Publication Date:
2024-01-19
Description:
〈title xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"〉Abstract〈/title〉〈p xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xml:lang="en"〉We analyze envelopes of 233 and 22 〈italic〉M〈/italic〉〈sub〉L〈/sub〉0.0 to 〈italic〉M〈/italic〉〈sub〉L〈/sub〉1.8 earthquakes induced by two geothermal stimulations in the Helsinki, Finland, metropolitan area. We separate source spectra and site terms and determine intrinsic attenuation and the scattering strength of shear waves in the 3–200 Hz frequency range using radiative transfer based synthetic envelopes. Displacement spectra yield scaling relations with a general deviation from self‐similarity, with a stronger albeit more controversial signal from the weaker 2020 stimulation. The 2020 earthquakes also tend to have a smaller local magnitude compared to 2018 earthquakes with the same moment magnitude. We discuss these connections in the context of fluid effects on rupture speed or medium properties. Site terms demonstrate that the spectral amplification relative to two reference borehole sites is not neutral at the other sensors; largest variations are observed at surface stations at frequencies larger than 30 Hz. Intrinsic attenuation is exceptionally low with 〈mml:math id="jats-math-1" display="inline"〉〈mml:semantics〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:msubsup〉〈mml:mi〉Q〈/mml:mi〉〈mml:mi mathvariant="normal"〉i〈/mml:mi〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:mo〉−〈/mml:mo〉〈mml:mn〉1〈/mml:mn〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈/mml:msubsup〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex"〉 ${Q}_{\mathrm{i}}^{-1}$〈/mml:annotation〉〈/mml:semantics〉〈/mml:math〉 values down to 2.4 × 10〈sup〉−5〈/sup〉 at 20 Hz, which allows the observation of a diffuse reflection at the ∼50 km deep Moho. Scattering strength is in the range of globally observed data with 〈mml:math id="jats-math-2" display="inline"〉〈mml:semantics〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:msubsup〉〈mml:mi〉Q〈/mml:mi〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:mi mathvariant="normal"〉s〈/mml:mi〉〈mml:mi mathvariant="normal"〉c〈/mml:mi〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈mml:mrow〉〈mml:mo〉−〈/mml:mo〉〈mml:mn〉1〈/mml:mn〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈/mml:msubsup〉〈/mml:mrow〉〈mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex"〉 ${Q}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{c}}^{-1}$〈/mml:annotation〉〈/mml:semantics〉〈/mml:math〉 between 10〈sup〉−3〈/sup〉 and 10〈sup〉−4〈/sup〉. The application of the employed Qopen analysis program to the 2020 data in a retrospective monitoring mode demonstrates its versatility as a seismicity processing tool. The diverse results have implications for scaling relations, hazard assessment and ground motion modeling, and imaging and monitoring using ballistic and scattered wavefields in the crystalline Fennoscandian Shield environment.〈/p〉
Description:
Plain Language Summary: We analyze seismograms from earthquakes that were induced during two geothermal stimulation experiments in the Helsinki, Finland, metropolitan area, in 2018 and 2020. We process long signals including later parts of the seismograms to solve the persistent problem of separating the effects of the earthquake source process, of the bedrock, and of the ground immediately below a seismic sensor on the observed data. The high data quality allows us to measure systematic differences in some fundamental earthquake source parameters between events induced during the two stimulations. We attribute this to the effect of the fluids that were pumped into the 6 km deep rock formations. These observations are important since natural earthquakes and earthquakes induced by such underground engineering activities are governed by the same physical mechanisms. We also find that the bedrock in southern Finland is characterized by some of the lowest seismic attenuation values that have so far been measured in different tectonic environments. Last, the so‐called site effects at the instrument locations show a diverse amplification pattern in a wide frequency range, which is important for the assessment of shaking scenarios in the area.〈/p〉
Description:
Key Points:
〈list list-type="bullet"〉
〈list-item〉
〈p xml:lang="en"〉We find lower stress drop values for events induced by the 2020 compared to the 2018 stimulation and a deviation from self‐similar scaling〈/p〉〈/list-item〉
〈list-item〉
〈p xml:lang="en"〉The observation of a diffuse reflection at the 50 km deep Moho highlights the low intrinsic attenuation in the Fennoscandian Shield〈/p〉〈/list-item〉
〈list-item〉
〈p xml:lang="en"〉Site effect terms between 3 and 200 Hz show diverse frequency and site dependent patterns with high‐frequency amplification〈/p〉〈/list-item〉
〈/list〉
〈/p〉
Description:
Academy of Finland
Description:
Geophysical Instrument Pool Potsdam
Description:
Institute of Seismology
Description:
University of Helsinki
Description:
https://github.com/trichter/qopen_finland
Description:
https://doi.org/10.23729/39cfac4f-4d0d-4fb4-83dc-6f67e8ba8dce
Description:
https://doi.org/10.23729/cdfd937c-37d5-46b0-9c16-f6e0c10bc81f
Description:
https://doi.org/10.23729/6d15a5ea-7671-4bab-88a1-71f4ed962276
Keywords:
ddc:551.22
;
seismic attenuation
;
wave scattering and diffraction
;
induced earthquakes
;
earthquake source observations
;
site effects
;
Fennoscandian Shield
Language:
English
Type:
doc-type:article
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