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  • Articles  (20,103)
  • Humans  (20,062)
  • Electronic structure and strongly correlated systems
  • dispersion
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  • Articles  (20,103)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ion Trajectory Analysis Program (ITAP)
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Computer Physics Communications 64 (1991), S. 167-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 0010-4655
    Keywords: accelerators ; dispersion ; divergence ; electron ; first-order ; ion ; ion-optics ; matrix ; optimization ; paraxial ; prism ; size ; trajectories ; transport
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Computer Science , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0010-4655(91)90059-T
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A computerized technique for measuringin-situ concentrations during miscible displacements in porous media (1992)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 7 (1992), S. 127-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Miscible displacement ; dispersion ; in-situ concentration measurement ; computerized data acquisition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A technique for measurement of thein-situ concentration in an unconsolidated porous medium has been developed. The method involves measurement of electrical conductivityin-situ, under dynamic conditions, for flow involving brine of differing concentrations, at selected locations along the porous medium and relating it to the brine strength. Data acquisition and analysis is carried out using a Hewlett — Packard micro-computer and its interface. A user-friendly software was designed and developed for the system. The measurement technique was evaluated by studying the effect of brine concentration, brine flow rate, and by conducting miscible displacements experiment. The experimentally measured dispersion coefficients for the porous medium agreed closely with the value predicted by the correlation available in the literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00647393
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analytic Solution to a Problem of Seepage in a Chequer-Board Porous Massif (1997)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 28 (1997), S. 109-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: seepage ; conductivity ; double-periodic structure ; advection ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A study is made of steady two-dimensional seepage in a porous massif composed by a double-periodic system of ‘white’ and ‘black’ chequers of arbitrary conductivity. Rigorous matching of Darcy's flows in zones of different conductivity is accomplished. Using the methods of complex analysis, explicit formulae for specific discharge are derived. Stream lines, travel times, and effective conductivity are evaluated. Deflection of marked particles from the ‘natural’ direction of imposed gradient and stretching of prescribed composition of these particles enables the elucidation of the phenomena of transversal and longitudinal dispersion. A model of pure advection is related with the classical one-dimensional vective dispersion equation by selection of dispersivity which minimizes the difference between the breakthrough curves calculated from the two models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006505908858
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Waves in partially saturated porous media (1992)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 9 (1992), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Waves ; dispersion ; shock tube ; gas bubbles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The propagation of compressional waves in a porous medium is investigated in case the pore liquid contains a small volume fraction of gas. The effect of oscillating gas bubbles is taken into account by introducing a frequency-dependent fluid bulk modulus, which is incorporated in the Biot theory. Using a shock tube technique, new experimental data are obtained for a porous column subjected to a pressure step wave. An oscillatory behaviour is observed, consisting of two distinct frequency bands, which is predicted by the theoretical analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01039623
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the transient non-Fickian dispersion theory (1996)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 107-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: solute transport ; Fick's law ; dispersion ; dispersivity ; equation of motion ; non-Fickian dispersion equation ; scale effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The Fickian dispersion equation is the basic relationship used to describe the nonconvective mass flux of a solute in a porous medium. This equation prescribes a linear relationship between the dispersive mass flux and the concentration gradient. An important characteristic of the Fickian relationship is that it is independent of the history of dispersion (e.g. the time rate of change of the dispersion flux). Also, the dispersivities are supposed to be medium constants and invariant with temporal and spatial scales of observation. It is believed that in general these restrictions do not hold. A number of authors have proposed various alternative relationships. For example, differential equations have been employed that prescribe a relationship between the dispersion flux and its time and space derivatives. Also, stochastic theories result in integro-differential equations in which dispersion tensor grow asymptotically with time or distance. In this work, three different approaches, which lead to three different non-Fickian equations with a transient character, are discussed and their primary features and differences are highlighted. It is shown that an effective dispersion tensor defined in the framework of the transient non-Fickian theory, grows asymptotically with time and distance; a result which also follows from stochastic theories. Next, principles of continuum mechanics are employed to provide a solid theoretical basis for the non-Fickian transient dispersion theory. The equation of motion of a solute in a porous medium is used to provide a rigorous derivation of various dispersion relationships valid under different conditions. Under various simplifying assumptions, the generalized theory is found to agree with the conventional Fickian theory as well as several other non-Fickian relationships found in the literature. Moreover, it is shown that for nonconservative solutes, the traditional dispersion tensor is affected by the rate of mass exchange of the solute.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145268
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-dimensional adaptive Eulerian-Lagrangian method for mass transport with spatial velocity distribution (1988)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 473-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Advection ; dispersion ; particles ; characteristics ; finite-element ; continuous fluid velocity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A Eulerian-Lagrangian scheme is used to solve the two-dimensional advection-dispersion equation. Concentration and its partial differential operator are decomposed into advection and dispersion terms. Thus, advection is formally decoupled from dispersion and solved by continuous forward particle tracking. Dispersion is handled by implicit finite elements on a fixed Eulerian grid. Translation of steep gradients of concentration in advection-dominated flow regimes, is done without numerical distortion. Continuous spatial distribution of velocities are evaluated by using Galerkin's approach in conjunction with Darcy's law based on hydraulic input data from each element. The method was implemented on coarse FE grid with linear shape functions, demonstrating no over/under shooting and practically no numerical dispersion. Simulations, covering a wide range of Peclet numbers, yield high agreement with analytic and practical results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138612
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of dispersion model on the linear stability of miscible displacement in porous media (1989)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 4 (1989), S. 85-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Stability ; linear stability analysis ; miscible displacement ; aspect ratio ; mobility control ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Chang and Slattery (1986, 1988b) introduced a simplified model of dispersion that contains only two empirical parameters. The traditional model of dispersion (Nikolaevskii, 1959; Bear, 1961; Scheidegger, 1961; de Josselin de Jong and Bossen, 1961; Peaceman, 1966; Bear, 1972) has three empirical parameters, two of which can be measured in one-dimensional experiments while the third, the transverse dispersivity, must be measured in experiments in which a two-dimensional concentration profile develops. It is found that nearly the same linear stability behavior results from using either model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00134743
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of free convection on soil salinization in arid regions (1996)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 23 (1996), S. 275-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: free convection ; through flow ; vadoze zone ; salinization ; dispersion ; multigrid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Evaporation of groundwater in a region with a shallow water table and small natural replenishment causes accumulation of salts near the ground surface. Water in the upper soil layer becomes denser than in the depth. This is a potentially unstable situation which may result in convective currents. When free convection takes place, estimates of the salinity profile, salt precipitation rate, etc., obtained within the framework of a 1-D (vertical) model fail. Very simplified model of the process is proposed, in which the unsaturated zone is represented by a horizontal soil layer at a constant water saturation, and temperature changes are neglected. The purpose of the model is to obtain a rough estimate of the role of natural convection in the salinization process. A linear stability analysis of a uniform vertical flow is given, and the stability limit is determined numerically as a function of evaporation rate, salt concentration in groundwater, and porous medium dispersivity. The loss of stability corresponds to quite realistic Rayleigh numbers. The stability limit depends in nonmonotonic way on the evaporation rate. The developed convective regime was simulated numerically for a 2-D vertical domain, using finite volume element discretization and FAS multigrid solver. The dependence of the average salt concentration in the upper layer on the Rayleigh number was obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00167100
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of capillary pressure, adsorption and dispersion on chemical flood transport phenomena (1996)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 24 (1996), S. 275-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: chemical flooding ; ternary ; immiscible ; surfactant ; numerical simulation ; interfacial tension ; phase behavior ; miscibility ; capillarity ; numerical grid ; adsorption ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This is the second of two joint papers which study the influence of several physical properties on the transport phenomena in chemical flooding. To that aim, we use a previously reported ternary two-phase model into which representative physical properties have been incorporated as concentration-dependent functions. Physical properties such as phase behavior, interfacial tensions, residual saturations, relative permeabilities, phase viscosities and wettability have been analyzed in the first paper. In this paper, we discuss the influence of capillary pressure, adsorption of the chemical component onto the rock and dispersion. Although arising from different phenomenological sources, these transport mechanisms show some similar effects on concentration profiles and on oil recovery. They are studied for systems with different phase behavior. A numerical analysis is also presented in order to determine the relevance of the number of grid blocks taken in the discretization of the differential equations. This numerical analysis provides useful guidelines for the selection of the appropriate numerical grid in each type of displacement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00154094
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Saltwater transport in a heterogeneous formation: A case study (1988)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 217-256 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Salinity ; advection ; dispersion ; aquifers ; flow model ; transport model ; simulation ; sea water ; connate water ; leakage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Historical information of the hydraulic and salinity aspect, detailed geological information, and information on the physical characteristics of the different layers comprising the formation, are needed for simulating the saltwater transport process in aquifers. In most simulation studies of field situations, there is an inadequacy of data and the modeller has to make justifiable assumptions to analyze a particular situation in order to provide an insight into the problem. A quasi-three-dimensional solute transport model is used to analyze the saltwater encroachment phenomena in aquifers underlying the City of Bangkok; first by calibrating the model's performance with available historical data and then by assessing the extent of future saltwater encroachment with the implementation of the regulatory pumpage to be followed in order to restrict the alarming rate of land subsidence. Model simulation indicates a substantial reduction in the rate of encroachment of the saltwater front with a reduction of pumpage after 1987.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235330
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An adaptive domain decomposition method for simulation of transport in porous media (1988)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 549-562 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Adaptive mesh ; finite element method ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A Galerkin finite element method is used along with a self-adaptive strategy of domain discretisation to model dispersion in an axisymmetric cylindrical porous medium. A solution strategy is proposed based on the use of a Gear scheme for the time stepping and partial vectorisation of the code. The domain is highly discretised in the area of the sharp transient front, while the remainder is coarsely discretised. The area covered by the fine mesh is determined by the value of the local concentration gradients. Numerical results are presented for the one and two dimensional cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00959102
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Influence of Pore-Scale Dispersion in Nonergodic Transport in Heterogeneous Formations (1998)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 30 (1998), S. 57-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: groundwater ; nonergodic transport ; dispersion ; heterogeneous formations ; hydrogeology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Flow of an inert solute in an heterogeneous aquifer is usually considered as dominated by large-scale advection. As a consequence, the pore-scale dispersion, i.e. the pore scale mechanism acting at scales lower than that characteristic of the heterogeneous field, is usually neglected in the computation of global quantities like the solute plume spatial moments. Here the effect of pore-scale dispersion is taken into account in order to find its influence on the longitudinal asymptotic dispersivity D11we examine both the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional flow cases. In the calculations, we consider the finite size of the solute initial plume, i.e. we analyze both the ergodic and the nonergodic cases. With Pe the Péclat number, defined as Pe=Uλ/D, where U, λ, D are the mean fluid velocity, the heterogeneity characteristic length and the pore-scale dispersion coefficient respectively, we show that the infinite Péclat approximation is in most cases quite adequate, at least in the range of Péclat number usually encountered in practice (Pe 〉 102). A noteworthy exception is when the formation log-conductivity field is highly anisotropic. In this case, pore-scale may have a significant impact on D11, especially when the solute plume initial dimensions are not much larger than the heterogeneities' lengthscale. In all cases, D11 appears to be more sensitive to the pore-scale dispersive mechanisms under nonergodic conditions, i.e. for plume initial size less than about 10 log-conductivity integral scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006548529015
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Solute Transport in Stratified Media (1998)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 31 (1998), S. 133-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: transport ; solute ; flux-averaged concentration ; stratification ; conductivity ; distribution ; arrival time ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two-dimensional and steady solute transport in a stratified porous formation is analysed under assumption that the effect of pore-scale dispersion is negligible. The longitudinal dispersion produced as a result of the vertical variation of hydraulic conductivity is analysed by averaging the variability of a solute flux concentration and conductivity. The evolution of the solute flux concentration is expressed with respect to the correlated variable, that is the travel (arrival) time τ at a fixed location and the averaging procedure is constructed to satisfy the boundary condition where the inlet concentration is a known function of time. In such a statement, a velocity-averaged solute flux concentration is described by a conventional dispersion model (CDM) with a dispersion coefficient which is a function of the arrival time. It is demonstrated that such CDM satisfies the assumption that hydraulic conductivity of the layers is gamma distributed with the parameter of distribution which is chosen to represent a reasonable value of the field scale solute dispersion. The overall behaviour of the model is illustrated by several examples of two-dimensional mass transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006557032656
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comment on ‘fractal and superdiffusive transport and hydrodynamic dispersion in heterogeneous porous media’, by Muhammad Sahimi (1995)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 21 (1995), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: diffusion ; dispersion ; percolation ; fractals ; scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two fundamental questions regarding the application of percolation theory to transport in porous media are addressed. First, when ‘critical path’ arguments (based on a sufficiently wide spread of microscopic transition rates) are invoked (in analogy to the case of transport in disordered semiconductors) to justify the application of percolation theory to the determination of relevant transport properties, then for long time scales (compared to the inverse of the ‘critical’ percolation rate), the fractal structure of the ‘critical’ path is relevant to transport, but not at short time scales. These results have been demonstrated concretely in the case of disordered semiconductors, and are in direct contradiction to the claims of the review. Second, the relevance of deterministic or stochastic methods to transport has been treated heretofore by most authors as a question of practicality. But, at least under some conditions, concrete criteria distinguish between the two types of transport. Percolative (deterministic) transport is temporally reproducible and spatially inhomogeneous while diffusive (stochastic) transport is temporally irreproducible, but homogeneous, and a cross-over from stochastic to percolative transport occurs when the spread of microscopic transition rates exceeds 4–5 orders of magnitude. It is likely that such conditions are frequently encountered in soil transport. Moreover, clear evidence for deterministic transport (although not necessarily percolative) exists in such phenomena as preferential flow. On the other hand, the physical limitation of transport to (fractally connected) pore spaces within soils (analogously to transport in metal-insulator composites) can make transport diffusive on a fractal structure, rather than percolative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613755
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Fickian diffusion model for the spreading of liquid plumes infiltrating in heterogeneous media (1996)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 24 (1996), S. 1-33 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: unsaturated flow ; large-scale averaging ; dispersion ; high-resolution numerical simulations ; NAPL spills
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Infiltration of water and non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) in the vadose zone gives rise to complex two- and three-phase immiscible displacement processes. Physical and numerical experiments have shown that ever-present small-scale heterogeneities will cause a lateral broadening of the descending liquid plumes. This behavior of liquid plumes infiltrating in the vadose zone may be similar to the familiar transversal dispersion of solute plumes in single-phase flow. Noting this analogy we introduce a mathematical model for ‘phase dispersion’ in multiphase flow as a Fickian diffusion process. It is shown that the driving force for phase dispersion is the gradient of relative permeability, and that addition of a phase-dispersive term to the governing equations for multiphase flow is equivalent to an effective capillary pressure which is proportional to the logarithm of the relative permeability of the infiltrating liquid phase. The relationship between heterogeneity-induced phase dispersion and capillary and numerical dispersion effects is established. High-resolution numerical simulation experiments in heterogeneous media show that plume spreading tends to be diffusive, supporting the proposed convection-dispersion model. Finite difference discretization of the phase-dispersive flux is discussed, and an illustrative application to NAPL infiltration from a localized source is presented. It is found that a small amount of phase dispersion can completely alter the behavior of an infiltrating NAPL plume, and that neglect of phase-dispersive processes may lead to unrealistic predictions of NAPL behavior in the vadose zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175602
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A linear stability analysis for miscible displacements (1986)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 1 (1986), S. 179-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Stability ; linear stability analysis ; miscible displacement ; dispersion ; mobility control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A linear stability analysis has been performed for a miscible displacement in a semi-infinite system of finite thickness and unbounded width. A more general description of dispersion has been adopted than those used by previous workers. It is shown that, when there is a step change in concentration and the mobility ratio is unfavorable, the displacement can be unstable at the injection boundary. But, if the concentration is changed sufficiently slowly with time at the entrance to the system, the displacement is stable to infinitesimal perturbations, no matter how unfavorable the mobility ratio. When the mobility ratio is favorable, the displacement is unconditionally stable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00714691
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
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    Issues in flow and transport in heterogeneous porous media (1986)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 1 (1986), S. 319-338 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: heterogeneity ; dispersion ; saturated flow ; unsaturated flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This invited lecture enumerates various categories of flow and transport in heterogeneous media with particular reference to this Symposium. Specific attention is given to five topics within these categories. (1) We explore the compounding of spatially variable local permeability K to produce an apparent permeability K * on a scale large compared with that of variation of K. An inverse method generates and analyzes flow systems with K spatially periodic in two and three dimensions. (2) Physical arguments indicate that apparent hydraulic properties of an unsaturated composite medium may not represent any conceivable mean of the properties of the component media. (3) Conventionally, buried holes are thought to stay empty during generally unsaturated soil-water flow. The hole, however, acts as an obstacle to flow so that water may seep through it. The larger the hole the more likely this will happen. (4) Dispersion in heterogeneous porous systems with no maximum scale of variation is explored using a Lagrangian mode of analysis. (5) Comments are offered on ‘geostatistics’ and its application to heterogeneous soils and aquifers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00208041
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  • 18
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    Advective and dispersive mixing in stratified formations (1995)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 231-243 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Stratified formations ; kinematic mixing ; dispersion ; random fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The mixing process in fluid flow is presented as the bending and stretching of material lines or filaments. A mixing exponent, which quantifies their specific rate of stretching, is defined and analyzed for the case of groundwater flow though stratified formations characterized by a Gaussian autocovariance function. The analysis is performed for purely advective mixing as well as for advective-dispersive mixing. The mixing exponent was found to be proportional to the variance of hydraulic conductivity and inversely proportional to the correlation scale of hydraulic conductivity and to the pore-level dispersion coefficient.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616933
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  • 19
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    Scaling mixing during miscible displacement in heterogeneous porous media (1991)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 6 (1991), S. 607-626 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; dispersivity ; heterogenity ; miscible ; porous media ; scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses scaling of mixing during miscible flow in heterogeneous porous media. In large field systems dispersivity appears to depend on system length due to heterogeneities. Three types of scaling are discussed to investigate the heterogeneous effects. Dimensional analysis of mixing during flow through geometerically scaled heterogeneous models is illustrated using measured dispersion. Fractal analysis of mixing in statistically scaled heterogeneous porous media is discussed. Analog scaling of pressure transients in heterogeneous porous media is suggested as an in-situ method of estimating dispersion.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00137852
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  • 20
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    Modelling fluid flow in cross-bedded sections (1993)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 12 (1993), S. 143-159 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Heterogeneity ; layers ; displacement ; numerical simulation ; flow in porous media ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Beadpack experiments and numerical simulations have been carried out to study flow displacements, effluent profiles and streamline patterns for layered systems with flow not parallel to the layers. The effects of layer thickness, permeability contrast, angle of layer to flow direction, mobility ratio and flood rate have been examined. Each of these parameters influence the displacement profiles, and disperse the flood front. Such real effects must be considered when subsuming reservoir heterogeneities in average reservoir parameters in simulation studies, or interpreting core tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616977
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  • 21
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    Fractal and superdiffusive transport and hydrodynamic dispersion in heterogeneous porous media (1993)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 13 (1993), S. 3-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Diffusion ; dispersion ; percolation ; fractals ; scaling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We review and discuss diffusion and hydrodynamic dispersion in a heterogeneous porous medium. Two types of heterogeneities are considered. One is percolation disorder in which a fraction of the pores do not allow transport to take place at all. In the other type, the permeabilities of various regions of the pore space are fractally distributed with long-range correlations. Both systems give rise to unusual transport in which the mean square displacement 〈r 2(t)〉 of a particle grows nonlinearly with time. Depending on the heterogeneities and the mechanism of diffusion and disperison, we may havefractal transport in which 〈r 2〉 growsslower than linearly with time, orsuperdiffusive transport in which 〈r 2〉 growsfaster than linearly with time. We show that percolation models can give rise to both types of transport with scale-dependent transport coefficients such as diffusivity and dispersion coefficients, which are consistent with many experimental observations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613269
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  • 22
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    A theory of macrodispersion for the scale-up problem (1993)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 13 (1993), S. 97-122 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Scale up ; dispersion ; porous media ; random field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dispersion is the result, observable on large length scales, of events which are random on small length scales. When the length scale on which the randomness operates is not small, relative to the observations, then classical dispersion theory fails. The scale up problem refers to situations in which randomness occurs on all length scales, and for which classical dispersion theory necessarily fails. The purpose of this article is to present non-Fickian, theories of dispersion, which do not assume a scale separation between the randomness and the observed consequences, and which do not assume a single length scale. Porous media flow properties are heterogeneous on all length scales. The geological variation on length scales below the observational length scale can be regarded as unknown and unknowable, and thus as a random variable. We develop a systematic theory relating scaling behavior of the geological heterogeneity to the scaling behavior of the fluid dispersivity. Three qualitatively distinct regimes (Fickian, non-Fickian and nonrenormalizable) are found. The theory gives consistent answers within several distinct analytic approximations, and with numerical simulation of the equations of porous media flow. Comparison to field data is made. The use of Kriging to generate constrained ensembles for conditional simulation is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00613272
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    An experimental investigation of dispersion in layered porous media (1994)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 15 (1994), S. 15-30 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Experiment ; dispersion ; layered heterogeneity ; permeability ; averaging ; permutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were run in three linear, homogeneous, nonuniform porous media constructed in lucite columns using spherical glass beads. The columns were also joined end to end to create an in series layered heterogeneous porous media. Each column, all combinations of columns and several permutations were studied with a factorial experimental design to determine the effects of porosity, permeability, velocity, length, and column order upon dispersion. Attempts to predict the heterogeneous results from the homogeneous results were made, and a statistical regression based on the factorial design was calculated. Results showed that no simple averaging procedure accurately predicted the heterogeneous results. The statistical regression showed permeability, velocity, viscosity, length and column order to be significant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046156
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    A LGA model for dispersion in heterogeneous porous media (1994)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 17 (1994), S. 19-32 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: LGA model ; heterogeneous porous media ; miscible displacement ; dispersion ; tracer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The lattice gas automaton (LGA) model proposed in the previous paper is applied to the problem of simulating dispersion and mixing in heterogeneous porous media. We demonstrate here that tracer breakthrough profiles and longitudinal dispersion coefficients can be computed for heterogeneous porous media.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00624048
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    A stream tube model for miscible flow (1995)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 245-261 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Porous media ; miscible flow ; tracer ; dispersion ; convective flow ; stochastic ; stream tube ; continuous time random walk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A simple theoretical model is described for deriving a 1-dimensional equation for the spreading of a tracer in a steady flow at the field scale. The originality of the model is to use a stochastic appoach not in the 3-dimensional space but in the 1-D space of the stream tubes. The simplicity of calculation comes from the local relationship between permeability and velocity in a 1-D flow. The spreading of a tracer front is due to local variations in the cross-sectional area of the stream tubes, which induces randomness in travel time. The derived transport equation is averaged in the main flow direction. It differs from the standard dispersion equation. The roles of time and space variables are exchanged. This result can be explained by using the statistical theory of Continuous Time Random Walk instead of a standard Random Walk. However, the two equations are very close, since their solutions have the same first and second moments. Dispersivity is found to be equal to the product of the correlation length by the variance of the logarithm of permeability, a result similar to Gelhar's macrodispersion.
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    A stream tube model for miscible flow (1995)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 263-282 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Porous media ; dispersion ; miscible flow ; heterogeneities ; stochastic ; stream tube ; layered ; fractal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Large-scale dispersion in heterogeneous porous media is studied by using a simple model based on stochastic calculation of convective flow in a bundle of stream tubes. The advantage of this approach is that there is a local relationship between velocity and permeability in the 1-dimensional space of the stream tubes. Dispersion is due to the variation in stream tube cross-section, related to the permeability field. First, the arrival times of the tracer in the stream tubes are related to the stochastic properties of the permeability field (variance and covariance). Then, transport equations are derived from the moments of the arrival times. The results agree with more complicated studies. For a permeability field with long-range correlation, the transport equation is not unique. It depends on the assumptions involving moments higher than two. Assuming a Gaussian shape for the tracer flux leads to equations similar to the ones obtained in previous studies of time-dependent dispersivity. Without this approximation, the equation is non-local (integrodifferential) and leads to a memory effect. In the last part of this paper, the general results are illustrated with several correlation functions for the permeability field: purely random, exponential and power law covariance, and perfectly layered media.
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    Experimental investigation of solute transport in large, homogeneous and heterogeneous, saturated soil columns (1995)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 18 (1995), S. 283-302 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Solute transport experiments ; heterogeneous media ; dispersion ; scale-dependency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory tracer experiments were conducted to investigate solute transport in 12.5-m long, horizontally placed soil columns during steady saturated water flow. Two columns having cross-sectional areas of 10×10cm2 were used: a uniformly packed homogeneous sandy column and a heterogeneous column containing layered, mixed, and lenticular formations of various shapes and sizes. The heterogeneous soil column gradually changed, on average, from coarse-textured at one end to fine-textured at the other end. NaCl breakthrough curves (BTC's) in the columns were measured with electrical conductivity probes inserted at 50- or 100-cm intervals. Observed BTC's in the homogeneous sandy column were relatively smooth and sigmoidal (S-shaped), while those in the heterogeneous column were very irregular, nonsigmoidal, and exhibited extensive tailing. Effective average pore-water velocities (v eff) and dispersion coefficients (D eff) were estimated simultaneously by fitting an analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation to the observed BTC's. Velocity variations in the heterogeneous medium were found to be much larger than those in the homogeneous sand. Values of the dispersivity,α=D eff/v eff, for the homogeneous sandy column ranged from 0.1 to 5.0 cm, while those for the heterogeneous column were as high as 200cm. The dispersivity for transport in both columns increased with travel distance or travel time, thus exhibiting scale-dependency. The heterogeneous soil column also showed the effects of preferential flow, i.e., some locations in the column showed earlier solute breakthrough than several locations closer to the inlet boundary. Spatial fluctuations in the dispersivity could be explained qualitatively by the particular makeup of the heterogeneities in the column.
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    Dispersion in consolidated sandstone with radial flow (1995)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 19 (1995), S. 37-66 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; sandstone ; radial flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents some experimental and theoretical results for dispersion processes occurring in consolidated Berea sandstone with radial flow geometry. A comprehensive review of the derivation and application of several analytical solutions is also presented. The Galerkin finite element method is applied to solve the advection-dispersion equation for unidimensional radial flow. Individual and combined effects of mechanical dispersion and molecular diffusion are examined using velocity-dependent dispersion models. Comparison of simulated results with experimental data is made. The effect of flow rates is examined. The results suggest that a linear dispersion model,D=αu, whereD is the dispersion coefficient,u the velocity andα a constant, is not a good approximation despite its wide acceptance in the literature. The most suitable mathematical formulation is given by an empirical form of $$D = D_0 + \mathop \alpha \limits^` u^m$$ , whereD ois the molecular diffusion coefficient. For the range of Péclet number (Pe=vd/D m,wherev is the characteristic velocity,d the characteristic length andD mthe molecular diffusion coefficient in porous media) examined (Pe=0.5 to 285), a power constant ofm=1.2 is obtained which agrees with the value reported by some other workers for the same regime. From the results of experiments and numerical modelling, the effect of mobility ratios (defined as the ration of viscosities of displaced and displacing fluids) on dispersion is found to be negligible, provided that the ratio is favourable.
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    Dispersion and Attenuation of Surface Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Medium (1997)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 29 (1997), S. 207-223 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; attenuation ; surface waves ; Rayleigh wave ; Love wave
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An investigation is conducted of propagation of surface waves in a porous medium consisting of a microscopically incompressible solid skeleton in which a microscopically incompressible liquid flows within the interconnected pores, and particularly the case where the solid skeleton deforms linear elastically. The frequency equations of Rayleigh- and Love-type waves are derived relating the dependence of wave numbers, being complex quantities, on frequency, as a result those waves are dispersive as well as inhomogeneous. Nevertheless, the amplitudes of both surface waves attenuate along the surface of the porous medium, whereas they decay exponentially receding from the surface of the medium.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006590119031
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    Experiments on Solute Transport in Aggregated Porous Media: Are Diffusions Within Aggregates and Hydrodynamic Dispersion Independent? (1997)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 29 (1997), S. 281-307 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: solute transport ; nonequilibrium ; heterogeneous porous media ; dispersion ; diffusion ; experiments ; modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Two region models for solute transport in porous media assume that hydrodynamic dispersion in mobile water and solute diffusion within immobile water regions are independent. Experimental and theoretical results for transport through a macropore indicate that hydrodynamic dispersion and solute exchange are interdependent. Experiments were carried out to investigate this problem for a column packed with spherical porous aggregates. The effective diffusion coefficient of a tracer within the agreggates was determined from specific experiments. The dispersivity of the bed was determined from experiments carried out with a column filled with nonporous beads. We took advantage of the dependence of hydrodynamic dispersion on density ratios between the invading and displaced solutions to obtain a set of breakthrough curves corresponding to situations where the diffusion coefficient remains constant, whereas the dispersivity varies. Simulations reproduce correctly the experiments. Small discrepancies are noted that can be corrected either by increasing the dispersion coefficient or by fitting the external mass transfer coefficient. Increased dispersion coefficients probably reveal a modification of Taylor dispersion due to solute exchange. The fitted external mass transfer coefficients are close to the values obtained with classical correlations of the chemical engineering literature.
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    Stability of vertical miscible displacements with developing density and viscosity gradients (1988)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 277-297 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Stability ; linear stability analysis ; miscible displacement ; aspect ratio ; mobility control ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Viscous fingering and gravity tonguing are the consequences of an unstable miscible displacement. Chang and Slattery (1986) performed a linear stability analysis for a miscible displacement considering only the effect of viscosity. Here the effect of gravity is included as well for either a step change or a graduated change in concentration at the injection face during a downward, vertical displacement. If both the mobility ratio and the density ratio are favorable (the viscosity of the displacing fluid is greater than the viscosity of the displaced fluid and, for a downward vertical displacement, the density of the displacing fluid is less than the density of the displaced fluid), the displacement will be stable. If either the mobility ratio or the density ratio is unfavorable, instabilities can form at the injection boundary as the result of infinitesimal perturbations. But if the concentration is changed sufficiently slowly with time at the entrance to the system, the displacement can be stabilized, even if both the mobility ratio and the density ratio are unfavorable. A displacement is more likely to be stable as the aspect ratio (ratio of thickness to width, which is assumed to be less than one) is increased. Commonly the laboratory tests supporting a field trial use nearly the same fluids, porous media, and displacement rates as the field trial they are intended to support. For the laboratory test, the aspect ratio may be the order of one; for the field trial, it may be two orders of magnitude smaller. This means that a laboratory test could indicate that a displacement was stable, while an unstable displacement may be observed in the field.
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    An analysis of the viability of polymer flooding as an enhanced oil recovery technology (1988)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 3 (1988), S. 591-618 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: Polymer flooding ; viscous fingering ; multiphase flow ; dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The concept of improving oil recovery through polymer flooding is analysed. It is shown that while the injection of a polymer solution improves reservoir conformance, this beneficial effect ceases as soon as one attempts to push the polymer solution with water. Once water injection begins, the water quickly passes through the polymer creating a path along which all future injected water flows. Thus, the volume of the polymer slug is important to the process and an efficient recovery would require that the vast majority of the reservoir be flooded by polymer. It is also shown that the concept of grading a polymer slug to match the mobilities of the fluids at the leading and trailing edges of a polymer slug does not work in a petroleum reservoir. While this process can supply some additional stability to the slug, it is shown that for the purposes of enhanced oil recovery this additional stability is not great enough to be of any practical use. It is found that in this case the instability has simply been hidden in the interior of the slug and causes the same sort of instability to occur as was the case for the uniform slug.
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    Tracer Dispersion in Rough Open Cracks (1998)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 32 (1998), S. 97-116 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; anomalous diffusion ; Taylor dispersion ; roughness ; self-affine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Tracer dispersion is studied in an open crack where the two rough crack faces have been translated with respect to each other. The different dispersion regimes encountered in rough-wall Hele-Shaw cell are first introduced, and the geometric dispersion regime in the case of self-affine crack surfaces is treated in detail through perturbation analysis. It is shown that a line of tracer is progressively wrinkled into a self-affine curve with an exponent equal to that of the crack surface. This leads to a global dispersion coefficient which depends on the distance from the tracer inlet, but which is still proportional to the mean advection velocity. Besides, the tracer front is subjected to a local dispersion (as could be revealed by point measurements or echo experiments) very different from the global one. The expression of this anomalous local dispersion coefficient is also obtained.
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    Automaton Simulations of Dispersion in Porous Media (1998)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 32 (1998), S. 187-198 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: diffusion ; dispersion ; miscible ; automaton
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A thermodynamic lattice gas (automaton) model is used to simulate dispersion in porous media. Simulations are constructed at two distinctly different scales, the pore scale at which capillary models are constructed and large scale or Darcy scale at which probabilistic collision rules are introduced. Both models allow for macroscopic (pore scale) phase separation. The pore scale models clearly show the effect of pore structure on dispersion. The large scale (mega scale) simulations indicate that when the pressure difference between the displacing phase and displaced phase is properly chosen (representing the average pressure gradient between the phases). The simulation results are consistent with both theoretical predictions and experimental observations.
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    Stochastic-Perturbation Analysis of a One-Dimensional Dispersion-Reaction Equation: Effects of Spatially-Varying Reaction Rates (1998)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 32 (1998), S. 139-161 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; reaction ; perturbation theory ; stochastic modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We carry out a stochastic-perturbation analysis of a one-dimensional convection–dispersion-reaction equation for reversible first-order reactions. The Damköhler number, Da, is distributed randomly from a distribution that has an exponentially decaying correlation function, controlled by a correlation length, ξ. Zeroth- and first-order approximations of the dispersion coefficient, D are computed from moments of the residence-time distribution obtained by solving a one-dimensional network model, in which each unit of the network represents a Darcy-level transport unit, and the solution of the transfer function in zeroth- and first-order approximations of the transport equation. In the zeroth-order approximation, the dispersion coefficient is calculated using the convection–dispersion-reaction equation with constant parameters, that is, perturbation corrections to the local equation are ignored. This zeroth-order dispersion coefficient is a linear function of the variance of the Damköhler number, 〈(ΔDa)2〉. A similar result was reported in a two-dimensional network simulation. The zeroth-order approximation does not give accurate predictions of mixing or spreading of a plume when Damköhler numbers, Da ≪ 1 and its variance, 〈(ΔDa)2〉 〉 0.25 〈Da2〉. On the other hand, the first-order theory leads to a dispersion coefficient that is independent of the reaction parameters and to equations that do accurately predict mixing and spreading for Damköhler numbers and variances in the range √〈(ΔDa)2〉/〈Da〉≤0.3
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    On the Modelling of Generalized Taylor–Aris Dispersion in Chromatographs via Multiple Scales Expansions (1999)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 36 (1999), S. 307-339 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: dispersion ; chromatography ; porous media ; adsorption ; homogenization ; multiple scales expansions.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper is devoted to the computation of effective equations for the transport of a solute in a chromatograph. We focus our attention on models that retain dispersion effects. A chromatograph is a biporous periodic heterogeneous medium, made up of macropores, and of small porous adsorbing crystals that have a retention effect on the solute. We use the method of multiple scales expansions. Various macroscopic behaviours appear, according to the respective orders of magnitude of the dimensionless characteristic parameters: Peclet number in the macropores, ratio of the characteristic time of diffusion in the macropores to the characteristic time of diffusion in the crystals, adsorption coefficient. Dispersion occurs for a Peclet number of order ε−1. We then discuss the effective behaviour of the solute, with respect to the orders of magnitude of the other characteristic parameters. To our knowledge, most of the models are new. Our modelling is not restricted to chromatographs. It applies to various situations of physic and chemical engineering: fixed bed reactors, catalytic cracking, ground water for instance.
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    Experimental Investigation of Mixing in Aperiodic Heterogeneous Porous Media: Comparison with Stochastic Transport Theory (1999)
    Springer
    Transport in porous media 37 (1999), S. 169-182 
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    ISSN: 1573-1634
    Keywords: experiment ; aperiodic heterogeneity ; dispersion ; stochastic modeling.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An electrochemical technique was used to measure concentration distributions in an aperiodic heterogeneous model for comparison with a stochastic transport theory. Four identical columns, each filled with a homogeneous distribution of glass beads, were threaded together to create a single model with aperiodic heterogeneity. The layers in the model were arranged in different ways providing 24 realizations of the permeability distribution. Comparisons between experimental moment data and moments of simulated mean concentration distributions showed that the model was not able to accurately predict experimentally observed mixing behavior.
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    Influence of the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system on the energetically optimum breathing frequency (1993)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 21 (1993), S. 489-499 
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    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Work of breathing ; Inspiratory pressure-time integral ; Respiratory modeling ; Dogs ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We hypothesized that the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system should have significant implications for the energetically optimal frequency of breathing, in view of the fact that these properties cause marked dependencies of overall system resistance and elastance on frequency. To test our hypothesis we simulated two models of canine and human respiratory system mechanics during sinusoidal breathing and calculated the inspiratory work ( $$\dot W$$ ) and pressure-time integral (PTI) per minute under both resting and exercise conditions. The two models were a two-compartment viscoelastic model and a single-compartment model. Requiring minute alveolar ventilation to be fixed, we found that both models predicted almost identical optimum breathing frequencies. The calculated PTI was very insensitive to increases in breathing frequency above the optimal frequencies, while $$\dot W$$ was found to increase slowly with frequency above its optimum. In contrast, both $$\dot W$$ and PTI increased sharply as frequency decreased below their respective optima. A sensitivity analysis showed that the model predictions were very insensitive to the elastance and resistance values chosen to characterize tissue viscoelasticity. We conclude that the $$\dot W$$ criterion for choosing the frequency of breathing is compatible with observations in nature, whereas the optimal frequency predictions of the PTI are rather too high. Both criteria allow for a fairly wide margin of choice in frequency above the optimum values without incurring excessive additional energy expenditure. Furthermore, contrary to our expectations, the viscoelastic properties of the respiratory system tissues do not pose a noticeable problem to the respiratory controller in terms of energy expenditure.
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    The multiple-scale averaging and dynamics of dispersion-managed optical solitons (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of engineering mathematics 36 (1999), S. 163-184 
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    ISSN: 1573-2703
    Keywords: fiber optics ; nonlinear Schrödinger equation ; multiple scales ; dispersion ; solitons.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Multiple-scale averaging is applied to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with rapidly varying coefficients, and use the results to analyze pulse propagation in an optical fiber when a periodic dispersion map is employed. The effects of fiber loss and repeated amplification are taken into account by use of a coordinate transformation to relate the pulse dynamics in lossy fibers to that in equivalent lossless fibers. Second-order averaging leads to a general evolution equation that is applicable to both return-to-zero (soliton) and non-return-to-zero encoding schemes. The resulting equation is then applied to the specific case of solitons, and an asymptotic theory for the pulse dynamics is developed. Based upon the theory, a simple and effective design of two-step dispersion maps that are advantageous for wavelength-division-multiplexed soliton transmission is proposed. Theuse of these specifically designed dispersion maps allows simultaneous minimization of dispersive radiation in several different channels.
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    Adaptive two-step methods for semidiscretized wave equations (1995)
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 38 (1995), S. 3855-3887 
    Details
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Adaptive two-step methods ; periodicity ; dispersion ; dissipation ; P-stability ; Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Adaptive two-step direct integration methods are constructed for the integration of second-order semidiscrete evolution equations possessing oscillatory solutions. The methods are based on a class of adaptive multistep methods for a semilinear test model whose frequency is known. They are constructed following the notion of diagonally implicit RK-methods by using efficient rational approximations to cos v, v ≥ 0. Our interest is centered on the dispersion (or phase errors) of the dominant components in the numerical oscillations when these methods are applied to a linear homogeneous test model. Two-step methods which have high order of dispersion (up to 12), whereas the algebraic order is relatively low (2 or 4), are derived. Applications of these methods to linear as well as non-linear test models and to semidiscretized hyperbolic equations reveal a good behaviour with regard to error propagation when they are compared with other conventional methods.
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    The influence of particle size distribution and operating conditions on the adsorption performance in fluidized beds (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 55 (1997), S. 54-64 
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    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: fluidized-bed adsorption ; dispersion ; particle diameter ; bed height ; frontal adsorption ; mass transport ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The influence of matrix properties and operating conditions on the performance in fluidized-bed adsorption has been studied using Streamline diethyl-aminoethyl (DEAE), an ion exchange matrix based on quartz-weighted agarose, and bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein. Three different particle size fractions (120-160 μm, 120-300 μm, and 250-300 μm) were investigated. Dispersion in the liquid phase was reduced when particles with a wide size distribution were fluidized compared to narrow particle size distributions. When the mean particle diameter was reduced, the breakthrough capacities during frontal adsorption were enlarged due to a shorter diffusion path length within the matrix. At small particle diameters the effect of film mass transfer became more relevant to the adsorption performance in comparison to larger particles. Therefore matrices designed for fluidized-bed adsorption should have small particle diameter and increased mean particle density to ensure small diffusion path length in the particle and a high interstitial velocity to improve film mass transfer. Studies on the influence of sedimented matrix height on axial mixing showed an increased Bodenstein number with increasing bed length. Higher breakthrough capacities were also found for longer adsorbent beds due to reduced dispersion and improved fluid and particle side mass transfer. With increasing bed height the influence of flow rate on breakthrough capacity was reduced. For a settled bed height of 50 cm breakthrough capacities of 80% of the equilibrium capacity for flow rates varying from 3 to 9 cm/min could be achieved. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 55: 54-64, 1997.
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    Longitudinal Dispersion in a Steady Adiabatic Tubular Reactor (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 47 (1975), S. 729-729 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Adiabatic ; tubular reactor ; temperature ; concentration ; perturbation ; dispersion ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330471713
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    HIV-1 diversity and vaccine development (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nabel, Gary -- Makgoba, William -- Esparza, Jose -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2335.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12090274" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/immunology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Developing Countries ; *Genetic Variation ; HIV Antibodies/immunology ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/immunology/prevention & control ; HIV-1/*genetics/*immunology ; Humans
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The development of electroporation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heller, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 11;295(5553):277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11789539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Electroporation ; Genetic Therapy/*methods ; Humans ; Transfection/*methods
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cancer. BRCA2 enters the fray (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilson, John H -- Elledge, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1822-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228708" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; BRCA1 Protein/metabolism ; BRCA2 Protein/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Female ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genes, BRCA2 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Mice ; Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Rad51 Recombinase ; Rats ; Recombination, Genetic ; Replication Protein A
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetics. Please don't call it cloning! (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vogelstein, Bert -- Alberts, Bruce -- Shine, Kenneth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1237.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. vogelbe@welch.jhu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bioethical Issues ; Cell Line ; *Cloning, Organism/legislation & jurisprudence ; Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; *Nuclear Transfer Techniques ; *Stem Cells ; *Terminology as Topic ; United States
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    Transcription. Unlocking the gates to gene expression (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fry, Christopher J -- Peterson, Craig L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 8;295(5561):1847-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. craig.peterson@umassmed.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11884741" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Acetyltransferases/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Chromatin/chemistry/*metabolism ; Enterocytes/cytology/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Fungal ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histones/metabolism ; Humans ; Interferon-beta/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Nucleosomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA Polymerase II/metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; alpha 1-Antitrypsin/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Lab v. field: the case for studying real-life bugs (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, Martin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):92-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Anopheles/genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Behavior, Animal ; Biological Evolution ; *Culicidae/genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Ecology ; Genetics, Population ; Genome ; Humans ; *Insect Vectors/genetics/parasitology/physiology ; Malaria/prevention & control/transmission ; Molecular Biology ; Mosquito Control ; Plasmodium/physiology ; *Research ; Research Support as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genomics. Gene duplication and evolution (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lynch, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):945-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. mlynch@bio.indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169715" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; *Gene Duplication ; Gene Rearrangement ; Gene Silencing ; *Genes, Duplicate ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Visualization and functional analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lattices (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: Positive-strand RNA viruses such as poliovirus replicate their genomes on intracellular membranes of their eukaryotic hosts. Electron microscopy has revealed that purified poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase forms planar and tubular oligomeric arrays. The structural integrity of these arrays correlates with cooperative RNA binding and RNA elongation and is sensitive to mutations that disrupt intermolecular contacts predicted by the polymerase structure. Membranous vesicles isolated from poliovirus-infected cells contain structures consistent with the presence of two-dimensional polymerase arrays on their surfaces during infection. Therefore, host cytoplasmic membranes may function as physical foundations for two-dimensional polymerase arrays, conferring the advantages of surface catalysis to viral RNA replication.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lyle, John M -- Bullitt, Esther -- Bienz, Kurt -- Kirkegaard, Karla -- AI-42119/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2218-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077417" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Inclusion Bodies, Viral/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Poliovirus/*enzymology/physiology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Quaternary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA Replicase/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; RNA, Viral/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Viral Core Proteins/metabolism ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Chemical synthesis of poliovirus cDNA: generation of infectious virus in the absence of natural template (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: Full-length poliovirus complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized by assembling oligonucleotides of plus and minus strand polarity. The synthetic poliovirus cDNA was transcribed by RNA polymerase into viral RNA, which translated and replicated in a cell-free extract, resulting in the de novo synthesis of infectious poliovirus. Experiments in tissue culture using neutralizing antibodies and CD155 receptor-specific antibodies and neurovirulence tests in CD155 transgenic mice confirmed that the synthetic virus had biochemical and pathogenic characteristics of poliovirus. Our results show that it is possible to synthesize an infectious agent by in vitro chemical-biochemical means solely by following instructions from a written sequence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cello, Jeronimo -- Paul, Aniko V -- Wimmer, Eckard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1016-8. Epub 2002 Jul 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5222, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology ; Capsid/metabolism ; Cell-Free System ; DNA, Complementary/*chemical synthesis/genetics ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/genetics ; Female ; *Genome, Viral ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Male ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neutralization Tests ; Poliomyelitis/virology ; *Poliovirus/genetics/immunology/pathogenicity/physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Viral/*chemical synthesis/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Virus/genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Viral Plaque Assay ; Viral Proteins ; Virulence ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. NASA's new road to faster, cheaper, better exploration (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 15;298(5597):1320-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humans ; *Planets ; Research Personnel ; Research Support as Topic ; Solar System ; Space Flight/*economics/*organization & administration/trends ; Spacecraft ; United States ; United States National Aeronautics and Space ; Administration/*economics/*organization & administration/trends
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Stem cells. Setting standards for human embryonic stem cells (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brivanlou, Ali H -- Gage, Fred H -- Jaenisch, Rudolf -- Jessell, Thomas -- Melton, Douglas -- Rossant, Janet -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 9;300(5621):913-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA. brvnlou@rockefeller.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12738841" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Cell Culture Techniques/methods ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; *Cell Line ; Culture Media ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Databases, Factual ; *Embryo Research ; Embryo, Mammalian/*cytology ; Humans ; Quality Control ; Registries ; Research/standards ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cell Transplantation ; *Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Transfection
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Construction and analysis of a human-chimpanzee comparative clone map (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: The recently released human genome sequences provide us with reference data to conduct comparative genomic research on primates, which will be important to understand what genetic information makes us human. Here we present a first-generation human-chimpanzee comparative genome map and its initial analysis. The map was constructed through paired alignment of 77,461 chimpanzee bacterial artificial chromosome end sequences with publicly available human genome sequences. We detected candidate positions, including two clusters on human chromosome 21 that suggest large, nonrandom regions of difference between the two genomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fujiyama, Asao -- Watanabe, Hidemi -- Toyoda, Atsushi -- Taylor, Todd D -- Itoh, Takehiko -- Tsai, Shih-Feng -- Park, Hong-Seog -- Yaspo, Marie-Laure -- Lehrach, Hans -- Chen, Zhu -- Fu, Gang -- Saitou, Naruya -- Osoegawa, Kazutoyo -- de Jong, Pieter J -- Suto, Yumiko -- Hattori, Masahira -- Sakaki, Yoshiyuki -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):131-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan. afujiyam@gsc.riken.go.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Contig Mapping ; Female ; Gene Library ; *Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Male ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; *Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; X Chromosome/genetics ; Y Chromosome/genetics
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    Disrupted timing of discontinuous but not continuous movements by cerebellar lesions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: Patients with cerebellar damage are known to exhibit deficits in the temporal control of movements. We report that these deficits are restricted to discontinuous movements. Cerebellar patients exhibited no deficit in temporal variability when producing continuous, rhythmic movements. We hypothesize that the temporal properties of continuous movements are emergent and reflect the operation of other control parameters not associated with the cerebellum. In contrast, discontinuous movements require an explicit representation of the temporal goal, a function of the cerebellum. The requirement for explicit temporal representation provides a parsimonious account of cerebellar involvement in a range of tasks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spencer, Rebecca M C -- Zelaznik, Howard N -- Diedrichsen, Jorn -- Ivry, Richard B -- NS17778/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30256/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS40813/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 3210 Tolman Hall #1650, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rspencer@socrates.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775842" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cerebellar Diseases/*physiopathology ; Cerebellum/physiology/*physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Motor Activity ; Movement ; *Psychomotor Performance ; Spinocerebellar Degenerations/*physiopathology ; Time Factors
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    Altered peptide ligands and MS treatment (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Conlon, Paul -- Steinman, Lawrence -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1801-2; author reply 1801-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12053936" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Clinical Trials as Topic ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Ligands ; Multicenter Studies as Topic ; Multiple Sclerosis/*drug therapy ; Peptide Fragments/*adverse effects/*therapeutic use
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    Obesity drug pipeline not so fat (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gura, Trisha -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 7;299(5608):849-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12574616" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agouti-Related Protein ; Animals ; Anti-Obesity Agents/adverse effects/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Appetite/drug effects ; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus/metabolism ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor/therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Cyclobutanes/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Energy Intake ; Ghrelin ; Humans ; Hunger/drug effects ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lactones/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Leptin/metabolism/therapeutic use ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neuropeptide Y/metabolism/pharmacology ; Obesity/*drug therapy/metabolism ; Peptide Fragments ; Peptide Hormones/metabolism/pharmacology ; Peptide YY/metabolism/pharmacology ; Phentermine/adverse effects/therapeutic use ; Proteins/metabolism ; Receptors, Corticotropin/metabolism ; Receptors, Melanocortin ; Weight Loss ; alpha-MSH/metabolism
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    Portraits of science. Logic, learning, and experimental medicine (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nutton, Vivian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 1;295(5556):800-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine, University College London, Euston House, 24 Eversholt Street, London NW1 1AD, UK. v.nutton@ucl.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11823624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anatomy/history ; Anatomy, Comparative/history ; Animals ; Education, Medical/history ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Logic ; Philosophy, Medical/*history ; Physician's Role ; Research/*history ; Rome ; Turkey
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    Ecology. Soil fertility and hunger in Africa (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sanchez, Pedro A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2019-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Center for Research in Agroforestry, Post Office Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. P.sanchez@cgiar.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Agriculture/*methods ; Biomass ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; *Food Supply ; Forestry ; Humans ; Hunger ; Nitrogen ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Phosphates ; Plant Development ; Public Policy ; *Soil ; Trees/growth & development ; United Nations ; Zea mays/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Infectious disease. Another disease blights families in Siberia's far north (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):644.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pedigree ; Siberia/epidemiology ; Spinocerebellar Ataxias/*epidemiology/*genetics ; *Trinucleotide Repeats
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    Inflammatory arthritis. How immune system gangs up on joints (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Beckman, Mary -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 6;297(5587):1626-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12215618" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis/*immunology ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Humans ; Joints/*immunology ; Mast Cells/immunology ; Mice
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    Stromal effects on mammary gland development and breast cancer (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: Breast cancer manifests itself in the mammary epithelium, yet there is a growing recognition that mammary stromal cells also play an important role in tumorigenesis. During its developmental cycle, the mammary gland displays many of the properties associated with breast cancer, and many of the stromal factors necessary for mammary development also promote or protect against breast cancer. Here we review our present knowledge of the specific factors and cell types that contribute to epithelial-stromal crosstalk during mammary development. To find cures for diseases like breast cancer that rely on epithelial-stromal crosstalk, we must understand how these different cell types communicate with each other.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788989/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2788989/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wiseman, Bryony S -- Werb, Zena -- CA57621/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA057621/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA057621-07/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1046-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anatomy, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/cytology/physiology ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Breast/cytology/embryology/*growth & development/physiology ; Breast Neoplasms/pathology/*physiopathology ; Cell Communication ; Epithelial Cells/physiology ; Extracellular Matrix/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology/embryology/*growth & development/physiology ; Mammary Neoplasms, Animal/pathology/*physiopathology ; Morphogenesis ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pregnancy ; Signal Transduction ; Stromal Cells/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Infectious disease. A many-headed medusa (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):643.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976424" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acute Disease ; Brain/*pathology ; Chronic Disease ; Encephalomyelitis/*pathology/*physiopathology ; Humans
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evolutionary discrimination of mammalian conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs) (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: Analysis of the human and mouse genomes identified an abundance of conserved non-genic sequences (CNGs). The significance and evolutionary depth of their conservation remain unanswered. We have quantified levels and patterns of conservation of 191 CNGs of human chromosome 21 in 14 mammalian species. We found that CNGs are significantly more conserved than protein-coding genes and noncoding RNAS (ncRNAs) within the mammalian class from primates to monotremes to marsupials. The pattern of substitutions in CNGs differed from that seen in protein-coding and ncRNA genes and resembled that of protein-binding regions. About 0.3% to 1% of the human genome corresponds to a previously unknown class of extremely constrained CNGs shared among mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dermitzakis, Emmanouil T -- Reymond, Alexandre -- Scamuffa, Nathalie -- Ucla, Catherine -- Kirkness, Ewen -- Rossier, Colette -- Antonarakis, Stylianos E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1033-5. Epub 2003 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Medical Genetics and National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR) Frontiers in Genetics, University of Geneva Medical School and University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Emmanouil.Dermitzakis@medecine.unige.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526086" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; *Conserved Sequence ; DNA, Intergenic/*genetics ; Discriminant Analysis ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genetic Code ; Genome ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Selection, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Time ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Generation of an LFA-1 antagonist by the transfer of the ICAM-1 immunoregulatory epitope to a small molecule (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-09
    Description: The protein-protein interaction between leukocyte functional antigen-1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) is critical to lymphocyte and immune system function. Here, we report on the transfer of the contiguous, nonlinear epitope of ICAM-1, responsible for its association with LFA-1, to a small-molecule framework. These LFA-1 antagonists bound LFA-1, blocked binding of ICAM-1, and inhibited a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) with potency significantly greater than that of cyclosporine A. Furthermore, in comparison to an antibody to LFA-1, they exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. These results demonstrate the utility of small-molecule mimics of nonlinear protein epitopes and the protein epitopes themselves as leads in the identification of novel pharmaceutical agents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gadek, T R -- Burdick, D J -- McDowell, R S -- Stanley, M S -- Marsters, J C Jr -- Paris, K J -- Oare, D A -- Reynolds, M E -- Ladner, C -- Zioncheck, K A -- Lee, W P -- Gribling, P -- Dennis, M S -- Skelton, N J -- Tumas, D B -- Clark, K R -- Keating, S M -- Beresini, M H -- Tilley, J W -- Presta, L G -- Bodary, S C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1086-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Genentech, One DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. trg@gene.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834839" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemical ; synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cyclosporine/pharmacology ; Dermatitis, Irritant/drug therapy ; Dinitrofluorobenzene ; Drug Design ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epitopes ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin Fab Fragments/immunology/pharmacology ; Immunosuppressive Agents/chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/chemistry/*immunology/*metabolism ; Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed ; Lymphocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/immunology/*metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Mimicry ; Mutagenesis ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Thiophenes/*chemical synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; beta-Alanine/analogs & derivatives/*chemical ; synthesis/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology
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    Infectious disease. Siberia's deadly stalker emerges from the shadows (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):642-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Antibodies, Viral/analysis ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/virology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Encephalitis, Herpes Simplex/epidemiology ; Encephalomyelitis/ethnology/*etiology/pathology/virology ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Herpesviridae/immunology/isolation & purification ; Herpesviridae Infections/ethnology/pathology/virology ; Humans ; Male ; Population Surveillance ; Rural Health ; Siberia/epidemiology ; Virus Diseases/ethnology/pathology/virology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetics. Toward a new vocabulary of human genetic variation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2271140/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2271140/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sankar, Pamela -- Cho, Mildred K -- R01 HG002189/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002189-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002189-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HGO 2189-02/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 15;298(5597):1337-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Bioethics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3308, USA. sankarp@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12434037" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Continental Population Groups/*genetics ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Medical ; Humans ; Terminology as Topic
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    Genetics. FDA races in wrong direction (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: Despite recent genetic evidence and the promise of individualized medicine, there is a continuing interest in using self-identified categories of race and ethnicity as variables in scientific and medical research. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently proposed a standardized approach for the collection of race and ethnicity data in clinical trials. We believe that this move fails to acknowledge new scientific data and recommend that relevant data from individuals be collected and used rather than broad group statistics. We also encourage that increased funding be committed to this important issue.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haga, Susanne B -- Venter, J Craig -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):466.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for the Advancement of Genomics, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881555" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Clinical Trials as Topic ; *Continental Population Groups/genetics ; *Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Gene Frequency ; Genetic Variation ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans ; Pharmacogenetics ; United States ; *United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Common structure of soluble amyloid oligomers implies common mechanism of pathogenesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: Soluble oligomers are common to most amyloids and may represent the primary toxic species of amyloids, like the Abeta peptide in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we show that all of the soluble oligomers tested display a common conformation-dependent structure that is unique to soluble oligomers regardless of sequence. The in vitro toxicity of soluble oligomers is inhibited by oligomer-specific antibody. Soluble oligomers have a unique distribution in human AD brain that is distinct from fibrillar amyloid. These results indicate that different types of soluble amyloid oligomers have a common structure and suggest they share a common mechanism of toxicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kayed, Rakez -- Head, Elizabeth -- Thompson, Jennifer L -- McIntire, Theresa M -- Milton, Saskia C -- Cotman, Carl W -- Glabe, Charles G -- AG00538/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- AG16573/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- NS31230/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):486-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702875" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology ; Amyloid/chemistry/toxicity ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/analysis/*chemistry/immunology/toxicity ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Antibody Specificity ; Biopolymers/analysis/chemistry/toxicity ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Chemistry ; Cell Survival ; Humans ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Microscopy, Electron ; Molecular Mimicry ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/chemistry ; Peptide Fragments/chemistry/immunology ; Protein Conformation ; Rabbits ; Solubility ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Recent segmental duplications in the human genome (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-10
    Description: Primate-specific segmental duplications are considered important in human disease and evolution. The inability to distinguish between allelic and duplication sequence overlap has hampered their characterization as well as assembly and annotation of our genome. We developed a method whereby each public sequence is analyzed at the clone level for overrepresentation within a whole-genome shotgun sequence. This test has the ability to detect duplications larger than 15 kilobases irrespective of copy number, location, or high sequence similarity. We mapped 169 large regions flanked by highly similar duplications. Twenty-four of these hot spots of genomic instability have been associated with genetic disease. Our analysis indicates a highly nonrandom chromosomal and genic distribution of recent segmental duplications, with a likely role in expanding protein diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bailey, Jeffrey A -- Gu, Zhiping -- Clark, Royden A -- Reinert, Knut -- Samonte, Rhea V -- Schwartz, Stuart -- Adams, Mark D -- Myers, Eugene W -- Li, Peter W -- Eichler, Evan E -- CA094816/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM58815/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG002318/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 9;297(5583):1003-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Center for Computational Genomics, and Center for Human Genetics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12169732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Base Sequence ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Databases, Nucleic Acid ; Exons ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Duplication ; Gene Rearrangement ; *Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; *Genome, Human ; Humans ; Models, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteome ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Alignment
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    Adult-onset primary open-angle glaucoma caused by mutations in optineurin (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-02-09
    Description: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) affects 33 million individuals worldwide and is a leading cause of blindness. In a study of 54 families with autosomal dominantly inherited adult-onset POAG, we identified the causative gene on chromosome 10p14 and designated it OPTN (for "optineurin"). Sequence alterations in OPTN were found in 16.7% of families with hereditary POAG, including individuals with normal intraocular pressure. The OPTN gene codes for a conserved 66-kilodalton protein of unknown function that has been implicated in the tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling pathway and that interacts with diverse proteins including Huntingtin, Ras-associated protein RAB8, and transcription factor IIIA. Optineurin is expressed in trabecular meshwork, nonpigmented ciliary epithelium, retina, and brain, and we speculate that it plays a neuroprotective role.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rezaie, Tayebeh -- Child, Anne -- Hitchings, Roger -- Brice, Glen -- Miller, Lauri -- Coca-Prados, Miguel -- Heon, Elise -- Krupin, Theodore -- Ritch, Robert -- Kreutzer, Donald -- Crick, R Pitts -- Sarfarazi, Mansoor -- EY-09947/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 8;295(5557):1077-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Ophthalmic Genetics Laboratory, Surgical Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11834836" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Alternative Splicing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Brain/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics ; Ciliary Body/metabolism ; Exons ; Eye Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Female ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/*genetics ; Golgi Apparatus/chemistry ; Heterozygote ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; *Mutation, Missense ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/analysis/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Ocular Hypertension/genetics ; Pedigree ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Retina/metabolism ; Trabecular Meshwork/metabolism ; *Transcription Factor TFIIIA ; Zinc Fingers
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    Parkinson's disease. Coincidence or connection? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 19;296(5567):451-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11964452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Canada/epidemiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; *Famous Persons ; Female ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Male ; Parkinson Disease/*epidemiology/etiology ; *Television ; Time Factors ; Virus Diseases/complications/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Toxicology. Fruit bats linked to mystery disease (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stone, Richard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):241.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951013" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/epidemiology/etiology ; Animals ; *Chiroptera ; *Cycas ; Cycasin/toxicity ; *Diet ; Guam/epidemiology ; Humans ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/epidemiology/*etiology ; Neurotoxins/toxicity ; Parkinsonian Disorders/epidemiology/etiology ; Plant Poisoning/epidemiology ; Plants, Toxic ; Seeds
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Historical essay. The early years of HIV/AIDS (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, Robert C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1728-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459576" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Serodiagnosis/history ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/diagnosis/*history/immunology/virology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; France ; *HIV/classification/isolation & purification/physiology ; History, 20th Century ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/isolation & purification/physiology ; Human T-lymphotropic virus 2/isolation & purification/physiology ; Humans ; Interleukin-2/history/isolation & purification/physiology ; Patents as Topic/history ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/history/isolation & purification/metabolism ; United States ; Virus Cultivation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Longevity research. In vino vitalis? Compounds activate life-extending genes (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, Stephen S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1165.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947168" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Caloric Restriction ; *Flavonoids ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Histone Deacetylases/*genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; *Longevity ; Phenols/metabolism ; Polymers/metabolism ; Polyphenols ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/physiology ; Silent Information Regulator Proteins, Saccharomyces ; cerevisiae/*genetics/metabolism ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuin 2 ; Sirtuins/*genetics/metabolism ; Stilbenes/*metabolism ; Vitis/chemistry ; *Wine
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 76
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    Historical essay. Prospects for the future (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gallo, Robert C -- Montagnier, Luc -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 29;298(5599):1730-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12459577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AIDS Vaccines/immunology/therapeutic use ; *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/prevention & ; control/transmission/virology ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Drug Costs ; Female ; HIV/drug effects ; Health Services/economics ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical ; International Cooperation ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy ; Research Support as Topic ; Technology Transfer ; United Nations
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 77
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    Lateralized cognitive processes and lateralized task control in the human brain (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: The principles underlying human hemispheric specialization are poorly understood. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of letter and visuospatial decision tasks with identical word stimuli to address two unresolved problems. First, hemispheric specialization depended on the nature of the task rather than on the nature of the stimulus. Second, analysis of frontal candidate regions for cognitive control showed increased coupling between left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left inferior frontal gyrus during letter decisions, whereas right ACC showed enhanced coupling with right parietal areas during visuospatial decisions. Cognitive control is thus localized in the same hemisphere as task execution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stephan, Klaas E -- Marshall, John C -- Friston, Karl J -- Rowe, James B -- Ritzl, Afra -- Zilles, Karl -- Fink, Gereon R -- 077029/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):384-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Medicine (IME), Research Centre Julich, 52425 Julich, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain/*physiology ; Brain Mapping ; *Cognition ; Functional Laterality ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; Humans ; *Language ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Parietal Lobe/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Space Perception ; Visual Perception
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 78
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    Lupus: mysterious disease holds its secrets tight (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 26;296(5568):689-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology/metabolism ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Autoantigens/immunology ; Chromosome Mapping ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Disease Susceptibility ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Immune System/physiopathology ; Immunotherapy ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/*etiology/genetics/immunology/therapy ; Male ; Mental Processes ; *Ribonucleoproteins, Small Nuclear ; Risk Factors ; snRNP Core Proteins
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 79
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    Genomics. Mmu 16--comparative genomic highlights (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Copeland, Neal G -- Jenkins, Nancy A -- O'Brien, Stephen J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1617-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA. copeland@ncifcrf.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12040165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Composition ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Conserved Sequence ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Duplication ; Gene Rearrangement ; Genes ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains/*genetics ; Multigene Family ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 80
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    Neuroscience. Power to the paralyzed (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wickelgren, Ingrid -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):497.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/physiopathology/*rehabilitation ; Brain/*physiology ; *Communication Aids for Disabled ; *Computer Systems ; Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Software ; *User-Computer Interface
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 81
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    Immunotherapeutic approaches to Alzheimer's disease (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Although neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease are not classically considered mediated by inflammation or the immune system, in some instances the immune system may play an important role in the degenerative process. Furthermore, it has become clear that the immune system itself may have beneficial effects in nervous system diseases considered neurodegenerative. Immunotherapeutic approaches designed to induce a humoral immune response have recently been developed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. These studies have led to human trials that resulted in both beneficial and adverse effects. In animal models, it has also been shown that immunotherapy designed to induce a cellular immune response may be of benefit in central nervous system injury, although T cells may have either a beneficial or detrimental effect depending on the type of T cell response induced. These areas provide a new avenue for exploring immune system-based therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and will be discussed here with a primary focus on Alzheimer's disease. We will also discuss how these approaches affect microglia activation, which plays a key role in therapy of such diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monsonego, Alon -- Weiner, Howard L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):834-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. amonsonego@rics.bwh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593170" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/*therapy ; Alzheimer Vaccines/adverse effects/*therapeutic use ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/*immunology/metabolism ; Animals ; Antibody Formation ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology ; Central Nervous System/immunology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Immunization ; *Immunotherapy/adverse effects ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Microglia/immunology ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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  • 82
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    Aging and genome maintenance: lessons from the mouse? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Recent progress in the science of aging is driven largely by the use of model systems, ranging from yeast and nematodes to mice. These models have revealed conservation in genetic pathways that balance energy production and its damaging by-products with pathways that preserve somatic maintenance. Maintaining genome integrity has emerged as a major factor in longevity and cell viability. Here we discuss the use of mouse models with defects in genome maintenance for understanding the molecular basis of aging in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hasty, Paul -- Campisi, Judith -- Hoeijmakers, Jan -- van Steeg, Harry -- Vijg, Jan -- AG17242/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1355-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA. hastye@uthscsa.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610296" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging/genetics ; Aging, Premature/*genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Aging ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Helicases/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Repair/genetics ; Exodeoxyribonucleases ; *Genome ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Longevity/genetics ; Mice ; Mutation ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; RecQ Helicases ; Syndrome ; Telomere/physiology ; Transcription, Genetic
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    Comment on "Obesity and the environment: where do we go from here?" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butte, Nancy F -- Ellis, Kenneth J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 1;301(5633):598; author reply 598.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1100 Bates Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA. nbutte@bcm.tmc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12893926" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Mass Index ; Child ; Diet ; *Energy Intake ; *Energy Metabolism ; *Exercise ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Life Style ; *Obesity/epidemiology/prevention & control ; United States/epidemiology ; *Weight Gain
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  • 84
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    AIDS and Africa: still a sad story (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 16;300(5622):1053.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12750481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*economics/epidemiology/prevention & ; control/transmission ; Africa/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks/economics ; Financing, Government ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; South Africa/epidemiology ; United States
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  • 85
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    Crystal structure of the GpIbalpha-thrombin complex essential for platelet aggregation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: Direct interaction between platelet receptor glycoprotein Ibalpha (GpIbalpha) and thrombin is required for platelet aggregation and activation at sites of vascular injury. Abnormal GpIbalpha-thrombin binding is associated with many pathological conditions,including occlusive arterial thrombosis and bleeding disorders. The crystal structure of the GpIbalpha-thrombin complex at 2.6 angstrom resolution reveals simultaneous interactions of GpIbalpha with exosite I of one thrombin molecule,and with exosite II of a second thrombin molecule. In the crystal lattice,the periodic arrangement of GpIbalpha-thrombin complexes mirrors a scaffold that could serve as a driving force for tight platelet adhesion. The details of these interactions reconcile GpIbalpha-thrombin binding modes that are presently controversial,highlighting two distinct interfaces that are potential targets for development of novel antithrombotic drugs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dumas, John J -- Kumar, Ravindra -- Seehra, Jasbir -- Somers, William S -- Mosyak, Lidia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):222-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth, 200 Cambridge Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855811" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Blood Platelets/chemistry/physiology ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Models, Molecular ; Platelet Adhesiveness ; *Platelet Aggregation ; Platelet Glycoprotein GPIb-IX Complex/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Thrombin/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Molecular pathways of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex disorder with many different causes, yet they may intersect in common pathways, raising the possibility that neuroprotective agents may have broad applicability in the treatment of PD. Current evidence suggests that mitochondrial complex I inhibition may be the central cause of sporadic PD and that derangements in complex I cause alpha-synuclein aggregation, which contributes to the demise of dopamine neurons. Accumulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein may further contribute to the death of dopamine neurons through impairments in protein handling and detoxification. Dysfunction of parkin (a ubiquitin E3 ligase) and DJ-1 could contribute to these deficits. Strategies aimed at restoring complex I activity, reducing oxidative stress and alpha-synuclein aggregation, and enhancing protein degradation may hold particular promise as powerful neuroprotective agents in the treatment of PD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dawson, Ted M -- Dawson, Valina L -- NS38377/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):819-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. tdawson@jhmi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593166" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Brain/*metabolism/pathology ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Electron Transport Complex I/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mitochondria/enzymology ; Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Neurons/*metabolism/pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; Parkinson Disease/*etiology/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Parkinsonian Disorders/genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex ; Synucleins ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics/metabolism ; alpha-Synuclein
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    Chromosomal speciation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bowers, Evelyn J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):764-5; author reply 764-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Human/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetics, Population ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics ; *Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Translocation, Genetic
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  • 88
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    Polyubiquitination of p53 by a ubiquitin ligase activity of p300 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: Rapid turnover of the tumor suppressor protein p53 requires the MDM2 ubiquitin ligase, and both interact with p300-CREB-binding protein transcriptional coactivator proteins. p53 is stabilized by the binding of p300 to the oncoprotein E1A, suggesting that p300 regulates p53 degradation. Purified p300 exhibited intrinsic ubiquitin ligase activity that was inhibited by E1A. In vitro, p300 with MDM2 catalyzed p53 polyubiquitination, whereas MDM2 catalyzed p53 monoubiquitination. E1A expression caused a decrease in polyubiquitinated but not monoubiquitinated p53 in cells. Thus, generation of the polyubiquitinated forms of p53 that are targeted for proteasome degradation requires the intrinsic ubiquitin ligase activities of MDM2 and p300.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grossman, Steven R -- Deato, Maria E -- Brignone, Chrystelle -- Chan, Ho Man -- Kung, Andrew L -- Tagami, Hideaki -- Nakatani, Yoshihiro -- Livingston, David M -- CA15751/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):342-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenovirus E1A Proteins/metabolism ; Animals ; Catalysis ; Cells, Cultured ; E1A-Associated p300 Protein ; Embryo, Mammalian ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Humans ; Ligases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Mice ; Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases ; Ubiquitins/*metabolism
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    Calculating the benefits of regulation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roelofs, Cora R -- Ellenbecker, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1372.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Environmental Health ; *Government Regulation ; *Health ; Humans ; Safety ; United States ; *United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration ; *Value of Life
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  • 90
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    Polymer replicas of photonic porous silicon for sensing and drug delivery applications (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: Elaborate one-dimensional photonic crystals are constructed from a variety of organic and biopolymers, which can be dissolved or melted, by templating the solution-cast or injection-molded materials in porous silicon or porous silicon dioxide multilayer (rugate dielectric mirror) structures. After the removal of the template by chemical dissolution, the polymer castings replicate the photonic features and the nanostructure of the master. We demonstrate that these castings can be used as vapor sensors, as deformable and tunable optical filters, and as self-reporting, bioresorbable materials.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Yang Yang -- Cunin, Frederique -- Link, Jamie R -- Gao, Ting -- Betts, Ronald E -- Reiver, Sarah H -- Chin, Vicki -- Bhatia, Sangeeta N -- Sailor, Michael J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2045-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Department 0358, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biocompatible Materials ; Caffeine ; *Drug Delivery Systems ; Ethanol ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hydrolysis ; Light ; *Nanotechnology ; Optics and Photonics ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Polyesters/chemistry ; Polyethylene/chemistry ; *Polymers ; Polystyrenes/chemistry ; Porosity ; *Silicon/chemistry ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis ; Volatilization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 91
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    Reversing the inactivation of peroxiredoxins caused by cysteine sulfinic acid formation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: The active-site cysteine of peroxiredoxins is selectively oxidized to cysteine sulfinic acid during catalysis, which leads to inactivation of peroxidase activity. This oxidation was thought to be irreversible. However, by metabolic labeling of mammalian cells with 35S, we show that the sulfinic form of peroxiredoxin I, produced during the exposure of cells to H2O2, is rapidly reduced to the catalytically active thiol form. The mammalian cells' ability to reduce protein sulfinic acid might serve as a mechanism to repair oxidatively damaged proteins or represent a new type of cyclic modification by which the function of various proteins is regulated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woo, Hyun Ae -- Chae, Ho Zoon -- Hwang, Sung Chul -- Yang, Kap-Seok -- Kang, Sang Won -- Kim, Kanghwa -- Rhee, Sue Goo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):653-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Cell Signaling Research and Division of Molecular Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714748" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Catalysis ; Cell Line ; Cycloheximide/pharmacology ; Cysteine/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*metabolism ; Methionine/metabolism ; Mice ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peroxidases/chemistry/*metabolism ; Peroxiredoxins ; Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Sulfhydryl Compounds/metabolism ; Sulfinic Acids/metabolism ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 92
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    Chromosomal instability and tumors promoted by DNA hypomethylation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eden, Amir -- Gaudet, Francois -- Waghmare, Alpana -- Jaenisch, Rudolf -- CA87869/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):455.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Nine Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702868" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics/physiology ; DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Methylation ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1 ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; *Loss of Heterozygosity ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sarcoma/*genetics ; Soft Tissue Neoplasms/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Closing of the nucleotide pocket of kinesin-family motors upon binding to microtubules (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-06
    Description: We have used adenosine diphosphate analogs containing electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin moieties and EPR spectroscopy to show that the nucleotide-binding site of kinesin-family motors closes when the motor.diphosphate complex binds to microtubules. Structural analyses demonstrate that a domain movement in the switch 1 region at the nucleotide site, homologous to domain movements in the switch 1 region in the G proteins [heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins], explains the EPR data. The switch movement primes the motor both for the free energy-yielding nucleotide hydrolysis reaction and for subsequent conformational changes that are crucial for the generation of force and directed motion along the microtubule.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Naber, Nariman -- Minehardt, Todd J -- Rice, Sarah -- Chen, Xiaoru -- Grammer, Jean -- Matuska, Marija -- Vale, Ronald D -- Kollman, Peter A -- Car, Roberto -- Yount, Ralph G -- Cooke, Roger -- Pate, Edward -- AR39643/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR42895/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- DK05915/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- GM29072/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR1081/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 2;300(5620):798-801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. naber@itsa.ucsf.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine Nucleotides/*metabolism ; Adenosine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrolysis ; Kinesin/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Molecular Probes/metabolism ; Protein Conformation ; Spin Labels
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Arctic ecology. For precarious populations, pollutants present new perils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Webster, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 14;299(5613):1642.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Canada ; *Ecosystem ; Environmental Exposure/*adverse effects ; Environmental Pollutants/*analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infection/epidemiology/etiology ; *Inuits ; Memory ; Risk Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    A heterozygote advantage (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hedrick, Philip W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 3;302(5642):57.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14526061" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ethnic Groups/*genetics ; Female ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; *Heterozygote ; Humans ; Kuru/*genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papua New Guinea ; PrPC Proteins/*genetics ; *Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Structural dynamics of eukaryotic chromosome evolution (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-08-09
    Description: Large-scale genome sequencing is providing a comprehensive view of the complex evolutionary forces that have shaped the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes. Comparative sequence analyses reveal patterns of apparently random rearrangement interspersed with regions of extraordinarily rapid, localized genome evolution. Numerous subtle rearrangements near centromeres, telomeres, duplications, and interspersed repeats suggest hotspots for eukaryotic chromosome evolution. This localized chromosomal instability may play a role in rapidly evolving lineage-specific gene families and in fostering large-scale changes in gene order. Computational algorithms that take into account these dynamic forces along with traditional models of chromosomal rearrangement show promise for reconstructing the natural history of eukaryotic chromosomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Eichler, Evan E -- Sankoff, David -- GM58815/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD43569/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HG02385/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 8;301(5634):793-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Center for Human Genetics and Center for Computational Genomics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. eee@po.cwru.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12907789" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Centromere/physiology ; Chromosome Aberrations ; *Chromosomes/genetics/physiology/ultrastructure ; Computational Biology ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Eukaryotic Cells/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Gene Duplication ; Genome ; Humans ; Recombination, Genetic ; Synteny ; Telomere/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Infectious disease. An avian flu jumps to people (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wuethrich, Bernice -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 7;299(5612):1504.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624244" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Animals ; Birds/virology ; Chickens/virology ; Child ; China/epidemiology ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/genetics/immunology/*pathogenicity ; Influenza Vaccines ; Influenza in Birds/epidemiology/*virology ; Influenza, Human/*virology ; Male ; Virulence ; World Health Organization
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Comment on "On the origin of interictal activity in human temporal lobe epilepsy in vitro" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wozny, Christian -- Kivi, Anatol -- Lehmann, Thomas-Nicolas -- Dehnicke, Christoph -- Heinemann, Uwe -- Behr, Joachim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):463; author reply 463.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Neuroscience Research Center, at the Charite, Humboldt University of Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe/pathology/*physiopathology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; Hippocampus/pathology/*physiopathology ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Neurons/physiology ; Neurons, Afferent/physiology ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Temporal Lobe/physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Tracking children's health to age 21 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Edwards, E Stephen -- Green, Nancy -- Henry, Carol J -- Landrigan, Philip J -- Swartz, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):781.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593148" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Child ; *Child Development ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; *Disease ; *Epidemiologic Studies ; *Health ; Humans ; Social Environment ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Genetics and medicine. Putting gene arrays to the test (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Branca, Malorye -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):238.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690165" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Breast Neoplasms/*classification/*genetics/therapy ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Netherlands ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Prognosis
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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