by less intense heating, less melt mobility, and denser evolved rocks. A scaling law is derived based on the thermal, melt, and compositional Rayleigh numbers and the retention number. The Altiplano‐Puna low‐velocity zone (LVZ) could represent the batholith emplacement mode with buoyant and voluminous magmas causing intense volcanism. The Tibetan LVZ is not associated with intense volcanism and might represent the convective recycling mode.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: Two‐phase flow models of crustal magmatic systems identify two modes: batholith emplacement versus convective recycling of evolved rock.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉High melt mobility, multiple heating pulses, and low density of solidified evolved rock favor batholith emplacement.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The Altiplano‐Puna low‐velocity zone (LVZ) is in the batholith emplacement mode and the Tibetan LVZ is in the convective recycling mode.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7839871
    Keywords: ddc:552 ; numerical modeling ; diapirism ; magma genesis and partial melting ; magma migration ; physics of magma and magma bodies ; batholith emplacement ; phase‐change‐driven crustal convection ; Altiplano‐Puna Plateau ; Tibetan Plateau
    Language: English
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  • 206
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    Do Optically Denser Trade‐Wind Cumuli Live Longer? (2023)
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    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉This study investigates the lifetime and temporal evolution of physical properties of trade‐wind cumuli based on tracking individual clouds in observations with the Advanced Baseline Imager aboard the geostationary GOES‐16 satellite during the “ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud–Circulation Coupling in ClimAte” (EUREC〈sup〉4〈/sup〉A) campaign east of Barbados in winter 2020. A first application of our upgraded cloud‐tracking toolbox to measurements with high spatio‐temporal resolution (2 × 2 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 and 1 min) provides probability density functions of lifetime and area of clouds that develop as a consequence of meso‐to‐synoptic scale motions. By separately considering clouds that exist during daytime and live in distinct lifetime intervals, we find that shallow marine cumuli live longer when they cover a larger surface area and show higher cloud optical thickness (COT). Besides the effect of COT, the scale of the atmospheric motions with which the clouds interact is also critical to their lifetime.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: We present a detailed investigation of the lifetime of Caribbean trade‐wind cumulus clouds and the temporal evolution of their physical properties based on geostationary observations with the Advanced Baseline Imager aboard the geostationary GOES‐16 satellite during the “ElUcidating the RolE of Cloud–Circulation Coupling in ClimAte” (EUREC〈sup〉4〈/sup〉A) field experiment in winter 2020. The tracking of 2.7 million individual clouds in measurements with high spatio‐temporal resolution enables the investigation of processes that control the lifetime of shallow marine cumulus (SMC) clouds. Our analysis reveals that SMC clouds live longer when they span over a surface area that exceeds an order of tens of square kilometers. While these clouds show similar median cloud droplet size and number concentration compared to shorter‐lived clouds, they contain more liquid water and, thus, show a COT that is increased by about one third. Besides the effect of COT, we find that the scale of the atmospheric motions with which the clouds interact is also critical to their lifetime.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: First study of the life cycle of shallow marine cumulus based on observations with the Advanced Baseline Imager aboard GOES‐16.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Confirmation of the double power law in the distribution of cloud lifetime from measurements with a temporal resolution of 1 minute.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Cloud lifetime is related to large‐scale circulation and affects cloud optical thickness.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: https://observations.ipsl.fr/thredds/catalog/EUREC4A/SATELLITES/GOES-E/2km_01min/2020/catalog.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; shallow convection ; trade‐wind cumuli ; life cycle ; EUREC4A ; GOES‐16 ABI
    Language: English
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  • 207
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    Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on benthic marine community composition, structure and stability: a multidisciplinary approach to molluscan assemblages from the Miocene of northern Germany (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: The Miocene mica‐clay deposits of Groß Pampau (northern Germany) are well known for their diverse assemblages of marine mammals. Despite numerous systematic and biostratigraphic studies, an in‐depth palaeoecological analysis of its molluscan assemblages and a comprehensive palaeoenvironmental reconstruction are lacking. Here, we integrate new faunal, sedimentological and geochemical data to reconstruct the marine palaeoecosystem of the Upper Miocene sedimentary succession of Groß Pampau, and to identify the drivers controlling the composition, ecological structure and temporal dynamics of its macrobenthic molluscan assemblages. Fossil evidence, coupled with analyses of clay mineral composition, grain size distribution and geochemical data (total organic carbon, total nitrogen, δ〈sup〉13〈/sup〉C, δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O, δ〈sup〉15〈/sup〉N of sediment and shells), suggests a warm–temperate, mesotrophic, low‐energy, offshore marine setting mostly below storm wave base and a pronounced surface‐to‐bottom water temperature gradient. Low variability in sedimentological and geochemical signals indicates generally stable physicochemical conditions, whereas the occurrence of the opportunistic species 〈italic toggle="no"〉Varicorbula gibba〈/italic〉 suggests occasionally unfavourable bottom conditions, possibly related to transient hypoxia. Canonical correspondence analysis indicates that the distribution of molluscan assemblages correlates with total organic carbon and nitrogen content, suggesting organic matter availability at the sea floor as a controlling factor. A pattern of repetitive punctuated stasis of molluscan assemblages is defined by the temporal persistence in taxonomic and ecological composition, occasionally interrupted by shifts to a different faunal configuration. We suggest that both stable environmental conditions and biotic interactions (i.e. the top‐down control exerted by carnivorous gastropods and environmental modification by ubiquitous burrowing deposit feeders) probably contributed to the observed temporal stability.〈/p〉
    Description: Gemeinnützige Sparkassenstiftung Lübeck
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.0p2ngf253
    Keywords: ddc:564 ; Late Miocene ; North Sea Basin ; palaeoenvironment ; molluscan fauna ; stable isotopes
    Language: English
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  • 208
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    Rhine flood stories: Spatio‐temporal analysis of historic and projected flood genesis in the Rhine River basin (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The genesis of floods in large river basins often is complex. Streamflow originating from precipitation and snowmelt and different tributaries can superimpose and cause high water levels, threatening cities and communities along the riverbanks. For better understanding the mechanisms (origin and composition) of flood events in large and complex basins, we capture and share the story behind major historic and projected streamflow peaks in the Rhine River basin. Our analysis is based on hydrological simulations with the mesoscale Hydrological Model forced with both meteorological observations and an ensemble of climate projections. The spatio‐temporal analysis of the flood events includes the assessment and mapping of antecedent liquid precipitation, snow cover changes, generated and routed runoff, areal extents of events, and the above‐average runoff from major sub‐basins up to 10 days before a streamflow peak. We introduce and assess the analytical setup by presenting the flood genesis of the two well‐known Rhine floods that occurred in January 1995 and May 1999. We share our extensive collection of event‐based Rhine River flood genesis, which can be used in‐ and outside the scientific community to explore the complexity and diversity of historic and projected flood genesis in the Rhine basin. An interactive web‐based viewer provides easy access to all major historic and projected streamflow peaks at four locations along the Rhine. The comparison of peak flow genesis depending on different warming levels elucidates the role of changes in snow cover and precipitation characteristics in the (pre‐)Alps for flood hazards along the entire channel of the Rhine. Furthermore, our results suggest a positive correlation between flood magnitudes and areal extents of an event. Further hydro‐climatological research is required to improve the understanding of the climatic impact on the Rhine and beyond.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The genesis of riverine floods in large river basins often is complex. Streamflow originating from precipitation and snowmelt and different tributaries can superimpose and cause high water levels threatening cities and communities along the riverbanks. In this study, we capture and share the story behind major historic and projected streamflow peaks in the large and complex basin of the Rhine River.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="hyp14918-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:08856087:media:hyp14918:hyp14918-toc-0001"〉
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3239055
    Description: https://github.com/ERottler/rhine-flood-genesis
    Description: http://natriskchange.ad.umwelt.uni-potsdam.de:3838/rhine-flood-genesis
    Description: https://b2share.eudat.eu/records/72d7a4f5d38043d1a137228b39c7ecc3
    Keywords: ddc:551.46 ; climate change ; flood composition ; flood genesis ; mHM ; model simulations ; quantile extent ; Rhine River ; spatio‐temporal analysis ; web‐based dashboard
    Language: English
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  • 209
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    Towards joint in situ determination of pressure and temperature in the large volume press exclusively from X‐ray diffraction (2023)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: Since high‐pressure devices have been used at synchrotron facilities, accurate determination of pressure and temperature in the sample has been a crucial objective, particularly for experiments that simulate the Earth's interior. However, in some cases using a thermocouple may have a high likelihood of failure or is incompatible with a high‐pressure assembly. To address these challenges and similar issues, we aim to expand a previously proposed solution: to jointly estimate pressure and temperature (〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉) through 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 X‐ray diffraction, to cover a wider range of internal 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 calibrants tested over larger 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 ranges. A modifiable Python‐based software is offered to quickly obtain results. To achieve these aims, 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 large volume press experiments are performed on pellets of intimately mixed powders of a halide (NaCl, KCl, KBr, CsCl) or MgO and a metal (Pt, Re, Mo, W, Ni) in the pressure range 3–11 GPa and temperature range 300–1800 K. Although the pressure range was chosen for practical reasons, it also covers an equally important depth range in the Earth (down to 350 km) for geoscience studies. A thermocouple was used to validate the 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 conditions in the cell assemblies. The key results show that choosing the appropriate calibrant materials and using a joint 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 estimation can yield surprisingly small uncertainties (〈italic〉i.e.〈/italic〉 〈±0.1 GPa and 〈±50 K). This development is expected to benefit current and future research at extreme conditions, as other materials with high compressibility or high thermal pressure, stable over large 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 ranges, may be discovered and used as 〈italic〉PT〈/italic〉 calibrants.〈/p〉
    Description: Research in high‐pressure devices, such as the diamond anvil cell and the large volume press, requires knowledge of the pressure and temperature in the sample. Here, a large volume press and an internal resistive heater were used to generate high load and heat to various combinations of intimately mixed powders of materials. X‐ray diffraction and custom software were used to jointly estimate the pressures and temperatures in the samples and establish calibrants for 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 experiments at extreme conditions.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005775:jsy2vl5008:jsy2vl5008-fig-0001"〉
    Description: https://gitlab.desy.de/robert.farla/eoscross
    Keywords: ddc:548 ; equations of state ; X‐ray diffraction ; large volume press ; high pressure ; resistive heating
    Language: English
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  • 210
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    Changes in Seasonality of Saltwater Inflows Caused Exceptional Warming Trends in the Western Baltic Sea (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉During the last decades, the Baltic Sea has been among the fastest warming seas in the world. The warming is mainly driven by increasing air temperatures but deeper water layers can also be warmed by lateral advection of heat. By analyzing a 159 years long (1850–2008) hindcast simulation of the Baltic Sea, we link the exceptionally strong bottom water warming in the western Baltic Sea to a shift in the seasonality of saltwater inflows from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. Over the model period, warm summer and early autumn inflows have increased while cold winter inflows have decreased. Sensitivity experiments reveal that these changes were partly driven by a shift in river runoff seasonality. The strong warming could lead to faster oxygen depletion in the affected layers and thus have ecological consequences.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Baltic Sea is home to various marine and freshwater species and an important economic factor for the surrounding countries. Like other seas, the Baltic Sea is getting warmer due to climate change. The water at the surface warms especially fast because it takes up heat from the warming atmosphere. After some time, temperatures also increase in deeper layers. However, some deep parts in the western Baltic Sea are warming even faster than the sea surface. In our study, we investigate if the exceptional warming can be explained by an increase in warm saltwater inflows from the North Sea. Hence, we use a model simulation of the Baltic Sea for over 150 years to compare long time series of warm inflows and the temperatures in the deep layers of the western Baltic Sea. We find a strong correlation. Thus, we can link the exceptional warming in the deep layers of the western Baltic Sea during the last decades to an increase in warm inflows. The warming has ecological consequences since in warmer water, the oxygen is consumed faster and the deep water layers of the Baltic Sea are suffering from low oxygen concentrations.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: Summer and early autumn salt import into the Baltic Sea increased significantly since 1851 compared to the annual salt import.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Salt import between June and October is highly correlated with the annual sub‐thermocline temperature maximum in the western Baltic Sea.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The shift in inflow seasonality was partly caused by seasonal changes in river runoff.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: https://doi.io-warnemuende.de/10.12754/data-2023-0006
    Description: https://doi.io-warnemuende.de/10.12754/data-2018-0004
    Keywords: ddc:551.46 ; Baltic Sea ; saltwater inflows ; salinity dynamics ; global warming ; water temperature ; regional climate variability
    Language: English
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    Evolution of Global Ocean Tide Levels Since the Last Glacial Maximum (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉This study addresses the evolution of global tidal dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum focusing on the extraction of tidal levels that are vital for the interpretation of geologic sea‐level markers. For this purpose, we employ a truly‐global barotropic ocean tide model which considers the non‐local effect of Self‐Attraction and Loading. A comparison to a global tide gauge data set for modern conditions yields agreement levels of 65%–70%. As the chosen model is data‐unconstrained, and the considered dissipation mechanisms are well understood, it does not have to be re‐tuned for altered paleoceanographic conditions. In agreement with prior studies, we find that changes in bathymetry during glaciation and deglaciation do exert critical control over the modeling results with minor impact by ocean stratification and sea ice friction. Simulations of 4 major partial tides are repeated in time steps of 0.5–1 ka and augmented by 4 additional partial tides estimated via linear admittance. These are then used to derive time series from which the tidal levels are determined and provided as a global data set conforming to the HOLSEA format. The modeling results indicate a strengthened tidal resonance by M〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, but also by O〈sub〉1〈/sub〉, under glacial conditions, in accordance with prior studies. Especially, a number of prominent changes in local resonance conditions are identified, that impact the tidal levels up to several meters difference. Among other regions, resonant features are predicted for the North Atlantic, the South China Sea, and the Arctic Ocean.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: We discuss changes in ocean tides during the last 21,000 years. This time marks the Last Glacial Maximum when large parts of the Earth's surface were covered by ice and the sea level was more than 100 m lower than today. Such a low sea level means that many regions of the Earth became land and the ocean's depth changed markedly. The distribution of land and water dominates changes in the tidal levels like the spring or neap tide. With a tidal computer model recently developed by our group, we determine these tidal levels for different times steps from 21,000 years to today. Tidal levels are important for geologists who want to understand former sea level changes with samples found at ancient shorelines. As many of such samples were deposited at a specific tidal level, our modeled information will help them to relate their height to the mean sea‐level. Of course, our model is not the only one that can estimate such changes, but we discuss the advantages of our recent development over previous tools available.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: Evolution of four major partial tides from Last Glacial Maximum until present times.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Validation of the employed ocean tide model with present‐day tide gauge data and dissipation rates.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Diligent derivation of global tidal levels for the interpretation of sea level indexpoints.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:551.46 ; ocean tide modeling ; tidal dissipation ; tidal levels ; indicative range ; sea level index points ; numerical modeling
    Language: English
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  • 212
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    Silicon and iron isotopes in components of enstatite chondrites: Implications for metal–silicate–sulfide fractionation in the solar nebula (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-07-19
    Description: Silicon and iron isotope compositions of different physically separated components of enstatite chondrites (EC) were determined in this study to understand the role of nebular and planetary scale events in fractionating Si and Fe isotopes of the terrestrial planet‐forming region. We found that the metal–sulfide nodules of EC are strongly enriched in light Si isotopes (δ〈sup〉30〈/sup〉Si ≥ −5.61 ± 0.12‰, 2SD), whereas the δ〈sup〉30〈/sup〉Si values of angular metal grains, magnetic, slightly magnetic, and non‐magnetic fractions become progressively heavier, correlating with their Mg# (Mg/(Mg+Fe)). White mineral phases, composed primarily of SiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 polymorphs, display the heaviest δ〈sup〉30〈/sup〉Si of up to +0.23 ± 0.10‰. The data indicate a key role of metal–silicate partitioning on the Si isotope composition of EC. The overall lighter δ〈sup〉30〈/sup〉Si of bulk EC compared to other planetary materials can be explained by the enrichment of light Si isotopes in EC metals along with the loss of isotopically heavier forsterite‐rich silicates from the EC‐forming region. In contrast to the large Si isotope heterogeneity, the average Fe isotope composition (δ〈sup〉56〈/sup〉Fe) of EC components was found to vary from −0.30 ± 0.08‰ to +0.20 ± 0.04‰. A positive correlation between δ〈sup〉56〈/sup〉Fe and Ni/S in the components suggests that the metals are enriched in heavy Fe isotopes whereas sulfides are the principal hosts of light Fe isotopes in the non‐magnetic fractions of EC. Our combined Si and Fe isotope data in different EC components reflect an inverse correlation between δ〈sup〉30〈/sup〉Si and δ〈sup〉56〈/sup〉Fe, which illustrates that partitioning of Si and Fe among metal, silicate, and sulfidic phases has significantly fractionated Si and Fe isotopes under reduced conditions. Such isotope partitioning must have occurred before the diverse components were mixed to form the EC parent body. Evaluation of diffusion coefficients of Si and Fe in the metal and non‐metallic phases suggests that the Si isotope compositions of the silicate fractions of EC largely preserve information of their nebular processing. On the other hand, the Fe isotopes might have undergone partial or complete re‐equilibration during parent body metamorphism. The relatively uniform δ〈sup〉56〈/sup〉Fe among different types of bulk chondrites and the Earth, despite Fe isotope differences among their components, demonstrates that the chondrite parent bodies were not formed by random mixing of chondritic components from different locations in the disk. Instead, the chondrite components mostly originated in the same nebular reservoir and Si and Fe isotopes were fractionated either due to gas–solid interactions and associated changes in physicochemical environment of the nebular reservoir and/or during parent body processing. The heavier Si isotope composition of the bulk silicate Earth may require accretion of chondritic and/or isotopically heavier EC silicates along with cumulation of refractory forsterite‐rich heavier silicates lost from the EC‐forming region to form the silicate reservoir of the Earth.〈/p〉
    Description: DFG, German Research Foundation
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; enstatite chondrites ; silicon istotopes ; iron isotopes ; isotopic evolution
    Language: English
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    Sea Level Changes Affect Seismicity Rates in a Hydrothermal System Near Istanbul (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: Small stress changes such as those from sea level fluctuations can be large enough to trigger earthquakes. If small and large earthquakes initiate similarly, high‐resolution catalogs with low detection thresholds are best suited to illuminate such processes. Below the Sea of Marmara section of the North Anatolian Fault, a segment of ≈ $\approx $150 km is late in its seismic cycle. We generated high‐resolution seismicity catalogs for a hydrothermal region in the eastern Sea of Marmara employing AI‐based and template matching techniques to investigate the link between sea level fluctuations and seismicity over 6 months. All high resolution catalogs show that local seismicity rates are larger during time periods shortly after local minima of sea level, when it is already rising. Local strainmeters indicate that seismicity is promoted when the ratio of differential to areal strain is the largest. The strain changes from sea level variations, on the order of 30–300 nstrain, are sufficient to promote seismicity.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Quasi‐periodic phenomena are a natural probe to test how the Earth's responses to a certain stress perturbation. High‐resolution catalogs with low detection thresholds may provide a new opportunity to look for this type of earthquake triggering. A segment of 150 km below the Sea of Marmara section of the North Anatolian Fault is late in its seismic cycle. Here, we generated high‐resolution seismicity catalogs for 6 months covering a hydrothermal region south of Istanbul in the eastern Sea of Marmara including seismicity up to MW 4.5. For first time in this region, we document a strong effect of the Sea of Marmara water level changes on the local seismicity. Both high‐resolution catalogs show that local seismicity rates are significantly larger during time periods shortly after local minima on sea level, when the sea level is rising. The available local instrumentation provided an estimate of the strain changes that were sufficient to promote seismicity. If such small stress perturbations from sea level changes are enough to trigger seismicity, it may suggest that the region is very close to failure.
    Description: Key Points: We generated enhanced seismicity catalogs to investigate the potential link between sea level change and seismicity in a hydrothermal region. Higher seismicity rates from the entire and declustered catalogs are observed during time periods when sea level is rising. Strain estimates from local strainmeters show that seismicity was promoted during reduced normal and enhanced shear strain conditions.
    Description: Helmholtz Association http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100009318
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Description: National Aeronautics and Space Administration http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000104
    Description: VW momentum
    Description: https://tdvms.afad.gov.tr/
    Description: http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/earthquake-catalog/
    Description: https://www.unavco.org/data/strain-seismic/bsm-data/bsm-data.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; seismicity catalog ; sea level change ; hydrothermal region ; strain ; strainmeter ; solid Earth tides
    Language: English
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  • 214
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    Controls on Flood Trends Across the United States (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: Trends in flood magnitudes vary across the conterminous USA (CONUS). There have been attempts to identify what controls these regionally varying trends, but these attempts were limited to certain—for example, climatic—variables or to smaller regions, using different methods and datasets each time. Here we attribute the trends in annual maximum streamflow for 4,390 gauging stations across the CONUS in the period 1960–2010, while using a novel combination of methods and an unprecedented variety of potential controlling variables to allow large‐scale comparisons and minimize biases. Using process‐based flood classification and complex networks, we find 10 distinct clusters of catchments with similar flood behavior. We compile a set of 31 hydro‐climatological and land use variables as predictors for 10 separate Random Forest models, allowing us to find the main controls the flood magnitude trends for each cluster. By using Accumulated Local Effect plots, we can understand how these controls influence the trends in the flood magnitude. We show that hydro‐climatologic changes and land use are of similar importance for flood magnitude trends across the CONUS. Static land use variables are more important than their trends, suggesting that land use is able to attenuate (forested areas) or amplify (urbanized areas) the effects of climatic changes on flood magnitudes. For some variables, we find opposing effects in different regions, showing that flood trend controls are highly dependent on regional characteristics and that our novel approach is necessary to attribute flood magnitude trends reliably at the continental scale while maintaining sensitivity to regional controls.
    Description: Key Points: A wide variety of controls are necessary to explain flood magnitude trends across the United States between 1960 and 2010. Climatic changes and land cover conditions are of similar importance for flood magnitude trends at the regional scale. Controls on flood trends can have highly nonlinear effects and can have opposing effects in different hydro‐climatological subregions.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: USACE Water Institute
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/usa/nwis/peak
    Description: https://water.usgs.gov/GIS/metadata/usgswrd/XML/streamgagebasins.xml
    Description: https://psl.noaa.gov/
    Description: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/59692a64e4b0d1f9f05fbd39
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; annual maximum flood ; magnitude trends ; drivers ; Random Forest ; clustering ; climate change
    Language: English
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    A Reappraisal of the 40Ar/38Ar Dating Technique via Irradiation with γ‐Rays (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In a reconnaissance study, we investigated the potential of γ‐ray induced production of 〈sup〉38〈/sup〉Ar〈sub〉K〈/sub〉 from 〈sup〉39〈/sup〉K for geochronological applications. For this purpose, various age monitors commonly in use for the established 〈sup〉40〈/sup〉Ar/〈sup〉39〈/sup〉Ar‐method were co‐irradiated for 60 h at 17.6 MeV maximum energy in the ELBE facility, Dresden‐Rossendorf, Germany. Because the available energy was low, total production of 〈sup〉38〈/sup〉Ar〈sub〉K〈/sub〉 was depressed, leading to low 〈italic toggle="no"〉J〈/italic〉〈sub〉38〈/sub〉‐values of (2.1–4.1) × 10〈sup〉‐6〈/sup〉 and hence resulted in only minor 〈sup〉38〈/sup〉Ar excess when compared with atmospheric 〈sup〉38〈/sup〉Ar〈sub〉/〈/sub〉〈sup〉36〈/sup〉Ar ratios. In spite of these restrictions, ages of younger monitors could be reproduced within error, whereas older age reference materials showed discrepancies due to the low production rate. We observed Ca‐derived contributions on 〈sup〉36〈/sup〉Ar in analysed CaF〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 reference materials, and calculated a limit for Ca‐interference on 〈sup〉38〈/sup〉Ar〈sub〉Ca〈/sub〉 of (〈sup〉38〈/sup〉Ar/〈sup〉36〈/sup〉Ar)〈sub〉Ca〈/sub〉 = 0.07 ± 0.03 (1〈italic toggle="no"〉s〈/italic〉). In addition, we investigated a potential recoil redistribution of 〈sup〉38〈/sup〉Ar by stepwise heating experiments, but could not quantify this further because of concurring processes. More work at higher photon energies is necessary to resolve other open issues, in particular the potential of utilising 〈sup〉40〈/sup〉Ar/〈sup〉37〈/sup〉Ar ratios for age determination and the possibility of 〈sup〉42〈/sup〉Ar production from 〈sup〉44〈/sup〉Ca, which would allow correction for Ca‐interference reactions on other Ar isotopes. This would be a pre‐requisite for dating extra‐terrestrial rocks.〈/p〉
    Description: Klaus‐Tschira‐Stiftung gGmbH
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; geochronology ; γ‐irradiation ; 40Ar/39Ar dating ; age spectra ; isochrons
    Language: English
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    Impact of shading on evapotranspiration and water stress of urban trees (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Evapotranspiration of urban street trees is essential in mitigating urban heat islands due to its cooling effect. However, current shifts in rainfall and temperature regimes towards drier and hotter periods in Central Europe have caused substantial water stress for street trees. Quantifying and subsequently managing these changing dynamics as well as estimating evapotranspiration and water availability is necessary but at the same time extremely challenging in urban environments. Both dynamics are influenced by soil sealing and complex shading patterns of the surrounding street canyon, which vary on a small spatial scale as a function of the canyon layout and orientation. In the present study, the diurnal patterns of six typical urban shading types for street trees were derived by considering a large set of street orientations, widths and tree positions within the street canyon. A shading model was integrated into a hydrological urban tree model to assess the impact of those shading types on diurnal patterns of radiation and evapotranspiration rates calculated using the Penman–Monteith approach and the resulting soil moisture conditions for several vegetation seasons and water‐supply scenarios. The modelling results showed that the six shading patterns significantly influenced the simulated hourly, daily and seasonal potential and actual evapotranspiration rates and water availability. Shaded trees have a substantially reduced, simulated water stress period, regardless of initial water supply, and are able to provide a longer‐lasting cooling function during dry periods due to higher evapotranspiration rates later in the summer season.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013549
    Keywords: ddc:577.2 ; diffuse radiation ; direct radiation ; evapotranspiration (ET) ; global radiation ; shading ; urban environment ; urban trees ; water stress
    Language: English
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  • 217
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    Sustainable research software for high-quality computational research in the Earth System Sciences: Recommendations for universities, funders and the scientific community in Germany (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: Similar to other research fields, new knowledge in the Earth System Sciences is increasingly produced by computational research. However, the reproducibility of this type of research has been shown to be very limited, and its efficiency and quality need to be improved. Reproducibility requires researchers to publish both their research outcome in the form of a paper and their research workflows, software and data so that other researchers can reproduce the findings without any further support still years later. Efficient and high-quality computational research requires skills beyond programming as well as the capacity for software maintenance. Inspired by a best-practice example from the Netherlands, we provide 15 recommendations for universities, research funders and the scientific community who wish to support the development of sustainable high-quality computational research in Germany. They relate to the training and support of researchers by universities and other research organizations and to research funding. Of particular importance are options for establishing institutional support by research software engineers who are employed in permanent positions, funding of research software as research infrastructure as well as approaches for increasing the scientific merit that is achieved by producing sustainable research software and providing reproducible research output.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Rundgespräch DO 737/22-1
    Description: report
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 10
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    In situ neutron diffraction for analysing complex coarse‐grained functional materials (2023)
    International Union of Crystallography | 5 Abbey Square, Chester, Cheshire CH1 2HU, England
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-24
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Complex functional materials play a crucial role in a broad range of energy‐related applications and in general for materials science. Revealing the structural mechanisms is challenging due to highly correlated coexisting phases and microstructures, especially for 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 or 〈italic〉operando〈/italic〉 investigations. Since the grain sizes influence the properties, these microstructural features further complicate investigations at synchrotrons due to the limitations of illuminated sample volumes. In this study, it is demonstrated that such complex functional materials with highly correlated coexisting phases can be investigated under 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 conditions with neutron diffraction. For large grain sizes, these experiments are valuable methods to reveal the structural mechanisms. For an example of 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 experiments on barium titanate with an applied electric field, details of the electric‐field‐induced phase transformation depending on grain size and frequency are revealed. The results uncover the strain mechanisms in barium titanate and elucidate the complex interplay of stresses in relation to grain sizes as well as domain‐wall densities and mobilities.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉This work reports 〈italic〉in situ〈/italic〉 neutron diffraction experiments on a broad range of grain sizes of barium titanate. The study reveals the grain‐size‐dependent strain mechanisms and shows the competitiveness of neutron diffraction with high‐resolution synchrotron diffraction.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16005767:jcr2vb5054:jcr2vb5054-fig-0001"〉 〈alt-text〉image〈/alt-text〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; ddc:548 ; neutron diffraction ; in situ ; applied electric fields ; barium titanate ; strain mechanisms ; grain sizes ; complex functional materials ; microstructures ; coexisting phases
    Language: English
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    Handbook for Green Housing and Healthy Living (2023)
    Construction Publisher, Hanoi
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-12
    Description: Trying to impart concepts and practices of sustainable housing and health to the public, the Handbook aims to apply a “non-expert” and “easy-to-understand” language, adequate visual effects, and user-friendly design. The Handbook’s main target groups are the rapidly developing urban middle classes (the so-called “new consumers”) with their sharply rising ecological footprint, agencies of government at all levels, businesses, especially companies in the construction industry, architects, teachers, students, and all others interested in green housing and healthy living. The content follows a multi-disciplinary holistic approach, providing practical guidelines for planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining sustainable housing and behavioral dimensions to improve energy efficiency and healthy living. While the book content might focus on the most rapidly developed housing typology in Vietnam, high-rise residential buildings, the principles and solutions introduced are applicable to all other types of housing in Vietnam.
    Description: BMBF
    Description: lecture
    Keywords: "Green Housing" ; "Healthy Living" ; "Sustainable Building" ; "Sustainable Lifestyles" ; "Sustainable Buildings" ; Handbook ; "Energy-Saving" ; "Household Waste Management" ; "Renewable Energy" ; "Water-Saving" ; "Building Envelope" ; "Thermal Comfort" ; "New consumers"
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:book , publishedVersion
    Format: 130
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    Global Geomagnetic Field Evolution From 900 to 700 ka Including the Matuyama‐Brunhes Reversal (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Polarity reversals and excursions are the most significant geomagnetic field changes generated in the liquid outer core of the Earth, therefore studying them helps understand geodynamo processes. This study examines the Matuyama‐Brunhes (MB) reversal using a new reconstruction of the global geomagnetic field based on paleomagnetic data, termed Global Geomagnetic Field Model for the MB reversal (GGFMB). GGFMB covers 900–700 ka, including late Matuyama and early Brunhes. This allows us to also investigate the Kamikatsura excursion (ca. 888 ka). The model is based on 38 high‐quality paleomagnetic sediment records with age control mostly independent of the magnetic signal. GGFMB suggests that the MB reversal began about ∼799 ka, when non‐dipole field components increased and the axial dipole component decreased. The transitional fields first appeared on Earth's surface in the high‐latitude southern hemisphere and equatorial regions. The minimum dipole strength was reached around 780 ka and the axial dipole changed sign. After ∼10 Kyr, the field stabilized in the normal polarity of the early Brunhes. The MB reversal lasted ∼29 Kyr (from 799 to 770 ka) and had slower rate of dipole decay than recovery as well as lower dipole moment for several millennia before than after the reversal. According to GGFMB, the dipole moment during the Kamikatsura excursion was approximately half that of the current field and it was a regional excursion observed only over eastern Asia and North America. Our sediment data collection is heavily biased toward the northern hemisphere, thus more southern hemisphere records are needed to demonstrate GGFMB's robustness in this region.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Earth's magnetic field originates deep inside the planet and extends far into space, and it has undergone significant direction and intensity changes throughout geological history. The most extreme magnetic field changes are reversals, when the field changes its polarity and global field intensity reaches a minimum. We reconstruct the global geomagnetic field evolution over the time interval 900,000 to 700,000 years ago. The information about the magnetic field variations comes from the paleomagnetic signal recovered from sediment drill cores from locations all over the globe, and with good constraints on the ages of the material. Our model includes the Matuyama‐Brunhes field reversal, which occurred ∼780,000 years ago. It provides a global view of this drastic field change, indicating, for example, that the recovery of the global field intensity was much faster than its decay and the average global field strength was lower for several millennia before than after the polarity change. Our model suggests that the reversal started at ∼799 ka, the actual polarity change of the axial dipole field occurred at ∼780 ka, and a stable normal polarity was reached at ∼770 ka. The whole process of the reversal therefore took ∼29,000 years.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: A global geomagnetic field model for 900–700 ka is presented, including the Matuyama‐Brunhes (MB) reversal and Kamikatsura excursion. The mid‐point of the Matuyama‐Brunhes reversal is at 780 ka, with an overall duration of nearly 30 Kyr. The dipole field decays from moderate dipole moment in the late Matuyama and recovers quickly to higher values in the early Brunhes.
    Description: Helmholtz‐Zentrum Potsdam ‐ Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010956
    Description: https://earthref.org/ERDA/2548/
    Description: https://earthref.org/ERDA/2548/
    Keywords: ddc:538.7 ; geomagnetic field model ; Matuyama-Brunhes (MB) reversal ; Kamikatsura excursion
    Language: English
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    Loss of loess in the geological record due to poor preservation (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-08-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Loess deposits are widespread in the Quaternary, but relatively rare in older geological records. This disparity is commonly linked to the unique climate conditions of the Quaternary, but those cannot fully explain the scarcity of loess in older records. Instead, we propose that the poor preservation of loess also plays an essential role. To test this hypothesis, we assess the preservation potential of loess by quantifying its modern‐day distribution in active sedimentary basins. This analysis shows that on the global scale only 20% of loess occurs in basins of which the majority is in a foreland setting. This could be due to nearby silt‐producing mountains and the effects of rain shadow aridity. The other 80% is ultimately either eroded or reworked and therefore poorly preserved in the long term. This conclusion implies that loess deposits may have been more common in pre‐Quaternary periods, despite being less abundant in the geological record.〈/p〉
    Description: Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003495
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; loess ; preservation ; geological record
    Language: English
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    Measurement of actual evapotranspiration in a páramo ecosystem using portable closed chambers: Comparison between giant rosettes, tussock grasses and shrubs (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The páramos are Neotropical alpine tundra‐like ecosystems that play a crucial role as biodiversity hotspots and also act as water sources for the inter‐Andean regions and cities. Improving our understanding of hydrological processes, here evapotranspiration, is crucial, especially in the context of global changes. In páramos, most research have focused on estimating potential evapotranspiration (ETo) using the Penman–Monteith method. Only a few studies have quantified actual evapotranspiration using mostly the Eddy covariance method (EC) or volumetric lysimeters. Importantly, these studies focused only on tussock grass communities, and none have addressed the effect of other plant communities specific to páramos on the actual evapotranspiration of this ecosystem. In this research, portable closed chambers were installed for the first time in a páramo (in 〈italic〉Los Nevados〈/italic〉 National Park, between 3900 and 4100 masl) to quantify actual evapotranspration (ETa) in March and May 2019 in three representative plant communities of the páramo (giant rosettes, shrubs and tussock grasses). The ETa rates measured were then compared with ETo estimated using the Penman–Monteith method. Also, environmental factors of solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity were recorded and their influence on ETa variation was analysed. Our results indicate that ETa daily rates were very low with a high daily variation (0.290 ± 0.266 mm day〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉). The shrubs showed higher ETa rates even though differences among communities were not significant. ETo rates calculated via the Penman–Monteith method were significantly higher (1.017 ± 0.468 mm day〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) than those measured using the portable chambers. Portable closed chamber is a promising method to assess ETa at small spatial and time scales and under controlled environment; however, they should be improved to enable ETa measurements on longer time periods. This study confirms the highly variable and low evapotranspiration rate of the páramo vegetation, here confirmed across different plant communities and underlines the importance of solar radiation and temperature, which were positively correlated with evapotranspiration rates.〈/p〉
    Keywords: Calamagrostis ; Espeletia ; evapotranspiration ; high altitude ecosystem ; Penman–Monteith ; Pentacalia ; stomatal conductance
    Language: English
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    Ménec Fossae on Europa: A Strike‐Slip Tectonics Origin Above a Possible Shallow Water Reservoir (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Faults and fractures may emplace fresh material onto Europa's surface, originating from shallow reservoirs within the ice shell or directly from the subsurface ocean. Ménec Fossae is a region of particular interest as it displays the interaction of several geological features, including bands, double ridges, chaotic terrains, and fossae, within a relatively small area. These features might affect the emplacement of buried material and subsequent exposure of fresh volatiles, prime targets for the upcoming 〈italic〉JUICE〈/italic〉 and 〈italic〉Europa Clipper〈/italic〉 missions in order to assess Europa's astrobiological potential. Previous studies have already revealed that a deep central trough is present at Ménec Fossae, flanked by several subparallel minor troughs and by a few asymmetrical scarps with lobate planforms. The presence of such features has motivated this study, given its potential to provide clear indications on the tectonic regime involved. Through detailed geomorphological‐structural mapping using 〈italic〉Galileo〈/italic〉 Solid State Imager data and terrain analysis on Digital Terrain Models, we could develop a novel hypothesis on the formation mechanisms that might have been involved in the study area. We propose that Ménec Fossae has been shaped by transtensional (strike‐slip with an extensional component) tectonic activity, as indicated by the orientation and relationship of the tectonic features present. Likely, such transtensional tectonism occurred above or associated with shallow subsurface water, consistent with the overall morphology and topography of the study area and the presence of chaotic terrains and double ridges. These results strengthen the case for widely distributed shallow water reservoirs within Europa's ice shell.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Tectonic cracks, which can originate from shallow water bodies within the icy crust or directly from the subsurface ocean, may emplace fresh material onto Europa's surface. This kind of material is a prime target for upcoming space missions to assess Europa's habitability. We investigated the area of Ménec Fossae, which is characterized by many different geological features and structures within a relatively small area and can therefore provide clues on the mechanisms that shaped it. Our analyses were based on imaging and new topographic data, we developed a new hypothesis involving a combination of different tectonic styles as the driving processes for the formation of this area. This kind of tectonic activity could be related to a liquid water pocket located at a shallow depth within Europa's icy crust, which might explain the concurrent presence of some particular geological features in the area. These findings strengthen the case for the wide distribution of shallow water pockets distributed within the icy crust, which could allow future space missions to more easily assess Europa's habitability.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Detailed geomorphological‐structural analysis of Ménec Fossae has been conducted, using imaging and newly processed topographic data〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Ménec Fossae has been shaped by transtensional tectonic activity, potentially related to the emplacement of a shallow water reservoir〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The hypothesis that shallow water reservoirs are widely distributed within Europa's ice shell is strengthened〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100019180
    Description: https://doi.org/10.17189/1520425
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5066/P9VKKK7C
    Description: https://doi.org/10.35003/8CU23S
    Keywords: ddc:523 ; Europa ; tectonics ; strike‐slip ; digital terrain models ; shallow water bodies ; Europa Clipper
    Language: English
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    Induced Earthquake Source Parameters, Attenuation, and Site Effects From Waveform Envelopes in the Fennoscandian Shield (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉We analyze envelopes of 233 and 22 〈italic〉M〈/italic〉〈sub〉L〈/sub〉0.0 to 〈italic〉M〈/italic〉〈sub〉L〈/sub〉1.8 earthquakes induced by two geothermal stimulations in the Helsinki, Finland, metropolitan area. We separate source spectra and site terms and determine intrinsic attenuation and the scattering strength of shear waves in the 3–200 Hz frequency range using radiative transfer based synthetic envelopes. Displacement spectra yield scaling relations with a general deviation from self‐similarity, with a stronger albeit more controversial signal from the weaker 2020 stimulation. The 2020 earthquakes also tend to have a smaller local magnitude compared to 2018 earthquakes with the same moment magnitude. We discuss these connections in the context of fluid effects on rupture speed or medium properties. Site terms demonstrate that the spectral amplification relative to two reference borehole sites is not neutral at the other sensors; largest variations are observed at surface stations at frequencies larger than 30 Hz. Intrinsic attenuation is exceptionally low with 〈mml:math id="jats-math-1" display="inline"〉〈mml:semantics〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:msubsup〉〈mml:mi〉Q〈/mml:mi〉〈mml:mi mathvariant="normal"〉i〈/mml:mi〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:mo〉−〈/mml:mo〉〈mml:mn〉1〈/mml:mn〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈/mml:msubsup〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex"〉 ${Q}_{\mathrm{i}}^{-1}$〈/mml:annotation〉〈/mml:semantics〉〈/mml:math〉 values down to 2.4 × 10〈sup〉−5〈/sup〉 at 20 Hz, which allows the observation of a diffuse reflection at the ∼50 km deep Moho. Scattering strength is in the range of globally observed data with 〈mml:math id="jats-math-2" display="inline"〉〈mml:semantics〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:msubsup〉〈mml:mi〉Q〈/mml:mi〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:mi mathvariant="normal"〉s〈/mml:mi〉〈mml:mi mathvariant="normal"〉c〈/mml:mi〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:mo〉−〈/mml:mo〉〈mml:mn〉1〈/mml:mn〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈/mml:msubsup〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex"〉 ${Q}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{c}}^{-1}$〈/mml:annotation〉〈/mml:semantics〉〈/mml:math〉 between 10〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 and 10〈sup〉−4〈/sup〉. The application of the employed Qopen analysis program to the 2020 data in a retrospective monitoring mode demonstrates its versatility as a seismicity processing tool. The diverse results have implications for scaling relations, hazard assessment and ground motion modeling, and imaging and monitoring using ballistic and scattered wavefields in the crystalline Fennoscandian Shield environment.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: We analyze seismograms from earthquakes that were induced during two geothermal stimulation experiments in the Helsinki, Finland, metropolitan area, in 2018 and 2020. We process long signals including later parts of the seismograms to solve the persistent problem of separating the effects of the earthquake source process, of the bedrock, and of the ground immediately below a seismic sensor on the observed data. The high data quality allows us to measure systematic differences in some fundamental earthquake source parameters between events induced during the two stimulations. We attribute this to the effect of the fluids that were pumped into the 6 km deep rock formations. These observations are important since natural earthquakes and earthquakes induced by such underground engineering activities are governed by the same physical mechanisms. We also find that the bedrock in southern Finland is characterized by some of the lowest seismic attenuation values that have so far been measured in different tectonic environments. Last, the so‐called site effects at the instrument locations show a diverse amplification pattern in a wide frequency range, which is important for the assessment of shaking scenarios in the area.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉We find lower stress drop values for events induced by the 2020 compared to the 2018 stimulation and a deviation from self‐similar scaling〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The observation of a diffuse reflection at the 50 km deep Moho highlights the low intrinsic attenuation in the Fennoscandian Shield〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Site effect terms between 3 and 200 Hz show diverse frequency and site dependent patterns with high‐frequency amplification〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Academy of Finland
    Description: Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam
    Description: Institute of Seismology
    Description: University of Helsinki
    Description: https://github.com/trichter/qopen_finland
    Description: https://doi.org/10.23729/39cfac4f-4d0d-4fb4-83dc-6f67e8ba8dce
    Description: https://doi.org/10.23729/cdfd937c-37d5-46b0-9c16-f6e0c10bc81f
    Description: https://doi.org/10.23729/6d15a5ea-7671-4bab-88a1-71f4ed962276
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; seismic attenuation ; wave scattering and diffraction ; induced earthquakes ; earthquake source observations ; site effects ; Fennoscandian Shield
    Language: English
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    Importance of catchment hydrological processes and calibration of hydrological‐hydrodynamic rainfall‐runoff models in small rural catchments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In recent years, many two‐dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic models have been extended to include the direct rainfall method (DRM). This allows their application as a hydrological‐hydrodynamic model for the determination of floodplains in one model system. In previous studies on DRM, the role of catchment hydrological processes (CaHyPro) and its interaction with the calibration process was not investigated in detail. In the present, case‐oriented study, the influence of the spatiotemporal distribution of the processes precipitation and runoff formation in combination with the 2D model HEC‐RAS is investigated. In a further step, a conceptual approach for event‐based interflow is integrated. The study is performed on the basis of a single storm event in a small rural catchment (low mountain range, 38 km〈sup〉2〈/sup〉) in Hesse (Germany). The model results are evaluated against six quality criteria and compared to a simplified baseline model. Finally, the calibrated improved model is contrasted with a calibrated baseline model. The results show the enhancement of the model results due to the integration of the CaHyPro and highlight its interplay with the calibrated model parameters.〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; 2D hydrodynamic modeling ; calibration ; direct rainfall modeling ; hydrological processes ; radar data ; runoff formation
    Language: English
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    Energy Conversion by Magnetic Reconnection in Multiple Ion Temperature Plasmas (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Magnetic reconnection is a process that converts magnetic energy into kinetic energy, both bulk and thermal. We study the energy partition in magnetotail reconnection in the presence of cold ion populations of ionospheric origin using kinetic simulations. We compare two simulations with one or two ion populations, but same ion moments. The ion distribution in the simulation with cold ions therefore corresponds to a non‐Maxwellian distribution with a large tail. The global energy budget does not change in the two cases, but when focusing on sub‐populations, the hot ion population (i.e., the tail of the velocity distribution function) gains more energy than the cold ion population (i.e., the core of the distribution). Hot and cold ions also gain different percentages of bulk and thermal energy.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Magnetic reconnection is a process that converts magnetic energy into acceleration (bulk kinetic energy) and heating (thermal kinetic energy). In the magnetosphere, we often see a cold plasma population of ionospheric origin, on top of the hot magnetospheric plasma. We study the energy partition in magnetotail reconnection in the presence of those cold ions using simulations. We compare two simulations with and without cold ions, but same global parameters. We observe that the total energy partition is not significantly different between the simulations. But when focusing on the cold ion simulation, we see that hot ions gains more energy than cold ions and also have a larger bulk over thermal energy gain.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The energy budget in magnetic reconnection is not significantly affected by cold ion beams for constant inflow plasma global parameters〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The hotter ion population gains more energy during magnetic reconnection than the colder one〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Most of the energy gain of hot ions is in the form of internal energy, while the energy transferred to the cold ions is more balanced〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Agencia Estatal de Investigación http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100011033
    Description: Gauss Centre for Supercomputing e.V.
    Description: BEIS
    Description: Seneca Agency from Region of Murcia
    Description: DAAD Dmitrij Mendeleev‐Programm
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7639110
    Keywords: ddc:538.7 ; magnetic reconnection ; energy partition ; cold ionospheric ions ; kinetic simulations
    Language: English
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    Transient Creep of Quartz and Granulite at High Temperature Under Wet Conditions (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-15
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Transient creep of crustal rocks is important to explain time‐dependent geological processes such as postseismic deformation following a large continental earthquake. While the steady‐state creep flow law parameters of quartz and feldspar, major minerals in the upper and lower crust, are well known, the physical mechanism behind transient creep and the corresponding flow law parameters are poorly understood. We quantify the flow law parameters for both quartz and granulite (mixture of plagioclase and pyroxene) under wet conditions with a nonlinear Burgers model using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. Modeling results yield an activation energy of 70 ± 20 kJ/mol and a stress exponent of 2.0 ± 0.1 for transient creep of quartz aggregates. For granulite/feldspar, we find activation energies of 280 ± 30 and 220 ± 20 kJ/mol and stress exponents of 1.0 ± 0.2 and 0.9 ± 0.1 under mid (1050–1100°C) and high (1125–1150°C), temperature conditions, respectively. The stress exponents and activation energies of transient creep are consistently smaller than those of steady‐state creep for both quartz and granulite/feldspar. Combined with results for transient creep of olivine that were previously obtained (Masuti & Barbot, 2021, 〈ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01543-9"〉https://doi.org/10.1186/s40623-021-01543-9〈/ext-link〉), we suggest that the activation energies and stress exponents of transient creep are smaller than those of steady‐state creep for volumetrically important silicate minerals of the crust and upper mantle. Extrapolation of the estimated flow law parameters of granulite/feldspar to natural conditions suggests that transient creep may dominate during the postseismic period and lasts longer than previously thought.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Earthquakes induce intermittent deformation of the solid Earth at rates that are higher or lower than the interseismic strain rates. When an earthquake occurs, it is accompanied by a sudden slip on the fault and a rapid stress change in the lower crust leading to an evolving rock strength. Lower crustal rocks represent a complex assembly of minerals and several different micro‐mechanisms may be activated during deformation. We use experimental data for quartz and feldspar to constrain the mechanical properties of the transient creep (i.e., stress changes with strain under constant strain rate conditions or strain changes nonlinearly with time under constant stress conditions). Based on our results, we conclude that the transient creep following an earthquake may not be as short lived as previously has been thought.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Transient creep flow law parameters of quartz and granulite are determined using a Markov chain Monte Carlo method〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Low stress exponent of the transient creep in silicates could be due to weak dependency of dislocation density on the stress〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Transient creep could be dominant during the postseismic phase of the earthquake cycle〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691
    Description: Humboldt Research Fellowship for Postdoctoral Researchers
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8304793
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8304760
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; transient creep ; quartz ; feldspar ; rheology ; lower crust ; granulite
    Language: English
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    Bergordnung für Göllnitz 1408 (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-18
    Description: Diese Im Stadtbuch von Göllnitz unter dem Jahr 1498 eingetragene Bergordnung für Göllnitz wurde wahrscheinlich 1408 durch den amtierende Kammergrafen erlassen. Zumindest verweist eine spätere (handschriftliche) Bemerkung auf das Jahr 1408 als Ursprung. Die Bergordnung von Göllnitz weist Elemente des Iglauer Bergrechtes und des Freiberger Bergrechtes auf. In den 19 Absätzen dieser Bergordnung wurden die Rechte und Pflichten des Bergmeisters benannt sowie sehr detailgetreu die Verleihung der Gruben und ihre Maße, der Betrieb und die Rechte von Erbstollen sowie die gegenüber dem Erbstollen zu zahlenden Gebühren beschrieben. Neben den Erbstollen wurden auch die Grundlagen für den Betrieb von Suchstollen benannt. Geregelt wurden die Einhaltung Arbeitszeit und das Recht der Arbeiter auf eine pünktliche Entlohnung. Bei schwierigen Entscheidungen sollte der Bergmeister die Ratsherren befragen oder in den umliegenden Bergstädten um Rat bitten.
    Description: source
    Keywords: Slowakei ; Göllnitz/Gelnica ; Zips/Spiš ; Schemnitz/Baňská Štiavnica ; Iglau/Jihlava ; Freiberg ; Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal ; Silberbergbau ; Bergordnung ; Ungarn ; Gran/Esztergom ; Rosenau/Rožňava ; Stephan Zápolya (Oberkammergraf) ; Tamás Bakócz (Erzbischof)
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book , updatedVersion
    Format: 6
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    A Comparison of Plasticity Regularization Approaches for Geodynamic Modeling (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The emergence, geometry and activation of faults are intrinsically linked to frictional rheology. The latter is thus a central element in geodynamic simulations which aim at modeling the generation and evolution of fault zones and plate boundaries. However, resolving frictional strain localization in geodynamic models is problematic. In simulations, equilibrium cannot always be attained and results can depend on mesh resolution. Spatial and temporal regularization techniques have been developed to alleviate these issues. Herein, we investigate three popular regularization techniques, namely viscoplasticity, gradient plasticity and the use of a Cosserat continuum. These techniques have been implemented in a single framework based on an accelerated pseudo‐transient solution strategy. The latter allows to explore the effects of regularization on shear banding using the same code and model configuration. We have used model configurations that involve three levels of complexity: from the emergence of a single isolated shear band to the visco‐elasto‐plastic stress buildup of a crust. All considered approaches allow to resolve shear banding, provide convergence upon mesh refinement and satisfaction of equilibrium. Viscoplastic regularization is straightforward to implement in geodynamic codes. Nevertheless, more stable shear banding patterns and strength estimates are achieved with computationally more expensive gradient and Cosserat‐type regularizations. We discuss the relative benefits of these techniques and their combinations for geodynamic modeling. Emphasis is put on the potential of Cosserat‐type media for geodynamic applications.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Regularization approaches for plastic strain localization are tested using a single code based on pseudo‐transient method〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉All considered schemes provide convergent result upon mesh refinement and satisfaction of equilibrium〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The use of Cosserat continuum is most robust regularization approach and is also is the most demanding〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7971379
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7692569
    Description: https://github.com/PTsolvers/PlasticityRegularisations_G3
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; strain localization ; frictional plasticity ; regularization ; viscoplasticity ; gradient plasticity ; Cosserat continuum
    Language: English
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    Climate Impact Comparison of Electric and Gas‐Powered End‐User Appliances (2023)
    Dietrich, Florian ; Chen, Jia ; Shekhar, Ankit ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Natural gas is considered a bridging technology in the energy transition because it produces fewer carbon emissions than coal, for example. However, when leaks exist, methane is released into the atmosphere, leading to a dramatic increase in the carbon footprint of natural gas, as methane is a much stronger greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Therefore, we conducted a detailed study of methane emissions from gas‐powered end‐use appliances and then compared their climate impacts with those of electricity‐powered appliances. We used the Munich Oktoberfest as a case study and then extended the study to 25 major natural gas consuming countries. This showed that electricity has been the more climate‐friendly energy source at Oktoberfest since 2005, due to the extensive use of renewable electricity at the festival and the presence of methane emissions, particularly caused by the incomplete combustion and leakages of natural gas in cooking and heating appliances. By contrast, at the global level, our study shows that natural gas still produces lower carbon emissions for end‐user appliances than electricity in 18 of the 25 countries studied. However, as the share of renewable energy in the electricity mix steadily increases in most countries, the carbon footprint of electricity will be lower than that of natural gas in these countries in the near future. These findings from our comparison of the total carbon emissions of electric and gas‐powered end‐use appliances can help inform the debate on how to effectively address climate change.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Although natural gas is considered a relatively climate‐friendly energy source compared to coal, leakage of methane, the main component of natural gas, can significantly increase the climate impact of natural gas. This is because methane is a very strong greenhouse gas. In this study, we focused on methane leakage from end‐use appliances used for cooking and heating. Using the Munich Oktoberfest as a case study, we found that these end‐use appliances produce significant methane emissions. Therefore, we investigated at which leakage rates and which electricity mixes it would be better to use electric appliances for cooking and heating instead to reduce overall carbon emissions. We found that despite leakage rates, natural gas is still more climate‐friendly than electricity in most countries around the world. However, as the share of renewable energy in the electricity mix increases in most countries, electricity is becoming a more climate‐friendly energy source every year. With this study, we want to make people aware of how the climate friendliness of electricity compares to natural gas over time.
    Description: Key Points: Methane emissions at Oktoberfest are measured and classified as natural gas‐based using isotopic analysis and the ratio of ethane to methane. Oktoberfest could save 87% of total carbon emissions from energy consumption if all gas‐powered appliances were replaced with electric ones. We aim to make people aware how the carbon footprint of electric and natural gas‐driven end‐user appliances compares and evolves over time.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: ETH Zürich Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012652
    Description: Technical University of Munich–Institute for Advanced Study
    Description: German Excellence Initiative
    Description: European Union Seventh Framework Programme
    Description: https://doi.org/10.14459/2022mp1663551
    Description: https://github.com/ankitshekhar99/Oktoberfest2019Study/tree/main
    Keywords: ddc:333.7 ; climate change ; methane ; carbon dioxide ; emissions ; carbon mitigation ; global
    Language: English
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    Deriving Debris‐Flow Dynamics From Real‐Time Impact‐Force Measurements (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: Understanding the impact forces exerted by debris flows is limited by a lack of direct field measurements and validated numerical models. In this study, we use real‐time impact‐force measurements and field observations of debris flows recorded by a sensor network in Jiangjia Ravine, China, to quantify the impact‐force distribution of natural debris flows. We observed one debris flow event during and after a storm on 25 August 2004, including 42 short‐duration surges and seven long‐duration surges, and impact‐force signals were successfully recorded for 38 surges. Our observed debris flows comprise high‐viscosity laminar flows with high sediment concentration and frequent solid‐to‐solid interactions. We identified a large magnitude (up to 1 kN), high‐frequency (greater than 1 Hz) fluctuating component of the impact force that we interpret as solid particle impact on the sensors. The variability of particle impact forces increases with the mean impact force. Our results show that a log‐logistic distribution can describe the probability density distribution of impact forces. Solid‐dominated surges and fluid‐dominated intersurge flows have similar impact‐force distributions, but surges usually have heavy tails. We created a dimensionless number to describe the impact force and correlated it against existing dimensionless parameters. Finally, we develop a simple particle impact model to understand the relationship between flow dynamics and the impact force inside debris flows that could be applied to improve debris‐flow flume experiments and design debris‐flow hazard mitigation measures.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Debris flows are fast‐moving mixtures of dirt and water that can cause huge damage to buildings and infrastructures and harm people. For effective hazard protection, we need to understand the impact forces exerted by debris flows. In this study, we measured impact forces at the high temporal resolution of 49 debris‐flow surges during and after a storm on 25 August 2004, recorded by a sensor array in Jiangjia Ravine, southwestern China. We develop statistical descriptions of the mean and the variability of the force and derive a relationship between flow dynamics and the impact force using a simple particle impact model. Our results could be applied to improve the future design of debris‐flow hazard mitigation measures.
    Description: Key Points: Log‐logistic distribution is a good fit for debris‐flow impact force probability density functions. Debris‐flow surges and intersurge flows have similar impact force distribution, but surges usually have heavy tails. A simple particle impact model can explain the debris‐flow impact force signal.
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Description: National Key R&D Program of China
    Description: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21078136.v5
    Description: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.21078154.v2
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; debris flow ; impact force ; particle impact model ; log‐logistic distribution ; dimensionless parameters
    Language: English
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    The Role of Stratified Turbulence in the Cold Summer Mesopause Region (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-22
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The summer mesopause at middle and high latitudes is the coldest place on Earth, and atmospheric gravity waves are responsible for the emergence of this extreme thermal phenomenon. Although the main physical mechanism behind the latter is understood, a deeper insight into it can be gained from the investigation of the mesoscale energy spectrum. In this work, we decompose the frequency spectra into divergent and rotational parts and find that their energy contributions are equipartitioned at high frequencies. This mesoscale energy equipartition is a feature of stratified turbulence and illustrates the complexity of the mesoscale dynamics in the summer mesopause region. We also analyze the power spectra of observed and simulated mesoscale zonal and meridional winds at middle latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere and show that stratified turbulence plays a role in the mesopause region during summer.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Given its complexity to be measured at different spatio‐temporal scales, the exploration of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere remains an active area of research. In this work, we have applied velocity filtering techniques to both multistatic specular meteor radar measurements and global circulation model simulations to analyze horizontal wind frequency spectra over southern Patagonia. We consider the theory of layered anisotropic stratified turbulence to study the summer mesopause region and hypothesize that this type of turbulence (in the statistical sense) plays a role in the transition of internal gravity waves to small‐scale turbulence.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Spatially filtered horizontal wind residuals are explored for the first time at mesopause altitudes over Patagonia〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Frequency spectra of horizontal wind residuals follow a −2 slope〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Simulated divergent and rotational parts of the mesoscale kinetic energy are equipartitioned at high frequencies〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Leibniz Society
    Description: https://doi.org/10.22000/1737
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; stratified turbulence ; gravity waves ; mesopause ; meteor radar ; energy spectrum
    Language: English
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    Redoxtrons – An experimental system to study redox processes within the capillary fringe (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Spatiotemporal characterisation of the soil redox status within the capillary fringe (CF) is a challenging task. Air‐filled porosities (ε), oxygen concentration (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) and soil redox potential (EH) are interrelated soil variables within active biogeochemical domains such as the CF. We investigated the impact of water table (WT) rise and drainage in an undisturbed topsoil and subsoil sample taken from a Calcaric Gleysol for a period of 46 days. We merged 1D (EH and matric potential) and 2D (O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉) systems to monitor at high spatiotemporal resolution redox dynamics within self‐constructed redoxtron housings and complemented the data set by a 3D pore network characterization using X‐ray microtomography (X‐ray μCT). Depletion of O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 was faster in the organic matter‐ and clay‐rich aggregated topsoil and the CF extended 〉10 cm above the artificial WT. The homogeneous and less‐aggregated subsoil extended only 4 cm above the WT as indicated by ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–EH data during saturation. After drainage, 2D O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 imaging revealed a fast aeration towards the lower depths of the topsoil, which agrees with the connected ε derived by X‐ray μCT (ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉) of 14.9% of the total porosity. However, small‐scaled anoxic domains with O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation 〈5% were apparent even after lowering the WT (down to 0.25 cm〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in size) for 23 days. These domains remained a nucleus for reducing soil conditions (E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〈 −100 mV), which made it challenging to characterise the soil redox status in the CF. In contrast, the subsoil aeration reached O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 saturation after 8 days for the complete soil volume. Values of ε〈sub〉CT_conn〈/sub〉 around zero in the subsoil highlighted that soil aeration was independent of this parameter suggesting that other variables such as microbial activity must be considered when predicting the soil redox status from ε alone. The use of redoxtrons in combination with localised redox‐measurements and image based pore space analysis resulted in a better 2D/3D characterisation of the pore system and related O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 transport properties. This allowed us to analyse the distribution and activity of microbiological niches highly associated with the spatiotemporal variable redox dynamics in soil environments. Highlights: The time needed to turn from reducing to oxidising (period where all platinum electrodes feature E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 〉 300 mV) condition differ for two samples with contrasting soil structure. The subsoil with presumably low O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 consumption rates aerated considerably faster than the topsoil and exclusively by O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 diffusion through medium‐ and fine‐sized pores. To derive the soil redox status based upon the triplet ε–O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–E〈sub〉H〈/sub〉 is challenging at present in heterogeneous soil domains and larger soil volumes than 250 cm〈sup〉3〈/sup〉. Undisturbed soil sampling along with 2D/3D redox measurement systems (e.g., redoxtrons) improve our understanding of redox dynamics within the capillary fringe.
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; environmental monitoring ; incubation experiments ; redox processes ; soil reducing conditions ; undisturbed soil ; X‐ray microtomography
    Language: English
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    Characteristics of the Matuyama‐Brunhes Magnetic Field Reversal Based on a Global Data Compilation (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Magnetic field reversals are irregular events in Earth's history when the geomagnetic field changes its polarity. Reversals are recorded by spot and continuous remanent magnetization data collected from lava flows and marine sediments, respectively. The latest field reversal, the Matuyama‐Brunhes reversal (MBR), is better covered by paleomagnetic data than prior field reversals, hence providing an opportunity to understand the physical mechanisms. Despite the quantity of data, a full understanding of the MBR is still lacking. The evolution of the MBR in time and space is explored in this work by compiling a global set of paleomagnetic data, both from sediments and volcanic rocks, which encompass the period 900–700 ka. After careful evaluation of data and dating quality, regional and global stacks of virtual axial dipole moment (VADM), virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP), and paleosecular variation index (Pi) are constructed from the sediment records using bootstrap resampling. Individual VADMs and VGPs calculated from lavas are compared to these stacks. Four phases of full‐vector field instability are observed in these stacks over the period 800–770 ka. The first three phases, observed at 800–785 ka, reflect a rapid weakening of the field coupled with low VGP latitude, after which the field returned to the reverse polarity of the Matuyama chron. The fourth phase, lasting from 780 to 770 ka, is when the field reversal process completed, such that the field entered the Brunhes normal polarity state. These findings point to a complex reversal process lasting ∼30 Kyr, with the reversal ending at ∼770 ka.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Earth's magnetic field, or geomagnetic field, which humans and some animals use for navigation, shields us from solar and cosmic radiation. The magnetic North and South poles have repeatedly, but infrequently changed their positions over Earth's history, a phenomenon known as magnetic field reversal. During a reversal, the magnetic field intensity decreased to low levels, which could have had a detrimental impact on our planet as the magnetic shielding is diminished. The magnetic field last switched polarity from the Matuyama reverse state to the current Brunhes normal polarity in the most recent field reversal. This work used regional and global stacks of paleomagnetic sediment records with reasonable age control, to investigate the Matuyama‐Brunhes reversal. From these stacks, we find that the last field reversal took ∼30 Kyr to evolve, beginning at about 800 ka and ending at around 770 ka. Our data compilation indicates that the reversal lasted longer in records from high latitudes than low‐ to mid latitudes records, which confirms a previous suggestion that local reversal duration is latitudinal dependent.
    Description: Key Points: Global characteristics of the Matuyama‐Brunhes field reversal were examined from well‐dated high‐quality lava and marine core data. The Matuyama‐Brunhes reversal started at 800 ka and the whole process lasted 30 ka. The new data compilation generally confirms longer regional reversal duration at high latitudes compared to low latitudes.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010956
    Description: Discovery Fellowship, GFZ Potsdam, Germany.
    Description: https://earthref.org/ERDA/2545/
    Keywords: ddc:538.7 ; paleomagnetic sediment records ; Matuyama-Brunhes geomagnetic field reversal
    Language: English
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    Simulating the soil phosphorus dynamics of four long‐term field experiments with a novel phosphorus model (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Phosphorus is a nonrenewable resource, which is required for crop growth and to maintain high yields. The soil P cycle is very complex, and new model approaches can lead to a better understanding of those processes and further guide to research gaps. The objective of this study was to present a P‐submodel, which has been integrated in the existing Carbon Candy Balance (CCB) model that already comprises a C and N module. The P‐module is linked to the C mineralization and the associated C‐pools via the C/P ratio of fresh organic material. Besides the organic P cycling, the module implies a plant‐available P‐pool (P〈sub〉av〈/sub〉), which is in a dynamic equilibrium with the nonavailable P‐pool (P〈sub〉na〈/sub〉) that comprises the strongly sorbed and occluded P fraction. The model performance was tested and evaluated on four long‐term field experiments with mineral P fertilization, farmyard manure as organic fertilizer and control plots without fertilization. The C dynamics and the P〈sub〉av〈/sub〉 dynamics were modelled with overall good results. The relative RMSE for the C was below 10% for all treatments, while the relative RMSE for P〈sub〉av〈/sub〉 was below 15% for most treatments. To accommodate for the rather small variety of available P‐models, the presented CNP‐model is designed for agricultural field sites with a relatively low data input, namely air temperature, precipitation, soil properties, yields and management practices. The CNP‐model offers a low entry threshold model approach to predict the C‐N and now the P dynamics of agricultural soils.
    Description: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010812
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; CNP‐model ; soil P dynamics ; soil process modelling ; total P and available P
    Language: English
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    North Atlantic Drift Sediments Constrain Eocene Tidal Dissipation and the Evolution of the Earth‐Moon System (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: Cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology are now at the forefront of geologic timekeeping. While this technique heavily relies on the accuracy of astronomical calculations, solar system chaos limits how far back astronomical calculations can be performed with confidence. High‐resolution paleoclimate records with Milankovitch imprints now allow reversing the traditional cyclostratigraphic approach: Middle Eocene drift sediments from Newfoundland Ridge are well‐suited for this purpose, due to high sedimentation rates and distinct lithological cycles. Per contra, the stratigraphies of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Sites U1408–U1410 are highly complex with several hiatuses. Here, we built a two‐site composite and constructed a conservative age‐depth model to provide a reliable chronology for this rhythmic, highly resolved (〈1 kyr) sedimentary archive. Astronomical components (g‐terms and precession constant) are extracted from proxy time‐series using two different techniques, producing consistent results. We find astronomical frequencies up to 4% lower than reported in astronomical solution La04. This solution, however, was smoothed over 20‐Myr intervals, and our results therefore provide constraints on g‐term variability on shorter, million‐year timescales. We also report first evidence that the g〈sub〉4〈/sub〉–g〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 “grand eccentricity cycle” may have had a 1.2‐Myr period around 41 Ma, contrary to its 2.4‐Myr periodicity today. Our median precession constant estimate (51.28 ± 0.56″/year) confirms earlier indicators of a relatively low rate of tidal dissipation in the Paleogene. Newfoundland Ridge drift sediments thus enable a reliable reconstruction of astronomical components at the limit of validity of current astronomical calculations, extracted from geologic data, providing a new target for the next generation of astronomical calculations.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The traditional cyclostratigraphic approach is to align and correlate a geologic depth‐series with an astronomical solution. However, the chaotic nature of the Solar System prevents astronomers from precisely calculating planetary motions beyond 40–50 million years ago. This in turn limits the options for geologists to use the resulting oscillations in Earth's climate system as a metronome for determining geologic time. In this study, we reversed the cyclostratigraphic approach and used the highly rhythmical sedimentary deposits from Newfoundland Ridge (North Atlantic) to back‐calculate planetary motions at ∼41 million years ago. The superior quality of the Newfoundland Ridge geoarchive originates from the combination of relatively high sedimentation rates (∼4 cm/kyr) and the time‐continuous character of our two‐site composite record between 39.5 and 42.8 million years ago. In this work, we had to first overcome considerable challenges in reconstructing the timing of sediment deposition, which we did with highly resolved geochemical measurements from two sites. We then were able to extract information on the Earth's planetary motion and on the Earth‐Moon interactions. These astronomical reconstructions based on geological data can now be used by astronomers to describe the evolution of the solar system further back in time than was previously possible.
    Description: Key Points: A new precession‐based cyclostratigraphy for the middle Eocene intervals of IODP Sites U1408 and U1410. Variability in astronomical fundamental frequencies (g‐terms) on million‐year timescales is larger than previously assumed. Our precession constant estimate for 41 Ma (51.28 ± 0.56″/year) confirms earlier indicators of slower tidal dissipation in the Paleogene.
    Description: National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Description: University of California http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005595
    Description: Belgian American Educational Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100001491
    Description: https://paloz.marum.de/AstroComputation/index.html
    Description: https://paloz.marum.de/confluence/display/ESPUBLIC/NAFF
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; North Atlantic ; Eocene ; cyclostratigraphy ; astrochronology
    Language: English
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    Thermo‐Kinematic Evolution of the Eastern European Alps Along the TRANSALP Transect (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-18
    Description: The eastern European Alps are shaped by the indentation of Adria into Europe. Recent tomography, depicting detached slab fragments, has been interpreted as evidence of continuous southward subduction of European lithosphere, contrary to an often‐invoked subduction polarity reversal. Orogen‐scale exhumation, driven by rock displacement along active faults, may reflect subduction polarity within the framework of doubly‐vergent Coulomb wedge theory, provided the absence of rheological contrasts across the colliding plates. Low‐temperature thermochronology can evaluate crustal cooling in response to changes in tectonic and erosional boundary conditions. This study investigates the consistency of observed crustal re‐organization, exhumation, and mantle processes in the Eastern Alps. Thermo‐kinematic forward models driven by reconstructions of crustal shortening along the TRANSALP geophysical transect were subjected to variations in shortening rates, thermophysical parameters, and topographic evolution, supplemented by new fission‐track data. The thermo‐kinematic models reproduce: (a) the orogen‐scale structural geometry, (b) the distribution of thermochronometer ages, (c) observed time‐temperature paths, and (f) the present‐day surface heat flux. Results suggest that exhumation is driven by rock displacement along active faults without the need to involve mantle‐driven buoyancy forces. Taken together, the results identify two possible scenarios: if the Tauern Ramp is a retro‐thrust and the southward shift of deformation in the Southern Alps is a response to new Coulomb‐wedge conditions, then our results support a Mid‐Miocene reversal of the subduction polarity. Alternatively, crustal deformation does not reflect mantle processes entailing a high degree of inter‐plate decoupling.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The convergence between the African and Eurasian plates created the European Alps. This process led to the Eurasian plate underlaying the African plate. It has been argued that this tectonic geometry changed, that is, Adria underlies Europe at present. Here we investigate whether changes in erosion and cooling of the crust over geologic time along a north‐to‐south profile in the Eastern Alps during the collision reflects deep seated mantle processes given the absence of rheological contrasts across the involved tectonic plates. New models for the structural and thermal evolution of the crust along the profile reproduce present‐day structural and thermal observations. Model predictions are sensitive to heat production in the crust. Furthermore, these models indicate that cooling of the crust through erosion was primarily driven by the displacement of rocks toward the surface along active faults. Two possible tectonic scenarios are suggested: The pattern of fault activity during the collision is characteristic for an overlying European plate promoting that now the Adriatic plate lies under the European plate. If this is the case, this change in tectonic geometry likely occurred about 10–20 million years ago. Alternatively, crustal deformation does not reflect mantle processes because the interface between the two colliding plates is highly decoupled along the profile.
    Description: Key Points Exhumation in the eastern European Alps along TRANSALP is primarily driven by cooling through rock displacement along active faults The thermo‐kinematic reconstruction emphasizes contrasts in the deformation north and south along TRANSALP since the Mid‐Miocene In the absence of inter‐plate rheological contrasts deformation patterns favor a reversal in subduction polarity since the Mid‐Miocene
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2022.017
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7785668
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40562-017-0098-z
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2004.05.040
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1060-3
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; European Alps ; TRANSALP ; thermochronology ; subduction polarity reversal ; tectonic reconstruction ; continental collision
    Language: English
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    Sách Hướng dẫn Nhà ở Xanh và Sống Lành mạnh (2023)
    Nhà Xuất bản Xây dựng
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-20
    Description: Trong bối cảnh đó, Sổ tay về Nhà ở Xanh và Sống Lành mạnh đã được xây dựng với sự hỗ trợ của dự án CAMaRSEC do Chính phủ Đức tài trợ. Với nỗ lực truyền bá các khái niệm và thực hành về nhà ở bền vững và sống lành mạnh cho công chúng, Sổ tay sử dụng ngôn ngữ “không chuyên môn” và “dễ hiểu”, hiệu ứng hình ảnh phù hợp và thiết kế thân thiện với người đọc. Đối tượng chính của Sổ tay là tầng lớp trung lưu tại các đô thị phát triển nhanh chóng (được gọi là “người tiêu dùng mới”), cơ quan chính quyền các cấp, doanh nghiệp, đặc biệt là các công ty trong ngành xây dựng, kiến trúc sư, giáo viên, sinh viên và tất cả các đối tượng quan tâm đến Nhà ở Xanh và Cuộc sống Lành mạnh. Nội dung tuân theo cách tiếp cận toàn diện đa ngành, cung cấp các hướng dẫn thiết thực để lập kế hoạch, thiết kế, xây dựng, vận hành và bảo trì, các khía cạnh hành vi và nhà ở bền vững để cải thiện hiệu quả năng lượng và cuộc sống lành mạnh. Nội dung cuốn sách tập trung vào loại hình nhà chung cư cao tầng, là loại hình nhà có tốc độ phát triển nhanh nhất tại Việt Nam, nhưng các nguyên tắc và giải pháp được giới thiệu cũng có thể áp dụng cho các loại hình nhà ở khác tại Việt Nam.
    Description: BMBF (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung)
    Description: lecture
    Type: doc-type:book , publishedVersion
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    Predicting Convective Downdrafts From Updrafts and Environmental Conditions in a Global Storm Resolving Simulation (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: One important component of precipitating convection is the formation of convective downdrafts. They can terminate the initial updraft, affect the mean properties of the boundary layer, and cause strong winds at the surface. While the basic forcing mechanisms for downdrafts are well understood, it is difficult to formulate general relationships between updrafts, environmental conditions, and downdrafts. To better understand what controls different downdraft properties, we analyze downdrafts over tropical oceans in a global storm resolving simulation. Using a global model allows us to examine a large number of downdrafts under naturally varying environmental conditions. We analyze the various factors affecting downdrafts using three alternative methods. First, hierarchical clustering is used to examine the correlation between different downdraft, updraft, and environmental variables. Then, either random forests or multiple linear regression are used to estimate the relationships between downdraft properties and the updraft and environmental predictors. We find that these approaches yield similar results. Around 75% of the variability in downdraft mass flux and 37% of the variability in downdraft velocity are predictable. Analyzing the relative importance of our various predictors, we find that downdrafts are coupled to updrafts via the precipitation generation argument. In particular, updraft properties determine rain amount and rate, which then largely control the downdraft mass flux and, albeit to a lesser extent, the downdraft velocity. Among the environmental variables considered, only lapse rate is a valuable predictor: a more unstable environment favors a higher downdraft mass flux and a higher downdraft velocity.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Once a cloud begins to rain, the air inside or below the cloud can gain negative buoyancy and sink to the ground. This downward movement of air is called a downdraft. Downdrafts can end the life cycle of a cloud and also result in strong, sometimes destructive, wind gusts at the surface. The basic driving forces for downdrafts are well understood. For example, we know that evaporation of rain and the associated latent cooling of air is usually critical in causing the air to become negatively buoyant. Even though the basic driving forces are known, many interrelated processes contribute simultaneously to the strength of the downdraft, making it difficult to predict the strength of a downdraft under specific conditions. In this study, we use an atmospheric simulation whose model domain spans the globe and can explicitly resolve rain clouds. Compared to previous studies, the use of a global domain allows us to study a very large number of rain clouds, and their associated downdrafts, which form under very different, naturally varying environmental conditions. Machine learning techniques and traditional statistical methods agree on the result that the strength of the downdraft can be well predicted if we know the strength of the updraft that caused the downdraft or, even better, if we know the amount of rain that an updraft produced. Surprisingly, we have found that downdrafts can be predicted only slightly better if we also know other environmental conditions of the air surrounding the downdraft, such as the temperature and/or humidity profiles.
    Description: Key Points: The best predictors of downdraft mass flux and velocity are rain amount and rate, respectively. Updraft properties impact downdraft properties through their control on rain formation. For a given rain amount and rate, environmental conditions add little skill to downdraft prediction.
    Description: Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
    Description: ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes
    Description: https://mpimet.mpg.de/en/science/modeling-with-icon/code-availability
    Description: http://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0009-A854-B
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; convective downdrafts ; global storm resolving simulation ; machine learning ; random forest ; multiple linear regression
    Language: English
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    The dilemma of analytical method changes for soil organic carbon in long‐term experiments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-1003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Long‐term experiments (LTEs) have provided data to modellers and agronomists to investigate changes and dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) under different cropping systems. As treatment changes have occurred due to agricultural advancements, so too have analytical soil methods. This may lead to method bias over time, which could affect the robust interpretation of data and conclusions drawn. This study aims to quantify differences in SOC due to changes in dry combustion methods over time, using soil samples of a LTE established in 1963 that focuses on mineral and organic fertilizer management in the temperate zone of Northeast Germany. For this purpose, 1059 soil samples, collected between 1976 and 2008, have been analysed twice, once with their historical laboratory method right after sampling, and a second time in 2016 when all samples were analysed using the same elementary analyser. In 9 of 11 soil sampling campaigns, a paired 〈italic toggle="no"〉t〈/italic〉‐test provided evidence for significant differences in the historical SOC values when compared with the re‐analysed concentrations of the same LTE sample. In the sampling years 1988 and 2004, the historical analysis obtained about 0.9 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 lower SOC compared with the re‐analysed one. For 1990 and 1998, this difference was about 0.4 g kg〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉. Correction factors, an approach often used to correct for different analytical techniques, could only be applied for 5 of 11 sampling campaigns to account for constant and proportional systematic method error. For this particular LTE, the interpretation of SOC changes due to agronomic management (here fertilization) deviates depending on the analytical method used, which may weaken the explanatory power of the historical data. We demonstrate that analytical method changes over time present one of many challenges in the interpretation of time series data of SOC dynamics. Therefore, LTE site managers need to ensure providing all necessary protocols and data in order to retrace method changes and if necessary recalculate SOC.〈/p〉 〈/sec〉〈sec xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="ejss13362-sec-0003" xml:lang="en"〉 〈title〉Highlights〈/title〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉〈list list-type="bullet" id="ejss13362-list-0001"〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0001"〉〈p〉A total of 1059 LTE soil samples taken between 1976 and 2008 were re‐analysed for SOC in 2016〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0002"〉〈p〉Several methodological changes for SOC determination led to significant different SOC concentration in the same sample〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0003"〉〈p〉Interpretation and time series of LTE soil data suffer from consideration of analytical method changes and poor documentation of the same〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item id="ejss13362-li-0004"〉〈p〉Soil archive establishment, thorough method protocols and diligent proficiency testing after soil method changes ameliorate the dilemma〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉〈/p〉 〈/sec〉
    Description: Brandenburger Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kultur http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004581
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004937
    Description: https://doi.org/10.4228/zalf-acge-b683
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; Bland–Altman ; carbon stocks ; data trueness ; Deming regression ; method bias ; soil archive ; soil survey
    Language: English
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    A zircon classification scheme for sedimentary provenance analysis using radiation damage (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Detrital single‐grain zircon U–Pb geochronology is a powerful tool for provenance studies if information on the source rocks is available. This paper proposes a new source‐rock classification tool that uses the degree of annealing of radiation damage in detrital zircon; the annealing is expressed by the relationship between the width (full‐width at half‐maximum; FWHM) of the 〈italic toggle="no"〉v〈/italic〉〈sub〉3〈/sub〉[SiO〈sub〉4〈/sub〉] Raman band at ~1008 cm〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 and the calculated α‐dose. The host rocks of the zircons are classified into three types according to their emplacement process and/or thermal history: volcanic and rapidly cooled plutonic and high‐grade metamorphic rocks (type 1); rocks with hydrothermal zircons (type 2); slowly cooled igneous and metamorphic rocks (type 3). We construct a naive Bayes prediction model by training it with a collection of zircons of known types. The unknown zircons are assigned a probability of derivation from a specific host‐rock type. This classification scheme is best used as an accessory tool in provenance studies that apply detrital zircon U–Pb geochronology.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Zircons are classified into three types based on annealing state revealed by Raman analysis and calculated α‐dose. This classification can be used to distinguish zircon in provenance study.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="gj4751-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:00721050:media:gj4751:gj4751-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003819
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; annealing ; Bayesian probability ; provenance analysis ; radiation damage ; zircon classification
    Language: English
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    Sources of Inaccuracy in Boron Isotope Measurement Using LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Laser ablation multi‐collector‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS) has become a valuable tool for the 〈italic toggle="no"〉in situ〈/italic〉 measurement of the boron isotope composition of geological samples at high (tens to hundreds of μm) spatial resolution. That said, this application suffers from significant analytical challenges. We focus in this study on the underlying processes of two of the main causes for inaccuracies using this technique. We provide empirical evidence that not only Ca ions (Sadekov 〈italic〉et al〈/italic〉. 2019, Standish 〈italic〉et al〈/italic〉. 2019, Evans 〈italic〉et al〈/italic〉. 2021) but also Ar ions, that are reflected within the flight tube of the mass spectrometer, are the source for previously reported issues with spectral baselines. We also address the impact of plasma conditions on the instrumental mass fractionation as a source for matrix‐ and mass‐load‐related analytical biases. Comparing experimental data with the results of a dedicated release and diffusion model (RDM) we estimate that a close to complete (~ 97%) release of boron from the sample aerosol is needed to allow for consistently accurate LA boron isotope measurement results without the need for corrections.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet" id="ggr12500-list-0101"〉 〈list-item〉〈p〉Two separate main sources for inaccuracy of boron isotope measurements by laser ablation: B isotope fractionation in the ICP and the known scattered ion baseline problem.〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉〈p〉Boron isotope fractionation in the ICP varies systematically with plasma condition (NAI).〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉〈p〉Behaviour of B isotopes within the ICP simulated by a release and diffusion model (RDM).〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="ggr12511-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:16394488:media:ggr12511:ggr12511-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉 〈/p〉
    Keywords: ddc:550.78 ; boron isotopes ; laser ablation ; scattered ions ; mass fractionation ; plasma conditions
    Language: English
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    Impact of Aeolus wind lidar observations on the representation of the West African monsoon circulation in the ECMWF and DWD forecasting systems (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-17
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉〈italic toggle="no"〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 is the first satellite mission to acquire vertical profiles of horizontal line‐of‐sight winds globally and thus fills an important gap in the Global Observing System, most notably in the Tropics. This study explores the impact of this dataset on analyses and forecasts from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), focusing specifically on the West African Monsoon (WAM) circulation during the boreal summers of 2019 and 2020. The WAM is notoriously challenging to forecast and is characterized by prominent and robust large‐scale circulation features such as the African Easterly Jet North (AEJ‐North) and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ). Assimilating 〈italic toggle="no"〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 generally improves the prediction of zonal winds in both forecasting systems, especially for lead times above 24 h. These improvements are related to systematic differences in the representation of the two jets, with the AEJ‐North weakened at its southern flank in the western Sahel in the ECMWF analysis, while no obvious systematic differences are seen in the DWD analysis. In addition, the TEJ core is weakened in the ECMWF analysis and strengthened on its southern edge in the DWD analysis. The regions where the influence of 〈italic toggle="no"〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 on the analysis is greatest correspond to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region for ECMWF and generally the upper troposphere for DWD. In addition, we show the presence of an altitude‐ and orbit‐dependent bias in the Rayleigh‐clear channel, which causes the zonal winds to speed up and slow down diurnally. Applying a temperature‐dependent bias correction to this channel contributes to a more accurate representation of the diurnal cycle and improved prediction of the WAM winds. These improvements are encouraging for future investigations of the influence of 〈italic toggle="no"〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 data on African Easterly Waves and associated Mesoscale Convective Systems.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Forecasting in tropical Africa is hampered by large model errors and low availability of conventional observations. The assimilation of 〈italic〉Aeolus〈/italic〉 wind data into the operational ECMWF system leads to a consistent root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) reduction of the order of 2% in +48 h zonal wind forecasts over the region during boreal summer 2019, including the African and Tropical Easterly Jets (AEJ, TEJ) and subtropical jets (STJ). 〈boxed-text position="anchor" id="qj4442-blkfxd-0001" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:00359009:media:qj4442:qj4442-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: https://aeolus-ds.eo.esa.int/oads/access/collection
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; aeolus satellite ; doppler wind lidar ; data assimilation ; numerical weather prediction impact ; African easterly jet ; tropical easterly jet ; observing system experiments
    Language: English
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    Analog Models of Lithospheric‐Scale Rifting Monitored in an X‐Ray CT Scanner (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-13
    Description: Rifting and continental break‐up are fundamental tectonic processes, the understanding of which is of prime importance. However, the vast temporal and spatial scales involved pose major limitations to researchers. Analog tectonic modeling represents a great means to mitigate these limitations, but studying the complex internal deformation of lithospheric‐scale models remains a challenge. We therefore present a novel method for lithospheric‐scale rifting models that are uniquely monitored in an X‐ray CT scanner, which combined with digital image correlation (DIC) techniques, provides unparalleled insights into model deformation. Our first models illustrate how the degree of coupling between competent lithospheric layers, which are separated by a weak lower crustal layer, strongly impacts rift system development. Low coupling isolates the upper crust from the upper lithospheric mantle layer below, preventing an efficient transfer of deformation between both layers. By contrast, fast rifting increases coupling, so that deformation in the mantle is efficiently transferred to the upper crust, inducing either a symmetric or asymmetric (double) rift system. Furthermore, oblique divergence may lead to en echelon graben arrangements and delayed exhumation of the lower crustal layer. The successful application of our novel modeling approach, yielding these first‐order insights, provides a clear incentive to continue running lithospheric‐scale rifting models, and to apply advanced monitoring techniques to extract as much information from models as possible. There is indeed a broad range of opportunities for follow‐up studies within (and beyond) the field of rift tectonics.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Earth's surface consists of tectonic plates that are in constant motion, driven by titanic forces deep within the planet. One of the key plate tectonic processes is the stretching (rifting) and eventual break‐up of continents, leading to the opening of oceanic basins. Understanding the mechanisms involved is of great importance. However, studying continental break‐up is challenging due to the vast size of plate tectonic systems, and the extensive timescales over which they evolve: plate tectonic processes can rarely be directly observed. A practical solution to this issue is the use of analog experiments, which reproduce these processes in a matter of hours or days in a modestly sized laboratory. However, a major obstacle that remains is the opacity of these models: similar to tectonic plates, these models are opaque, so that their internal evolution remains hidden. X‐ray CT‐scanning provides an unrivaled means to reveal a model's internal structures during a model run. Here we present the first‐ever application of CT‐scanning to monitor relatively complex lithospheric‐scale models of continental rifting. The CT scans provide unique insights into the internal evolution of such models, and we point out various possibilities for interesting follow‐up studies.
    Description: Key Points: We present the first‐ever lithospheric‐scale analog models of rifting monitored in a CT scanner, revealing their complex internal deformation. We quantify this deformation via Digital Image Correlation analysis, and show the impact of coupling and oblique rifting on rift evolution. The successful application of our novel modeling approach provides a strong incentive for follow‐up tectonic modeling studies.
    Description: Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001711
    Description: Helmholtz‐Zentrum Potsdam ‐ Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010956
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2022.030
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2022.008
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2023.006
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/fidgeo.2023.005
    Keywords: ddc:550.78 ; rifting ; analog modeling ; continental break‐up ; X‐ray CT‐scanning ; visualization ; monitoring
    Language: English
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    Structure and Seasonal Variability of the Arctic Boundary Current North of Severnaya Zemlya (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-13
    Description: We assessed the spatial and temporal variability of the Arctic Boundary Current (ABC) using seven oceanographic moorings, deployed across the continental slope north of Severnaya Zemlya in 2015–2018. Transports and individual water masses were quantified based on temperature and salinity recorders and current profilers. Our results were compared with observations from the northeast Svalbard and the central Laptev Sea continental slopes to evaluate the hydrographic transformation along the ABC pathway. The highest velocities (〉0.30 m s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) of the ABC occurred at the upper continental slope and decreased offshore to below 0.03 m s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the deep basin. The ABC showed seasonal variability with velocities two times higher in winter than in summer. Compared to upstream conditions in Svalbard, water mass distribution changed significantly within 20 km of the shelf edge due to mixing with‐ and intrusion of shelf waters. The ABC transported 4.15 ± 0.3 Sv in the depth range 50–1,000 m, where 0.88 ± 0.1, 1.5 ± 0.2, 0.61 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.15 Sv corresponded to Atlantic Water (AW), Dense Atlantic Water (DAW), Barents Sea Branch Water (BSBW) and Transformed Atlantic Water (TAW). 62–70% of transport was constrained to within 30–40 km of the shelf edge, and beyond 84 km, transport increases were estimated to be 0.54 Sv. Seasonality of TAW derived from local shelf‐processes and advection of seasonal‐variable Fram Strait waters, while BSBW transport variability was dominated by temperature changes with maximum transport coinciding with minimum temperatures. Further Barents Sea warming will likely reduce TAW and BSBW transport leading to warmer conditions along the ABC pathway.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: We assessed the structure and seasonal variability of the flow and water masses of the Arctic Boundary Current (ABC) in the region north of Severnaya Zemlya. This current is important in the Arctic Ocean as it transports relatively warm and saline waters along the Eurasian Arctic continental slope. We quantified the flow, transport and hydrographic variability of the ABC. Compared to observations from upstream, our results indicate that the water masses away from the shelf break maintained the hydrographic characteristics from upstream. In contrast, the water masses near the shelf break were significantly cooled and freshened due to intrusion of‐ and mixing with shelf waters. The water masses near the shelf break showed a seasonal signal in volume transport and temperature which derives from local shelf processes, advection of seasonal‐variable waters along the ABC pathway and the seasonal cooling of the Barents Sea. If the warming trend in the Barents Sea continues, warmer waters are expected to be advected eastward along the Eurasian continental slope by the ABC.
    Description: Key Points: We quantify the Arctic Boundary Current (ABC) transport north of Severnaya Zemlya with a 2015–2018 mooring array. Hydrographic changes along the ABC pathway are most prominent at the continental slope due to the interaction with shelf water. Seasonality of water masses from the shelf sea was observed in transport, temperature and off‐shelf excursions within the ABC.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: EC Horizon 2020 Framework Programme http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661
    Description: Russian Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006769
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.951363
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.951394
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.951394
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954244
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954249
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954299
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954352
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Arctic Boundary Current ; seasonal transport variability ; water mass transport ; along‐slope current
    Language: English
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    Origin of 182W Anomalies in Ocean Island Basalts (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-13
    Description: Ocean island basalts (OIB) show variable 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W deficits that have been attributed to either early differentiation of the mantle or core‐mantle interaction. However, 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W variations may also reflect nucleosynthetic isotope heterogeneity inherited from Earth's building material, which would be evident from correlated 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W and 〈sup〉183〈/sup〉W anomalies. Some datasets for OIB indeed show hints for such correlated variations, meaning that a nucleosynthetic origin of W isotope anomalies in OIB cannot be excluded. We report high‐precision W isotope data for OIB from Samoa and Hawaii, which confirm previously reported 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W deficits for these samples, but also demonstrate that none of these samples have resolvable 〈sup〉183〈/sup〉W anomalies. These data therefore rule out a nucleosynthetic origin of the 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W deficits in OIB, which most likely reflect the entrainment of either core material or an overabundance of late‐accreted materials within OIB mantle sources. If these processes occurred over Earth's history, they may have also been responsible for shifting the 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W composition of the bulk mantle to its modern‐day value. We also report Mo isotope data for some Hawaiian OIB, which reveal no resolved nucleosynthetic Mo isotopic anomalies. This is consistent with inheritance of 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W deficits in OIB from the addition of either core or late‐accreted material, but only if these materials have a non‐carbonaceous (NC) meteorite‐like heritage. As such, these data rule out significant contributions of carbonaceous chondrite (CC)‐like materials to either Earth's core or late accretion.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Some ocean island basalts (OIB) may contain a record of processes and characteristics of the deepest parts of Earth's mantle, including at the boundary between the iron‐rich core and mantle. Like some prior studies, we measured tungsten isotopes within OIB from Hawaii and Samoa, and report that tungsten isotopes in these OIB differ in their characteristics compared to what is observed in modern rocks that are most representative of the upper part of Earth's mantle. One explanation for these tungsten isotope anomalies is that they are a signature of chemical interaction between the core and lower mantle, suggesting that the core 'leaks' into the lower mantle. Another possibility proposed here is that these tungsten isotope anomalies reflect ancient crust that contained dense, meteorite‐like materials, which sank to the bottom of the mantle during Earth's early history. Using isotopes of another element, molybdenum, we show that the source(s) of these tungsten isotope anomalies do not contain a significant number of materials that originated from the outer Solar System before being added to Earth during its formation.
    Description: Key Points: 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W deficits in ocean island basalts are confirmed, but correlated 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W–〈sup〉183〈/sup〉W anomalies present in prior datasets are not confirmed. 〈sup〉182〈/sup〉W deficits may reflect core‐mantle interaction or an overabundance of late‐accreted materials, but not nucleosynthetic effects. Mo isotope data similar to BSE estimate; W‐Mo data rule out significant contribution of CC‐like material to Earth's core or late accretion.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.35003/YCUKOX
    Keywords: ddc:551.9 ; core‐mantle interaction ; late accretion ; tungsten isotopes ; molybdenum isotopes ; ocean island basalts ; nucleosynthetic effects
    Language: English
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    East Asian summer precipitation in AWI‐CM3: Comparison with observations and CMIP6 models (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-13
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Owing to the complicated spatial–temporal characteristics of East Asian precipitation (EAP), climate models have limited skills in simulating the modern Asian climate. This consequently leads to large uncertainties in simulations of the past EAP variation and future projections. Here, we explore the performance of the newly developed Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model, version 3 (AWI‐CM3) in simulating the climatological summer EAP. To test whether the model's skill depends on its atmosphere resolution, we design two AWI‐CM3 simulations with different horizontal resolutions. The result shows that both simulations have acceptable performance in simulating the summer mean EAP, generally better than the majority of individual models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). However, for the monthly EAP from June to August, AWI‐CM3 exhibits a decayed skill, which is due to the subseasonal movement of the western Pacific subtropical high bias. The higher‐resolution AWI‐CM3 simulation shows an overall improvement relative to the one performed at a relatively lower resolution in all aspects taken into account regarding the EAP. We conclude that AWI‐CM3 is a suitable tool for exploring the EAP for the observational period. Having verified the model's skill for modern climate, we suggest employing the AWI‐CM3, especially with high atmosphere resolution, both for applications in paleoclimate studies and future projections.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉This figure shows the skill scores of AWI‐CM3 and CMIP6 models in simulating the climatological summer East Asian precipitation (EAP), which indicates that AWI‐CM3 simulations perform better than most CMIP6 individual models for the summer mean EAP, while AWI‐CM3's skills decay from June to August.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="joc8075-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:08998418:media:joc8075:joc8075-toc-0001"〉 〈alt-text〉image〈/alt-text〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM
    Description: Helmholtz Program
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/html/fulldata-monthly_v2022_doi_download.html
    Description: https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/cru/data/hrg/cru_ts_4.05
    Description: http://aphrodite.st.hirosaki-u.ac.jp/products.html
    Description: https://jra.kishou.go.jp/JRA-55/index_en.html
    Description: https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/cmip6
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; AWI‐CM3 ; CMIP6 ; East Asia ; summer precipitation
    Language: English
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  • 248
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    Standard Versus Natural: Assessing the Impact of Environmental Variables on Organic Matter Decomposition in Streams Using Three Substrates (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-13
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The decomposition of allochthonous organic matter, such as leaves, is a crucial ecosystem process in low‐order streams. Microbial communities, including fungi and bacteria, colonize allochthonous organic material, break up large molecules, and increase the nutritional value for macroinvertebrates. Environmental variables are known to affect microbial as well as macroinvertebrate communities and alter their ability to decompose organic matter. Studying the relationship between environmental variables and decomposition has mainly been realized using leaves, with the drawbacks of differing substrate composition and consequently between‐study variability. To overcome these drawbacks, artificial substrates have been developed, serving as standardizable surrogates. In the present study, we compared microbial and total decomposition of leaves with the standardized substrates of decotabs and, only for microbial decomposition, of cotton strips, across 70 stream sites in a Germany‐wide study. Furthermore, we identified the most influential environmental variables for the decomposition of each substrate from a range of 26 variables, including pesticide toxicity, concentrations of nutrients, and trace elements, using stability selection. The microbial as well as total decomposition of the standardized substrates (i.e., cotton strips and decotabs) were weak or not associated with that of the natural substrate (i.e., leaves, 〈italic〉r〈/italic〉² 〈 0.01 to 〈italic〉r〈/italic〉² = 0.04). The decomposition of the two standardized substrates, however, showed a moderate association (〈italic〉r〈/italic〉² = 0.21), which is probably driven by their similar composition, with both being made of cellulose. Different environmental variables were identified as the most influential for each of the substrates and the directions of these relationships contrasted between the substrates. Our results imply that these standardized substrates are unsuitable surrogates when investigating the decomposition of allochthonous organic matter in streams. 〈italic〉Environ Toxicol Chem〈/italic〉 2023;42:2007–2018. © 2023 The Authors. 〈italic〉Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry〈/italic〉 published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Umweltbundesamt http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.931673
    Keywords: ddc:577.2 ; Leaf decomposition ; Decotabs ; Cotton strips ; Agriculture ; Fungicides ; Insecticides ; Stressors
    Language: English
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  • 249
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    The Ries impact and its distal effects in sediments of Central Europe—A review (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: The Ries impact is the most important cosmic event in the younger geological history of Europe. Its effects reach far beyond the area considered so far and are documented in manifold evidence. In this paper, the widely scattered reports in the literature are compiled and supported with investigations by the authors. Besides well‐known ejecta features like the Brockhorizont, Reuter's blocks, and moldavites, little known or forgotten indications, like a lechatelierite and β‐cristobalite occurrence in Bavaria and unusual sedimentation phenomena in northern Germany, are presented. The paleogeographic reconstruction shows that the Ries impact occurred on the southern side of the Neogene Central European mainland. Large parts of this erosional area were devastated by the impact. Pressure waves and thermal radiation had a lasting effect on the landscape within hundreds of kilometers around the impact site. Destruction of the vegetation cover by impact‐induced storms, wildfires, and heavy rainfall generated intense erosion. The adjacent sedimentation area to the north (Paleo‐North Sea) experienced an increased and short‐term supply of terrestrial debris to the marine environment. The stratigraphic coincidence of these exceptional sediments with the Ries event leads us to conclude that the distal effects of the impact are present here, which have so far received little or no attention in this context. The paper considers the different indications and sets them in a large‐scale context.
    Keywords: ddc:551.397 ; Ries impact ; distal effects ; sedimentation phenomena
    Language: English
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  • 250
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    Mechanical Modeling of Pre‐Eruptive Magma Propagation Scenarios at Calderas (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: Simulating magma propagation pathways requires both a well‐calibrated model for the stress state of the volcano and models for dike advance within such a stress field. Here, we establish a framework for calculating computationally efficient and flexible magma propagation scenarios in the presence of caldera structures. We first develop a three‐dimensional (3D) numerical model for the stress state at volcanoes with mild topography, including the stress induced by surface loads and unloading due to the formation of caldera depressions. Then, we introduce a new, simplified 3D model of dike propagation. Such a model captures the complexity of 3D magma trajectories with low running time, and can backtrack dikes from a vent to the magma storage region. We compare the new dike propagation model to a previously published 3D model. Finally, we employ the simplified model to produce shallow dike propagation scenarios for a set of synthetic caldera settings with increasingly complex topographies. The resulting synthetic magma pathways and eruptive vent locations broadly reproduce the variability observed in natural calderas.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Understanding the pathways that bring magma from an underground chamber to the surface helps to prepare for future eruptions in volcanic areas. Dikes are fractures filled with magma and represent the most common mechanism of magma transport in the Earth's crust. Their trajectories may be curved if the Earth's crust is deformed by the load of topography or by tectonic forces. Here we first discuss a model of such deformation processes in volcanic regions with complex but mild topography. Then, we develop a simplified dike propagation model that we compare to a more sophisticated one. Next, we combine our models and simulate magma pathways in artificially‐generated scenarios.
    Description: Key Points: We present numerical models of crustal stress state in the presence of caldera structures. We develop a fast dike propagation model and validate it on a previous numerical model. We combine our stress and dike models to simulate magma pathways at synthetic calderas.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: http://persson.berkeley.edu/distmesh/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3694164
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4726796
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4727208
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.2.1.2023.001
    Keywords: ddc:550.278 ; dike propagation ; magma pathways ; stress modeling ; pre‐eruptive scenarios ; calderas
    Language: English
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    The Structure of the Warped Io Plasma Torus Constrained by the Io Footprint (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-14
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Standard models of force balance along Jovian field lines predict the location of the Io Plasma Torus to be the centrifugal equator of Jupiter’s magnetosphere, that is, the position along the magnetic field lines farthest away from Jupiter’s rotational axis. In many models, the centrifugal equator is assumed to lay on a plane, calculated from a (shifted) dipole magnetic field, rather than on a warped surface which incorporates Jupiter’s higher magnetic field moments. In this work, we use Hubble Space Telescope observations of the Io Main Footprint to constrain density, scale height, and lateral position of the Io Plasma Torus. Therefore, we employ the leading angle of the footprints to calculate expected travel times of Alfvén waves and carry out an inversion of the observations. For the magnetic field, we use the JRM33 magnetic field model. The inversion results show peak densities between 〈italic〉ρ〈/italic〉〈sub〉0〈/sub〉 = 1,830 cm〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 and 〈italic〉ρ〈/italic〉〈sub〉0〈/sub〉 = 2,032 cm〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 and scale heights between 〈italic〉H〈/italic〉 = 0.92〈italic〉R〈/italic〉〈sub〉〈italic〉J〈/italic〉〈/sub〉 and 〈italic〉H〈/italic〉 = 0.97〈italic〉R〈/italic〉〈sub〉〈italic〉J〈/italic〉〈/sub〉 consistent with current literature values. Using a warped multipole centrifugal equator instead of a planar dipole increases the quality of the fit by about 25%. We additionally develop two tests to confirm that the multipole centrifugal equator from the JRM33 model fits explains the applied data set better than the dipole centrifugal equator. The quadropole moments alter Io’s relative position to the torus, which changes the plasma density around Io by up to Δ〈italic〉ρ〈/italic〉/〈italic〉ρ〈/italic〉 = 20%.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Based on the Io Footprint positions, we show quantitatively that the Io Plasma Torus is centered on the centrifugal equator of Jupiter’s multipole magnetic field〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Position of the Io Footprint can be used to constrain a density model of the Io Plasma Torus〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The displacement of the Io Plasma Torus due to higher magnetic field moments can change the plasma density at Io by up to 20%〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council
    Description: International Space Science Institute (ISSI) in Bern, through ISSI International Team project 515
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8214702
    Keywords: ddc:523 ; Io Plasma Torus ; inversion ; Io Footprint ; Alfven wings ; magnetic field model
    Language: English
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  • 252
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    Projected Impact of Increased Global Warming on Heat Stress and Exposed Population Over Africa (2023)
    Fotso‐Nguemo, Thierry C. ; Weber, Torsten ; Diedhiou, Arona ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: This study investigates the impact of increased global warming on heat stress changes and the potential number of people exposed to heat risks over Africa. For this purpose a heat index has been computed based on an ensemble‐mean of high‐resolution regional climate model simulations from the Coordinated Output for Regional Evaluations embedded in the COordinated Regional Climate Downscaling EXperiment, under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5), combined with projections of population growth developed based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) scenarios (SSP1 and SSP5). Results show that by the late 21st century, the increased global warming is expected to induce a 12‐fold increase in the area extent affected by heat stress of high‐risk level. This would result in an increase of about 10%–30% in the number of days with high‐risk heat conditions, as well as about 6%–20% in their magnitude throughout the seasonal cycle over West, Central, and North‐East Africa. Therefore, and because of the lack of adaptation and mitigation policies, the exacerbation of ambient heat conditions could contribute to the exposure of about 2–8.5 million person‐events to heat stress of high‐risk level over Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, and Nigeria. Furthermore, it was found that the interaction effect between the climate change and population growth seems to be the most dominant in explaining the total changes in exposure due to moderate and high heat‐related risks over all subregions of the African continent.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: This study investigates the impact of increased global warming on heat stress changes and the potential number of persons likely to be exposed to heat risks over Africa. Results show that by the end of the 21st century, the increased global warming is expected to induce a 12‐fold increase in the total area affected by dangerous heat conditions over the continent. This would result in an increase of about 10%–30% in the number of days with these heat conditions, as well as about 6%–20% in their magnitude throughout the seasonal cycle over West, Central and North‐East Africa. Therefore, because of the lack of adaptation and mitigation policies, the exacerbation of ambient heat conditions could contribute to the exposure of about 2–8.5 million person‐events to heat stress of high‐risk level over Burkina Faso, Ghana, Niger, and Nigeria. Since these heat events would be partly driven by interactions effects between climate change and population growth, efficient measures allowing not only to mitigate the increased greenhouse gas emissions, but also the effects of high heat on the human body must be urgently implemented on the affected countries' scale, in order to significantly decrease the vulnerability of their populations to potential heat‐related health problems.
    Description: Key Points: Increased global warming induces more spatially and temporally widespread extreme heat events over West, Central and North‐East Africa. Populations of some West African countries are projected to be particularly exposed to moderate and high heat conditions. Change in population exposure to dangerous heat categories is mainly driven by the interaction effect between climate and population growth.
    Description: Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Projekt DEAL
    Description: https://esg-dn1.nsc.liu.se/search/cordex/
    Description: https://esgf-data.dkrz.de/projects/esgf-dkrz/
    Description: https://www.isimip.org/gettingstarted/details/31
    Description: https://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/data/set/popdynamics-1-8th-pop-base-year-projection-ssp-2000-2100-rev01/data-download
    Description: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=form
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; Africa ; climate change ; heat stress index ; global warming
    Language: English
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    Parameterizing building effects on airflows within the urban canopy layer for high‐resolution models using a nudging approach (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In this study, a new multilayer urban canopy parameterization for high‐resolution (∼1 km) atmospheric models using the nudging approach to represent the impacts of urban canopies on airflow is presented. In our parameterization, a nudging term is added to the momentum equations and a source term to the turbulent kinetic energy equation to account for building effects. The challenge of this parameterization lies in defining appropriate values for the nudging coefficient and the weighting function used to reflect canopy effects. Values of both are derived and the parameterization developed is implemented and tested for idealized cases in the Mesoscale Transport and Stream model (METRAS). Comparison data are taken from obstacle‐resolving microscale model results. Results show that the parameterization using the nudging approach can simulate aerodynamic effects induced within the canopy by obstacles well, in terms of reduction of wind speeds and production of additional turbulent kinetic energy. Thus, models with existing nudging can use this approach as an efficient and effective method to parameterize dynamic urban canopy effects.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In this study, a new multilayer urban canopy parameterization for high‐resolution (∼1 km) atmospheric models using the nudging approach to represent the impacts of urban canopies on airflow is presented. Results show that the parameterization developed can simulate aerodynamic effects induced within the canopy by obstacles well, in terms of reduction of wind speeds and production of additional turbulent kinetic energy. Models with existing nudging can use this approach as an efficient and effective method to parameterize dynamic urban canopy effects. 〈boxed-text position="anchor" id="qj4524-blkfxd-0001" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:00359009:media:qj4524:qj4524-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany's Excellence Strategy‐EXC 2037 'CLICCS‐Climate, Climatic Change, and Society'
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; canopy parameterization ; evaluation ; nudging ; numerical modelling ; urban boundary layer ; urban canopy parameterization
    Language: English
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    Neogene aridification and lake development in the Issyk‐Kul basin, Kyrgyzstan (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Uplift of the Tian Shan range modified regional climate during Cenozoic aridification in Central Asia. This study presents facies analyses and Neogene oxygen and carbon isotopic records from magnetostratigraphically dated terrestrial sedimentary sections on the southern side of the intermontane Issyk‐Kul basin in the Kyrgyz Tian Shan and 〈sup〉26〈/sup〉Al/〈sup〉10〈/sup〉Be isochron burial ages from the southern and eastern sides of the basin. The δ〈sup〉18〈/sup〉O and δ〈sup〉13〈/sup〉C data show a positive ca. 2‰ shift in values between ca. 8 and 7 Ma and a change from a negative to a positive trend. This change is attributed to the upwind growth of the Kyrgyz, Kungey and Trans Ili (Zaili) ranges, which diverted the westerlies, thereby changing the Issyk‐Kul basin from a windward to a leeward position, enhancing aridification and establishing the modern‐day spring and summer precipitation regime within the basin. Two 4 to 5 Ma 〈sup〉26〈/sup〉Al/〈sup〉10〈/sup〉Be isochron burial ages constrain the onset of Sharpyl Dak deposition on the eastern side of the basin; southward paleocurrent directions there suggest the eastward growth of the Kungey range in the Pliocene. Increased subsidence on the southern side of the basin and local tectonically induced river system reorganization led to the commencement of lake formation at ca. 5 Ma, followed by a ca. 2 Ma local depositional hiatus. The transition from sandstones of the Chu sedimentary group to conglomerates of the Sharpyl Dak group, marking a change from fluvial‐alluvial deposits to a proximal alluvial fan, is dated at 2.6–2.8 Ma by 〈sup〉26〈/sup〉Al/〈sup〉10〈/sup〉Be isochron burial dating on the southern side of the basin, driven either by tectonics or Northern Hemisphere glaciation. This study concludes that the late Miocene–Pliocene northward growth of Tian Shan significantly altered environmental conditions within the range, preventing the moisture‐bearing westerlies from reaching the intermontane Issyk‐Kul basin and promoting lake formation and expansion.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The late Miocene–Pliocene northward growth of Tian Shan created an orographic barrier that diverted the moisture‐bearing westerlies and enhanced aridification in the Issyk‐Kul basin. Reorganization of the river systems and enhanced subsidence led to the formation of an internally drained lake in Pliocene. The transition from sandstone to conglomerate (Sharpyl Dak group) deposition, linked to a change in climate and/or tectonic activity, occurred diachronously within the basin.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="bre12751-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:0950091X:bre12751:bre12751-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: University of Wollongong http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001777
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; Cenozoic aridification ; Central Asia ; cosmogenic 26Al/10Be ; tectonic uplift ; westerlies ; δ18O and δ13C stable isotopes
    Language: English
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    Underground hyperspectral outcrop scanning for automated mine‐face mapping: The lithium deposit of Zinnwald/Cínovec (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The inherent complexity of underground mining requires highly selective ore extraction and adaptive mine planning. Repeated geological face mapping and reinterpretation throughout mine life is therefore routine in underground mines. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has successfully been applied to enhance geological mapping in surface mining environments, but remains a largely unexplored opportunity in underground operations due to challenges associated with illumination, wet surfaces and data corrections. In this study, we propose a workflow that paves the way for the operational use of HSI in active underground mines. In a laboratory set‐up, we evaluated different hyperspectral sensors and lighting set‐ups as well as the effect of surface moisture. We then acquired hyperspectral data in an underground mine of the Zinnwald/Cínovec Sn‐W‐Li greisen‐type deposit in Germany. These data were corrected for illumination effects, back‐projected into three dimensions and then used to map mineral abundance and estimate Li content across the mine face. We validated the results with handheld laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy. Despite remaining challenges, we hope this study will help establish hyperspectral sensors in the extractive industry as a means to increase the volume and efficiency of raw material supply, advance digitalisation, and reduce the environmental footprint and other risks associated with underground mining.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉This study proposes a workflow for using hyperspectral imaging for geological mapping in underground mining. The authors evaluated sensors and lighting set‐ups in a lab and acquired data in a German underground mine. The corrected data were used to map mineral abundance and estimate Li content, validated with laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy. Despite challenges, this study aims to establish hyperspectral sensors in the extractive industry to increase raw material supply, advance digitalisation, and reduce environmental impact and mining risks.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="phor12457-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:0031868X:media:phor12457:phor12457-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: https://doi.org/10.14278/rodare.2078
    Description: https://tinyurl.com/Zinnwald
    Keywords: ddc:622.1 ; hyperspectral ; lithium ; mineral mapping ; point cloud ; underground mining
    Language: English
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    Added value of an atmospheric circulation pattern‐based statistical downscaling approach for daily precipitation distributions in complex terrain (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Reliable prediction of heavy precipitation events causing floods in a world of changing climate is crucial for the development of appropriate adaption strategies. Many attempts to provide such predictions have already been conducted but there is still much potential for improvement left. This is particularly true for statistical downscaling of heavy precipitation due to changes present in the corresponding atmospheric drivers. In this study, a circulation pattern (CP) conditional downscaling to the station level is proposed which considers occurring frequency changes of CPs. Following a strict circulation‐to‐environment approach we use atmospheric predictors to derive CPs. Subsequently, precipitation observations are used to derive CP conditional cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of daily precipitation. Raw precipitation time series are sampled from these CDFs. Bias correction is applied to the sampled time series with quantile mapping (QM) and parametric transfer functions (PTFs) as methods being tested. The added value of this CP conditional downscaling approach is evaluated against the corresponding common non‐CP conditional approach. The performance evaluation is conducted by using Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) metrics. In both cases the applied bias correction is identical. Potential added value can therefore only be attributed to the CP conditioning. It can be shown that the proposed CP conditional downscaling approach is capable of yielding more reliable and accurate downscaled daily precipitation time series in comparison to a non‐CP conditional approach. This can be seen in particular for the extreme parts of the distribution. Above the 95th percentile, an average performance gain of +0.24 and a maximum gain of +0.6 in terms of KGE is observed. These findings support the assumption of conserving and utilizing atmospheric information through CPs can be beneficial for more reliable statistical precipitation downscaling. Due to the availability of these atmospheric predictors in climate model output, the presented method is potentially suitable for downscaling precipitation projections.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels?tab=overview
    Description: https://cdc.dwd.de/portal/
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; bias correction ; circulation patterns ; ERA5 ; extreme events ; heavy precipitation ; simulated annealing ; statistical downscaling
    Language: English
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  • 257
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    The Langeland Fault System unravelled: Quaternary fault reactivation along an elevated basement block between the North German and Norwegian–Danish basins (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The reactivation of faults and possible impact on barrier integrity marks a critical aspect for investigations on subsurface usage capabilities. Glacial isostatic adjustments, originating from repeated Quaternary glaciations of northern Europe, cause tectonic stresses on pre‐existing fault systems and structural elements of the North German and Norwegian–Danish basins. Notably, our current understanding of the dynamics and scales of glacially induced fault reactivation is rather limited. A high‐resolution 2D seismic data set recently acquired offshore northeastern Langeland Island allows the investigation of a fault and graben system termed the Langeland Fault System. Seismo‐stratigraphic interpretation of reflection seismic data in combination with diffraction imaging unravels the spatial character of the Langeland Fault System along an elevated basement block of the Ringkøbing–Fyn High. In combination with sediment echosounder data, the data set helps to visualize the continuation of deep‐rooted faults up to the sea floor. Initial Mesozoic faulting occurred during the Triassic. Late Cretaceous inversion reactivated a basement fault flanking the southern border of the elevated basement block of the Ringkøbing–Fyn High while inversion is absent in the Langeland Fault System. Here, normal faulting occurred in the Maastrichtian–Danian. We show that a glacial or postglacial fault reactivation occurred within the Langeland Fault System, as evident by the propagation of the faults from the deeper subsurface up to the sea floor, dissecting glacial and postglacial successions. Our findings suggest that the Langeland Fault System was reactivated over a length scale of a minimum of 8.5 km. We discuss the causes for this Quaternary fault reactivations in the context of glacially induced faulting and the present‐day stress field. The combination of imaging techniques with different penetration depths and vertical resolution used in this study is rarely realized in the hinterland. It can therefore be speculated that many more inherited, deep‐rooted faults were reactivated in Pleistocene glaciated regions.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.954017
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; Langeland Fault System ; Quaternary ; fault reactivation ; seismo-stratigraphic interpretation
    Language: English
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  • 258
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    Dissolved Organic Matter Fluorescence as a Tracer of Upwelling and Microbial Activities in Two Cyclonic Eddies in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Mesoscale eddies are frequently observed in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (ETNA), yet their effects on the transport and distribution of biogeochemical solutes, and specifically on the production and remineralization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) remain difficult to elucidate. Here, we investigated the submesoscale variability of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) and fluorescent DOM (FDOM) together with microbial production and remineralization processes in two cyclonic eddies (CEs) in the ETNA during summer and winter 2019. One CE, formed near the coast off Mauritania during the post‐upwelling season, was sampled along a ∼900 km zonal corridor between Mauritania and the Cape Verde Islands. The other CE, formed nearby Brava Island, was out of coastal influence. Four fluorescent components were identified with parallel factor analysis, two humic‐like, and two protein‐like components. Humic‐like FDOM components correlated to optode‐based community respiration and were also good indicators of upwelling associated with the Brava Island CE as they correlated to physical parameters (e.g., temperature) and to dissolved inorganic nitrogen. The tryptophan‐like FDOM components correlated with the carbon and nitrogen content of semi‐labile DOM, phytoplankton biomass, community respiration, and bacterial production. Overall, our study revealed that DOM optical properties are suitable for tracing freshly produced organic matter and the transport of remineralized DOM within offshore eddies.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous circulation features in the ocean with horizontal scales on the order of 100 km and lifetimes of days to months. Their swirling motion can cause nutrients from deeper waters to be transported to the surface, stimulating phytoplankton biomass and resulting in the production of dissolved organic matter. However, these effects are difficult to quantify and proxies (biomarkers) are needed to monitor the impact of eddies at high resolution. In this work, we used the optical properties of the dissolved organic matter, especially the fraction capable of fluorescence (FDOM) as biomarker in two cyclonic eddies, one formed in an eastern boundary upwelling system and one formed offshore by winds/Island interaction. We identified four FDOM components, among which an indicator of cyclonic eddy productivity and two indicators of dissolved organic matter recycling, which also tracked nutrient transport in the offshore cyclonic eddy. Our study highlights that continuous FDOM data obtained with sensors could help to follow eddy development and influence on seawater biogeochemistry.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Four fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) components were studied in two cyclonic eddies (CEs) in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Tryptophan‐like FDOM was an indicator of the CEs' productivity as it correlated with semi‐labile dissolved organic matter and microbial metabolic activities〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Humic‐like FDOM was a by‐product of microbial respiration; its distribution within an offshore CE covaried with nutrient upwelling〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.959742 ; ddc:https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.950510 ; ddc:577.7 ; PARAFAC ; Atlantic Ocean ; Mauritanian upwelling system ; mesoscale eddies ; fluorescence dissolved organic matter (FDOM) ; DOC
    Language: English
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  • 259
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    Histories of habitability from the oikoumene to the Anthropocene (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The IPCC's Sixth Assessment Report warns in stark terms that many long inhabited parts of the world are now on course to become uninhabitable. As astronomers continue to search the universe for new habitable planets, it is equally essential to historicize the consequences of changing habitability on this one. This article reviews how scholars have engaged with the widely noted but rarely theorized categories of “habitability” and “uninhabitability.” While tracing longer imperial genealogies, the primary focus is on notions of habitability in relation to European global empires in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and their postcolonial legacies. The article traces three key themes in the literature: that habitability was inherently limited, and beyond those limits allegedly lay uninhabitability; that habitability was differential and that certain places were habitable for some groups but not others (but that this might be changed by technological interventions); and finally, that the limits of habitability were not static, but could change for both better and worse. Here the links between colonialism and ideas of acclimatization, terraforming, “improvement,” deliberate uninhabitability, and an “Anthropocene” have all been central to the literature. These have often been closely associated with insidious forms of environmental determinism, which are taking on new forms in an age of crisis (especially in narratives around climate and migration). By drawing together previously disparate literatures, this article ultimately calls on scholars to embrace habitability studies more widely, and to expand on their interdisciplinary potential for communicating the societal consequences of a changing climate.〈/p〉
    Description: European Commission http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000780
    Description: Irish Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002081
    Keywords: ddc:910 ; Anthropocene ; climate change ; empire ; environmental determinism ; habitability
    Language: English
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  • 260
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    Enhanced Polar Vortex Predictability Following Sudden Stratospheric Warming Events (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events can form a window of forecast opportunity for polar vortex predictions on subseasonal‐to‐seasonal time scales. Analyzing numerical ensemble simulations, we quantify the associated enhanced predictability due to reduced upward planetary wave fluxes during the mostly radiatively driven recovery phase following SSWs. Ensembles that predict an SSW show reduced ensemble spread in terms of polar vortex strength for several weeks to follow, as well as a corresponding reduction in forecast errors. This increased predictability is particularly pronounced for strong SSWs and even occurs if not all ensemble members predict a major SSW. Furthermore, we found a direct impact of the occurrence of SSWs on the date of the final warming (FW): the decrease in upward wave fluxes delays the FW significantly. The reduced spread after SSWs and the delay in FW date have potentially further implications for (subseasonal) predictions of the tropospheric and mesospheric circulations.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The polar vortex is a large scale circulation active during winter in the higher levels of the polar atmosphere. Changes in the strength of the polar vortex can have an impact on the weather over mid‐latitude regions like Europe. This is the case especially for the period after so‐called sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events, where the polar vortex breaks down very abruptly and then slowly recovers over several weeks. Such a break‐down of the polar vortex tends to suppress wave activity and hence reduces the dynamical variability in the polar stratosphere, leading to a more predictable evolution of the circulation. We quantify the strength and timescale of this increase in predictability of the polar vortex after an SSW using a large set of winter time model forecasts.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) lead to reduced forecast spread in the polar stratosphere for several weeks after the event〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Reduced forecast spread after SSWs is driven by suppressed vertical planetary wave propagation due to persistent negative wind anomalies〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Final warmings are delayed for winters with SSW, consistent with reduced upward wave fluxes following the SSW〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/s2s-realtime-instantaneous-accum-ecmf/levtype=sfc/type=cf/
    Description: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels?tab=overview
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5282/ubm/data.395
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; sudden stratospheric warming ; final warming ; strat‐trop‐coupling ; polar vortex ; predictability ; window of forecast opportunity
    Language: English
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    Enabling Climate Change Adaptation in Coastal Systems: A Systematic Literature Review (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Climate change poses increasingly severe risks for coastal ecosystems and coastal communities all around the globe. This condition requires implementing climate adaptation policy and advancing scientific knowledge to adapt to the current and future climate risks. However, implementing climate adaptation policy in coastal areas is still in its infancy. This paper provides insight into 650 peer‐reviewed empirical research studies on coastal climate adaptation from the past two decades, providing global evidence on the status quo and distilling six relevant research gaps: (a) minimal contribution to the implementation phase of the adaptation policy cycle; (b) geographical imbalance toward specific ecoregions and coastal sub‐systems; (c) less attention to regional scale; (d) lack of sectoral integration; (e) poor contextualization within policy and coastal governance instruments and management arrangements; (f) limited economic and financial focus. Therefore, this paper identifies areas where future empirical research can help fill current knowledge gaps and improve coastal communities' ability to adapt to climate change. This increased knowledge will enhance the resilience of coastal social‐ecological systems in the face of environmental challenges.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Coastal regions are complex environments and are severely threatened by climate change. These regions are particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels, more frequent and intense storms, altered precipitation patterns, and higher ocean temperatures. These changes can pose pervasive threats to coastal communities, ecosystems, infrastructure, and economic activities. This manuscript reviews the last 20 years of coastal adaptation science and provides evidence of six areas where further research is needed. In our analysis, we adopt a worldwide scale and multidisciplinary perspective to review 650 publications and draw some conclusions and recommendations around which science could benefit coastal adaptation to climate change. Overall, we find a geographical imbalance of knowledge production which mostly neglects the global south, and that science needs to boost cooperation across borders and economic sectors and services.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Scientific contribution to the adaptation policy cycle needs an implementation perspective〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Adaptation research must advance knowledge in highly climate‐sensitive ecoregions, across borders and sectors〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Economic barriers to coastal adaptation have been overlooked globally〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Helmholtz‐Zentrum Hereon project I2B – CoastalClimateServices@GERICS
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.8146458
    Keywords: ddc:333.917 ; coastal adaptation ; adaptation policy cycle ; coastal management ; adaptation strategies ; economic sectors ; scientific knowledge
    Language: English
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    Distributive justice and the global emissions budget (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉In order not to significantly overshoot maximum levels of warming like the 1.5 and 2°C target we must stay within a fixed emissions budget. How to fairly distribute the entitlements to emit within such a budget is perhaps the most intensely discussed question in all of climate justice. In our review we discuss the most prominent proposals in moral and political philosophy on how to solve this question and put a special emphasis on scholarly contributions from the last decade. We canvass the arguments for and against emissions egalitarianism, emissions sufficientarianism, and emissions grandfathering as well as the debates surrounding them. These are how to deal with non‐compliance, how to split emissions between producers and consumers, how to best account for terrestrial carbon sinks, and whether emissions from having children should be subtracted from parents' emissions budgets. From the viewpoint of justice, it matters not only that we act against climate change but also how we do so. This review aims to elucidate one of the major ways in which our reaction to climate change could be just or unjust.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: ddc:363.7 ; carbon sinks ; emissions egalitarianism ; historical responsibility ; integrationism ; non‐compliance
    Language: English
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  • 263
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    Non‐Orographic Gravity Waves and Turbulence Caused by Merging Jet Streams (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Jet streams are important sources of non‐orographic internal gravity waves and clear air turbulence (CAT). We analyze non‐orographic gravity waves and CAT during a merger of the polar front jet stream (PFJ) with the subtropical jet stream (STJ) above the southern Atlantic. Thereby, we use a novel combination of airborne observations covering the meso‐scale and turbulent scale in combination with high‐resolution deterministic short‐term forecasts. Coherent phase lines of temperature perturbations by gravity waves stretching along a highly sheared tropopause fold are simulated by the ECMWF IFS (integrated forecast system) forecasts. During the merging event, the PFJ reverses its direction from approximately antiparallel to parallel with respect to the STJ, going along with strong wind shear and horizontal deformation. Temperature perturbations in limb‐imaging and lidar observations onboard the research aircraft HALO during the SouthTRAC campaign show remarkable agreement with the IFS data. Ten hours earlier, the IFS data show an “X‐shaped” pattern in the temperature perturbations emanating from the sheared tropopause fold. Tendencies of the IFS wind components show that these gravity waves are excited by spontaneous emission adjusting the strongly divergent flow when the PFJ impinges the STJ. In situ observations of temperature and wind components at 100 Hz confirm upward propagation of the probed portion of the gravity waves. They furthermore reveal embedded episodes of light‐to‐moderate CAT, Kelvin Helmholtz waves, and indications for partial wave reflection. Patches of low Richardson numbers in the IFS data coincide with the CAT observations, suggesting that this event was accessible to turbulence forecasting.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Gravity waves play an in important role in vertical and horizontal energy transport in the atmosphere and are significant factors in wheather forecasting and climate projections. Among other processes, tropospheric jet streams are known to be sources of gravity waves. They furthermore can be accompanied by tropopause folds (i.e., local tropopause depressions, where stratospheric air can reach deeply into the troposphere) and turbulence, which is relevant for aviation safety. Using a novel combination of airborne observations and data by a state‐of‐the‐art forecasting system, we analyze gravity waves and turbulence during a merger of tropospheric jet streams above the southern Atlantic. The observations show a high degree of agreement with the forecast data from the troposphere to the stratosphere. Ten hours earlier, the forcast data show an “X‐shaped” gravity wave structure that emerges from a highly sheared tropopause fold between the merging jet streams. Fast in situ observations at the flight level provide information on the characteristics of the observed waves and show light‐to‐moderate turbulence, small‐scale waves and indications for partial wave reflection. The observed turbulence events are consistently located in regions where the forecast data suggest potential for turbulence.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Non‐orographic internal gravity waves and clear air turbulence are observed in merging jet streams〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉State‐of‐the art high resolution forecast agrees with novel combination of airborne sensors〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉“X‐shaped” gravity wave feature resulting from merging jet streams at a highly sheared tropopause fold〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5445/IR/1000151856
    Description: https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts
    Description: https://www.ready.noaa.gov/
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; gravity waves ; jet streams ; clear air turbulence ; remote sensing ; in situ observations ; field campaigns
    Language: English
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    Toward an adequate level of detail in flood risk assessments (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-24
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Flood risk assessments require different disciplines to understand and model the underlying components hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. Many methods and data sets have been refined considerably to cover more details of spatial, temporal, or process information. We compile case studies indicating that refined methods and data have a considerable effect on the overall assessment of flood risk. But are these improvements worth the effort? The adequate level of detail is typically unknown and prioritization of improvements in a specific component is hampered by the lack of an overarching view on flood risk. Consequently, creating the dilemma of potentially being too greedy or too wasteful with the resources available for a risk assessment. A “sweet spot” between those two would use methods and data sets that cover all relevant known processes without using resources inefficiently. We provide three key questions as a qualitative guidance toward this “sweet spot.” For quantitative decision support, more overarching case studies in various contexts are needed to reveal the sensitivity of the overall flood risk to individual components. This could also support the anticipation of unforeseen events like the flood event in Germany and Belgium in 2021 and increase the reliability of flood risk assessments.〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: BMBF http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: Federal Environment Agency http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100010809
    Description: http://howas21.gfz-potsdam.de/howas21/
    Description: https://www.umwelt.niedersachsen.de/startseite/themen/wasser/hochwasser_amp_kustenschutz/hochwasserrisikomanagement_richtlinie/hochwassergefahren_und_hochwasserrisikokarten/hochwasserkarten-121920.html
    Description: https://download.geofabrik.de/europe/germany.html
    Description: https://emergency.copernicus.eu/mapping/list-of-components/EMSN024
    Description: https://data.jrc.ec.europa.eu/collection/id-0054
    Description: https://oasishub.co/dataset/surface-water-flooding-footprinthurricane-harvey-august-2017-jba
    Description: https://www.wasser.sachsen.de/hochwassergefahrenkarte-11915.html
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; decision support ; extreme events ; integrated flood risk management ; risk assessment
    Language: English
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    Growth of kyanite and Fe‐Mg chloritoid in Fe2O3‐rich high‐pressure–low‐temperature metapelites and metapsammites: A case study from the Massa Unit (Alpi Apuane, Italy) (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Chloritoid and kyanite coexist in metapelites from the high‐pressure/low‐temperature Massa Unit in the Alpi Apuane metamorphic complex (Northern Apennines, Italy). The composition of chloritoid is extremely variable throughout the Massa Unit. Fe‐chloritoid occurs in association with hematite‐free, graphite‐bearing schists, whereas strongly zoned Fe‐Mg chloritoid is found with hematite and kyanite. We investigated the effect of different bulk Fe〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 contents in controlling chloritoid composition through phase equilibria modelling of four selected samples, representative of the different chloritoid‐bearing parageneses found in the Massa Unit. The ferric iron content, measured through wet chemical titration, ranges from 0 (graphite‐chloritoid schist) to 73% of the total iron (hematite‐chloritoid schist). We show that Mg‐rich chloritoid compositions and stability of kyanite at greenschist to blueschist facies conditions can be reproduced in the MnO–Na〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O–K〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O–FeO–MgO–Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉–SiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–H〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O–TiO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉–O (MnNKFMASHTO) chemical system only considering the presence of significant amounts of ferric iron as part of the bulk composition. The stabilization of kyanite at lower grade is directly linked to the presence of Fe〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉, which renders the reactive bulk rock composition effectively enriched in Al〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 with respect to Fe and Mg. We also document that high Fe〈sub〉2〈/sub〉O〈sub〉3〈/sub〉 contents exacerbate the effect of chloritoid fractionation, producing strongly zoned Fe‐Mg‐chloritoid grains. Finally, the P–T modelling of the Massa Units performed in this study allows, for the first time, the recognition of a two‐stage evolution at peak conditions, with an earlier pressure peak (1.2–1.3 GPa at 350–400°C), and a later thermal peak (0.7–1.1 GPa at 440–480°C), compatible with subduction, underthrusting and exhumation of the Adria continental margin during growth of the Northern Apennine orogenic wedge.〈/p〉
    Description: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/wm3nwkrd4m/1
    Keywords: ddc:549 ; chloritoid ; ferric iron ; kyanite ; Northern Apennines ; phase equilibria modelling
    Language: English
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    BODIUM—A systemic approach to model the dynamics of soil functions (2023)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The increasing demand for biomass for food, animal feed, fibre and bioenergy requires optimization of soil productivity, while at the same time, protecting other soil functions such as nutrient cycling and buffering, carbon storage, habitat for biological activity and water filter and storage. Therefore, one of the main challenges for sustainable agriculture is to produce high yields while maintaining all the other soil functions. Mechanistic simulation models are an essential tool to fully understand and predict the complex interactions between physical, biological and chemical processes of soils that generate those functions. We developed a soil model to simulate the impact of various agricultural management options and climate change on soil functions by integrating the relevant processes mechanistically and in a systemic way. As a special feature, we include the dynamics of soil structure induced by tillage and biological activity, which is especially relevant in arable soils. The model operates on a 1D soil profile consisting of a number of discrete layers with dynamic thickness. We demonstrate the model performance by simulating crop growth, root growth, nutrient and water uptake, nitrogen cycling, soil organic matter turnover, microbial activity, water distribution and soil structure dynamics in a long‐term field experiment including different crops and different types and levels of fertilization. The model is able to capture essential features that are measured regularly including crop yield, soil organic carbon, and soil nitrogen. In this way, the plausibility of the implemented processes and their interactions is confirmed. Furthermore, we present the results of explorative simulations comparing scenarios with and without tillage events to analyse the effect of soil structure on soil functions. Since the model is process‐based, we are confident that the model can also be used to predict quantities that have not been measured or to estimate the effect of management measures and climate states not yet been observed. The model thus has the potential to predict the site‐specific impact of management decisions on soil functions, which is of great importance for the development of a sustainable agriculture that is currently also on the agenda of the ‘Green Deal’ at the European level.〈/p〉
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: https://git.ufz.de/bodium/bodium_v1.0
    Keywords: ddc:631.4 ; agriculture ; computational model ; simulation ; soil microbiology ; soil structure ; sustainable soil
    Language: English
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    A multi‐parameter approach to quantify riverbed clogging and vertical hyporheic connectivity (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Riverbed clogging is key to assessing vertical connectivity in the hyporheic zone and is often quantified using single‐parameter or qualitative approaches. However, clogging is driven by multiple, interacting physical and bio‐geochemical parameters, which do not allow for a conclusive assessment of hyporheic connectivity with single‐parameter approaches. In addition, existing qualitative assessments lack transparency and repeatability. This study introduces a Multi‐Parameter Approach to quantify Clogging and vertical hyporheic connectivity (MultiPAC), which builds on standardized measurements of physical (grain size characteristics, porosity, hydraulic conductivity) and bio‐geochemical (interstitial dissolved oxygen) parameters. We apply MultiPAC at three gravel‐bed rivers and show how the set of parameters provides a representative appreciation of physical riverbed clogging, thus quantifying vertical hyporheic connectivity. However, more parameters are required to fully characterize biological clogging. In addition, MultiPAC locates clogged layers in the hyporheic zone through multi‐parameter vertical profiles over the riverbed depth. The discussion outlines the relevance of MultiPAC to guide field surveys.〈/p〉
    Description: https://github.com/Ecohydraulics/kf-converter-w-flopy
    Keywords: ddc:550.724 ; colmation ; dissolved oxygen ; grain size ; hydraulic conductivity ; porosity ; siltation
    Language: English
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    Monthly Climatologies of Zonal‐Mean and Tidal Winds in the Thermosphere as Observed by ICON/MIGHTI During April 2020–March 2022 (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Version 5 (v05) of the thermospheric wind data from the Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument on the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) mission has been recently released, which largely avoids local‐time dependent artificial baseline drifts that are found in previous versions of the ICON/MIGHTI wind data. This paper describes monthly climatologies of zonal‐mean winds and tides based on the v05 ICON/MIGHTI data under geomagnetically quiet conditions (Hp30 〈 3o) during April 2020–March 2022. Green‐line winds in the lower thermosphere (90–110 km) and red‐line winds in the middle thermosphere (200–300 km) are analyzed, as these data cover both daytime and nighttime. The latitude and height structures of zonal‐mean winds and tides are presented for each month, and the results are compared with the widely used empirical model, Horizontal Wind Model 2014 (HWM14). The ICON/MIGHTI and HWM14 results are in general agreement, providing a validation of the v05 ICON/MIGHTI data. The agreement is especially good for the zonal‐mean winds. Amplitudes of lower thermospheric tides from ICON/MIGHTI tend to be larger than those from HWM14 as well as from an empirical model, Climatological Tidal Model of the Thermosphere (CTMT). This could be due to the influence of interannual variability of the tides. The amplitude structure of lower thermospheric tides in HWM14 does not match those from ICON/MIGHTI and CTMT in some months. Also, HWM14 underestimates the meridional‐wind amplitude of the migrating diurnal tide in the middle thermosphere. These results highlight the need for improved tidal representation in HWM14.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Monthly climatologies of zonal‐mean winds and tides at 90–110 km and 200–300 km are determined using v05 Ionospheric Connection Explorer/Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐resolution Thermospheric Imaging (ICON/MIGHTI) observations〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉ICON/MIGHTI and Horizontal Wind Model 2014 results are in general agreement, providing a validation of the Version 5 ICON/MIGHTI data〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The agreement is especially good for the zonal‐mean winds, while some discrepancies are found in tidal amplitudes〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: NASA
    Description: https://icon.ssl.berkeley.edu/Data
    Description: https://kp.gfz-potsdam.de/en/hp30-hp60/data
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5880/Hpo.0002
    Description: https://spaceweather.gc.ca/forecast-prevision/solar-solaire/solarflux/sx-5-mavg-en.php
    Description: https://globaldynamics.sites.clemson.edu/articles/ctmt.html
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5541913
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; thermosphere ; zonal‐mean winds ; tides ; ionospheric connection explorer (ICON) ; MIGHTI ; HWM14
    Language: English
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    Projected changes in synoptic circulations over Europe and their implications for summer precipitation: A CMIP6 perspective (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Projected changes in summer precipitation deficits partly depend on alterations in synoptic circulations. Here, the automated Jenkinson–Collison classification is used to assess the ability of 21 global climate models (GCMs) to capture the frequency of recurring circulation types (CTs) and their implications for European daily precipitation amounts in summer (JJA). The ability of the GCMs to reproduce the observed present‐day climate features is evaluated first. Most GCMs capture the observed links between the mean CTs directional flow characteristics and the occurrence of dry days and related dry months. The most robust relationships are found for anticyclonic and easterly CTs which are generally associated with higher‐than‐average occurrences of dry conditions. Future changes in summer CTs' frequencies are estimated in the high‐emission SSP5‐8.5 scenario for the sake of a high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Our results reveal consistent changes, mainly in the zonal CTs. A robust decrease in frequency of the westerlies and an increase in the frequency of easterly CTs favour more continental, dry and warm air masses over central Europe. These dynamical changes are shown to enhance the projected summer drying over central and southern Europe.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Summer large‐scale circulations are derived over Europe using an automated classification. Spatial characteristics of the patterns and their influence on dry days are investigated. Future changes are explored based on global climate models. The predicted drier summers in Europe are found to be influenced by consistent changes in west‐easterly circulations.〈boxed-text position="anchor" content-type="graphic" id="joc8033-blkfxd-0001" xml:lang="en"〉 〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:08998418:media:joc8033:joc8033-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: EU International Training Network (ITN) Climate Advanced Forecasting of sub‐seasonal Extremes (CAFE)
    Description: H2020 Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions
    Description: https://github.com/PedroLormendez/jcclass
    Keywords: ddc:551.6 ; circulation patterns ; climate change ; precipitation ; weather extremes
    Language: English
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    Shaping the Huara Intrusive Complex in the Hyperarid Atacama Desert—Erosional Near‐Stasis Contrasting High Topographic Gradients (2023)
    Ritter, Benedikt ; Mohren, Joel ; Binnie, Steven A. ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: The Atacama Desert is one of the driest and oldest deserts on Earth, with extremely low precipitation rates (〈2 mm/yr). Mostly abiotic hyperarid environmental conditions prevail, and surface processes act at extremely low rates over the long‐term. To gain knowledge about the rate of surface processes and age of landscapes in desert environments, terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide derived erosion rate estimates can be used. Within the Huara Intrusive Complex, situated in the hyperarid core of the Atacama Desert, basin‐averaged bedrock erosion rates from channel sediments are extremely low, that is, less than 1 m/Myr. Such low rates indicate that fluvial processes operate very slowly or are almost absent. Bedrock erosion rates of channel knickpoints, however, reveal one to two orders of magnitude higher erosion rates (2–12 m/Myr). Erosion rates are remarkably low when compared to the steep surrounding topography. Tectonic uplift creates higher gravitational potentials for surface processes, controlling the overall erosion rate capacity. However, erosion itself is taking place by local precipitation capable of exceeding thresholds for surface activity. In the Atacama Desert, this happens only due to rare severe precipitation events, explaining the extremely low erosion rates. The efficiency of these events is modulated by local intrinsic processes and conditions, such as high infiltration capacities of Atacama soils and/or large channel boulder accumulations. Due to the virtual absence of these precipitation events capable of erosion, the landscape appears to be in hibernation.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Atacama Desert is one of the driest and oldest deserts on Earth, with extremely low precipitation rates (〈2 mm/yr). Surface processes operate at very low rates and on small spatial scales. To understand the rates of surface activity, cosmogenic nuclides are a widely used tool to constrain the exposure duration of sediments on the Earth's surface. Within the Huara Intrusive Complex, situated in the hyperarid core of the Atacama, basin‐averaged erosion rates from channel sediments are extremely low. Such low rates indicate that the transport of sediment is very slow or almost absent, revealing a landscape in hibernation. Bedrock erosion rates in channels, however, are one to two orders higher. The studied catchments have been subject to Quaternary tectonic activity, which can explain higher bedrock erosion rates. Rare precipitation events, typical for desert environments, have to be strong enough to provoke erosion. Processes associated with extreme long‐term aridity modulate the erosive impact of precipitation events; for example, CaSO4‐rich soils soak up water preventing surface runoff or channel boulder accumulations buffer surface flow reducing the capacity to erode.
    Description: Key Points: Extremely low basin erosion rates (〈1 m/Myr) in the hyperarid Atacama prevailed since the Pliocene, contrasting high relief topography. Higher bedrock erosion rates indicate that the tectonic activity is the active landscape forming mechanism. The capacity to erode is reduced by the effects of atmospheric deposition, soil inflation, and channel boulder accumulations.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://www.crc1211db.uni-koeln.de/search/view.php?doiID=61
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; Atacama Desert ; terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides ; erosion rates
    Language: English
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    Seasonal Prediction of Arabian Sea Marine Heatwaves (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Marine heatwaves are known to have a detrimental impact on marine ecosystems, yet predicting when and where they will occur remains a challenge. Here, using a large ensemble of initialized predictions from an Earth System Model, we demonstrate skill in predictions of summer marine heatwaves over large marine ecosystems in the Arabian Sea seven months ahead. Retrospective forecasts of summer (June to August) marine heatwaves initialized in the preceding winter (November) outperform predictions based on observed frequencies. These predictions benefit from initialization during winters of medium to strong El Niño conditions, which have an impact on marine heatwave characteristics in the Arabian Sea. Our probabilistic predictions target spatial characteristics of marine heatwaves that are specifically useful for fisheries management, as we demonstrate using an example of Indian oil sardine (〈italic〉Sardinella longiceps〈/italic〉).〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are prolonged extreme events associated with exceptionally high ocean water temperatures. Such events impose heat stress on marine life, and thus predicting such events is beneficial for management applications. In this work we show that the occurrence of MHWs in summer in the Arabian Sea can be skilfully predicted seven month in advance. Our prediction system benefits from the information of sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern Pacific Ocean in the preceding winter, among other aspects. Our predictions suggest potential for using climate information in fisheries management in this region.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Summer marine heatwaves in the Arabian Sea are predictable seven months in advance〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The prediction skill in summer is mainly associated with a preceding El Niño event in winter〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Probabilistic predictions of Arabian Sea area under heatwave can be tailored to benefit fisheries〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: DFG
    Description: Universität Hamburg http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100005711
    Description: Cedars‐Sinai Medical Center http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100013015
    Description: Marine Institute http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001627
    Description: Copernicus Climate Change Service
    Description: Aigéin, Aeráid, agus athrú Atlantaigh
    Description: EU
    Description: http://dx.doi.org/10.7289/V5SQ8XB5
    Description: http://hdl.handle.net/hdl:21.14106/f2fdc61b13828ed5284f4e4ab41e63f8a84c6e52
    Description: http://hdl.handle.net/hdl:21.14106/27e73ed39cd59d2033e018a494e342383db53a0b
    Keywords: ddc:551.46 ; Arabian Sea ; marine heatwaves
    Language: English
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    Prof. Dr. Volker Schweikle (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: In memoriam Prof. Dr. Volker Schweikle (9. November 1941 bis 26. Juli 2023).
    Description: editorial
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; Nachruf ; obituary
    Language: German
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    Dr. Ingo Dittrich (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: In memoriam Dr. Ingo Dittrich (10. August 1948 bis 1. April 2022).
    Description: editorial
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; Nachruf ; obituary
    Language: German
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    Wurzelverteilungsmuster im stauwassergeprägten Niedermoorgrünland und Möglichkeiten einer Gefügesanierung durch Wurzeln (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Durch den Einsatz von schwerer Agrartechnik, die Verlagerung vermulmter Bodenpartikel und den Wechsel von Auftauen und Gefrieren können sich in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Niedermooren Verdichtungsschichten bilden. Die Folgen sind eingeschränkte Wasserleitfähigkeiten und saisonal auftretende Überstauereignisse, die sich negativ auf die Ertragsleistung der Standorte auswirken. Das von verdichteten Mineralböden bekannte Konzept des bio-tillage bzw. biological drilling verspricht einen neuen Lösungsansatz zur Verbesserung der Bodenstruktur, bei dem Pflanzenwurzeln zur Lockerung und Regeneration der Bodenstruktur eingesetzt werden. Jedoch ist nicht jede Pflanzenart gleichermaßen geeignet, da das Penetrationsvermögen artspezifisch ausgebildet ist. Um die identifizierte Forschungslücke zu Arten des Niedermoorgrünlands aufzugreifen, wurden auf drei Niedermoorflächen im Land Brandenburg, von denen das Auftreten von Stauwasser bekannt ist, Vegetations-, Boden- und Wurzelaufnahmen durchgeführt. Von den elf betrachteten Arten erscheinen acht potenziell für eine Gefügesanierung geeignet, die gut in die bestehenden Konzepte der Nutzung von Paludikulturen zu integrieren sind.
    Description: Employing heavy agricultural machinery, the relocation of moorshyfied soil particles, and the alternation between thawing and freezing, can lead to the formation of barrier layers in agricultural used fens. The consequences are limited water conductivity and seasonal waterlogging events, which have a negative impact on the yield of the sites. The concept of bio-tillage or biological drilling, previously known in compacted mineral soils, promises a new approach to improving the soil structure by using plant roots to loosen and regenerate the soil structure. However, not every plant species is equally suitable, as its penetration ability is species-specific. To reduce the identified research gap for fen grassland species, vegetation, soil and root studies were made at three fen sites in Brandenburg where the occurrence of waterlogging is known. Of the eleven species examined, eight appear potentially suitable for structural regeneration and can be well integrated into existing concepts for the use of paludicultures.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:630.914 ; ddc:631.4 ; Moor ; Torf ; Niedermoorboden ; Grünland ; oberflächennahe Verdichtung ; Vegetation ; Durchwurzelung ; peat ; peatland ; soil ; fen soil ; grassland ; near-surface compaction ; root penetration
    Language: German
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    Dr. Lebrecht Jeschke – 90 Jahre (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Laudation annlässlich Lebrecht Jeschkes 90. Geburtstag.
    Description: editorial
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; Laudatio
    Language: German
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    Zur Beziehung zwischen Wasserwirtschaft und Moorvernässung – Erfahrungen aus Schleswig-Holstein (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Die Wasserwirtschaft hat in der Vergangenheit maßgeblich dazu beigetragen, dass Moore entwässert wurden und damit auf Entwässerung basierende Nutzungen ermöglicht. Mit der Nationalen Wasserstrategie bekommt die Wasserwirtschaft angesichts des Klimawandels sowie der mit Entwässerung verbundenen Umweltprobleme und Höhenverluste eine neue Rolle im Moorschutz. Künftig wird sie flächenhafte Entwässerungssysteme auf ihre Zweckmäßigkeit hin überprüfen und diese in Moorgebieten so ausgestalten müssen, dass Wiedervernässungen weitestgehend ermöglicht werden. Hierfür ist zunächst der in den übergeordneten Gremien der Wasserwirtschaft bereits vollzogene Paradigmenwechsel hin zu einem naturnahen Landschaftswasserhaushalt auf allen Ebenen zu etablieren. Die Wasserwirtschaft verfügt über die Organisationsformen und Kompetenzen, um die Wiedervernässung von Mooren zusammen mit Partnern aus der Land- und Forstwirtschaft, dem Naturschutz und der Flurbereinigung fachlich fundiert voran zu bringen.
    Description: In the past, water management was significantly responsible for draining peatlands, thus enabling drainage-based land uses. With the National Water Strategy, water management is taking on a new role in peatland management in view of climate change, environmental pressures and subsidence associated with drainage. In the future, water management authorities will review the necessity of water infrastructure for land drainage and design them in peatlands in such a way that rewetting will be possible as far as possible. The paradigm shift towards a near-natural landscape water balance, which has already taken place in the higher-level bodies of water management authorities, must first be established at all levels. The water management authorities have the organisational forms and competencies to promote the rewetting of peatlands together with partners from agriculture, forestry, nature conservation and rural planning in an efficient sound manner.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; ddc:553.21 ; ddc:333.72 ; Geschichte ; Wasserwirtschaft ; Hydrologie ; Wiedervernässung ; Moor ; Torf ; peatland ; peat ; history ; water management ; rewetting
    Language: German
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    Schaurig ist‘s, über‘s Moor zu gehen: Mythologien von Sumpf und Moor im Film (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Moor und Sumpf sind zum einen Bezeichnungen realer Landschaftsformationen, sind zugleich aber Metaphern und Symbole von Räumen, die den kontrollierten Welten der Zivilisation entgegenstehen. Gerade in letzterer Hinsicht sind sie auch Kerne eines ganzen Bündels optionaler Geschichten, die immer auf die Grundopposition von Natur und Zivilisation zurückgreifen und die darum auch als Indikatoren der Räume des Außerzivilisatorischen durchbuchstabiert werden können. Den narrativ-diegetischen Funktionen von Moor und Sumpf treten dramaturgische Funktionen zur Seite, weil die besonderen Qualitäten des Geländes in der Spannungs- und Affektdramaturgie der Erzählung oft eigens genutzt werden.
    Description: Moor and swamps are real landscape formations, but at the same time, they are metaphors that symbolize uncivilized, uncontrolled places. Thus, they are the core of a whole bundle of stories, which present basic opposition to civilization and which can therefore be spelled out as indicators of the spaces beyond the reaches of civilization. The narrative-diegetic functions of moor and swamp are supplemented by dramaturgical functions, because the special qualities of the terrain are often used specifically in the dramaturgy of tension and affect in the narrative.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:791.43 ; Moor ; Affektbeladung ; Dramaturgie ; Horror ; Kino ; Schauerromantik ; Affect loading ; cinema ; dramaturgy ; fright romance ; horror
    Language: German
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    Moormächtigkeiten eines ackerbaulich genutzten Erdniedermoores 1952 vs. 2021 – Das Beispiel des Großen Bruches, Sachsen-Anhalt/Niedersachsen (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Das Niedermoor Großes Bruch erstreckt sich an der Grenze von Niedersachsen zu Sachsen-Anhalt über 80 km2. Die Mächtigkeiten der Torfauflage schwanken heutzutage, im Jahr 2021, zwischen 40 und 100 cm über Löss und Schwemmlöss. Erste die Vorflut verändernde Entwässerungsgräben wurden im 16. Jahrhundert gezogen. In den Jahren 1953 bis 1967 erfolgte auf niedersächsischer Seite eine planmäßige Trockenlegung von zirka 1.400 ha des Niedermoores. Von 122 Bohrprofilen aus 1952 sind 52 Bohrpunkte 2021 erneut aufgesucht worden. 1952 lagen die Moormächtigkeiten im Mittel bei 107 cm, mit einem Maximum von 300 cm. Der oxidative Moorschwund bei ackerbaulicher Nutzung in 70 Jahren betrug im Mittel 41 cm, mit einem Maximum von 100 cm. Durchschnittlich betrug der Verlust an organischem Kohlenstoff 10 t pro Hektar und Jahr. Ein Tiefumbruch-Versuch im Jahr 1986 auf einer Teilfläche des Niedermoores führte zu einer Kohlenstoff-Anreicherung in der neuen Ackerkrume. Eine Wiedervernässung ist aufgrund von konkurrierenden Grundwassernutzungsansprüchen und trockenen Witterungen schwierig bis unmöglich.
    Description: The fen ‘Großes Bruch’ stretches over an area of 80 km2 along the border between Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. In 2021, the peat thickness varied between 40 and 100 cm over loess and alluvial loess. The first drainage ditches that changed the receiving waters were dug in the 16th century. In the years 1953 to 1967, around 1,400 hectares of the fen were drained as part of a state-run program in Lower Saxony. Of 122 soil profiles from 1952, 52 were revisited in 2021. In 1952, the average peat depth was 107 cm, with a maximum of 300 cm. The average oxidative peat shrinkage during arable use was 41 cm in 70 years, with a maximum of 100 cm. On average, the loss of organic carbon was 10 t per hectare and year. A deep ploughing trial in 1986 on part of the fen led to carbon accumulation in the new topsoil. Rewetting is difficult if not impossible due to competing rights for groundwater use and dry weather.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:630.914 ; ddc:631.4 ; Moor ; Torf ; Kohlenstofffestlegung ; siebzig Jahre Ackerbau ; Tiefumbruch ; Torfschwund ; peatland ; peat ; carbon sequestration ; deep ploughing ; peat loss ; seventy years of arable farming
    Language: German
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    Zur Genese des Durchströmungsmoores Rotes Luch (Brandenburg) (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: In Brandenburg werden aktuell mehr als 200.000 ha organische Böden entwässert und wirtschaftlich so genutzt, dass sie pro Jahr 6,2 Mio. Tonnen CO2, ausgedrückt in Äquivalenten, emittieren. Daher sind im Rahmen des vom Land finanzierten Projektes „Klimamoor Brandenburg“ in 20 zum Teil großflächigen Mooren Wasserrückhaltungen vorgesehen, um deren Wasserhaushalt zu optimieren und den Ausstoß von Treibhausgasen zu reduzieren. Begleitend sollen in Kooperation mit den landwirtschaftlichen Nutzern nachhaltige Bewirtschaftungsstrategien und Verwertungsmöglichkeiten etabliert werden. In einer der Projektflächen, dem Roten Luch, wurde in einem Bereich größter Moortiefe ein zwei Meter langer Kern makrofossil- und pollenanalytisch untersucht. Mit Hilfe von Radiokarbon-Datierungen und Pollendaten kann die Entwicklung des Moores seit dem Spätglazial nachvollzogen werden. Die Makrofossildaten deuten auf ein sich mehrfach änderndes Wasserregime und die Entwicklung von einem Verlandungsmoor über ein Moor mit Überflutungseinfluss zu einem Durchströmungsmoor. Die Datierungen lassen darauf schließen, dass das Moor zwar bereits zu Beginn des Holozäns Torf akkumulierte, aber die Herausbildung des Durchströmungsmoores profitierte von der landwirtschaftlich bedingten Öffnung der Landschaft und der damit verstärkten Grundwasserneubildung seit dem Neolithikum.
    Description: In Brandenburg, more than 200,000 hectares of organic soils are currently drained and emit ca. 6.2 million tons of CO2 equivalents per year. Therefore, within the project “Klimamoor Brandenburg” financed by the federal state, water retention measures are planned in 20 peatlands in order to optimize their water balance and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. At the same time, sustainable management strategies and utilization options are to be established in cooperation with agricultural users. In one of the project areas, the mire Rotes Luch, an approximately two-metre-long core from an area of greatest mire depth was analysed for macrofossils and pollen. By means of radiocarbon dating and pollen data, the development of the mire since the Late Glacial can be observed. The macrofossil data indicate a repeatedly changing water regime and the development from a terrestrialisation mire via a mire with flooding influence to a percolation mire. The dating indicates that the mire already accumulated peat at the beginning of the Holocene, but the development of the percolation mire benefited from the opening of the landscape by agriculture and the resulting increased groundwater recharge since the Neolithic period.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:551.48 ; ddc:561 ; Moor ; Torf ; Torfsondierung ; Makrofossilanalyse ; Pollenanalyse ; Moorentwicklung ; peatland ; peat ; Bog drilling ; macrofossil analysis ; pollen analysis ; bog development
    Language: German
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    Der Einfluss der gründerzeitlichen Spreeregulierung auf die Moore des Spree-Dahme-Systems bei Köpenick (Berlin) (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: In den Berliner Mooren Teufelsseemoor, Krumme Laake, Kleine Pelzlaake und Langes Luch war bereits in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts nahezu zeitgleich eine starke entwässerungsbedingte Einwanderung von Gehölzen in die zuvor gehölzfreie Zwischenmoorvegetation beobachtet worden. Die Moore liegen innerhalb des Berliner Urstromtals in räumlicher Nähe zu den Oberflächengewässern des Spree-Dahme-Systems. Die Stratigraphie der Moore lässt darauf schließen, dass seit Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts infolge ausbleibender Grundwasserspeisung der Moore zunächst die Ausbildung oligotroph-sauer Zwischenmoorvegetation aber auch die anschließend einsetzende Bewaldung der Moore stark befördert wurde. Die Veränderungen der Oberflächenwasserstände im Spree-Dahme-System durch die Regulierung der Berliner Stadtspree können als wesentlicher Auslöser für die erheblichen Veränderungen des Wasserhaushaltes dieser Moore zum Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts angesehen werden.
    Description: Due to drainage, a succession from open transition mires towards forested ecosystems was observed in the Berlin mires Teufelsseemoor, Krumme Laake, Kleine Pelzlaake and Langes Luch almost simultaneously in the first half of the 20th century. The mires are located within the Berlin glacial valley in spatial proximity to the surface waters of the Spree-Dahme river system. The stratigraphy of the mires suggests that since the end of the 19th century the formation of oligotrophic-acidic bog vegetation as well as the subsequent forestation of the mires was strongly promoted due to a decrease in groundwater supply. Changes of the surface water level in the Spree-Dahme river system due to the regulation of the river Spree in Berlin can be identified as the main trigger for the considerable change of the water balance of these mires at the end of the 19th century.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:551.48 ; ddc:363.61 ; Moor ; Torf ; Hydrologie ; Teufelsseemoor ; Krumme Laake ; Kleine Pelzlaake ; Langes Luch ; Trinkwassergewinnung ; peatland ; peat ; drinking water extraction
    Language: German
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    Handlungsleitfaden für die Erstellung eines Moorinformationssystems (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Der Landkreis Emsland hat zwischen 2018 und 2023 mit einer umfangreichen Bohrkampagne, Biotoptypenkartierung und Dateninterpretation ein Moorinformationssystem (MIS) aufgebaut, das dazu dient, Fragen zu den emsländischen Mooren aus Naturschutz- und Klimaschutzsicht zu beantworten. Im Folgenden werden die Arbeitsschritte der Erstellung des MIS in Form eines Handlungsleitfadens vorgestellt.
    Description: Between 2018 and 2023, the district of Emsland set up a peatland information system (MIS) with an extensive soil sampling campaign, biotope type mapping and data interpretation. The main goal of the MIS is to provide a foundation of information to allow for informed decision-making for nature conservation and climate protection. In the following, the work steps involved in creating the MIS are presented in the form of a guideline.
    Description: manual
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:581.7 ; ddc:333.72 ; ddc:631.4 ; Moor ; Torf ; Moorverbreitung ; Klimarelevanz ; Naturschutzwert ; Naturschutz ; Natürlicher Klimaschutz ; Klimaschutz ; Moorrenaturierung ; peatland ; peat ; Distribution of peatlands ; climate relevance ; nature conservation value ; nature-based solutions for climate protection ; peatland restoration ; nature conservation
    Language: German
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    Landkreis Emsland optimiert im Moornaturschutz-gebiet Bockholter Dose die Voraussetzungen für die Entwicklung zu einem naturnahen Hochmoor (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Der Landkreis Emsland hat zwischen 2019 und 2023 mit einer Fließgewässerverlegung und umfangreichem Verwallungsbau und Grabenstau das Moornaturschutzgebiet (NSG) Bockholter Dose weiter vernässt.
    Description: Between 2019 and 2023, the district of Emsland further rewetted the Bockholter Dose peatland nature reserve (NSG) with a river relocation, extensive embankment construction and the damming of ditches.
    Description: report
    Keywords: ddc:333.72 ; Moor ; Torf ; Naturschutzgebiet ; Wiedervernässung ; Natürlicher Klimaschutz ; Moorrenaturierung ; peatland ; peat ; Nature reserve ; rewetting ; nature-based solutions for climate protection ; peatland restoration
    Language: German
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    Bericht zur Tagung „Perspektiven für den Moorschutz in Niedersachsen – Schwerpunkt Waldmoore“ vom 17. bis 18. August 2023 in Volpriehausen (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: conference
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:333.72 ; ddc:581.7 ; Moor ; Torf ; Tagungsbericht
    Language: German
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  • 284
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    Die Moore Svealands entlang des Limes Norrlandicus – DGMT-Exkursion vom 25. August bis 1. September 2023 (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Während der Exkursion besuchten wir Moore entlang des Limes Norrlandicus. Dabei gewannen wir Einblicke in die Ökologie, Vegetation und Stratigrafie einiger naturnaher Hochmoore. Weitere Schwerpunkte stellten Torfabbau und Wiedervernässung von Hochmooren sowie die landwirtschaftliche Nutzung von Niedermooren mit einhergehender Emission klimarelevanter Gase dar.
    Description: During the excursion, we visited mires along the Limes Norrlandicus. We learnt to know about ecology, vegetation and stratigraphy of some natural bogs as well as about peat extraction and rewetting of bogs. Another topic was the use of fens leading to emission of climate gases.
    Description: excursionguide
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; Moor ; Torf ; Schweden ; Exkursion ; peatland ; peat
    Language: German
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    Moor muss nass, aber wie? – Ergebnisbericht der Sektionstagung in Lübbenau (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: conference
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:333.72 ; ddc:630.914 ; ddc:551.48 ; Moor ; Torf ; Wiedervernässung ; Paludikultur ; Klimaschutz ; Biodiversität ; Hydrologie ; peatland ; peat ; rewetting ; nature conservation
    Language: German
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    Nationaler Geopark Emsland – Wasser • Moore • Megalithen (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Die Zertifizierungskommission Nationale GeoParks der GeoUnion Alfred-Wegener-Stiftung hat auf ihrer Sitzung am 14. November 2023 in Kassel den Geopark Emsland als 19. Nationalen Geopark Deutschlands ausgezeichnet.
    Description: report
    Keywords: Moor ; Torf ; Geopark
    Language: German
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    WIKIMooS: Moorböden verstehen mit einem Feldbuch und zehn Videos (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-20
    Description: Im Rahmen des Projekts WIKIMooS wurde ein Tool entwickelt, das NutzerInnen dabei unterstützen soll, den aktuellen Zustand von Moorböden zu erfassen. Das Kernstück dieses Tools ist das WIKI-MooS-Feldbuch zur Horizontansprache in Moorböden. Dieses Feldbuch enthält eine Sammlung von Steckbriefen, die als begleitendes Material für bodenkundliche Aufnahmen im Gelände konzipiert wurden. Außerdem wurde eine Reihe von zehn Videos produziert, die managementrelevante Aspekte der Moore und Moorböden thematisieren und nützliche bodenkundliche Geländemethoden vorstellen.
    Description: A tool meant to help users describe the current state of peatland soils was developed during the WIKI-MooS project. The core element of this tool is the WIKIMooS Field Guide to Peatland Soil Horizons. This field guide includes a collection of illustrated pages created as supporting material for soil description in the field. Additionally, a series of ten videos was produced, which cover aspects of peatlands and peatland soils relevant to their management and present useful pedological field methods.
    Description: report
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:631.4 ; Moor ; Torf ; Moorkartierung ; bodenkundliche Aufnahme ; Bodenhorizonte ; Bodengefüge ; standardisierte Geländemethoden ; peatland ; peat ; peatland soil survey ; soil description ; soil horizons ; soil structure ; standardized field methods ; Bodenkunde ; soil
    Language: German
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    Hinweise auf Bücher zum Thema "Moor und Torf" (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: abstract
    Keywords: Rezension
    Language: German
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    Hinweise auf Bücher zum Thema „Moor und Torf“ (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-21
    Description: abstract
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:553 ; Rezension ; Moor ; Torf ; Kohle ; Öl ; Fossiele Energieträger
    Language: German
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    Multiclonal study of Daphnia magna with respect to adaptation to toxic cyanobacteria (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | Hoboken, USA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Mass developments of toxic cyanobacteria have increased in frequency due to global warming and eutrophication. Such cyanobacterial blooms impact whole freshwater ecosystems, especially reducing the abundance of herbivory species of the genus Daphnia. These negative effects on Daphnia have frequently been attributed to cyanobacterial secondary metabolites, among them hepatotoxic microcystins and protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors inhibit major digestive proteases in the gut of Daphnia which results in reduced fitness, that is, population growth. To date evidence for local adaptation of Daphnia to cyanobacteria is confined to microcystin‐producing cyanobacteria and based on comparison of individual clones from different populations but lacks evidence from multiclone microcosm experiments. In the present study, D. magna clones from a Swedish lake where they coexist with the microcystin‐free Microcystis sp. strain BM25 were compared to clones from a Polish population without cyanobacteria, first in single‐clone experiments and subsequently in a multiclonal experimental population. The Swedish clones were assumed to be locally adapted to this protease inhibitor‐producing cyanobacterium and indeed showed higher population growth rates, a proxy for fitness, and dominated the population in the presence of dietary Microcystis sp. BM25, but not in the absence of this cyanobacterium. The results indicate an adaptive tolerance of the Swedish population and point at local adaptation to locally co‐occurring protease inhibitor‐producing cyanobacteria.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: ddc:577.7 ; Daphnia magna ; multiclonal study ; toxic cyanobacteria ; adaption ; experiments
    Language: English
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    Future Local Ground‐Level Ozone in the European Area From Statistical Downscaling Projections Considering Climate and Emission Changes (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Ground‐level ozone is a major air pollutant harmful to human health. In the scope of climate change, it is essential to provide high‐quality local‐scale assessments of the anticipated changes for public health and policy interventions. Assessments and projections of ground‐level ozone usually rely on numerical modeling, but statistical approaches are also available. The present study enhances the validity of statistical downscaling by taking climate change as well as air pollution changes into account. Besides considering meteorological predictors such as air temperature, short‐wave radiation, humidity, and wind, ozone trends from changes in precursor emissions were included in the statistical models. Meteorological and ozone predictor information extracted from reanalysis data for the observational period and output of seven Earth System Models (ESMs) for the projection periods were used, with three of them having interactive chemical modeling, while the other four used prescribed ozone changes. Ground‐level ozone, more precisely daily maximum 8‐hr running means (MDA8) as well as daily maximum 1‐hr values (MDA1), at 798 measurement stations across the European area in the “ozone season” from April to September were assessed. Results depended strongly on whether only meteorological information or additional information about emission changes were considered. As a general picture under the consideration of climate and emission changes, decreasing ground‐level ozone concentrations were projected under the moderate SSP2‐4.5 scenario, while for the more pessimistic scenario SSP3‐7.0 increasing ozone concentrations over Europe, especially at the end of the 21st century, were assessed.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Ground‐level ozone is a gaseous air pollutant that is formed under sunlight from other air pollutants. Ground‐level ozone is harmful to human health. There are concerns that under climate change, ground‐level ozone will increase. To assess changes on local‐scale various methods are available, which can roughly be divided into numerical models and statistical approaches. The present study developed statistical models further, to give a more realistic picture of future changes in ground‐level ozone in the European area. Information about meteorological changes such as air temperature, atmospheric humidity, and wind as well as changes in air pollutants like nitrogen oxides was considered. During the 21st century decreasing ground‐level ozone concentrations were projected under a moderate climate change scenario, while for a more pessimistic scenario increasing ozone concentrations over Europe, especially at the end of the century, were assessed. This result highlights the necessity to further reduce greenhouse gases and air pollution, bringing forth better protection of human health.
    Description: Key Points: Precursor emission changes are represented by the inclusion of ozone trend in the statistical downscaling models. Statistical projections results are sensitive to the predictor types and Earth System Model output used. Climate change scenarios have a major impact on future ozone, and greenhouse gas and air pollution reductions can mitigate health risks.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Projekt DEAL
    Description: https://aqportal.discomap.eea.europa.eu/
    Description: https://discomap.eea.europa.eu/map/fme/AirQualityExport.htm
    Description: https://discomap.eea.europa.eu/map/fme/AirQualityExportAirBase.htm
    Description: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/
    Description: https://ads.atmosphere.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/search?type=dataset
    Description: https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/cmip6/
    Keywords: ddc:363.7 ; ground‐level ozone ; regional climate change ; statistical downscaling ; European area ; human health
    Language: English
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    Relative contributions of local heat storage and ocean heat transport to cold‐season Arctic Ocean surface energy fluxes in CMIP6 models (2023)
    John Wiley & Sons, Ltd | Chichester, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The Arctic near‐surface air temperature increases most strongly during the cold season, and ocean heat storage has often been cited as a crucial component in linking the ice‐albedo radiative feedback, which is active in summer, and near‐surface air temperature increase in winter, when the lapse rate feedback contributes to Arctic warming. Here, we first estimate how much local heat storage and ocean heat transport contribute to net surface energy fluxes on a seasonal scale in CMIP6 models. We then compare contributions in a base state under weak anthropogenic forcing to a near‐present‐day state in which significant Arctic amplification is simulated. Our analysis indicates that, in a few regions, ocean heat transport plays a larger role for cold‐season net surface energy fluxes compared with local heat storage. Analyzing differences between past and near‐present‐day conditions suggests that the lapse rate feedback, which mainly acts during the cold season in warm water inflow regions, may be more strongly influenced than previously thought by increased ocean heat transport from lower latitudes.〈/p〉
    Description: 〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Arctic Ocean net upward surface energy fluxes in the cold season were decomposed into contributions from local heat storage (yellow, see schematic) and ocean heat transport (red). Our analysis of CMIP6 model output suggests that, in a few inflow regions, ocean heat transport contributes more to cold‐season net surface energy fluxes compared with local heat storage. In parts of these inflow regions, the relative contribution of ocean heat transport increased with time. 〈boxed-text position="anchor" id="qj4496-blkfxd-0001" content-type="graphic" xml:lang="en"〉〈graphic position="anchor" id="jats-graphic-1" xlink:href="urn:x-wiley:00359009:media:qj4496:qj4496-toc-0001"〉 〈/graphic〉 〈/boxed-text〉〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/projects/cmip6/
    Description: https://nsidc.org/data/g10010
    Keywords: ddc:551.46 ; Arctic amplification ; CMIP6 ; heat storage and transport
    Language: English
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    Toward Improved Parameterizations of Reservoir Operation in Ungauged Basins: A Synergistic Framework Coupling Satellite Remote Sensing, Hydrologic Modeling, and Conceptual Operation Schemes (2023)
    Dong, Ningpeng ; Yang, Mingxiang ; Wei, Jianhui ; [et al.]
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Assessments of water and energy security over historical and future periods require hydrologic models that can accurately simulate reservoir operations. However, scare reservoir operation data limits the accuracy of current reservoir representations in simulating reservoir behaviors. Furthermore, the reliability of these representations under changing inflow regimes remains unclear, which makes their application for long future planning horizons questionable. To this end, we propose a synergistic framework to predict the release, storage, and hydropower production of ungauged reservoirs (i.e., reservoirs without in‐situ inflow, release, storage, and operating rules) by combining remotely sensed reservoir operating patterns and model‐simulated reservoir inflow with conceptual reservoir operation schemes within a land surface‐hydrologic model. A previously developed reservoir operation scheme is extended with a storage anomaly based calibration approach to accommodate the relatively short time series and large time intervals of remotely sensed data. By setting up controlled experiments in the Yalong River Basin in China, we show that remote sensing can improve the parameter estimation and simulations of ungauged reservoirs for all selected reservoir operation schemes, thereby improving the downstream flood and streamflow simulations. However, most of these schemes show degraded accuracies of reservoir operation simulations under a changing inflow regime, which could lead to unreliable assessments of future water resources and hydropower production. In comparison, our newly extended reservoir operation scheme can be more adaptable to flow regime variations. Our study provides a practical framework for reservoir impact assessments and predictions with the ongoing satellite altimetry projects such as Surface Water and Ocean Topography.
    Description: Key Points: Satellite remote sensing can improve the representation of ungauged reservoirs and streamflow simulations in hydrologic models. A reservoir operation scheme for ungauged reservoirs is extended and tailored to the use of remotely sensed reservoir operation data. Reservoir operation schemes with storage‐based model structures can be more reliable in reservoir simulations under a changing flow regime.
    Description: National Key Research and Development Program of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100012166
    Description: Belt and Road Special Foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Hydrology‐Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering
    Description: German Research Foundation
    Description: German Federal Ministry of Science of Education
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7190469
    Description: https://global-surface-water.appspot.com/download
    Description: https://doi.org/10.18738/T8/DF80WG
    Description: https://aviso-data-center.cnes.fr/
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; reservoir operation schemes ; remote sensing ; satellite altimetry ; SWOT ; hydrologic prediction ; hydrologic simulation
    Language: English
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    Anmerkungen und Kommentare zum Mooratlas (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-28
    Description: Im Frühjahr dieses Jahres wurde von der Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung, dem Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND) und der Michael Succow Stiftung, Partner im Greifswald Moor Moorzentrum der „Mooratlas 2023 – Daten und Fakten zu nassen Klimaschützern“ herausgegeben (im August 2023 in der 4. Auflage erschienen). Auf 50 Seiten beschreiben 27 Autorinnen und Autoren Moore, ihre ökosystemare Bedeutung als Bestandteile der Naturlandschaft – mit Schwerpunkt auf ihrer Bedeutung als Kohlenstoffspeicher, für die Biodiversität und als einzigartige Lebensräume, als (land- und forstwirtschaftliche) Produktionsstandorte sowie die komplexen Zusammenhänge der Auswirkungen ihrer Melioration und Nutzung auf das Klima. Dazu wird in 19 doppelseitigen Beiträgen umfangreiches Zahlenmaterial dargeboten. Mit einem Verweis auf neue Nutzungsformen nasser Standorte, die Paludikultur, bietet der Mooratlas darüber hinaus Diskussionsansätze für eine zukünftige landwirtschaftliche Wertschöpfung mit positiven Auswirkungen. Damit liefern die Verfasserinnen und Verfasser einen Beitrag, der dazu führen soll, den Themenkomplex Moor, Moornutzung und Moorschutz und dessen Relevanz in der aktuellen Klimadebatte einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen und ihm einen größeren Stellenwert in der gesellschaftspolitischen Diskussion zuteilwerden zu lassen. [...]
    Description: abstract
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:333.72 ; ddc:631.4 ; ddc:630.914 ; ddc:581.7 ; ddc:333 ; Moor ; Torf ; peatland ; peat
    Language: German
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    Climate Induced Thermocline Aging and Ventilation in the Eastern Atlantic Over the Last 32,000 Years (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉The radiocarbon analysis of uranium‐thorium‐dated cold‐water corals (CWCs) provides an excellent opportunity for qualitative reconstruction of past ocean circulation and water mass aging. While mid‐depth water mass aging has been studied in the Atlantic Ocean, the evolution of the thermocline is still largely unknown. Here we present a combined 〈sup〉14〈/sup〉C and 〈sup〉230〈/sup〉Th/U age record obtained from thermocline dwelling CWCs at various sites in the eastern Atlantic Ocean, with intermittently centennial resolution over the last 32 ka. Shallow dwelling CWCs off Angola, located in the South Atlantic, infer a link between the mid‐depth equatorial Atlantic and Southern Ocean. They confirm a 〈sup〉14〈/sup〉C drawdown during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and advocate for a consistent Southern Hemisphere radiocarbon aging of upper thermocline waters, as well as strong depth gradients and high variability. Direct comparison with 〈sup〉14〈/sup〉C simulations carried out with an Ocean General Circulation Model yield good agreement for Angola. In contrast, the North Atlantic thermocline shows well‐ventilated water with strong variations near the position of today's Azores Front (AF), neither of which are captured by the model. During the Bølling‐Allerød, we confirm the important role of the AF in separating North and South Atlantic thermocline waters and provide further evidence of a 500 year long deep convection interruption within the Younger Dryas (YD). We conclude that the North and South Atlantic thermocline waters were separately acting carbon reservoirs during the LGM and subsequent deglaciation until the modern circulation was established during the YD.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉North Atlantic cold‐water corals trace well‐ventilated thermocline waters near major oceanic fronts since the Last Glacial Maximum〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Across the South Atlantic into the Southern Ocean, aged waters with large variability and connectivity are evident during the last glacial〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The modern state of radiocarbon ventilation of the thermocline Atlantic is initiated during the Younger Dryas cold reversal〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: German Ministry of Education and Research
    Description: DFG‐ANR
    Description: PalMod project
    Description: https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.959508
    Keywords: 14C dating ; 230Th/U dating ; Alboran Sea ; Angola ; Atlantic ; Azores Front ; Batm age ; cold-water coral ; Mauritania ; ventilation ; radiocarbon dating ; U/Th
    Language: English
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    Beamforming of Rayleigh and Love Waves in the Course of Atlantic Cyclones (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: The main sources of the ambient seismic wavefield in the microseismic frequency band (peaking in the ∼0.04–0.5 Hz range) are earth's oceans, namely the wind‐driven surface gravity waves (SGW) that couple oscillations into the seafloor and the upper crust underneath. Cyclones (e.g., hurricanes, typhoons) and other atmospheric storms are efficient generators of high ocean waves that in turn generate distinct microseismic signatures. In this study, we perform a polarization (i.e., three‐component) beamforming analysis of microseismic (0.05–0.16 Hz) retrograde Rayleigh and Love waves during major Atlantic hurricanes using a virtual array of seismometers in Eastern Canada. Oceanic hindcasts and meteorological data are used for comparison. No continuous generation of microseism along the hurricane track is observed but rather an intermittent signal generation. Both seismic surface wave types show clear cyclone‐related microseismic signatures that are consistent with a colocated generation at near‐coastal or shallow regions, however the Love wavefield is comparatively less coherent. We identify two different kinds of intermittent signals: (a) azimuthally progressive signals that originate with a nearly constant spatial lag pointing toward the trail of the hurricanes and (b) azimuthally steady signals remaining nearly constant in direction of arrival even days after the hurricane significantly changed its azimuth. This high complexity highlights the need for further studies to unravel the interplay between site‐dependent geophysical parameters, SGW forcing at depth and microseismic wavefield radiation and propagation, as well as the potential use of cyclone microseisms as passive natural sources.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Ocean waves are responsible for the generation of microseisms, faint ground vibrations with complex characteristics and which comprise a major portion of the background seismic noise of the earth. In this study, we implement an onshore seismic detection method to study microseisms generated by cyclones in the North Atlantic ocean (hurricanes), as these are known to be major generators of large ocean waves. We observed that cyclones only seem to generate detectable microseisms as they move over certain regions in the ocean, namely near coastal or shallow water regions. The direction of arrival of these microseisms is sometimes constant, at other times it shifts azimuth along with the hurricanes. Understanding the relationship between ocean waves and cyclone‐related microseisms is an important step for the potential use of these vibrations to study the earth, ocean and atmosphere.
    Description: Key Points: Primary and secondary microseismic Love and Rayleigh waves excited by Atlantic cyclones were detected via onshore polarization beamforming. We observed microseisms related to cyclones as they pass over the northwestern Atlantic margin off Newfoundland. Some microseisms have constant direction of arrival, others are azimuthally progressive and reflect the advance of the cyclone.
    Description: German Research Foundation
    Description: https://doi.org/10.7289/V5NK3BZP
    Description: https://www.fdsn.org/networks/detail/CN/
    Description: http://ds.iris.edu/wilber3/
    Description: ftp://ftp.ifremer.fr/ifremer/ww3/HINDCAST
    Keywords: ddc:551.22 ; ambient seismic noise ; ocean microseisms ; hurricanes ; ocean gravity waves ; array seismology ; marine geophysics
    Language: English
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    Extreme Horizontal Wind Perturbations in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Over South America Associated With the 2022 Hunga Eruption (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉On 15 January 2022, the Hunga volcano produced a massive explosion that generated perturbations in the entire atmosphere. Nonetheless, signatures in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) have been challenging to identify. We report MLT horizontal wind perturbations using three multistatic specular meteor radars on the west side of South America (spanning more than 3,000 km). The most notorious signal is an exceptional solitary wave with a large vertical wavelength observed around 18 UT at all three sites, with an amplitude of ∼50 m/s mainly in the westward direction. Using a customized analysis, the wave is characterized as traveling at ∼200 m/s, with a period of ∼2 hr and a horizontal wavelength of ∼1,440 km in the longitudinal direction, away from the source. The perturbation is consistent with an 〈italic〉L〈/italic〉〈sub〉1〈/sub〉 Lamb wave mode. The signal's timing coincides with the arrival time of the tsunami triggered by the eruption.〈/p〉
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The eruption of the Hunga volcano in January 2022 had a widespread impact on the atmosphere, affecting various layers. We describe a perturbation in horizontal winds caused by the event, which was observed over the west coast of South America by three different meteor radar systems separated by more than 3,000 km between them. The perturbation behaved similarly in the altitude range of 80–100 km, and the wave parameters observed were consistent with high‐order Lamb wave solutions from simulations carried out using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with thermosphere/ionosphere extension. This finding complements other studies that have explored the impacts of the eruption on different atmospheric levels. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the complex and far‐reaching effects of volcanic eruptions on the atmosphere.〈/p〉
    Description: Key Points: 〈list list-type="bullet"〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉Hunga eruption generated extreme horizontal wind perturbations at 80–100 km of altitude over South America〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The signal was detected almost simultaneously by three multistatic meteor radar systems spanning more than 3,000 km〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈list-item〉 〈p xml:lang="en"〉The perturbation had a period of ∼2 hr, a horizontal phase velocity of ∼200 m/s, and a horizontal wavelength of ∼1,440 km〈/p〉〈/list-item〉 〈/list〉 〈/p〉
    Description: Leibniz SAW project FORMOSA
    Description: https://doi.org/10.22000/956
    Keywords: ddc:551.5 ; South America ; 2022 Hunga Eruption ; mesosphere ; lower thermosphere ; horizontal wind perturbations
    Language: English
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    Reversible Thermal Hysteresis in Heating‐Cooling Cycles of Magnetic Susceptibility: A Fine Particle Effect of Magnetite (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Thermomagnetic curves of magnetic susceptibility (κ) are key to characterizing magnetic properties. We report hump‐shaped κ‐T curves of magnetite‐bearing basalt during heating‐cooling cycles to ∼340°C, with a large thermal hysteresis and similar starting and ending values, even in multiple repeated cycles, ruling out changes in magnetic mineralogy. Based on FORC diagrams and published results of engineered materials, we propose that thermal hysteresis arises from configurations of magnetic moments in clusters of single‐domain particles due to dipolar coupling, with different collective behavior during heating and cooling. This effect modifies the hump‐shaped thermal relaxation behavior of the individual nanoparticles. FORC and κ‐T results indicate an increase in effective particle sizes after 700°C‐heating. Our results are a warning against premature interpretation of a decreasing trend in κ‐T curves by maghemite inversion. Instead, fine particle behavior should be considered when a hump‐shaped κ‐T behavior is detected.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Thermomagnetic curves of magnetic susceptibility (κ) are key to characterizing magnetic properties. A marked drop in κ‐T curves at ∼300–400°C is often considered to indicate the inversion of maghemite to hematite. Such a drop is often preceded by an increase in κ, creating a hump shape that is rarely noted in discussions. We report hump‐shaped κ‐T curves in magnetite‐bearing basalt. When heating up to ∼340°C and cooled subsequently, a large thermal hysteresis was observed. This hump shape and the thermal hysteresis behavior occur in a very similar way in repeated κ‐T cycles, ruling out changes in magnetic mineralogy. We hypothesize that the thermal hysteresis arises from configurations of coupled magnetic moments in clusters of fine particles, which is partly irreversible upon cooling. This effect modifies the hump‐shaped thermal relaxation behavior of the individual particle moments. When heated to 700°C, grain boundaries may weld and internal stress effects are reduced, increasing the effective particle sizes and shifting the hump‐peak to a higher temperature. Our results indicate that fine particle behavior should be considered for all types of natural materials when a hump‐shaped κ‐T curve is observed rather than interpreting the drop in κ as maghemite inversion.
    Description: Key Points: We observed reversible thermal hysteresis behavior in hump‐shaped partial magnetic susceptibility cycles of magnetite‐bearing basalts. The thermal hysteresis may be caused by blocked states of coupled nanoparticle moments modulating thermal activation. Descending susceptibility in hump‐shaped curves is often due to single‐domain thermal relaxation rather than maghemite inversion.
    Description: National Natural Science Foundation of China http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: http://dx.doi.org/10.17632/zx7y6g9rdv.2
    Keywords: ddc:538.7 ; magnetite-bearing basalt ; magnetic susceptibility (κ) ; thermomagnetic curves ; thermal hysteresis
    Language: English
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    Heat flow and thermal regime in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California: Estimates of conductive and advective heat transport (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: 〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉Heat flow is estimated at eight sites drilled int the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, during the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 385. The expedition sought to understand the thermal regime of the basin and heat transfer between off‐axis sills intruding the organic‐rich sediments of the Guaymas Basin, and the basin floor. The distinct sedimentation rates, active tectonics, and magmatism make the basin interesting for scientific discoveries. Results show that sedimentation corrected heat flow values range 119–221 mW/m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 in the basin and 257–1003 mW/m〈sup〉2〈/sup〉 at the site of a young sill intrusion, denominated Ringvent. Thermal analysis shows that heat in the Guaymas Basin is being dissipated by conduction for plate ages >0.2 Ma, whereas younger plate ages are in a state of transient cooling by both conduction and advection. Drilling sites show that Ringvent is an active sill being cooled down slowly by circulating fluids with discharge velocities of 10–200 mm/yr. Possible recharge sites are located ca. 1 km away from the sill's border. Modelling of the heat output at Ringvent indicates a sill thickness of ca. 240 m. A simple order‐of‐magnitude model predicts that relatively small amounts of magma are needed to account for the elevated heat flow in non‐volcanic, sediment‐filled rifts like the central and northern Gulf of California in which heating of the upper crust is achieved via advection by sill emplacement and hydrothermal circulation. Multiple timescales of cooling control the crustal, chemical and biological evolution of the Guaymas Basin. Here, we recognize at least four timescales: the time interval between intrusions (ca. 10〈sup〉3〈/sup〉 yr), the thermal relaxation time of sills (ca. 10〈sup〉4〈/sup〉 yr), the characteristic cooling time of the sediments (ca. 10〈sup〉5〈/sup〉 yr), and the cooling of the entire crust at geologic timescales.〈/p〉
    Description: Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Baja California http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003089
    Description: German Research Center for Geosciences
    Description: https://web.iodp.tamu.edu/LORE/
    Description: https://mlp.ldeo.columbia.edu/logdb/scientific_ocean_drilling/
    Keywords: ddc:551.1 ; Guyamas Basin ; Heat Flow ; Heat Transfer ; IODP Expedition 385
    Language: English
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    Livestock Support and Water Depletion in Turkey (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-06
    Description: Turkey serves as an important food hub for neighboring countries in the water‐scarce Middle East and North African region, and self‐sufficiency in agri‐food production is one of the country's major policy objectives. The Turkish government had therefore introduced various support measures for its inefficient livestock sector, including payments for irrigated fodder crops, which are likely to increase water depletion. To simultaneously assess the economic and environmental effects of these policies, we link an economy‐wide computable general equilibrium model of Turkey to a newly developed water footprint module. We find that removal of direct livestock support may not lead to large water savings, but may instead redirect irrigation water to higher value crops. Conversely, removal of fodder subsidies and overall efficiency improvements in livestock can lead to overall water savings and net economic gains.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Turkey is a major exporter of food for the dry Middle East and North African region, while the goal of the Turkish government is to become more independent of imported livestock products. The government therefore pays different subsidies to encourage production within Turkey's inefficient livestock sector. As part of this strategy, a subsidy is paid to fodder crops that are irrigated with an increasing amount of water, although water resources in Turkey are already under stress. We therefore develop a new methodology that combines an economic model of the Turkish economy with a new water footprint calculation tool. With this method, we assess how different types of subsidies affect water use in Turkey through economic linkages and livestock‐related policies. Our model results show that removal of subsidies which are directly paid to livestock producers would not much reduce irrigation water use. However, the valuable irrigation water would increasingly be used to produce high value export crops such as vegetables, rather than low value fodder crops. Moreover, the abolishment of subsidies directly paid to fodder crop producers and technical measures that spur productivity in the livestock sector can achieve both, a reduction in irrigation water use and better economic outcomes.
    Description: Key Points: Removal of direct Turkish livestock support may not lead to large water savings but redirects irrigation water to higher value crops. Removal of fodder subsidies shows the largest potential for water savings out of all scenarios. Improvements to overall economic efficiency in Turkey's livestock sector lead to net economic gains without major effects on blue water use.
    Description: https://www.gtap.agecon.purdue.edu/databases/v9/default.asp
    Description: https://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/waterstat/product-water-footprint-statistics/
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-2025-2021
    Description: https://www.ifpri.org/publication/standard-computable-general-equilibrium-cge-model-gams-0
    Description: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19486772.v1
    Keywords: ddc:631 ; Turkey ; water ; livestock ; CGE model ; agricultural subsidies
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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