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  • Articles  (434)
  • Oryza sativa  (222)
  • Nitrogen  (211)
  • Animals
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (434)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fallow residue management effects on upland rice in three agroecological zones of West Africa (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 501-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fallow ; Legumes ; Nitrogen fixation ; Oryza sativa ; Côte d'Ivoire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Improving fallow quality in upland rice-fallow rotations in West Africa through the site-specific use of leguminous cover crops has been shown to sustain the productivity of such systems. We studied the effects of a range of residue management practices (removal, burning, mulching and incorporation) on fallow biomass and N accumulation, on weed biomass and yield response of upland rice and on changes in soil physical and chemical characteristics in 2-year field trials conducted in three agroecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire. Across fallow management treatments and agroecological zones, rice yields were on average 20–30% higher in legume than in natural fallow plots. Weed biomass was highest in the savanna zone and lowest in the bimodal forest and tended to be less following a legume fallow. Regardless of the type of fallow vegetation and agroecological zone, biomass removal resulted in the lowest rice yields that varied from 0.5 t ha–1 in the derived savanna zone to 1.5 t ha–1 in the Guinea savanna zone. Burning of the fallow vegetation significantly increased yield over residue removal in the derived savanna (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.05) and bimodal forest zones (0.27 t ha–1, P〈0.01), but not in the Guinea savanna. In both savanna environments, residue incorporation was superior to the farmers' practice of residue removal and rice yield increases were related to amounts of fallow N returned to the soil (r 2=0.803, P〈0.01). In the forest zone, the farmers' practice of residue burning produced the highest yield (1.43 t ha-1 in the case of legumes) and resulted in the lowest weed biomass (0.02 t ha–1). Regardless of the site, improving the quality of the fallow or of its management had no significant effects on either soil physical or soil chemical characteristics after two fallow cycles. We conclude that incorporation of legume residues is a desirable practice for rice-based fallow rotation systems in savanna environments. No promising residue management alternatives to slash-and-burn were apparent for the forest zone. Determining the possible effects on soil productivity will require longer-term experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000199
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficiency of nitrogen-15-labelled fertilizers for rice and rye-grass cultivated in an Ultisol of Brazilian Amazonia (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 329-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Acid soil ; Brazilian Amazonia ; N use efficiency ; Priming effect ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The objective of this study was to determine the efficiency of two N fertilizers, (NH4)2SO4 and urea, for rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rye-grass (Lolium multiflorum L.) cultivated in an Ultisol of central Amazonia using 15N as a tracer. Rice was cultivated in the field, while rye-grass was grown in a phytotron. Fertilization with (NH4)2SO4 caused a 16% increase in the yield of rice grains and urea a 36% increase. In both crops total N uptake and N use efficiency of the fertilizers were higher for urea than for (NH4)2SO4. The low values for N derived from fertilizer showed that the fertilizers contributed little to the total N absorbed by the plants. The "priming effect" or positive added N interaction (ANI) between the fertilizer N and soil organic N was observed, especially with urea. Immobilization by soil microorganisms was greater in the presence of urea, while losses were always higher with the (NH4)2SO4 treatments. These losses were significant, and their reduction should allow more efficient use of this N fertilizer. It is possible that the N use efficiency was higher for urea due to a pH increase, caused by urea hydrolysis, which in turn may have favoured the activity of nitrifying bacteria in this extremely acid soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050664
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term winter cover cropping effects on corn (Zea mays L.) production and soil nitrogen availability (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 470-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cover crop ; Nitrogen ; Corn ; Available N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This study was conducted to determine effects of long-term winter cover cropping with hairy vetch, cereal rye and annual ryegrass on soil N availability and corn productivity. From 1987 to 1995, with the exception of the first year of the study, the cover crops were seeded each year in late September or early October after the corn harvest and incorporated into the soil in late April or early May. Corn was seeded 10 days to 2 weeks after the cover crop residues had been incorporated, and N fertilizer was applied as a side-dressing at rates of 0, 67, 134, or 201 kg N ha–1 each year. While the average annual total N input from the above-ground biomass of the cover crops was highest for hairy vetch (72.4 kg N ha–1), the average annual total C input was highest for cereal rye (1043 kg C ha–1) compared with the other cover crops. Hairy vetch was the only cover crop that significantly increased pre-side-dressed NO3 –-N (Ni) corn biomass and N uptake at 0 N. At an N fertilizer rate of 134 kg N ha–1 or higher, the cover crops had a minimal effect on corn biomass. This indicated that even after 9 years of winter cover cropping, the effect of the cover crops on corn growth resulted primarily from their influence on soil N availability. The amount of available N estimated from the cover crops (Nac) was significantly correlated with relative corn biomass production (r 2=0.707, P〈0.001). The total amount of available N, comprising Nac and N added from fertilizer (Nf), was strongly correlated (r 2=0.820, P〈0.001)) with relative corn biomass production. The correlation was also high for the available N comprising Ni and Nf (r 2=0.775, P〈0.001). Although cereal rye and annual ryegrass did not improve corn biomass production in the short term, they benefited soil organic N accumulation and gradually improved corn biomass production compared with the control over the long term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000193
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression of wheat early growth in standing stubble (2000)
    Springer
    Sciences of soils 5 (2000), S. 10-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-9492
    Keywords: Soil temperature ; Triticum aestivum ; Stubble retention ; Nitrogen ; Early growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Early growth and development are often lower when wheat is sown into standing stubble. A study was conducted to determine whether this difference in early growth could be explained by the effects of stubble on soil temperature in the vicinity of the young plant. The roles of nitrogen nutrition and soil strength were also assessed. Three crops were monitored (1990–1992), with the wheat being sown into either standing wheat stubble after a no-till fallow (NT), or into no-tilled plots from which the stubble had been removed by burning (NB). Measurements were made of wheat growth and development, soil and plant N, soil temperature and penetration resistance. The site was on a black earth near Warialda in the northern wheatbelt of New South Wales, Australia. In 1992 wheat was also grown under simulated stubble to isolate the shading and soil temperature effects of stubble from other factors. A significant (P〈0.05) relationship was found between average soil temperature and above ground dry matter (DM) at 65 days after sowing (DAS) but not at 107 DAS. This relationship accounted for differences in DM production at 65 DAS between NT and NB treatments in 1991 and 1992, but not in 1990. In that year the lower DM production in NT plots was associated with poorer N nutrition, and possibly disease. Laboratory incubations indicate that immobilisation of N as stubble decomposed could have contributed to this. Burning stubble produced no immediate increase in soil N availability, so that it is unlikely that N contained in stubble contributed to the difference. Soil strength differences between treatments and phytotoxic effects are unlikely to have contributed to growth differences in this soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10112-000-0002-3
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. I. Model Development (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 141-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of the MERES (Methane Emissions in Rice EcoSystems) model for simulating methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields is described. The CERES-Rice crop simulation model was used as a basis, employing the existing routines simulating soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition to predict the amount of subsrate available for methanogenesis. This was linked to an existing submodel, described elsewhere in this volume (Arah & Kirk, 2000), which calculates steady-state fluxes and concentrations of CH4 and O2 in flooded soils. Extra routines were also incorporated to simulate the influence of the combined pool of alternative electron acceptors in the soil (i.e., NO3 −, Mn4+, Fe3+, SO4 2−) on CH4 production. The rate of substrate supply is calculated in the SOM routines of the CERES-Rice model from (a) the rate of decomposition of soil organic material including that left from the previous crop and any additions of organic matter, (b) root exudates (modified from the original CERES-Rice model using recent laboratory data), and (c) the decomposition of dead roots from the current crop. A fraction of this rate of substrate supply, determined by the concentration of the oxidized form of the alternative electron acceptor pool, is converted to CO2 by bacteria which outcompete the methanogenic bacteria, thereby suppressing CH4 production. Any remaining fraction of the substrate supply rate is assumed to be potentially available for methanogenesis. The CH4 dynamics submodel uses this potetial methanogenesis rate, along with a description of the root length distribution in the soil profile supplied by the crop model, to calculate the steady-state concentrations and fluxes of O2 and CH4. The reduced form of the alternative electron acceptor pool is allowed to reoxidize when soil pores fill with air if the field is drained. The MERES model was able to explain well the seasonal patterns of CH4 emissions in an experiment involving mid- and end-season drainage and additions of organic material at IRRI in the Philippines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009894619446
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. II. Model Validation and Sensitivity Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 161-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The MERES (Methane Emissions from Rice EcoSystems) simulation model was tested using experimental data from IRRI and Maligaya in the Philippines and from Hangzhou in China. There was good agreement between simulated and observed values of total aboveground biomass, root weight, grain yield, and seasonal methane (CH4) emissions. The importance of the contribution of the rice crop to CH4 emissions was highlighted. Rhizodeposition (root exudation and root death) was predicted to contribute about 380 kg C ha−1 of methanogenic substrate over the season, representing 37% of the total methanogenic substrate from all sources when no organic amendments were added. A further 225 kg C ha−1 (22%) was predicted to come from previous crop residues, giving a total of around 60% originating from the rice crop, with the remaining 41% coming from the humic fraction of the soil organic matter (SOM). Sensitivity analysis suggested that the parameter representing transmissivity to gaseous transfer per unit root length (λr) was important in determining seasonal CH4 emissions. As this transmissivity increased, more O2 was able to diffuse to the rhizosphere, so that CH4 production by methanogens was reduced and more CH4 was oxidized by methanotrophs. These effects outweighed the opposing influence of increased rate of transport of CH4 through the plant, so that the overall effect was to reduce the amount of CH4 emitted over the season. Varying the root-shoot ratio of the crop was predicted to have little effect on seasonal emissions, the increased rates of rhizodeposition being counteracted by the increased rates of O2 diffusion to the rhizosphere. Increasing the length of a midseason drainage period reduced CH4 emissions significantly, but periods longer than 6–7 d also decreased rice yields. Organic amendments with low C/N were predicted to be more beneficial, both in terms of enhancing crop yields and reducing CH4 emissions, even when the same amount of C was applied. This was due to higher rates of immobilization of C into microbial biomass, removing it temporarily as a methanogenic substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009846703516
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Screening the ability of rice roots to overcome the mechanical impedance of wax layers: importance of test conditions and measurement criteria (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mechanical impedance ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; roots ; screening ; wax layers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of a wax layer method for screening the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots to overcome mechanical impedance is described. Wax layers (3 mm thick) made of mixtures of white soft paraffin and paraffin wax were installed 50 mm deep in tubes of sand. The sand was watered with nutrient solution and planted with 3-d old rice seedlings. The numbers of root axes per plant that had penetrated the wax layers 24 d after planting were counted. The ratio of penetrated to total root axes per plant gave a misleading measure of root penetration ability, as rice varieties differed in the ratio of penetrated to total axes in a low impedance (3% wax) control. In non-flooded conditions, a 60% wax layer decreased root penetration (number of roots penetrating the wax layer per plant) to a mean of 74% of the low impedance control, whereas an 80% wax layer decreased mean root penetration to 31% of the control. The best measure of root penetration in non-flooded conditions was the number of axes penetrating an 80% wax layer. Flooding decreased root penetration of a 60% wax layer to a mean of 26% of the low impedance control. The best measure of root penetration in flooded conditions was the number of axes penetrating a 60% wax layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004753900945
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeneration and genetic transformation of Spanish rice cultivars using mature embryos (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 117-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genetic transformation ; japonica rice cultivar ; mature embryo ; Oryza sativa ; plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To establish a plant regeneration system from embryogenic callus derived from mature rice embryos, the addition of aminoacids and the effect of two macronutrient solutions MSD and N6D to the basal callus induction medium was tested in three Spanish varieties, Senia, Tebre and Bahia. Aminoacids enhanced the production of embryogenic callus in Tebre and Senia whereas in the case of Bahia, embryogenic callus, which gave rise to a high rate of differentiated shoots, was induced without aminoacids. The macronutrient solution had also to be adjusted for each variety. Pre-regeneration treatment with ABA significantly improved the regeneration rate in all media tested, independently of the media in which the embryogenic callus were induced. In a comparison of growth regulators, BA yielded more shoots than Kin in all varieties whereas the effect of the auxins NAA or IAA was dependent on the variety. Transgenic plants from the three varieties were obtained via an Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation system, using the optimised culture media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003941913609
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of segregation-distortion-neutral alleles to improve pollen fertility of indica-japonica hybrids in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 101-107 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: gamete abortion ; Oryza sativa ; pollen ; wide compatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Utilization of the pronounced heterosis of indica-japonica hybrids in rice had been difficult due to panicle sterility caused by male and female gamete abortion in such hybrids. But the female gamete abortion in the most indica-japonicahybrids has been solved by using an abortion-neutral gene S-5 n called as wide compatibility gene. On the other hand, the problem of pollen sterility remains to be solved for such hybrids. This study was conducted to identify abortion-neutral genes for pollen that may be utilized to alleviate pollen sterility in distant crosses. Some cultivars like Ketan Nangka (KN) and Dular, which are known as wide compatibility variety (WCV), were tested to find whether they possess neutral alleles for segregation distortion of marker genes. The distorted segregation of markers as well as normal segregation were confirmed among progeny lines of three-way crosses, WCV/indica//japonica and japonica//indica/WCV. Neutral alleles for segregation distortion were identified at two gamete gene loci (ga), i.e., ga-14(t) on chromosome 3 and ga-11 on chromosome 7. A new locus ga-14(t) was identified in between Pgi-1 and bc-1 and independent of ga-3 on chromosome 3. The neutral alleles at the two loci may be used to solve pollen sterility in indica-japonica hybrids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003929312252
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf K/Na ratio predicts salinity induced yield loss in irrigated rice (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 109-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: grain yield ; leaf K/Na ratio ; Oryza sativa ; salinity ; screening tools ; yield reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Salinity is a major constraint to irrigated rice production, particularly in semi-arid and arid climates. Irrigated rice is a well suited crop to controlling and even decreasing soil salinity, but rice is a salt-susceptible crop and yield losses due to salinity can be substantial. The objective of this study was to develop a highly predictive screening tool for the vegetative growth stage of rice to estimate salinity-induced yield losses. Twenty-one rice genotypes were grown over seven seasons in a field trials in Ndiaye, Senegal, between 1991 and 1995 and were subjected to irrigation with moderately saline water (3.5 mS cm-1, electrical conductivity) or irrigation with fresh water. Potassium/sodium ratios of the youngest three leaves (K/NaLeaves) were determined by flame photometry at the late vegetative stage. Grain yield was determined at maturity. All cultivars showed strong log-linear correlations between K/NaLeaves and grain yield, but intercept and slope of those correlations differed between seasons for a given genotype and between genotypes. The K/NaLeaves under salinity was related to grain yield under salinity relative to freshwater controls. There was a highly significant correlation (p 〈 0.001) between K/NaLeaves and salinity-induced grain yield reduction: the most susceptible cultivars had lowest K/NaLeaves and the strongest yield reductions. Although there were major differences in the effects of salinity on crops in both the hot dry season (HDS) and the wet season, the correlation was equally significant across cropping seasons. The earliest possible time to establish the relationship between K/NaLeaves under salinity and grain yield reduction due to salinity was investigated in an additional trial in the HDS 1998. About 60 days after sowing, salinity-induced yield loss could be predicted through K/NaLeaves with a high degree of confidence (p 〈 0.01). A screening system for salinity resistance of rice, particularly in arid and semi-arid climates, is proposed based on the correlation between K/NaLeaves under salinity and salinity-induced yield losses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003981313160
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of NaCl stress on H2O2 metabolism in rice leaves (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ascorbate peroxidase ; catalase ; glutathione reductase ; glycolate oxidase ; hydrogen peroxide ; Oryza sativa ; peroxidase ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of NaCl stress on H2O2 metabolismin detached rice leaves was studied. NaCl (200 mM)treatment did not cause the accumulation ofH2O2 and resulted in no increase in lipidperoxidation and membrane leakage of leaf tissues. The activities of peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase,superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase wereobserved to be greater in NaCl-stressed rice leavesthan in control leaves. However, glycolate oxidasewas lower in NaCl-treated rice leaves than in thecontrol leaves. There was no difference in catalaseactivity between NaCl and control treatments. Theseresults suggest that some antioxidant enzymes can beactivated in response to oxidative stress induced byNaCl.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006345126589
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two isoforms of soluble auxin receptor in rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants: Binding property for auxin and interaction with plasma membrane H+-ATPase (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 143-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: auxin binding isotherm ; auxin receptor ; dose response curve ; H+-ATPase ; iIndole-3-acetic acid ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract An auxin receptor protein, isolated from the soluble fractionsof rice shoots and roots, was characterised in terms of the affinity andspecificity for IAA and the modulating effect onH+-ATPase of plant plasma membrane. The receptor proteingives a biphasic binding isotherm for IAA, indicating the existence ofthe primary and secondary binding sites. The predominant isoform of thereceptor in roots shows much higher affinity to IAA compared with thatin shoots. Being monomeric protein with about the same molecular mass(57–58 kDa) and showing a similar chromatographic behaviour, bothisoforms mediate IAA-induced modulation of the plasma membraneH+-ATPase in the respective IAA concentration rangesseparated by ca. 3 orders of magnitudes(10-10–10-7 M vs.10-7–10-4 M). Analysis of kinetic data ofthe H+-ATPase activity revealed that the receptor perse functions as an effector of the enzyme, causing a decrease inKm and an increase in Vmax through protein-proteininteraction at a 1:1 ratio. Further, it appeared that, while IAAdoes not affect by itself the kinetic parameters of theH+-ATPase, the auxin exerts its effect via thereceptor, biphasically regulating the efficiency of the effectormolecule probably by inducing two-phase conformational changes thatinvolve IAA binding to two separate binding sites. It was also foundthat other active auxins examined, such as indole-3-propionic acid,1-naphthalene acetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, do notwork together with the receptor to elicit the same response of theH+-ATPase as seen with IAA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010745310101
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  • 13
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    Ammonium in relation to proline accumulation in detached rice leaves (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ammonium ; methionine sulfoximine ; Oryza sativa ; proline accumulation ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium accumulation in relation to prolineaccumulation in detached rice leaves under stressconditions was investigated. Ammonium accumulation indark-treated detached rice leaves preceded prolineaccumulation. Ammonium accumulation caused by waterstress coincided closely with proline accumulation indetached rice leaves. Exogenous NH4Cl andmethionine sulfoximine (MSO), which caused anaccumulation of ammonium in detached rice leaves,increased proline content. It was found that prolinein NH4Cl- or MSO-treated rice leaves is lessutilized than in water-treated rice leaves (controls). These results are in agreement with the observationthat a decrease in proline utilization contributes tothe accumulation of proline in dark-treated and waterstressed rice leaves. Although ammonium contentincreased in Cd- and Cu-treated rice leaves, theincrease in ammonium content was only observed afterthe increase in proline content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006329919243
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  • 14
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    Cd2+ effects on transmembrane electrical potential difference, respiration and membrane permeability of rice (Oryza sativa L) roots. (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 21-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; membrane permeability ; Oryza sativa ; respiration ; transmembrane electrical potential difference (Em)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Among other detrimental effects of the heavy metal Cd2+, a decrease in the plant content of essential mineral nutrients is known. In this study, the effect of Cd2+ on different physiological activities of rice roots involved in nutrient acquisition has been studied. Upon addition of 0.1 or 1 mM Cd2+ to the experimental solution, root cell membranes depolarized in few minutes, reaching very low Em values. This effect was transient and the initial membrane potential recovered totally within 6–8 h. Only the highest concentration used had an inhibitory effect on root respiration. Significant respiratory inhibition appeared after 2 h of exposure to Cd2+ and lasted for at least 4 h. In turn, membrane permeability increased in the presence of Cd2+ for at least 8 h, inducing K+ efflux from the roots. The relationship between these parameters and their possible involvement in lowered nutrient content in Cd2+-treated plants is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004753521646
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  • 15
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    Salinity increases CO2 assimilation but reduces growth in field-grown, irrigated rice (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 1-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: dry matter reduction ; leaf chlorophyll content ; leaf sodium uptake ; Oryza sativa ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; season effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Salinity is a major yield-reducing factor in coastal and arid, irrigated rice production systems. Salt tolerance is a major breeding objective. Three rice cultivars with different levels of salt tolerance were studied in the field for growth, sodium uptake, leaf chlorophyll content, specific leaf area (SLA), sodium concentration and leaf CO2 exchange rates (CER) at photosynthetic active radiation (PAR)-saturation. Plants were grown in Ndiaye, Senegal, at a research station of the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA), during the hot dry season (HDS) and the wet season (WS) 1994 under irrigation with fresh or saline water (flood water electrical conductivity = 3.5 mS cm-1). Relative leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD method) and root, stem, leaf blade and panicle dry weight were measured at weekly intervals throughout both seasons. Specific leaf area was measured on eight dates, and CER and leaf sodium content were measured at mid-season on the first (topmost) and second leaf. Salinity reduced yields to nearly zero and dry-matter accumulation by 90% for the susceptible cultivar in the HDS, but increased leaf chlorophyll content and CER at PAR- saturation. The increase in CER, which was also observed in the other cultivars and seasons, was explained by a combination of two hypotheses: leaf chlorophyll content was limited by the available N resources in controls, but not in salt-stressed plants; and the sodium concentrations were not high enough to cause early leaf senescence and chlorophyll degradation. The growth reductions were attributed to loss of assimilates (mechanisms unknown) that must have occurred after export from the sites of assimilation. The apparent, recurrent losses of assimilates, which were between 8% and 49% according to simulation with the crop model for potential yields in irrigated rice, ORYZA S, might be partly due to root decomposition and exudation. Possibly more importantly, energy-consuming processes, such as osmoregulation, interception of sodium and potassium from the transpiration stream in leaf sheaths and their subsequent storage, drained the assimilate supply.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1014953504021
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  • 16
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    The influence of cyst nematodes (Heterodera sacchari) and drought on water relations and growth of upland rice in Côte d'Ivoire (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought ; Heterodera sacchari ; nematode ; Oryza glaberrima ; Oryza sativa ; plant water status ; rice ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to examine the influence of cyst nematodes (Heterodera sacchari) and drought stress, in isolation and combination, on the water status and growth of rice in Côte d'Ivoire. Drought is considered one of the main yield-limiting factors to upland rice in West Africa, while H. sacchari is emerging as a potentially serious pest. A field study conducted during 1997 at the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) showed that under low water availability in sandy soil, damage to a nematode susceptible Oryza sativa (cv IDSA6) is significant. Visual drought score and physiological parameters were significantly affected (P≤0.01) in plots with a mean population density of 39.4 H. sacchari eggs ml-1 soil at 81 days after sowing, compared to plots with a mean density of 1.2 eggs ml-1. Stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and relative water content were lower, leaf chlorophyll content was greater, and near total yield losses were observed in higher nematode density plots. In 1-l pots following 5 days of imposed drought, the H. sacchari-resistant and drought-resistant O. glaberrima (cv CG14) showed a reduction in stomatal conductance of 73% and in leaf water potential by 0.96 MPa (54%). The effect of H. sacchari (473 eggs l-1 soil) inoculated as cysts to soil before sowing was similar but less severe. The combination of both stresses had similar but yet more pronounced effects than the single stresses on stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and leaf dry weight in CG14. IDSA6 responded in a similar manner to CG14, but less acutely to both stresses. Only the combined stresses resulted in a significant (P≤0.05) reduction in osmotic potential and root dry weight compared with the control, for either CG14 or IDSA6. It is suggested that H. sacchari increased the effects of drought and drought-related losses. This may give a false impression of drought susceptibility in field screening for cultivars, and complicate models which predict crop damage caused by nematodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004734415254
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  • 17
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    Greenhouse and field trials of the bacterial antagonists in pelletformulations to suppress sheath blight of rice caused by Rhizoctoniasolani (2000)
    Springer
    BioControl 45 (2000), S. 245-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: biological control ; Oryza sativa ; rice sheath blight
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial formulations, produced using both Bacillus megaterium andB. pumilus individually with pharmaceutical technology, were testedunder both greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse testing,some bacterial formulations, for instance For 7 minus Lac and For 16 minusLac, performed as well as freshly prepared bacterial antagonists insuppress sheath blight disease. In the field testing, For 16 minus Lac wasnot effective in suppressing sheath blight development. Failure of the For16 minus Lac to suppress sheath blight disease in the field trial may be dueto the dilution and inactivation of antibiotics produced by B.megaterium in the aquatic environment in the rice field and climaticconditions during the formulation application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009948404423
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  • 18
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    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands III. Nutrient balances (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Balances between nutrients applied or mineralized and nutrients removed in maize grain and stover were calculated in a hedgerow intercropping experiment in which Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure were applied. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. In control treatments, nutrient depletion per season was in the order of 7–19 kg N ha–1, 4–12 kg P ha–1, 10–26 kg K ha–1, 0–2 kg Ca ha–1 and 3–6 kg Mg ha–1. N fertilizer reversed the depletion of N, but it accelerated the depletion of the other nutrients. Manure and at least two applications of leucaena prunings resulted in net positive balances of N, K, and Ca between amounts applied or mineralized and amounts removed by maize. The amounts of P and Mg applied with, or mineralized from, prunings or manure were insufficient to offset the negative balances of these nutrients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050484
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  • 19
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    Nitrogen mineralization in soil layers, soil particles and macro-organic matter under grassland (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 38-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Nitrogen ; Mineralization ; Macro-organic matter ; Soil particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A study was conducted to determine mineralization rates in the field and in different soil layers under three grassland managements (viz. a reseeded sward, a permanent sward with a conventional N management, and a long-term grass sward with 0 N (0-N) input). Potential mineralization rates of soil particles (sand, silt and clay) and macro-organic matter fractions of different sizes (i.e. 0.2–0.5, 0.5–2.0 and 〉2 mm) were also determined in the laboratory. In the reseeded plots, net mineralization was unchanged down to 40 cm depth. In the undisturbed conventional-N swards, mineralization rates were substantially higher in the top layer (0–10 cm) than in the deeper layers. In plots which had received no fertilizer N, mineralization was consistently low in all the layers. There was more macro-organic matter (MOM) in the 0-N plots (equivalent to 23 g kg–1 soil for 0–40 cm) than in the two fertilized plots (i.e. conventional-N and reseeded) which contained similar amounts (ca. 15 g kg–1 soil). C and N contents of separated soil particles did not differ amongst the treatments, but there were large differences with depth. Potential mineralization in the bulk soil was greatest in the 0–10 cm layers and gradually decreased with depth in all the treatments. Separated sand particles had negligible rates of potential mineralization and the clay component had the highest rates in the subsurface layers (10–40 cm). MOMs had high potential rate of mineralization in the surface layer and decreased with soil depth, but there was no clear pattern in the differences between different size fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050522
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  • 20
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    Effects of long-term CO2 enrichment and nutrient availability in Norway spruce. I. Phenology and morphology of branches (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 188-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Picea abies ; Photosynthesis ; Nitrogen ; Temperature ; Shoot growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Branches of 30-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees were enclosed in ventilated, transparent plastic bags and flushed with air containing ambient (A≈370 μmol CO2 mol–1) or ambient plus 340 μmol CO2 mol–1 (EL). Light-saturated photosynthesis was on average 56% higher in EL compared to A. Branch phenology and morphology were strongly related to nitrogen concentration (mg g–1 dry mass) in the foliage and to elevated temperatures in the bags, but no direct effect of EL was found. In 1995, budbreak occurred on average 4 days earlier in the bags compared to the control branches, which was partly explained by the temperature elevation in the bags. No nutrient or EL effect on budbreak was found. Increases in temperature and nitrogen supply increased shoot growth: together they explained 76% of the variation in the extension rate, 63% of the variation in extension duration and 65% of the variation in final length of leading shoots. Shoot morphology was altered both by increased nitrogen availability and by the enclosure induced environmental changes inside the bags, leading to reduced mutual shading between needles. Specific needle area (SNA) was lower in EL, but this was related to lower nitrogen concentrations. Total dry mass of the branches was unaffected by EL. It is concluded that treating individual branches of Norway spruce with elevated CO2 does not increase branch growth. The nutrient status of the branch and climate determine its growth, i.e. its sink strength for carbon. Increased export of carbohydrates to the rest of the tree is probable in EL treated branches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009750
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  • 21
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    The measurement of soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow grasslands (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 282-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grasslands ; Management ; Microbial biomass ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  There is much interest in the development of agricultural land management strategies aimed at enhancing reliance on ecosystem self-regulation rather than on artificial inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. This study tested the usefulness of measures of soil microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as indicators of effective conversion from an intensive grassland system, reliant mainly on fertilisers for crop nutrition, to a low-input system reliant mainly on self-regulation through soil biological pathways of nutrient turnover. Analysis of soils from a wide range of meadow grassland sites in northern England, along a gradient of long-term management intensity, showed that fungal:bacterial biomass ratios (measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis; PLFA) were consistently and significantly higher in the unfertilised than the fertilised grasslands. There was also some evidence that microbial biomass, measured by chloroform fumigation and total PLFA, was higher in the unfertilised than in the fertilised grasslands. It was also found that levels of inorganic nitrogen (N), in particular nitrate-N, were significantly higher in the fertilised than in the unfertilised grasslands. However, microbial activity, measured as basal respiration, did not differ between the sites. A field manipulation trial was conducted to determine whether the reinstatement of traditional management on an improved mesotrophic grassland, for 6 years, resulted in similar changes in the soil microbial community. It was found that neither the cessation of fertiliser applications nor changes in cutting and grazing management significantly affected soil microbial biomass or the fungal:bacterial biomass ratio. It is suggested that the lack of effects on the soil microbial community may be related to high residual fertility caused by retention of fertiliser N in the soil. On the basis of these results it is recommended that following the reinstatement of low-input management, the measurement of a significant increase in the soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratio, and perhaps total microbial biomass, may be an indicator of successful conversion to a grassland system reliant of self-regulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050554
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  • 22
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    Carbon additions increase nitrogen availability in northern hardwood forest soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 430-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of acetate additions to northern hardwood forest soils on microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, soil inorganic N levels, respirable C and potential net N mineralization and nitrification were evaluated. The experiment was relevant to a potential watershed-scale calcium (Ca) addition that aims to replace Ca depleted by long-term exposure to acid rain. One option for this addition is to use calcium-magnesium (Mg) acetate, a compound that is inexpensive and much more readily soluble than the Ca carbonate that is generally used for large-scale liming. Field plots were treated with sodium (NA) acetate, Na bicarbonate or water (control) and were sampled (forest floor – Oe and Oa combined) 2, 10 and 58 days following application. It was expected that the addition of C would lead to an increase in biomass C and N and a decrease in inorganic N. Instead, we observed no effect on biomass C, a decline in biomass N and an increase in N availability. One possible explanation for our surprising results is that the C addition stimulated microbial activity but not growth. A second, and more likely, explanation for our results is that the C addition did stimulate microbial growth and activity, but there was no increase in microbial biomass due to predation of the new biomass by soil fauna. The results confirm the emerging realization that the effects of increases in the flow of C to soils, either by deliberate addition or from changes in atmospheric CO2, are more complex than would be expected from a simple C : N ratio analysis. Evaluations of large-scale manipulations of forest soils to ameliorate effects of atmospheric deposition or to dispose of wastes should consider microbial and faunal dynamics in considerable detail.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050576
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  • 23
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    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands I. Decomposition and nutrient release (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 182-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Intercropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A litter bag technique was used to study the decomposition and release of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg from Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure in a hedgerow intercropping trial conducted in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping or alley farming) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. Manure was the most resistant to decomposition, losing only 15% of its dry matter (DM) in 15 weeks, compared to 41–57% lost by leucaena prunings. Large quantities of K (up to 104 kg ha–1) were mineralized from prunings and manure, but Ca and Mg were mostly immobilized. More N and P were released from prunings than from manure, which resulted in net immobilization of these nutrients in the initial stages of decomposition and net mineralization in later stages. Between the leucaenas more N was mineralized and less Ca and Mg were immobilized when L. leucocephala prunings were applied than when L. pallida prunings were applied. Fertilizer N increased DM decomposition and N mineralization. Mineralization of the nutrients was constrained by lignin and polyphenol contents. It is concluded that leucaena mulch and cattle manure may be significant sources of N and K for crop growth, but external sources of P, Ca and Mg may be required, particularly in acid soils which have low contents of these nutrients. However, this fertility effect has to be evaluated against the competition effect of trees to predict crop response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050482
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  • 24
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    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands II. Maize yields and nutrient uptake (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 196-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Leaf pruning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure on maize nutrient uptake and yield were investigated in a hedgerow intercropping trial in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. For each leucaena species, the experiment had 16 treatments resulting from a factorial combination of four levels of leucaena leaf prunings (no prunings applied; first prunings applied; first and second prunings applied; first, second and third prunings applied), two levels of air-dried cattle manure (0 and 3 t dry matter ha–1) and two levels of N fertilizer (0 and 40 kg N ha–1 as urea). Uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with application of the three nutrient sources, but uptake of Ca and Mg either did not respond or decreased with application of prunings and manure. All the three factors increased maize grain and stover yields significantly, usually with no significant interactions between the factors. At least two applications of prunings were required to significantly increase nutrient uptake and maize yield. Maize in the row closest to the hedge did not respond to these nutrient inputs. It is concluded that hedgerow intercropping, with or without manure application, can increase crop yields moderately (to 2–3 t ha–1 maize grain yields) in the highlands, but P, Ca and Mg may have to be supplied from external sources if they are deficient in the soil. Additional N is still required for higher yields (〉4 t ha–1 maize grain yields). However, quantification of the competition effects of the trees is also required to confirm these results.
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  • 25
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    Molecular mapping of a new genic male-sterility gene causing chalky endosperm in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 57-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: genic male-sterility gene ; mapping ; molecular markers ; Oryza sativa ; pleiotropic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A genic male-sterility gene newly induced by chemical mutagenesis, tentatively designated as ms-h(t), was located on the molecular map of rice and tested for its effect on chalky endosperm. Bulked segregant analysis was used to determine the chromosomal location of the ms-h(t) locus by screening four to five RFLP markers per chromosome. After confirming that the gene was located on chromosome 9, twenty-four RFLP markers from chromosome 9 were surveyed for polymorphism in the parents of the mapping population. Of these, eleven markers were mapped around the ms- h(t) locus. RG451 and RZ404 flanked the ms-h(t) gene, at 2.5cM and 3.3cM, respectively. Heterozygous F2 to F4 progenies were tested for co- segregation of male-sterility and chalky endosperm and it was revealed that ms-h(t) might have a pleiotropic effect on chalky endosperm. This mutant would be a good biological material to characterize the biochemical mechanism of male sterility and related pleiotropic effects. Further studies should be needed to know the usefulness of this mutant for hybrid seed production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003575016035
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  • 26
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    Agro-morphological characterization of ovary culture-derived plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: doubled haploids ; genetics ; haploids ; induced variation ; Oryza sativa ; ovary culture ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants derived from unpollinated ovary culture of ten rice genotypes showed significant variability in agro-morphological characteristics. The ovary-derived plant (H1) populations were completely haploid, doubled haploid or haploid-doubled haploid mixture. Haploids had very drastic reduction in plant height, panicle length, grain length, breadth and number and spikelet fertility (0.0%–2.1%). Doubled haploids from the hybrid of UPRI 95–121 × UPRI 95–165 were normal with fertility ranging between 69.6% and 97.7%. A genetic segregation in ratio of 1:1 was observed for five pigmentation characters in the H1 population derived from hybrid UPRI 95–122 × UPRI 95–165. Plant height showed the largest coefficient of variability (28.5%) followed by the number of spikelets per panicle (24.2%), number of grains per panicle (22.0%), percent seed set (9.2%) and panicle length (9.0%). The range of variation in the H1 population from fully fertile hybrid PMS 2A (CMS) × IR 31802 (restorer) was similar to its corresponding F2 population for plant height, spikelet fertility and number of grains/panicle. A single clone of plants from the cultivar BG 1321 exhibited complete male sterility but normal female fertility when pollinated with other varieties. Ovary-derived plants from the CMS lines PMS 2A and IR 58025A showed stable male sterility and those from thermosensitive genetic male sterile line UPRI 95–140 showed thermosensitive genetic male sterility. These lines have potential in the hybrid breeding program and are being currently exploited.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003524217816
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  • 27
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    Growth and nitrogen nutrition of Chinese fir seedlings exposed to nutrient loading and fertilization (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cunninghamia lanceolata ; Fertilization ; Nutrient loading ; Nitrogen ; Retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient loaded and non-loaded Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook) seedlings were transplanted in a pot trial to examine effects of exponential nutrient loading and fertilization treatments on first season growth and N nutrition. The treatments tested four rates of N (0, 30, 60, and 90 mg tree-1) as a mixed NPK fertilizer applied before planting to create a soil fertility gradient, and two topdressings applied only to non-loaded seedlings later in the season. Nutrient loading alone consistently enhanced seedling growth on the four soil fertility classes, increasing respective biomass and N uptake 42, 45, 20 and 8%, and 65, 67, 29 and 18% more than non-loaded seedlings. The positive response was attributed to increased N retranslocation from higher nutrient reserves built up by loading during nursery culture. Net retranslocation from old shoots to new growth was highest soon after planting when nutrient stress was most severe. Pre-plant soil fertilization and post-plant topdressings were also effective in promoting seedling productivity, but equivalent additions yielded less biomass than that from nutrient loading alone. Implications are that exponential nutrient loading may be more efficient in improving early growth performance of Chinese fir seedlings than traditional field fertilization practices at plantation establishment, and may on competitive sites avoid problems of stimulating surrounding vegetation rather than trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004733714217
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  • 28
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    Endogenous abscisic acid levels are not linked to methyl jasmonate-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 17-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; ammonium ; leaf senescence ; methyl jasmonate ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Both abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonates are known to promote leaf senescence. Since ABA and jasmonates have both chemical and physiological similarities, we are interested to know whether senescence of detached rice leaves induced by methyl jasmonate (MJ) is mediated through an increase in endogenous ABA levels. In darkness, the endogenous level of ABA in detached rice leaves remained unchanged in the first day of incubation in water and increased about 5 times its initial value in the second day. However, the pattern of senescence, as judged by protein loss, was rapid during the first day. MJ significantly promoted senescence of detached rice leaves. Contrary to our expectation, endogenous ABA levels decreased in MJ-treated detached rice leaves. Similar to the effect of MJ, endogenous ABA levels decreased in detached rice leaves which were induced to senesce by treatment with NH4Cl. These results suggest that endogenous ABA levels are not linked to MJ-induced senescence of detached rice leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006251922889
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  • 29
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    Induction by ozone of ethylene production and an ACC oxidase cDNA in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase ; ethylene ; Oryza sativa ; ozone ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to ozone at 1 µl l−1 for 6 h induced ethylene production in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) leaves. The stimulation of ethylene production was detectable 2 h after the start of the exposure to ozone, and lasted for 6 h after the exposure. A 429-bp cDNA fragment encoding ACC oxidase was obtained by RT-PCR from ozone-treated rice leaves. Its nucleotide sequence and deduced amino-acid sequence had 97.2% and 94.4% identity, respectively, to those of OS1A1COX, which was previously obtained from deepwater rice. The abundance of the cDNA increased in accordance with the induction of ethylene production by the exposure to ozone.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006229421785
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  • 30
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    Importance of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase to proline accumulation caused by water stress in detached rice leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ornithine-δ-aminotransferase ; proline accumulation ; Oryza sativa ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Proline is synthesized either from glutamate or from ornithine in plants. Relatively little is known about the contribution of the pathway from ornithine to proline biosynthesis. In this paper we investigated the contribution of ornithine-δ-aminotransterase (OAT), an enzyme responsible for ornithine pathway, to proline accumulation in water-stressed detached rice leaves. Although OAT activity increased with the increase of water stress duration, a pattern similar to that obtained for proline accumulation, the ornithine pathway in rice leaves seems to contribute little, if any, to proline accumulation under water stress condition. This conclusion was based on the observations that (a) gabaculine (50 μM), an inhibitor of OAT, inhibited about 75% OAT activity caused by water stress but reduced only 20% of proline content and (b) cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, had no effect on OAT activity induced by water stress but significantly reduced proline accumulation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006226732574
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    Mapping QTLs associated with drought resistance in rice: Progress, problems and prospects (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 29 (1999), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; drought resistance ; root morphology ; root growth ; osmotic adjustment ; review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The use of molecular markers in the mapping of traits of agronomic importance holds great promise for speeding the development of improved plant varieties and increasing our understanding of the physiological or molecular mechanisms behind biological phenomena. The technique is now being applied to drought resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Drought is important because a considerable proportion of the world rice area is not irrigated and can be prone to water deficit. A large number of people, particular some of the poorest rice farmers, stand to gain if new varieties which combine high yield and drought resistance can be developed. Rice should be particularly useful for the molecular genetic analysis of drought resistance because of its growing role as a model monocot species and the diversity of drought resistance mechanisms which are found in the germplasm. We briefly review the traits which might be considered important in improving drought resistance in rice, before explaining the molecular mapping approach. We review progress at locating quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for individual mechanisms of drought resistance in controlled environment conditions. This includes a detailed comparison of reported QTLs related to root morphological characters. The search for QTLs associated with field performance under drought stress is analysed and the problems associated with understanding the genetic control of a complex physical and physiological phenomenon under conditions of substantial environmental variation are highlighted. We emphasise that the use of near isogenic lines in overcoming some of the problems offers considerable promise for the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006255832479
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    Restoration of gibberellin biosynthesis by 2,6-diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid in uniconazole-treated rice plants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 2,6-diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid ; gibberellin ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; shoot elongation ; uniconazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 2,6-Diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid (DIPA), a promoter of growth and flowering of Sagittaria species, was found to improve the shoot growth of rice plants treated with uniconazole, an inhibitor of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. In a modified micro-drop bioassay using semi-dwarf rice, Oryza sativa L. cv. Tan-ginbozu, in which uniconazole had been incorporated into the agar medium, a significant recovery from growth inhibition was observed for both the 3rd and the 4th leaf sheaths but not for the 2nd sheath. In greenhouse experiments, uniconazole-treated rice plants partially recovered from growth inhibition when DIPA was applied after uniconazole treatment, whereas DIPA applied with, or before, uniconazole treatment did not improve growth. The levels of GA1 and GA20 in the rice plants treated with uniconazole plus DIPA were almost equal to those of the untreated controls, indicating that the observed growth recovery is attributable to the restoration of GA biosynthesis by DIPA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006215428363
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    NaCl induced changes in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots of rice seedlings (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 147-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: NaCl ; Oryza sativa ; peroxidase ; root growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The changes in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots of NaCl-stressed rice seedlings and their correlation with root growth were investigated. Increasing concentrations of NaCl from 50 to 150 mM progressively decreases root growth. The reduction of root growth by NaCl is closely correlated with the increase in ionically bound peroxidase activity. Since proline and ammonium accumulations are associated with root growth inhibition caused by NaCl, we determined the effects of proline or NH4Cl on root growth and ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots. External application of proline or NH4Cl markedly inhibited root growth and increased ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots of rice seedlings in the absence of NaCl. An increase in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots preceded inhibition of root growth caused by NaCl, NH4Cl or proline. Mannitol inhibited root growth, but decreased rather than increased ionically bound peroxidase activity at the concentration iso-osmotic with NaCl. The inhibition of root growth and the increase in ionically bound peroxidase activity in roots by NaClis reversible and is associated with ionic rather than osmotic component.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004714506156
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    Geographical distribution of genes causing hybrid breakdown in varietal crosses of Asian cultivated rice (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 13-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: F2 weakness ; reproductive barrier ; Oryza sativa ; gene distribution ; clinal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a backcrossing program to introduce the wx (glutinous endosperm) gene from a Thai upland rice cultivar, Col.No.15, to a Japanese cultivar, Sasanishiki, of Asian cultivated rice, Oryza sativa L., weak plants were observed in the BC1F1 generation. These weak plants were characterized by poor growth and discoloration at the tillering stage, though they were completely fertile. Hybrid breakdown, which is defined as hybrid weakness and sterility detected in the F2 and later inbred generations of varietal crosses, is controlled by a pair of recessive genes, hwd1 and hwd2, at unlinked loci. Two dominant genes at either the same or different loci, Hwd1/Hwd1 hwd2/hwd2, hwd1/hwd1 Hwd2/Hwd2 or Hwd1/hwd1 Hwd2/hwd2, are needed for normal growth. Using tester lines homozygous for a pair of recessive genes selected in the BC1F3 generation, the genotypes for hybrid breakdown of 100 Asian rice cultivars were determined based on the phenotype of F1 plants. Clinal variation for hybrid breakdown was observed. Cultivars with two dominant alleles at either hwd1 or hwd2 locus, were mainly found in insular Asia (Japan, Philippines and Indonesia), while the frequency of cultivars with four dominant alleles was more common in cultivars from continental Asia. Roles of hybrid breakdown in genetic differentiation of Asian cultivated rice are discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008631600311
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    High-resolution DNA fingerprinting of Indian rice (Oryza sativa L) varieties by amplified fragment length polymorphism (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 427-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: AFLP analysis ; DNA fingerprinting ; genetic diversity ; Indian rice varieties ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To assess diversification of indica rice, fingerprinting of 42 Indian rice varieties (Oryza sativa L) and one accession of O. brachyantha Chev. et Roehr. was taken up using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Six primer combinations of PstI and MseI were used for this purpose. On denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gel, on average 41 scorable AFLP bands were obtained of which 81% were polymorphic. Each variety revealed a distinct fingerprint. Data were scored on the basis of presence and absence of bands and cluster analysis was performed using Dice similarity coefficients. The resultant dendrogram showed four major clusters and traits. Some varieties especially landraces revealed more polymorphism and unique loci. Such study will be a valuable tool for proper choice of parents in mapping populations or breeding programs to produce heterotic several inexplicable minor clusters. Some varieties were grouped according to parentages of the cross while some were grouped according to physiological combinations apart from providing a characteristic fingerprint.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008696306235
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    The genetic structure and conservation of aus, aman and boro rices from Bangladesh (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 587-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: diversity ; genetic resources ; GIS ; Oryza sativa ; RAPD ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A diverse set of 115 rice varieties from Bangladesh was surveyed using 35 polymorphic RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers and the genetic structure of this germplasm, encompassing the principal rice ecotypes of Bangladesh (aus, aman and boro), was determined using multivariate analysis. The level of genetic diversity was evaluated and compared with the levels of diversity found within other rice growing areas of the world. Geographical information systems analysis using Atlas-GIS was employed to analyse and present the geographic distribution of genetic diversity across Bangladesh, and cluster analysis was used to test the efficiency of selection of material for a core collection.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008749532171
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    The use of microsatellite polymorphisms for the identification of Australian breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: microsatellite ; Oryza sativa ; polymorphism ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten microsatellite loci were analysed for 43 cultivars or breeding lines of rice. Polymorphism-Information-Content values ranged from 0.62 to 0.92. The microsatellite markers were found to be useful for cultivar identification and assessment of genetic relationships. Most of the cultivars could be uniquely identified by at least one microsatellite marker. Genetic heterogeneity was detected within rice samples by amplification of microsatellites from DNA extracted from multiple individual plants and also from bulked DNA preparations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003688612179
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    Different Patterns of Host Genes are Induced in Rice by Pseudomonas syringae, a Biological Inducer of Resistance, and the Chemical Inducer Benzothiadiazole (BTH) (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 659-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Magnaporthe grisea ; Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice seedlings treated with the synthetic compound benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) acquired resistance to subsequent attack by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr. BTH (trade name Bion™) has been released to the market as a plant protecting agent for rice. Here, we analysed the pattern of expressed genes in rice plants treated with BTH, and compared this pattern with those induced by the formerly discovered resistance inducer 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) and by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, a non-host pathogen inducing a hypersensitive response. Both INA and BTH induced similar patterns of genes, suggesting that these compounds are functional analogues. In contrast, the patterns induced by the chemical inducers and by P. syringae were clearly dissimilar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008791223608
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    Dynamics and stratification of bacteria and fungi in the organic layers of a scots pine forest soil (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fungi ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen ; Scots pine ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The abundance and micro-stratification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) were investigated. An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages (fresh litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus) was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Dynamics and stratification of fluorescent stained bacteria and fungi, ratios between bacterial and fungal biomass, and relationships with moisture and temperature are described. Average bacterial counts in litter and fragmented litter were similar, i.e., approximately 5×109 bacteriag–1 (dry weight) organic matter, and significantly exceeded those in humus. The mean bacterial biomass ranged from 0.338 to 0.252mg carbon (C) g–1 (dry weight) organic matter. Lengths of mycelia were significantly below the usually recorded amounts for comparable temperate coniferous forests. The highest average hyphal length, 53mg–1 (dry weight) organic matter, was recorded in litter and decreased significantly with depth. The corresponding mean fungal biomass ranged from 0.050 to 0.009mg Cg–1 (dry weight). The abundance of bacteria and fungi was influenced by water content, that of fungi also by temperature. A litterbag series with freshly fallen litter of standard quality, renewed bimonthly, revealed a clear seasonal pattern with microbial biomass peaks in winter. The mean hyphal length was 104mg–1 (dry weight) and mean number of bacteria, 2.40×109 bacteria g–1 (dry weight). Comparable bacterial and fungal biomass C were found in the freshly fallen litter [0.154 and 0.132mgCg–1 (dry weight) organic material, respectively]. The ratio of bacterial-to-fungal biomass C increased from 1.2 in fresh litter to 28.0 in humus. The results indicate the existence of an environmental stress factor affecting the abundance of fungi in the second phase of decomposition. High atmospheric nitrogen deposition is discussed as a prime factor to explain low fungal biomass and the relatively short lengths of fungal hyphae in some of the forest soil layers under study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050382
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    Methane fluxes and nitrogen dynamics from a drained fenland peat (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Peats ; Methane ; Nitrogen ; Land use ; Agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Rates of methane uptake were measured in incubation studies with intact cores from adjacent fenland peats that have been under arable management and woodland management for at least the past 30 years. On two separate occasions the woodland peat showed greater rates of uptake than the arable peat. These rates ranged from 23.1 to 223.3 μg CH4 m–2 day–1 for the woodland peat and from 29.6 to 157.6 μg CH4 m–2 day–1 for the arable peat. When the peats were artificially flooded there was a decrease in the rate of methane oxidation, but neither site showed any net efflux of methane. 15N isotopic dilution was used to characterise nitrogen cycling within the two peats. Both showed similar rates of gross nitrogen mineralisation (3.58 mg N kg–1 day–1, arable peat; 3.54 N kg–1 day–1, woodland peat) and ammonium consumption (4.19 arable peat and 4.70 mg N kg–1 day–1 woodland peat). There were significant differences in their inorganic ammonium and nitrate pool sizes, and the rate of gross nitrification was significantly higher in the woodland peat (4.90 mg N kg–1 day–1) compared to the arable peat (1.90 mg N kg–1 day–1). These results are discussed in the light of high atmospheric nitrogen deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050434
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    The use of 15N labelling to study the turnover and utilization of ruminant manure N (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 56-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Animal manure ; Immobilization ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Slurry distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  An improved understanding of the cycling of animal manure N is a prerequisite for making better use of this N source. A sheep was fed 15N-labelled grass in order to study the fate of 15N-labelled ruminant manure N in the plant-soil system. The uniformity of labelling was found to be satisfactory when an appropriate feeding strategy was used. The mineralization of labelled faecal N was compared to the mineralization of labelled feed N and indigestible feed N by measuring residual labelled organic N in unplanted topsoil in the field. After 18 months, 61% of both faecal N and feed N was recovered in organic form in the topsoil, while 94% of the indigestible feed N was still present in the soil. The influence of slurry distribution in soil on the crop uptake of labelled faecal N in slurry was studied in a sandy and a sandy loam soil. The crop uptake of labelled faecal N was compared with the uptake of 15N-labelled mineral fertilizer in a reference treatment. The uptake was 28–32% of that of the reference treatment with simulated slurry injection, 13–25% with incorporated slurry and 18–19% with slurry on the soil surface. The mineralization of faecal N in the autumn after application in spring was low irrespective of the slurry distribution in soil. The results demonstrate that the contact between animal manure and the soil matrix significantly influences the short-term turnover and availability of faecal and ammonium N in slurry, especially in fine-textured soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050463
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    Ecological characteristics of a nitrogen-saturated coniferous forest in The Netherlands (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 258-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Decomposition ; Deposition ; Nitrogen ; saturation ; Pinus sylvestris ; Soil biota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wekerom forest shows a high nitrogen (N) load, and the first signs of N saturation. This characterization is based on the high N content of the needles, the high nitrate-N (NO3-N) mobilization and low cation mobilization from the organic horizon. The N cycle in this forest has been transformed into an „open flow” system, in which the ammonium-N, deposited in large quantities from the atmosphere, is transformed into NO3-N, which is leached into the groundwater. Decomposition of deeper organic layers, such as the fragmented litter and humus layers, is thought to provide additional NH4-N, which explains the high NO3-N output. Together with a reduction in the number and vitality of the pine trees, there is an increase in the number of nitrophilous plants, such as Deschampsia flexuosa and Rumex acetosella. The ectomycorrhizal and litter-decaying fungi are specific, N-resistant species. Soil fauna are classified as common inhabitants of dry, acid, nutrient poor forests.
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    Spring dynamics of soil carbon, nitrogen, and microbial activity in earthworm middens in a no-till cornfield (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworm middens ; Soil ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Earthworm activity may be an important cause of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil properties in agroecosystems. Structures known as “earthworm middens,” formed at the soil surface by the feeding and casting activities of some earthworms, may contribute significantly to this heterogeneity. We compared the temporal dynamics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and microbial acitivity in Lumbricus terrestris middens and in surrounding non-midden (bulk) soil during the spring, when seasonal earthworm activity was high. We sampled soil from middens and bulk soil in a no-till cornfield on four dates during May and June 1995. Soil water content and the weight of coarse organic litter (〉2mm) were consistently higher in middens than in bulk soil. Total C and N concentrations, C:N ratios, and microbial activity also were greatest in midden soil. Concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen and dissolved organic N were greater in middens than in bulk soil on most dates, suggesting accelerated decomposition and mineralization in middens. However, concentrations of nitrate were usually lower in middens, indicating reduced nitrification or increased leaching and denitrification losses from middens, relative to bulk soil. Fungal activity, as well as total microbial activity, was consistently greater in middens. The contribution of fungae to overall microbial activity differed significantly between middens and bulk soil only on one date when both soils were very dry; the contribution of fungae to microbial activity was lower in the middens on this date. We conclude that the midden-forming activity of L. terrestris can be a major determinant of spatial heterogeneity in some agricultural soils, and that this can potentially affect overall rates of soil processes such as organic matter decomposition, N mineralization, denitrification, and leaching.
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    Dynamics and stratification of functional groups of micro- and mesoarthropods in the organic layer of a Scots pine forest (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 268-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Collembola ; Acari ; Araneae ; Nitrogen ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses the abundance, biomass and microstratification of functional groups of micro- and mesoarthropods inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.). An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages, i.e., freshly fallen litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus, was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Statistical data analysis revealed that each organic layer had a different, characteristic species composition that changed with time following successive degradation stages. Species of Acari, Araneae and Collembola were assigned to different functional groups based on taxonomy, microstratification, food type or feeding mode. The abundance and biomass carbon of functional groups were dependent on the organic layer and most functional groups showed a particular preference for one of the upper organic layers. Temporal and spatial differences in density and biomass carbon of functional groups could partly be related to fluctuations in the soil climate, although effects of trophic interactions could not be ruled out. A general decline in abundance and biomass, especially in populations of fungal feeders, during the last year of the study could not be explained by a reduction in litterbag volume, changed litter chemistry or soil climate, but was attributed to an indirect effect of a remarkable increase in soil coverage by wavy hair grass, Deschampsia flexuosa (L.). The analysis demonstrated that species diversity, microhabitat specification, soil fauna succession, and degradation stages of organic material are interrelated. The results obtained indicate that both the chemistry of organic matter and decomposition rates have an important effect on trophic relationships and community structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050378
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    Short-term effects of nitrogen on methane oxidation in soils (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane oxidation ; Nitrogen ; Fertilizer ; Soils ; Isotopic dilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The short-term effects of N addition on CH4 oxidation were studied in two soils. Both sites are unfertilized, one has been under long-term arable rotation, the other is a grassland that has been cut for hay for the past 125 years. The sites showed clear differences in their capacity to oxidise CH4, the arable soil oxidised CH4 at a rate of 0.013 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 and the grassland soil approximately an order of magnitude quicker. In both sites the addition of (NH4)2SO4 caused an immediate reduction in the rate of atmospheric CH4 oxidation approximately in inverse proportion to the amount of NH4 + added. The addition of KNO3 caused no change in the rate of CH4 oxidation in the arable soil, but in the grassland soil after 9 days the rate of CH4 oxidation had decreased from 0.22 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 to 0.13 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 in soil treated with the equivalent of 192 kg N ha–1. A 15N isotopic dilution technique was used to investigate the role of nitrifiers in regulating CH4 oxidation. The arable soil showed a low rate of gross N mineralisation (0.67 mg N kg–1 day–1), but a relatively high proportion of the mineralised N was nitrified. The grassland soil had a high rate of gross N mineralisation (18.28 mg N kg–1 day–1), but negligible nitrification activity. It is hypothesised that since there was virtually no nitrification in the grassland soil then CH4 oxidation at this site must be methanotroph mediated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050464
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    Comparison of nutrient losses into the water from rainbow trout culture based on fresh Baltic herring, moist and dry diets (1998)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 6 (1998), S. 441-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Cage culture ; Dietary lipid ; Dietary water ; Feeding frequency ; Moist diets ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutrient losses into the water from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cage culture using locally caught low-fat Baltic herring, herring-based moist diets and fishmeal-based dry diets were estimated. Feeding with herring led to nitrogen and phosphorus losses into the water twice as high as those feeding with dry pellets (78–162 versus 37–39 g N and 15–39 versus 7–18 g P per kg growth). This was supported by direct measurements of ammonia and phosphate excretion. Increasing feeding frequencies resulted in increased nutrient losses irrespective of diet. Increasing dietary lipid level had a more pronounced effect in reducing the expected nutrient losses in dry pellets than herring. The reduction within the herring was approximately 18% on average for nitrogen and 25% for phosphorus losses. Dietary water content did not affect the nutrient losses. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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    Grain crop response to contour hedgerow systems on sloping Oxisols (1998)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 42 (1998), S. 107-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: erosion ; Gliricidia sepium ; Oryza sativa ; Paspalum conjugatum ; Penisetum purpureum ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Farming systems that minimize the rate of soil degradation and optimize food crop yields are needed to sustain soil productivity on sloping, acid, infertile soils in the humid tropics. Research was conducted on two Oxisols with slopes ranging from 22 to 30% to evaluate the performance of several contour hedgerow systems, with and without the addition of 60 kg N ha−1 per crop, on rice (Oryza sativa) and maize (Zea mays L.) production. Contour hedgerows were double rows of the tree legume Gliricidia sepium (G); Gliricidia and the native grass Paspalum conjugatum (GPas); Gliricidia and an exotic fodder grass Penisetum purpureum (GPen); double rows of Penisetum (Pen); and a conventional open field (C) farming system without hedgerows. Gliricidia prunings and all crop residues were applied to the soil surface in the alleys, but Penisetum was harvested. Food crop yields in all hedgerow treatments tended to be less than the Control for the first two years, presumably due to the displacement of land planted to the food crop. In the third and the fourth years, the rice and maize yields of Treatments G and GPas exceeded the Control, most consistently when N was not applied. Penisetum reduced food crop yields regardless of N application presumably due to nutrient removal in the fodder. The results indicate that Gliricidia in a contour hedgerow increases food crop yield on strongly acid Oxisols by recycling nutrients and partially supplementing the N demand by the food crops.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006020319918
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    Methane flux in relation to growth and phenology of a high yielding rice variety as affected by fertilization (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 201 (1998), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth parameters ; methane flux ; N-fertilization ; Oryza sativa ; root porosity ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Influence of urea application on growth parameters (shoot height, and weight, root volume, weight and porosity; number of tillers; grain yield) and their relationship with methane (CH4) flux was investigated in Oryza sativa (var. Pant Dhan-4) under flooded soil condition. The study design consisted of (a) fertilized vegetated, (b) control vegetated, (c) fertilized bare, and (d) control bare plots. Crop growth and CH4 flux measurements were conducted from 9 to 115 days of rice transplanting at regular intervals of 10 days. Results showed that there were significant differences due to days (dates of measurement) and fertilization in all growth parameters except shoot height. Day × fertilization interaction was significant for all growth parameters. CH4 fluxes ranged from 0.4 to 20.2, 0.1 to 11.9, 0.09 to 2.2 and 0.004 to 1.5 mg m-2 h-1 under treatments (a), (b), (c) and (d), respectively. Maximum CH4 flux was recorded at the flowering stage. All the growth parameters, including number of tillers, showed strong positive relationship with total methane flux. Root porosity was also strongly correlated with total CH4 emission. It was concluded that CH4 emission was substantially influenced by crop phenology and growth, and fertilization. The study emphasizes the substrate production and conduit effects of rice plants on CH4 flux.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004318727672
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    Involvement of lipid peroxidation in methyl jasmonate-promoted senescence in detached rice leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 24 (1998), S. 17-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: leaf senescence ; lipid peroxidation ; methyl jasmonate ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lipid peroxidation in relation to MJ-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. Lipid peroxidation seems to be involved in the regulation of MJ-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves. This conclusion was based on the observations that (a) methyl jasmonate, which was found to promote senescence, increases the level of lipid peroxidation, (b) linolenic and linoleic acid, precursors of the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, promoted senescence and increased lipid peroxidation level, (c) benzyladenine, a synthetic cytokinin, counteracted MJ-promoted senescence and reduced the increase in lipid peroxidation level, (d) calcium chloride effectively reduced MJ-promoted senescence and at the same time reduced MJ-promoted lipid peroxidation. Free radical scavengers (reduced glutathione and sodium benzoate) and an iron chelator (2, 2′-bipyridine) prevented MJ-promoted senescence, suggesting that lipid peroxidation induced by MJ is mediated through free radicals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005988727235
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  • 50
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    Heterosis in inter and intrasubspecific crosses over three-environments in rice (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heterosis ; heterosis × environment interaction ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; standard heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Moderate to high heterosis for yield and ten related characters was studied in 45 crosses involving six indica (I) and four tropical japonica (J) varieties of rice under three (E1-optimum sowing and high fertility, E2-both optimum sowing and fertility and E3- late sowing and high fertility) environments. Trends of magnitude of heterosis for grain yield and plant height were I/J 〉 I/I 〉 J/J and for days to 50% flowering I/J 〉 J/J 〉 I/I hybrids. Estimates of standard heterosis (%) for grain yield were –64.5 to 146.1 in E1, –70.4 to 82.2 in E2 and –67.2 to 63.8 in E3. Environment E1 seemed to be more favorable for higher heterosis expression than others. Higher heterosis in yield also accompanied heterosis in panicle number, dry matter and spikelet and grain number per panicle. Most estimates for days to flower were negative. Heterotic I/J hybrids also recorded maximum heterosis for earliness. Moderate to low standard heterosis for plant height across environments (2.0 to 13.7%) was recorded. Hybrids were identified in specific environments for direct exploitation in hybrid breeding. Hybrids B4116 / Sarjoo 52, B4122 / Pant Dhan 4 and B4122 / Narendera 359 were more stable than others over three environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018357300923
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    Water stress, ammonium, and leaf senescence in detached rice leaves (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 25 (1998), S. 165-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ammonium ; leaf senescence ; Oryza sativa ; water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonium accumulation in relation to water stress-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. The effect of water stress on the senescence of detached rice leaves is associated with the accumulation of ammonium. The accumulation of ammonium in detached rice leaves by water stress is attributed to a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity. Ammonium accumulation in detached rice leaves, induced by water stress, was accompanied by an increase in tissue sensitivity to ethylene which, in turn, accelerated leaf senescence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006014618721
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    Ammonium, calcium, and leaf senescence in rice (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 63-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ammonium ; calcium ; leaf senescence ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible involvement of calcium in the regulation of ammonium-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. Calcium effectively reduced ammonium-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves. The effect of ammonium on the senescence was also significantly reduced by the calcium ionophore A23187. Ammonium-promoted senescence of detached rice leaves may be mediated through blocking the entrance of calcium ions into the cytosol.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006012827917
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    H2O2 metabolism during senescence of rice leaves: changes in enzyme activities in light and darkness (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 25 (1998), S. 11-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ascorbate peroxidase ; glutathione reductase ; Oryza sativa ; peroxidase ; senescence ; superoxide dismutase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible role of H2O2 metabolism on light-regulated senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. Light retards senescence but at the same time accumulates more H2O2. Light treatment resulted in an increase in malondialdehyde level in detached rice leaves but no membrane leakage was observed in light-treated detached leaves. It seems that there was no direct relationship between lipid peroxidation and deterioration in membrane integrity. The results obtained suggest that retardation of senescence by light is closely related to high activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005903403926
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    Evaluation of agar and agarose gels for studying mechanical impedance in rice roots (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 207 (1998), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agar ; agarose ; gels ; mechanical impedance ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agar and agarose gels were evaluated as systems to mechanically impede roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two-layer gels were used so that seedlings established in a layer of weak gel (0.35% weight/volume) and then grew downwards to encounter a treatment gel of up to 5.0% (w/v). Agarose gels were stronger than agar gels of the same concentration, reaching a maximum penetrometer resistance of 1.2 MPa at a concentration of 5.0%, compared to 0.3 MPa with agar. The 5.0% agar gel stimulated elongation of the seminal axis by 40% in seedlings of variety TN1 (compared with elongation in the 0.2% gel), but decreased it by 15% in the variety Lac 23. Although increasing agarose concentration decreased seminal axis elongation in both varieties, the seminal axis did not reach the lower layer of treatment gel when the concentration of the treatment gel was greater than 2.0%. The decreased root elongation was therefore a non-mechanical inhibition. In experiments conducted using a different batch of agarose, these inhibitory effects were not seen and strong agarose gels stimulated seminal axis elongation. It was concluded that the agar and agarose gel systems studied were unsuitable for studying the effect of mechanical impedance on the elongation of rice roots and that great care should be taken in interpreting the results of experiments using gels as a growth medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004489501678
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    Distribution and phylogeny of Potamophila parviflora R.Br. a wild relative of rice from eastern Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 399-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: internal transcribed spacer sequences ; nuclear ribosomal RNA genes ; molecular phylogeny ; Potamophila parviflora ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potamophila parviflora is a wild relative of rice from Eastern Australia. The species was found in the Richmond, Clarence, Macleay and Hastings River systems of northern New South Wales. Existing populations had wider leaves (10–15 mM) than those previously reported (4–6 mM). This species and North American wild rice, Zizania palustris were investigated as genetic resource for rice improvement. Both species, Potamophila , and Zizania , occur in colder climates than rice (Oryza sativa). Sequencing of the ITS1 of the ribosomal genes of these two species indicated that Zizania and Potamophila were more closely related to each other than either was to Oryza sativa. Potamophila has a similar number of chromosomes (n=12) and a greater sequence homology to rice and may thus be a better source of useful genes for rice improvement.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008612115685
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    Seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; head rice ; seeding date ; rice ; rough rice yield ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in Arkansas is seeded from late March through early June each year. Farmers need new rice cultivars that not only produce both high rough rice yields and high head rice across this range of seeding dates but do so consistently. Thus, a seeding date study was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Stuttgart, Arkansas, to study seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability. Fourteen rice cultivars were seeded at five dates ranging from late March through mid-June. Kang's yield-stability statistic was used to select cultivars for both high rough rice yields and high head rice as well as stability for both traits. Plant stands from March seedings of each year were significantly lower than for the later seeding dates. Maturity (days to 50 percent heading) was extended at the early seeding dates. Some rice cultivars, such as ‘LaGrue’, had lower and more variable head rice when seeded early. In the June seeding dates each year, ‘Kaybonnet’ produced rough rice yields that were more consistent with yields when planted at the earlier planting dates. ‘Bengal’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Kaybonnet’, and ‘Newbonnet’ were cultivars selected by Kang's stability statistic, which was targeted to select cultivars with stable, high rough rice yields and stable, high head rice. The validity of using Kang's yield-stability statistic for cultivar selection is also evident empirically by the adaptation and wide use of these four cultivars by southern U.S. rice producers. These results indicate that seeding date studies and stability analyses would be useful tools for rice breeders to identify cultivars that will be readily adapted and grown by rice producers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018344615296
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    Development of a technique for in vitro unpollinated ovary culture in rice, Oryza sativa L. (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: unpollinated ovary culture ; callus induction ; plant regeneration ; chilling pretreatment ; development stage ; medium composition ; rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simple and efficient technique for in vitro unpollinated ovary culture in rice which is also applicable for indica genotypes was developed for breeding and genetic studies. Sampling explants at the auricle distance of 7–12 cm between the two uppermost leaves of a tiller, providing a chilling pretreatment and ovaries with 1/3 of the hulls intact gave optimum response to culture. For callus induction with the spontaneous breaking of ovaries, N6 media supplemented with NAA (2 mg/l) and DMSO (0.6–0.8%) gave a mean PCI value of 3.8% and range of 0.8–12.5% among genotypes. Media combining 2,4,5-T or 2,4-D with NAA in N6 medium also has reasonably good callus induction. For calli induced inside, 2,4-D (0.2–0.5 mg/l), NAA (2 mg/l) and KT (1 mg/l) contained media were superior. The maximum green plant regeneration (PPR) of 77.3% was found with the medium containing NAA 0.25 mg/l, IAA 0.5 mg/l and KT 2.0 mg/l. Significant genotype, medium and their interaction effects for per cent ovary survival and callus induction were observed.
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    Changes in concentration andδ 13C values of soil-trapped CH4 and C02 in flooded rice soil (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 70-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Flooded rice soil ; Soil-trapped CH4 and C02 ; δ13C values of CH4 and C02 ; Greenhouse effect ; CO2 flux ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot experiments were conducted to monitor the changes in compositions and δ13C values of soil-trapped CH4 and C02 in flooded rice soil with and without rice plants or rice straw. Incorporation of rice straw increased the concentration of CH4 and C02 accumulated in soil, and the quantities of emitted CH4 to the atmosphere. Rice plants reduced the concentration of soil-trapped CH4 and CO2, and the decreased portion of CH4 was replaced by N2. A significantly negative correlation was found between soil-trapped CH4 and N2. The presence of rice plants increased the δ13C values of CH4. The δ13C values of CH4 tended to increase toward the end of the growing season and were positively correlated with concentration of soil-trapped CH4. A positive correlation between δ13C values of CH4 and C02, and between the δ13C values of CH4 and its concentration, were observed. The CH4 in the rice stems was 4–14% enriched in13C relative to soil-trapped CH4. In contrast, CO2 in rice plant stems was 1–9% lighter in13C relative to soil-trapped C02. These results are discussed in relation to the precursor pools and pathways of methanogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420223
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    Methane-oxidizing activities and methanotrophic populations associated with wetland rice plants (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane ; Wetland rice soils ; Oryza sativa ; Methane oxidation ; Acetylene Propylene oxide ; Methanotrophs ; Rhizosphere
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Acetylene up to 500 μl l–1 did not affect methane formation in anoxic soil up to 12 h, but further incubation for 1 week showed strong inhibition of methanogenesis. To ascertain the extent of the oxidation of methane produced from rice-planted pots, the effect of acetylene on methane emission was studied. Two rice varieties (Toyohatamochi and Yamahikari) were grown in a greenhouse in submerged soil in pots. At about maximum tillering, heading, and grain-forming stages, methane fluxes were measured. Flux measurement was performed for 3 h from 6 pm, then acetylene at 100 μl l–1 was added to some of the pots. At 6 a.m. the following day, methane fluxes were again measured for 3 h. Only at maximum tillering stage of the variety Toyohatamochi was a significant increase (1.4 times) in methane flux caused by acetylene observed, whereas in the other treatments no significant increase in methane fluxes by acetylene could be defected. To ascertain the activity of methane monooxygenase (MMO), propylene oxide (PPO) formation from propylene was measured with excised roots and a basal portion of stems of the rice plants grown on the submerged soil. A level of 0.1–0.2 μmol PPO h–1 plant–1 was recorded. The roots showed the highest PPO formation per gram dry matter, followed by basal stems. Methane oxidation was roughly proportional to PPO formation. Soluble MMO-positive methanotroph populations were measured by plate counts. The number of colony-forming units per gram dry matter was 106–105 in roots, and 104–103 in basal stems. These results indicate the possibility of methane oxidation in association with wetland rice plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050241
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    Effects of inoculation of cyanobacteria on nitrogen status and nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in an Entisol amended with chemical and organic sources of nitrogen (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1997), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; Soil inoculation N ; transformation ; Inorganic N ; Easily oxidizable N ; Hydrolysable N ; Non-hydrolysable N ; Wetland rice Farmyard manure ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-36) in a sandy clay loam soil (Entisol) to study the effect of inoculation with a soil-based mixed culture of four diazotrophic cyanobacteria,Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, N. commune andAnabaena spp., on the N-flux in inorganic NH4 ++NO3 −+ NO2 −), easily oxidizable, hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable forms of N in soil during vegetative growth periods of the crop. Effects on grain and straw yield and N uptake by the crop were estimated. The effects of applying urea N and N as organic sources, viz.Sesbania aculeata, Neem (Azardirachta indica) cake and FYM, each at the rate of 40 kg N ha−1, to the soil were also evaluated. Inoculation significantly increased the release of inorganic N, evidenced by its increased concentrations either in soil or in soil solution. However, such increases rarely exceeded even 4% of total N gained in different froms in the soil system by inoculation during the vegetative growth stages of the rice plant, when the nutritional requirement of the plants is at a maximum. Most of the N2 fixed by cyanobacteria remained in the soil as the hydrolysable form (about 85%) during this period. Inoculation caused an insignificant increase in grain (8%) and straw (11%) yield, which was, however, accompanied by a significant increase in N uptake by the grain (30%) and an increase in total uptake of 15.3 kg N ha 1. Such beneficial effects of inoculation varied in magnitude with the application of organic sources, with farmyard manure (FYM) being the most effective. Application of urea N, on the other hand, markedly reduced such an effect.
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    Needle CO2 exchange, structure and defense traits in relation to needle age in Pinus heldreichii Christ – a relict of Tertiary flora (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 82-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Pinus leucodermis ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Nitrogen ; Chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Pinus heldreichii Christ is a long-lived, slow-growing Tertiary relict from the Balkans. In this study we evaluated the physiological characteristics of eight needle-age classes of P. heldreichii grown at the Arboretum of the Institute of Dendrology in Kórnik, Poland. At the end of the growing season, current-year foliage had the highest rates of mass-based light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat) of 33.5 nmol CO2· g–1· s–1. Asat decreased with needle age, but older needle classes retained from approximately 62 to 26% of the current needles’ rate. The relationship between leaf N and chlorophyll a concentration among all needle-age classes was highly significant (r = 0.96, P = 0.0006). The variation in Asat of 1- to 7-year-old needles was linearly related to needle N concentration (r = 0.98, P = 0.0001). Needle dark respiration rates among these needle age classes ranged from 0.8 to 2.2 nmol · g–1· s–1 and decreased with needle age and nitrogen concentration. Total phenols and glucose concentrations increased linearly with needle age. A similar pattern was observed in acid buffering capacity and the pH of tissue homogenates. The water content ranged from 62% for the current needles to 51% for the 6-year-old needles. Greater investment in leaf structural tissue and increased chemical defense is associated with higher structural cost of older needles and may reduce their photosynthetic activity. Significant declines in water and nitrogen content with needle age and an increase in content of phenolics is most likely a defense adaptation of P. heldreichii related to the species’ long-lived leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009700
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    Methane emission from two Indian soils planted with different rice cultivars (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane emission ; Wetland soils ; Greenhouse gases ; Inceptisol ; Vertisol ; Rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a greenhouse study, methane emissions were measured from two diverse Indian rice-growing soils planted to five rice cultivars under similar water regimes, fertilizer applications and environmental conditions. Significant variations were observed in methane emitted from soils growing different cultivars. Total methane emission varied between 8.04 and 20.92gm–2 from IARI soil (Inceptisol) and between 1.47 and 10.91gm–2 from Raipur soil (Vertisol) planted to rice. In all the cultivars, emissions from IARI soil were higher than from Raipur soil. The first methane flux peak was noticed during the reproductive phase and the second peak coincided with the grain-ripening stage of the rice cultivars.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050316
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    Methane uptake in Swedish forest soil in relation to liming and extra N-deposition (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 296-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane ; Forest soil ; pH ; Liming ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane uptake to soil was examined in individual chambers at three small forest catchments with different treatments, Control, Limed and Nitrex sites, where N-deposition was experimentally increased. The catchments consisted of both well-drained forest and wet sphagnum areas, and showed uptake of CH4 from the ambient air. The lowest CH4 uptakes were observed in the wet areas, where the different treatments did not influence the uptake rate. In the well-drained areas the CH4 uptakes were 1.6, 1.4 and 0.6 kg ha–1 year–1 for the Limed, Control and Nitrex sites, respectively. The uptake of methane at the well-drained Nitrex site was statistically smaller than at the other well-drained catchments. Both acidification and increase in nitrogen in the soil, caused by the air-borne deposition, are the probable cause for the reduction in the methane uptake potential. Uptake of methane was correlated to soil water content or temperature for individual chambers at the well-drained sites. The uptake rate of methane in soil cores was largest in the 0- to 10-cm upper soil layer. The concentration of CH4 in the soil was lower than the atmospheric concentration up to 30 cm depth, where methane production occurred. Besides acting as a sink for atmospheric methane, the oxidizing process in soil prevents the release of produced methane from deeper soil layers reaching the atmosphere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050318
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    Field-scale and laboratory study of factors affecting N2O emissions from a rye stubble field on sandy loam soil (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 366-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Water addition ; Nitrogen ; Glucose ; O2 content ; Temperature ; Closed-chamber method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Emission of N2O from cultivated and fertilised soils may contribute significantly to the total global N2O emission. This study included laboratory and field investigations of the N2O production from a dry stubble field as influenced by addition of water, nitrogen and glucose. N2O fluxes were measured using a closed-chamber technique, and the O2 content in the soil was measured using soil probes. Results from a laboratory soil core technique were correlated to the relative N2O emission observed in the field. When the soil water content in the field increased from 14% to 60% water-filled pore space, the N2O emission increased from non-significant to a constant emission of 30 μg N m–2 h–1. At this soil water content the production of N2O was limited by the availability of nitrogen and carbon. Application of nitrogen at soil temperatures of 13 and 21°C in a pre-wetted soil increased the N2O emission 3.1- and 3.7-fold, respectively, whereas nitrogen plus carbon application increased the N2O emission 13.3- and 7.3-fold, respectively. In both treatments the N2O emission rates were affected by fluctuations in soil temperature and O2 content. The results indicate that even in a soil producing very little N2O under dry conditions, the soil microbial community maintains a potential to produce N2O when favourable conditions occur in terms of availability of water, nitrogen and carbon.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050327
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    Selection of Al-resistant plants from a sensitive rice cultivar, using somaclonal variation, in vitro and hydroponic cultures (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 303-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; rice ; aluminium-resistance ; selection ; stress ; in vitro ; hydroponic cultures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A selection procedure is described that isolated Al-resistant individuals from a sensitive rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotype. Somaclonal variation was used as the only source of variability and selection pressures were applied at both callus and regenerated plant levels. When 10 week-old, embryo-derived calli were submitted to different Al stresses for a period of 20 weeks. After this in vitro stress period, selected calli were grown during 18 weeks, without selection pressure, on regeneration media. Selection pressures were applied on regenerated plants (R0), and 9 R0 plants which produced seeds were selected. The transmission of the Al-resistant character to the R1, R2, R3 and R4 generations was then investigated, and three plant lines which had an increased percentage of Al-resistant plants till the fourth generation of self-pollination, were identified. One was from a callus maintained on an Al-free medium. The efficiency of in vitro selection pressures was therefore debated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003045929279
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    Complex constitutive nature of Japanese upland rice, Oryza sativa L. (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: isozyme ; differentiation ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; upland rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two rice ecotypes, the so-called lowland and upland populations, which carry different isozyme genotypes mostly at a single locus, are cultivated in Japan. The aim of this study was to examine the origin and the mechanism for keeping these genetic differences. The upland population is cultivated in upland fields and carries a different allele for a particular isozyme gene, Pgd-1, which has never been found in the lowland population. RFLP markers showed a weak trend for genetic differentiation between the two ecotypes. On the other hand, morphological, and physiological traits showed marked differences between the two ecotypes. Furthermore, based on the genotypic difference, two Japonica subgroups are defined in the upland population. Subgroup I is the minor group and carries key lowland characters, including the genotype for PGD. Subgroup II carries different traits and the genotype for PGD of the alternative subgroup. As an allelic difference for Pgd-1 is known to occur between the two ecospecies, Tropical (Tr) and Temperate (Tm) Japonicas, upland cultivars can be classified by diagnostic characters which distinguish a variety into Tr or Tm type. The upland population consists of three types of cultivars, Tr-, Tm- and intermediate-type. In contrast, the lowland population consists of a uniform Tm type Japonicas. As Japanese upland cultivars still have an isozyme allele specific to the Tr type, the upland population has a rather complex constitution which is presumably now being introgressed by lowland genetic material, but still represents a major difference at some genetic levels. Upland rice carries several stress-resistant genes which would be useful for lowland rice breeding. The genetic difference would be efficient for tagging upland specific traits by upland specific genetic markers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003142817509
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    Mapping and genetic analysis of two fertility restorer loci in the wild-abortive cytoplasmic male sterility system of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 98 (1997), S. 183-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: fertility restoration ; hybrid rice ; linkage analysis ; Oryza sativa ; RFLP
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hybrid varieties developed by making use of the wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility system account for 90% of hybrid rice produced. Previous inheritance studies have established that the fertility restoration in this system is controlled by two major loci, but the chromosomal locations of the fertility restorer (Rf) loci have yet to be resolved. In this study we determined the genomic locations of the two Rf loci by their linkage to molecular markers. The Rf gene containing regions were identified by surveying two bulks, made of 30 highly fertile and 46 highly sterile plants from a large F2 population of the cross between Zhenshan 97A and Minghui 63, with RFLP markers covering the entire rice genome. The survey identified two likely Rf gene containing regions, located on chromosomes 1 and 10 respectively. This was confirmed by ANOVA using a large random sample from the same F2 population and also with a genome-wide QTL analysis of a test-cross population. The results also showed that both loci have major effects of almost complete dominance on fertility restoration and the effect of the locus on chromosome 10 is larger than the one on chromosome 1. The two loci acted as a pair of classical duplicate genes; a single dominant allele at one of the two loci would suffice to restore the fertility to normal or nearly normal. Closely linked markers identified in this study may be used for marker assisted selection in hybrid rice breeding programs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003165116059
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    Genic analysis of hybrid sterility caused by anther indehiscence between distantly related rice varieties (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 311-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hybrid sterility ; anther indehiscence ; spikelet sterility ; pollen grain fertility ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hybrid sterility of the cross between Silewah, an Indonesian native variety and Hayakogane, a Hokkaido rice variety in Japan was confirmed to be caused by anther indehiscence, based on a lot of spikelets with fewer numbers than 3 of dehiscent anthers and fewer numbers of pollens poured onto stigma per spikelet in Silewah/Hayakogane F1. In Silewah/Hayakogane//Hayakogane BC1F1, spikelet fertility was correlated with mean number of dehiscent anthers per spikelet. So, genic analyses for hybrid sterility by anther indehiscence were conducted by scoring spikelet sterility in F2, BC1F1s and triple cross. As a result, it was concluded that the hybrid sterility was controlled by complementary action of three dominant genes. Silewah has one of the three genes and Hayakogane has the other two. It was presumed that the two genes which Hayakogane possesses were derived from those of Aikoku, an old native variety in Japan.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002963402494
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    First steps towards a rational use of African rice, Oryza glaberrima, in rice breeding through a ‘contig line’ concept (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 31-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ‘contig lines’ ; interspecific hybridisation ; genetic resources ; molecular markers ; Oryza glaberrima ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the past, utilisation of African cultivated rice, Oryza glaberrima, in O. sativa breeding was hampered by high sterility in interspecific F1 and in early progenies. Recent development of mapped molecular markers provides the opportunity to rationalise and to monitor introgressions between the two cultivated rice species. Development of such introgressed lines through interspecific hybridisation and backcrossing represents high potential to create new genetic and transgressive variation. We are initiating an original marker-aided backcross program with the aim of producing a set of 100 ‘contig lines’, each one bearing an alien O. glaberrima chromosomal fragment of around 20 cM in the O. sativa genetic background. As a preliminary step, we are now developing a genetic linkage map based on STS and RAPD markers, using an interspecific backcross between O. sativa and O. glaberrima. BC1 plants will then be selected to expedite the production of ‘contig lines’ exhibiting only the target fragment. The interspecific polymorphism is anticipated to be large enough to make this methodology feasible. Many advantages are expected from this approach, such as: (i) systematic assessment of the useful genetic resources displayed by O. glaberrima, (ii) improved and simplified detection of QTLs and (iii) comparative analysis of genomic organisation of O. glaberrima vs. O. sativa. Current work on evaluation of STS and RAPD polymorphism between parents and development of the BC1 population is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003045518236
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    Ammonium-inhibited growth of suspension-cultured rice cells as affected by medium pH (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ammonium ; cell growth ; medium pH ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possible involvements of a decrease in medium pH and accumulation of ammonium in ammonium-inhibited growth of rice cells were investigated. Ammonium, applied at concentrations ranging from 20 to 50 mM, markedly inhibited cell growth and decreased medium pH. The accumulation of ammonium in rice cells was observed only when ammonium concentration was 40 mM or higher. Ammonium-inhibited growth was alleviated when medium pH was buffered with MES [2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid]. However, no difference in ammonium level was observed between buffered and unbuffered ammonium-fed rice cells. Succinic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid, glutamic acid and glutamine were found to be effective in reversing ammonium-inhibited growth of rice cells and reducing a fall in pH in the ammonium-fed medium. Succinic acid, α-ketoglutaric acid and glutamic acid decreased the level of ammonium in ammonium-fed rice cells. However, glutamine was unable to decrease the ammonium level in ammonium-fed rice cells. The current results suggest that a decrease in medium pH is a factor responsible for growth inhibition of ammonium-fed rice cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005712327305
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    A comparative study of the effects of abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate on seedling growth of rice (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 37-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; growth ; methyl jasmonate ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) on growth of rice seedlings were compared. The lowest tested concentration of ABA and MJ that inhibited seedling growth was found to be 4.5 and 0.9 µM, respectively. Growth inhibition by ABA is reversible, whereas that by MJ is irreversible. GA3 was found to be more effective in reversing inhibition of shoot growth by ABA than by MJ. KCl partially relieved MJ-inhibited, but not ABA-inhibited, growth of rice seedlings. The beneficial effect of K+ on growth of rice seedlings in MJ medium could not be replaced by Li+, Na+ or Cs+. MJ treatment caused a marked release of K+ into the medium. In order to understand whether cell wall-bound peroxidase activity was inversely related to rice seedling growth, effects of ABA and MJ on cell wall-bound peroxidase activity were also examined. Results indicated that both ABA and MJ increased cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in roots and shoots of rice seedlings. Although MJ (4.5 µM) was less effective in inhibiting root growth than ABA (9 µM), MJ was found to increase more cell wall-bound peroxidase activity in roots than ABA.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005761804191
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    Ammonium accumulation is associated with senescence of rice leaves (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 21 (1997), S. 195-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; ammonium ; benzyladenine ; leaf senescence ; methionine sulfoximine ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between ammonium accumulation and senescence of detached rice leaves was investigated. Ammonium accumulation in detached rice leaves coincided closely with dark-induced senescence. Exogenous NH4Cl and methionine sulfoximine, which caused an accumulation of ammonium in detached rice leaves, promoted senescence. Treatments such as light and benzyladenine, which retarded senescence, decreased ammonium level in detached rice leaves. Abscisic acid, which promoted senescence, increased ammonium level in detached rice leaves. The current results suggest that ammonium accumulation may be involved in regulating senescence. Evidence was presented to show that ammonium accumulated in detached rice leaves increases tissue sensitivity to ethylene. The accumulation of ammonium in detached rice leaves during dark-induced senescence is attributed to a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity and an increase in reduction of nitrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005829000952
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    Plant regeneration from protoplasts isolated from primary calli using mature embryos of two Brazilian rice cultivars (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 01-05 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; japonica rice cultivar ; mature embryo ; primary calli ; protoplasts ; green plant regeneration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A plant regeneration system from rice protoplasts using calli derived from mature embryos was established for the two Brazilian modern rice cultivars IAC-201 and IAC-165. After 30 to 40 days of in vitro culture it was possible to obtain on average 6 million protoplasts per gram of callus. Microscopic selection of embryogenic calli was a key step for protoplast isolation. The production of embryogenic calli increased when L-proline and casein hydrolysate were used in the callus induction medium. The Oc or IR52 nurse cell lines were essential for protoplast division. Different regeneration media were studied and 139 plants were regenerated which set seed. Some of the regenerated plants showed morphological variation such as the presence of awns in spite of the short time of the in vitro culture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002962724080
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    Cytological and morphological variation in hybrid swarms and introgressed population of interspecific hybrids (Oryza rufipogon Griff. × Oryza sativa L.) and its impact on evolution of intermediate types (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 295-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza rufipogon ; Griff ; Oryza sativa ; interspecific hybrid ; hybrid swarms ; cytological abnormalities ; evolution and rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The morphology and cytology of selected hybrid swarms of wild and cultivated rices were studied following natural hybridization between the native species Oryza rufipogon Griff and exotic species Oryza sativa L. (var. Thaothabi and Moirangphoe). Similar studies were also conducted on populations developed through artificial hybridization of those two species. The morphological variation in plant height, anthocyanin pigmentation, Kernel and husk colour, sterility, presence of awns and grain shattering habits were similar in both natural (hybrid swarms) and artificially derived populations of interspecific hybrids. The cytological abnormalities such as quadrivalant formation at metaphase I, delayed separation, laggards and bridge formation, unequal separation and chromosomal elimination were also observed in both populations. These results indicated that the evolution of intermediate types had occurred due to genetic introgression from cultivated species to wild species. A systematic extinction of founder population was also noticed due to sudden ecological changes like deep submergence to medium submergence and human interference by growing cultivated species O. sativa L. in the area where wild species were being grown.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002983905589
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    Breeding of widely compatible restorer lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa ; widely compatible restorer ; fertility restoration ability ; anther culture ; inheritance ; Indica-japonica heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Following anther culture of various F1 hybrids of indica restorer (R) lines/wide compatible varieties (WCVs) and japonica R lines/WCVs, the homozygous diploid plants (2n) generated were test-crossed with indica WA type cytoplasmic-genetic male sterile (CMS) line Zhanshan 97A (WA), indica testers Nanjing 11 and Nante, japonica BT CMS line Hanfeng A (BT), and japonica testers Balilla and Akihikari to identify widely compatible restorer lines. The results of this study showed that among the diploid pollen plants generated from F1 hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs, 36.7% and 64.7% possessed normal fertility restoration ability (rate of seed-setting 〉 80%) to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively. 71.3% and 32.3% had normal fertility restoration ability to Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A, respectively, in diploid pollen plants derived from the japonica R lines/WCVs F1's anther culture. Several widely compatible R lines were selected from anther culture of F1 hybrids of indica R lines/WCVs and japonica R lines/WCVs. These widely compatible R lines derived from diploid pollen plants showed good wide compatibility and restoration ability both to WA and BT type CMS lines. Strong standard heterosis of major agronomic traits and yield traits was observed in F1 test-crosses of widely compatible R lines with Hanfeng A and Zhanshan 97A. The wide compatibility in widely compatible R lines H17, H158 and H281 was studied by a set of three-way crosses. Segregation of the fertile plants with seed-setting rate 〉 70% and semi-fertile plants with seed-setting rate 〉 69.9% agreed with a ratio of 1:1, indicating that wide compatibility in these widely compatible R lines is governed by a pair of major genes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002944827185
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    Trisomic analysis of a strong photoperiod-sensitivity gene E1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 301-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: gene location ; heading time ; Oryza sativa ; photoperiod sensitivity ; rice ; trisomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent genetic analyses on heading-time of rice indicated that almost all the well-adapted varieties in the temperate zone carry a strong photoperiod-sensitivity gene E1, a dominant allele of E1 locus. In order to identify the chromosome on which E1 is located, a trisomic analysis was made using two primary trisomic series originating from the japonica varieties, Nipponbare and Kinmaze, respectively. The Nipponbare and Kinmaze series were crossed with heading-time tester lines, EG0 and EG3, respectively, both of which did not carry the E1. The F2 populations for chromosome 1, 2, and 3 could not be analyzed due to lack of seed. All the other F2 populations showed distinct segregation into early-type and late-type plants caused by the E1 locus segregation, which suggested that the trisomic analysis for E1 locus could be efficiently made. Both disomic and trisomic groups in the F2 population from the cross of the trisomic line for chromosome 7 × EG0 showed a segregation ratio significantly different at the 1% level from a ratio of 1 [e1e1; early]: 3 [E1e1, E1E1; late]. This suggested that E1 was located on chromosome 7. Subsequently, the linkage analysis was made using three morphological marker genes on chromosome 7. It was recognized that E1 was linked to rfs (rolled fine strip gene) and slg (slender glume gene) with recombination values of 16.3 ± 5.88 and 9.1 ± 4.72%, respectively. From these results, it can be concluded that E1 is most likely to be located on chromosome 7.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003052400082
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    Use of somaclonal variation and in vitro selection for chilling tolerance improvement in rice (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; chilling tolerance ; in vitro selection ; rice ; somaclonal variation ; field performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Embryo-derived calli of four rice varieties cultivated at high altitude in Burundi — Facagro 57, Facagro 76, Kirundo 3 and Kirundo 9 — were submitted to different temperature regimes. The percentage of regenerating calli greatly varied depending on variety, length of culture and callus temperature treatment. The reduction of regeneration percentages induced by low temperature was more pronounced in the more sensitive varieties. Regenerated plants (R0) and their progenies in R1, R2 and R3 were cold-screened together with control plants. In all varieties, significantly higher survival rates were obtained in R3 with in vitro plants than with control plants. Such chilling tolerance improvement was not obtained following a massal selection applied during 3 successive generations onto the control plants. In vitro plants regenerated from calli cultivated either at 25 °C, either at 4 °C, were cultivated at different altitudes in Burundi during two successive generations. For most observed traits, the in vitro plants were characterized by lower means, larger variation and higher maximum values than the control plants. The most chilling-tolerant somaclonal families were most usually characterized by extensive differences in fatty acid composition, chilling-induced electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll fluorescence, compared to the varieties they derived from.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002926421430
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    Paraquat toxicity is reduced by polyamines in rice leaves (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 22 (1997), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; paraquat ; putrescine ; spermidine ; spermine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The protective effect of polyamines against paraquat (PQ) toxicity of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves was investigated. PQ treatment resulted in a higher putrescine (PUT) and lower spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) levels in rice leaves. Pretreatment with SPD and SPM, which resulted in a 10- and 20-fold increase in endogenous level of SPD and SPM, respectively, reduced PQ toxicity (30%). Limited reduction of PQ toxicity by exogenous SPD and SPM is most likely due to the fact that they are not readily transported in rice leaf cells and localized to those areas along the cut edges of detached rice leaves [4]. PUT pretreatment did not increase endogenous SPD and SPM levels and had no effect on reducing PQ toxicity. It was found that 1,10-phenanthroline, an iron chelator, treatment reduced the toxicity of PQ (35%) and increased the levels of SPD (27%). The results indicate that reduction of PQ toxicity by SPD and SPM is due to increased activities of catalase (18%) and peroxidase (40%).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005890312557
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    Inheritance of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility and breeding of photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.) through anther culture (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile rice (PSGMR) ; inheritance ; anther culture ; pollen plant ; polyploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The fertility segregations of F1, F2, BCF1 descended from crosses between PSGMR and japonica varieties, and F1's anther cultured homozygous diploid pollen plant populations (H2) were studied to reveal the genetic mechanism of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility in PSGMR under natural daylight length at Shanghai. Rate of bagged seed-setting was used as an indicator of fertility. Fifteen F1 showed complete fertility similar to their parents. The ratio of completely sterile plants to fertile plants in fifteen F2 and four BCF1 was 1:15 and 1:3, respectively. The ratio of completely sterile to fertile diploid pollen plants in nine diploid populations (H2) was 1:3. These results demonstrated that the photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility in PSGMR was governed by two pairs of independent major recessive genes. There were no significant fertility segregations in hybrids F1 and selfed F2 between Nongken 58S and its derivatives 7001S, 5088S, 5047S and M105-9S, indicating that the photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile genes in Nongken 58S were allelic to those in its derivatives. Several photoperiod sensitive genic male-sterile diploid pollen lines were bred from anther cultured homozygous diploid populations (H2) in about a three-year period. Most of these diploid lines showed significant fertility transformation and stable complete sterility from 5 August to 5 September, excellent agronomic traits and high resistance to blast and bacterial leaf blight.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002959405910
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    Inheritance of long grain rice amylograph viscosity characteristics (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; amylograph viscosity characteristics ; inheritance ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Southern United States long grain rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a unique market type characterized by intermediate amylose content, gelatinization temperature, and amylograph viscosity profile characteristics. Rice breeders sometimes use long grain germplasm with differing amylograph viscosity profiles. The inheritance of rice amylograph viscosity profiles has not been ascertained and, thus, was the objective of this study. A six parent diallel (parents plus F1 hybrids) was evaluated at Stuttgart, AR during 1994 and 1995. In 1994, 65 F2 plants from the ‘L-202’ × ‘Newrex’ and L-202 × ‘Katy’ crosses were space planted, and in 1995, the 65 F2:3 lines were planted as hill plots. The inheritance of amylograph viscosity profiles appeared to be controlled by a single locus with genes with additive effects. The results of the diallel analysis also support control by a single locus with genes with additive effects because GCA effects were significant and SCA effects nonsignificant for peak, hot paste, and cool paste viscosities. Intermediate amylose content and intermediate amylograph viscosity profiles were strongly correlated. Selection first for intermediate amylose content followed by reselection for intermediate hot paste viscosities would identify long grain genotypes with southern United States long grain cooking quality in progeny from crosses between southern United States long grain rice genotypes and softer cooking long grain genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003082930147
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    Identification of two types of differentiation in cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) detected by polymorphism of isozymes and hybrid sterility (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 94 (1997), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; Aus ; rice ; hybrid sterility ; isozomes ; varietal diversity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Magnitudes of genetic variation within each of major varietal groups of cultivated rice were surveyed in terms of isozyme polymorphism and allelic differentiation of hybrid sterility loci, both of which are considered to have litt le selective value. Allelic differences for 20 isozyme loci were examined in a total of 337 accessions, including Indica and Japonica rices. Aus cultivars from India, Javanica cultivars and both landraces and cultivars from China. Eleven out of the 20 isozyme loci were polymorphic. The Aus cultivars contained more alleles per locus than others. The hybrid sterilities in the crosses among Chinese cultivars, Indica and Japonica cultivars were mainly controlled by locus S-5, whereas the hybrid sterilities of Aus cultivars, when they were crossed to Indica, Japonica or Javanica cultivars, were found to be controlled by allelic interaction at hybrid sterility loci S-5, S-7, S-9 and S-15. Also in terms of the number of alleles at S-5 and S-7, Aus cultivars contained more alleles than others. While the Aus group showed an extreme diversity for both hybrid sterility alleles and isozymes, modern cultivars from the south of YangZi River in China were classified into Indica type and those from the north were into Japonica, which were almost the same as those in Japan. On the basis of the measured polymorphism the Indica-Japonica differentiation was explained by founder effects, i.e., through selection and distribution of two original sources each with a unique set of markers. Contrastingly, the continuous and pronounced diversity in the Aus group was attributed to the absence of such a process. The intermediate groups in Yunnan province and Tai-hu Lake region of China are considered to be isolated from such founder effects, retaining an intermediate diversity in terms of isozymes and hybrid sterility genes. Since hybrid sterility hampers the exchange of genes between cultivars of different groups, the understanding of its genetic basis will be important in rice breeding, particularly in hybrid rice breeding.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002907421839
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    Genetic analysis of semidwarf mutants induced in indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 45-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; non-allelic ; segregation ; semidwarfism ; sd1 gene ; dwarf ; mutations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mode of inheritance of five semidwarf (SD) mutants and allelic relationship with DGWG (sd1) locus was studied. The five SD mutants viz., Basmati 370 (SD1), Basmati 370 (SD2), Basmati 370 (SD3), TCA 2 (SD) and TCA P2-5 (SD) when crossed with their tall parents exhibited monogenic inheritance of 3 tall: 1 semidwarf in the F2 progenies. The SD mutants were also crossed with semidwarf varieties (DGWG and Bala) possessing sd1 gene. Crosses between Basmati 370 (SD1) × Bala, Basmati 370 (SD3) × Bala and TCA 2 (SD) × DGWG produced tall F1 hybrids and in F2 generation, modified dihybrid ratios (9 : 6 : 1 and 9 : 7) were observed indicating that the mutants Basmati 370 (SD1), Basmati 370 (SD3) and TCA 2 (SD) are non-allelic to sd1 gene. Whereas, the mutants Basmati 370 (SD2) and TCA P2-5 (SD) when crossed with Bala produced semidwarf F1 hybrids and in F2 generation, segregation for plant height was not observed indicating that these mutants are allelic to sd1 gene. The three non-allelic SD mutants identified in the present study can be used in rice breeding as alternative gene sources for semidwarfism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002970021399
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    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 84
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    RFLP mapping of isozymes, RAPD and QTLs for grain shape, brown planthopper resistance in a doubled haploid rice population (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 105-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: DNA markers ; genetic linkage map ; marker-assisted breeding ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have developed an RFLP framework map with 146 RFLP markers based on a doubled haploid population derived from a cross between an indica variety IR64 and a japonica variety Azucena. The population carries 50.2% of IR64 loci and 49.8% of Azucena loci, indicating an equal amount of genetic materials from each parent has been transmitted to the progenies through anther culture. However, some markers show segregation distortion. These distorted marker loci are located on 10 chromosomal segments. Using this map we were able to place 8 isozymes, 14 RAPDs, 12 cloned genes, 1 gene for brown planthopper (BPH) resistance, and 12 QTLs for grain length, grain width and length/width ratio onto rice chromosomes. The major gene for BPH resistance was mapped on chromosome 12 near RG463 and isozyme Sdh-1. Most of the QTLs identified for the three grain characters were closely linked on chromosomes 1, 2, 3 and 10. We concluded that the RFLP framework map presented here will be useful for mapping other genes segregating in this doubled haploid population. Thus rapid generation of doubled haploid lines and their unbiased segregation make it very attractive for gene mapping.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009683603862
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    Contrasting genetic diversity relationships are revealed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using different marker types (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 115-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: diversity ; genetic mapping ; Oryza sativa ; RAPDs ; rice ; inter-simple sequence repeats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation between samples of Oryza sativa from 19 localities in Bangladesh and Bhutan was assessed using two PCR-based molecular marker systems: RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) and ISSR-PCR (inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction). Employing RAPD, a set of 14 decanucleotides of arbitrary sequence directed the amplification of 94 reproducible marker bands, 47 (50%) of which were polymorphic. In addition, a set of 9 ISSR primers were used to direct amplification of 71 PCR products, 40 (56%) of which were polymorphic. Multivariate analyses of the two PCR-based molecular marker data sets provided evidence that the patterns of variation correspond with the classification described by Glaszmann [9] using isozyme analysis. Subtle differences in the relationships revealed between rice groups using the two types of PCR-based marker led to investigations of their map positions using an intraspecific doubled haploid mapping population. The observation that the chromosomal locations of markers can influence diversity assessments is presented and the significance of this is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009635721319
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    Inhibition of pre-penetration development of blast fungus during the infection of resistant rice cultivars (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 747-750 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Appressoria ; fungitoxicity ; Magnaporthe grisea ; Oryza sativa ; partial resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008650104357
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    Determination of potentially mineralizable nitrogen in agricultural soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 114-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Statistical methods ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; First-order kinetics ; Incubation experiment ; Model for N mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potentially mineralizable soil N was determined after incubation for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, and 30 weeks, according to the Stanford and Smith method. A first-order kinetics model was used, and a simulation study was performed using three different statistical methods to estimate potentially mineralizable N and the rate constant k. The first method was based on the maximum-likelihood approach. The second one relied on nonlinear least square data fitting. The third method was based on linear of logarithmically transformed data. The results of the simulation study suggested that the non-linear least square method was preferable to the others. This method was then applied to real data from 30 different Italian soils. The values obtained for potentially mineralizable N were, on average, 10% of total N (mean standard error=0.9). The estimated value of k was 0.050 (mean standard error=0.005). Finally, from the values obtained for k and the results of the simulation, the results indicated that significantly less reliable estimates of potentially mineralizable N were obtained by using data for up to only 22 weeks of incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336002
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    Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial Biomass ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Chloroform-fumigation extraction ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A KC of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg–1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384425
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    Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops‘ K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384453
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    Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial Biomass ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Chloroform-fumigation extraction ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A KC of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg-1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384425
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    Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops' K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
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    Disturbance effects on soil solution chemistry due to heating cable installation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 40-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Northern hardwoods ; Disturbance in soil ; Nitrogen ; Soil warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Installation of heating cables for warming soil was used to evaluate the effect of disturbance on soil solution chemistry within a northern hardwood forest (Adirondack Mountains, New York). Differences in response among treatments suggested the importance of both the depth and timing of cable installation. There were increases (p〉0.05) in many solutes within pilot study plots in which “surrogate cable” was installed at 15 cm depth. Most notably, mean nitrate concentrations for the 1st year following disturbance were 744 μeq l–1 at 15 cm depth compared to 7 μeq l–1 for the non-disturbed control. A comparison of pilot plots with 5 cm cable depth and an unheated soil-warming control plot with the same cable disturbance showed that the seasonality of soil disturbance may have a key role in response to disturbance. The soil solution response was diminished if installation occurred during the spring, a period of rapid uptake of nitrogen by vegetation. Mean nitrate concentrations were 176 μeq l–1 for 5-cm pilot plots (installed in fall 1991) versus 6 μeq l–1 for 5-cm, unheated soil-warming control plots (installed in spring 1992). Disturbance effects were attenuated over time and not generally apparent 1 year after installation.
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  • 93
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    Disturbance effects on soil solution chemistry due to heating cable installation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 40-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Northern hardwoods ; Disturbance in soil ; Nitrogen ; Soil warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Installation of heating cables for warming soil was used to evaluate the effect of disturbance on soil solution chemistry within a northern hardwood forest (Adirondack Mountains, New York). Differences in response among treatments suggested the importance of both the depth and timing of cable installation. There were increases (p〉0.05) in many solutes within pilot study plots in which “surrogate cable” was installed at 15 cm depth. Most notably, mean nitrate concentrations for the 1st year following disturbance were 744 μeq l-1 at 15 cm depth compared to 7 μeq l-1 for the non-disturbed control. A comparison of pilot plots with 5 cm cable depth and an unheated soil-warming control plot with the same cable disturbance showed that the seasonality of soil disturbance may have a key role in response to disturbance. The soil solution response was diminished if installation occurred during the spring, a period of rapid uptake of nitrogen by vegetation. Mean nitrate concentrations were 176 μeq l-1 for 5-cm pilot plots (installed in fall 1991) versus 6 μeq l-1 for 5-cm, unheated soil-warming control plots (installed in spring 1992). Disturbance effects were attenuated over time and not generally apparent 1 year after installation.
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    Effects of inoculation of cyanobacteria on nitrogen status and nutrition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in an Entisol amended with chemical and organic sources of nitrogen (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 24 (1996), S. 123-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cyanobacteria ; Soil inoculation ; N-transformation ; Inorganic N ; Easily oxidizable N ; Hydrolysable N ; Non-hydrolysable N ; Wetland rice ; Farmyard manure ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted with wetland rice (Oryza sativa cv. IR-36) in a sandy clay loam soil (Entisol) to study the effect of inoculation with a soil-based mixed culture of four diazotrophic cyanobacteria, Aulosira fertilissima, Nostoc muscorum, N. commune and Anabaena spp., on the N-flux in inorganic (NH4 ++NO3 –+ NO2 –), easily oxidizable, hydrolysable and non-hydrolysable forms of N in soil during vegetative growth periods of the crop. Effects on grain and straw yield and N uptake by the crop were estimated. The effects of applying urea N and N as organic sources, viz. Sesbania aculeata, Neem (Azardirachta indica) cake and FYM, each at the rate of 40 kg N ha–1, to the soil were also evaluated. Inoculation significantly increased the release of inorganic N, evidenced by its increased concentrations either in soil or in soil solution. However, such increases rarely exceeded even 4% of total N gained in different froms in the soil system by inoculation during the vegetative growth stages of the rice plant, when the nutritional requirement of the plants is at a maximum. Most of the N2 fixed by cyanobacteria remained in the soil as the hydrolysable form (about 85%) during this period. Inoculation caused an insignificant increase in grain (8%) and straw (11%) yield, which was, however, accompanied by a significant increase in N uptake by the grain (30%) and an increase in total uptake of 15.3 kg N ha–1. Such beneficial effects of inoculation varied in magnitude with the application of organic sources, with farmyard manure (FYM) being the most effective. Application of urea N, on the other hand, markedly reduced such an effect.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01420232
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    Release and consumption of nitrogen by snail feces in Negev Desert soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Snails ; Nitrogen ; Desert ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Respiration ; Feces ; N cycling processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Snail grazing and feces production have been shown to be major components of the nitrogen (N) budget of Negev Desert ecosystems. However, the movement of N from feces into soil N cycling processes has not been studied. In this study, we measured immediate N release from different types of snail feces following wetting of dry desert soils, and characterized potential net N mineralization and nitrification and soil respiration over a 12-day incubation under laboratory conditions. The dynamics of inorganic N exhibited two distinct phases during the 12-day incubation: (1) immediate release of inorganic N following wetting of the soil and (2) decline of inorganic N from day 1 to day 12 of the incubation. The immediate pulse of N release from this one wetting event (6–25 mg N m–2) was larger than annual atmospheric inputs of N to Negev Desert ecosystems (〈2 mg N m–2); however, from 50 to 80% of the N released upon wetting was consumed by the end of the incubation. There were differences in inorganic N release and respiration from feces from different kinds of snails, and from feces from the same species of snail fed different plants. The results suggest that while snail feces contribute significant amounts of plant available N to Negev ecosystems, plants must compete with other “sinks” for this N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335913
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    Release and consumption of nitrogen by snail feces in Negev Desert soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Snails ; Nitrogen ; Desert ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Respiration ; Feces ; N cycling processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Snail grazing and feces production have been shown to be major components of the nitrogen (N) budget of Negev Desert ecosystems. However, the movement of N from feces into soil N cycling processes has not been studied. In this study, we measured immediate N release from different types of snail feces following wetting of dry desert soils, and characterized potential net N mineralization and nitrification and soil respiration over a 12-day incubation under laboratory conditions. The dynamics of morganic N exhibited two distinct phases during the 12-day incubation: (1) immediate release of inorganic N following wetting of the soil and (2) decline of inorganic N from day 1 today 12 of the incubation. The immediate pulse of N release from this one wetting event (6–25 mg N m-2) was larger than annual atmospheric inputs of N to Negev Desert ecosystems (〈2 mg N m-2); however, from 50 to 80% of the N released upon wetting was consumed by the end of the incubation. There were differences in inorganic N release and respiration from feces from different kinds of snails, and from feces from the same species of snail fed different plants. The results suggest that while snail feces contribute significant amounts of plant available N to Negev ecosystems, plants must compete with other “sinks” for this N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335913
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of long-term open-air exposure to fluoride, nitrogen compounds and SO2 on visible symptoms, pollutant accumulation and ultrastructure of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Conifer ; Fluoride ; Nitrogen ; Sulphur dioxide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Effects of SO2, aqueous fluoride (NaF) and a solution of nitrogen compounds (NH4NO3) on the visible symptoms, pollutant accumulation and ultrastructure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied in an open-air experiment lasting for 3 consecutive years. Visible injury symptoms were most pronounced in combination exposures and whenever F was applied. Visible symptoms correlated well with needle pollutant concentrations. Exposure to NaF increased needle F contents particularly when F was applied with SO2 or NH4NO3. This suggests that a reduction in N or SO2 emissions, in F polluted areas, could improve the condition of conifers via decreased accumulation of phytotoxic F in the needles. Norway spruce needles accumulated 2 – 10 times as much S and F as those of Scots pine. Microscopic observations showed various changes in the needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. In both species, exposure to SO2 increased significantly the amount of cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggesting detoxification of excess sulphate or low pH. F treatments resulted in a significant enlargement of plastoglobuli in Scots pine and a darkening of plastoglobuli in Norway spruce. All exposures enhanced the accumulation of lipid bodies. An increased portion of translucent plastoglobuli was most pronounced in N treatments. Many of the ultrastructural changes and visible symptoms appeared only as number of years exposed increased, indicating that long-term experiments are needed. Both visible symptoms and ultrastructural changes pointed to the more pronounced sensitivity of Norway spruce compared to Scots pine. Ultrastructural results mostly supported earlier qualitative observations of F, N and SO2 effects on needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. However, no reduction of thylakoids in SO2 containing exposure or curling of thylakoids in F exposure could be detected in the present study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009644
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth rates and nutrition status of an open and a closed population of Rhododendron ferrugineum L . in the northwestern Alps (France) (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1996), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Keywords Amino-acids ; Carbohydrates ; Cell compounds ; Nitrogen ; Rhododendron ferrugineum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This study evaluates the utility of cell compounds as indicators of nutrition status of plant populations. An overview of the soluble free amino-acids, carbohydrates and P-compounds in the two year classes of leaves from Rhododendron ferrugineum populations showing variable biological performances, was drawn up using carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The results showed differences between the age of leaves and the degree of population closure. The open population, which has the smallest growth rate and net primary productivity, had generally lower levels of amino-acids but higher levels of carbohydrates and P-compounds. Neither the amounts of mineral nitrogen produced by the soils nor the total nitrogen concentrations in leaves differed significantly. Still we hypothesize that the nitrogen availability could be largely responsible for the variations observed between the populations, as phosphorus analyses showed that the two populations did not suffer significant P deficiencies. Differences in vitality of R. ferrugineum may be explained by the fact that in an open population R. ferrugineum is forced into a situation of sharing nutrients with other species while in a closed population it is the sole species to exploit a specific pool of nutrients. Finally we observed that the 13C- and 31P-NMR approach is more suitable for studying the nutrition status of plant populations under field conditions than the determination of the total amounts of different elementary nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009660
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Carbon ; Coffee pulp ; Eisenia fetida ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Vermicomposting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In Colombia, more than 1 million tons of coffee pulp are produced every year. Its transformation into compost by means of turned piles has led to a final product with poor physical and chemical characteristics and vermicomposting has been suggested as an alternative method of transforming these wastes into a useful organic fertilizer. The ability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to transform coffee pulp into a valuable compost was evaluated. The influence of bed depth and time on different C fractions, N content and availability of nutrients was studied. The results showed that the C and N contents were not affected by the depth of the bed, whereas time affected both. An increase in the fractionation ratio, determined by calculating the C in the fraction smaller than 100 μm as a percentage of C in the samples as a whole, and low values of humic-like substances were recorded during vermicomposting. After ingestion of the pulp by the earthworms, an increase in available P, Ca, and Mg but a decrease in K were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384449
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon ; Coffee pulp ; Eisenia fetida ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Vermicomposting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In Colombia, more than 1 million tons of coffee pulp are produced every year. Its transformation into compost by means of turned piles has led to a final product with poor physical and chemical characteristics and vermicomposting has been suggested as an alternative method of transforming these wastes into a useful organic fertilizer. The ability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to transform coffee pulp into a valuable compost was evaluated. The influence of bed depth and time on different C fractions, N content and availability of nutrients was studied. The results showed that the C and N contents were not affected by the depth of the bed, whereas time affected both. An increase in the fractionation ratio, determined by calculating the C in the fraction smaller than 100 μm as a percentage of C in the samples as a whole, and low values of humic-like substances were recorded during vermicomposting. After ingestion of the pulp by the earthworms, an increase in available P, Ca, and Mg but a decrease in K were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384449
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