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  • wheat  (807)
  • 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
  • Bacteria
  • Springer  (975)
  • Lagos (Nigeria)  (6)
  • Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia  (5)
  • American Chemical Society
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  • 1
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    Microorganisms in the Deterioration and Preservation of Cultural Heritage (2021)
    Springer Nature | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive overview of the role and potential of microorganisms in the degradation and preservation of cultural materials (e.g. stone, metals, graphic documents, textiles, paintings, glass, etc.). Microorganisms are a major cause of deterioration in cultural artefacts, both in the case of outdoor monuments and archaeological finds. This book covers the microorganisms involved in biodeterioration and control methods used to reduce their impact on cultural artefacts. Additionally, the reader will learn more about how microorganisms can be used for the preservation and protection of cultural artefacts through bio-based and eco-friendly materials. New avenues for developing methods and materials for the conservation of cultural artefacts are discussed, together with concrete advances in terms of sustainability, effectiveness and toxicity, making the book essential reading for anyone interested in microbiology and the preservation of cultural heritage.
    Keywords: Microbiology ; Cultural Heritage ; Microbial Ecology ; Microbial Genetics and Genomics ; Enzymology ; Applied Microbiology ; Microbial Genetics ; Industrial Microbiology ; Open Access ; Restoration ; Conservation ; Biodeterioration ; Bioweathering ; Bioremediation ; Biocleaning ; Biotechnology ; Green Chemistry ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Artwork ; Antimicrobial protection ; Biocides ; Microbiology (non-medical) ; Cultural studies ; Social & cultural history ; Ecological science, the Biosphere ; Genetics (non-medical) ; Biochemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSG Microbiology (non-medical) ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSB Biochemistry
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Microbial load on smoked fish sold in Ibadan, Oyo State (2021)
    FISON | Lagos (Nigeria)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/24208 | 19325 | 2018-05-19 06:39:34 | 24208 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: The microbial load of four different fish species from five different market locations in Ibadan metropolis were determined using standard microbiological procedures. The bacteria count of fish sampled from Ojo market was the highest while the bacteria count of the fish sample from Bodija market was the lowest. There was no significant difference (p〈0.05) in the microbial load of the fish sampled from various market locations in Ibadan metropolis. Similarly, there was no significant difference (p〉0.05) in the microbial load on various fish species sold in Ibadan metropolis. The isolated bacteria from the study were: E. coli, Salmonella spp, Klebsiella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Aerosomonas spp, Pseudomonas spp, Vibrio spp, Serratia spp, Chromobacterium spp, Enterobacteria spp and Shigella spp. The fungi count of fish sampled from Omi markets was the highest while the fungi count of the fish sampled from Ojo market was the lowest. The following fungi were however isolated from the study: Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium spp, Fusarium oxysporum, Trrichoderma spp and Ceotrichium albidium. The study shows that reheating may be necessary to destroy or inactivate micro-organisms in smoked fish before consumption.
    Description: Includes: 2 tables and 2 figures.;Also includes: 17 refernces.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Nigeria ; Ibadan ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Market ; Fish species ; freshwater environment ; Microbial contamination ; Microorganisms ; Bacteria ; Freshwater fish ; Cured products ; Sample contamination ; Fungi ; Public health ; Quality assurance ; Disinfection
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 223-227
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  • 3
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    Isolation, identification and characterization of Lactobacillus species from fermented locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) for use as probiotics in the aquaculture industry (2021)
    FISON | Lagos (Nigeria)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/24166 | 19325 | 2018-05-13 18:40:22 | 24166 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: Probiotics are a promising feed additive to stimulate animal growth and secure a low disease response in aquaculture industry where there are high stocking densities in shrimp and fish production. Fermented locust beans (Parkia biglobosa) are known to be rich in protein and used as food condiment. Probiotic bacteria were isolated from this locally available food material. Culture and characterizations of isolates were carried out. Sugar fermentation patterns were determined by using an API 50 CHL system and incubation were performed anaerobically at 37~'C. MRS broth culture grown at 37~'C overnight was added to 9ml of MRS Agar and the bacteria were incubated at 37~'C for 24 and 48 hrs. Discrete and single colony of lactobacillus was isolated using colony morphology and biochemical tests. The most significant viable taxa isolated was Lactobacillus fermentum at a pH range of (3.0-8.0), while the least viable taxa isolated was Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. Microscopically they were Grampositive, rod shaped, non- motile, catalase negative and absence of Endospore.
    Description: Includes: 2 tables and 2 plates.;Also includes: 15 references.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Nigeria ; Lagos ; Locust bean ; Probiotics ; Lactobacillus ; Probiotics ; freshwater environment ; Feed ; Additives ; Aquaculture ; Microorganisms ; Bacteria ; Disease resistance ; Fermented products ; Fish culture ; Shrimp culture
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 60-63
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  • 4
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    Microbiological status of water and fish samples from Jabi Lake, Abuja (2021)
    FISON | Lagos (Nigeria)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/24224 | 19325 | 2018-05-19 07:11:26 | 24224 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: Jabi Lake is a natural water body in Abuja Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It was expanded for commercial fishing following relocation of Nigeria's headquarters to Abuja in 1993. Quantitative analysis of microbiological status of water and fish from the Lake was carried out. Samples were collected from the dam site, open water, middle lake and inlet. Result reveal that total coliform count which are indicators of pollution are high (2.0 x 103 cfu/ml, 1.1 x 103 cfu/ml, 1.0 x 103 cfu/ml and 1.1 x 103 cfu/ml for dam site, open water, middle lake, and inlet respectively). Total viable count too is high (9.2 x 103 cfu/ml, 4.9 x 103 cfu/ml, 4.6 x 103 cfu/ml and 4.9 x 103 cfu/ml for dam site, open water, middle lake and inlet respectively). There are no coliform bacteria in the muscle of the fish. High bacterial load is an indication of biological pollution and these calls for restraint on the side of those who are using the lake as site for refuse dump.
    Description: Includes: 10 references.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Pollution ; Nigeria ; Jabi Lake ; Jabi lake ; Water ; Fish ; Bacteria ; freshwater environment ; Microbiology ; Fish ; Pollution ; Water pollution ; Lake fisheries ; Fishery surveys ; Bacteria ; Baseline studies ; Water sampling ; Microbial contamination ; Muscles ; Freshwater fish ; Pollution surveys ; Water analysis ; Freshwater pollution
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 284-286
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  • 5
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    Bacteriological assessment of smoked fish (Clarias Sp.) around Shiroro Lake area of Niger State, Nigeria (2021)
    FISON | Lagos (Nigeria)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/24185 | 19325 | 2018-05-16 14:41:02 | 24185 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: Bacteria has been implicated in food poisoning, and smoked fish is not an exception.Generally, fish is highly susceptible to spoilage; therefore this study evaluated the bacteria load in smoked fish from three major locations in Shiroro area of Niger State namely; Gwada, Kuta and Zumba.The smoked fish samples collected from these locations were smeared at both the gills and head regions of the fishes. The bacteria samples identified were Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Samonella typhi, which were common to all the three locations sampled, while only Streptococcus feacaliswas only was found to be present in both Kuta and Zumba location.The frequency of occurrence of these 68 bacteria samples isolated ranges from 8 - 20%, with Bacillius subtilis having the highest occurrence and Pseudomonas aeruginosa have the least occurrence. Out of the total 68 samples, 14 skin samples (20.6%) and 5 gills samples (7.4%) exceeded the acceptable limits of total mesophilic aerobic counts which were 10〈sup〉6〈/sup〉 - 10〈sup〉7〈/sup〉 cfu/g. In the case of total coliform counts, 12 skin samples (17.6%) and 7 gills samples (10.3%) exceeded the acceptable limit which is 4.0 x 102, while in the case of Staphylococcus aureus, 4 skin samples (5.9%) and 2 gills samples (2.9%) exceeded the acceptable limit which is 103 cfu/g. Similarly 3 skin samples (4.4%) and 1 gill sample (1.5%) exceeded the acceptable limit of Salmonella typhi which is 104 cfu/g.
    Description: Includes: 4 tables.;Also includes: 21 references.
    Keywords: Fisheries ; Health ; Escherichia coli ; Bacillus subtilis ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Staphylococcus epidermis ; Pseeudomonas aeruginosa ; Nigeria ; Shiroro L. ; Bacteria ; Smoked (Clarias spp) fish ; Location and recommended values ; brackishwater environment ; freshwater environment ; marine environment ; Bacteria ; Food poisoning ; Cured products ; Fish ; Fish spoilage ; Acceptability ; Lake fisheries ; Gills ; Brain ; Evaluation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 140-144
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  • 6
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    Microbiological quality of fresh tilapia raised in ponds fertilized with raw and sterilized cow dung manures (2021)
    FISON | Lagos (Nigeria)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/24222 | 19325 | 2018-05-19 07:06:04 | 24222 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: A total of 2,800 tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were stocked in seven duplicates 5 by 4 m2 earthen ponds in NIFFR Integrated Farm, New-Bussa, Niger-State. Raw and sterilized poultry manure of 0.13 to 0.52 kg/m3 concentrations were used to fertilize the ponds with the unfertilized ponds serving as control. The following bacteria were isolated from the cow dung manure; Escherichia coli, E. co1iOl57:H7, Aeromonas hydrophila,Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae and Staphylococcus aureus. The fish samples from the 0.13 and 0.26 kg/m3 sterilized manure fertilized ponds had zero count in the muscles while samples from other ponds had pathogens in their fish muscles. The study revealed that fish samples from sterilized manures were better in terms of microbial safety for fish productions hence sterilized manure are recommended for use in fish production to ensure the microbial safety of the fish, handlers and that of the consumers.
    Description: includes: 13 references.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Oreochromis niloticus ; Escherichia coli ; Aeromonas hydrophila ; Samonela typhi ; Shigella dysenteriae ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Nigeria ; Niger State ; Catfish ; Pathogens ; Microbial quality ; Raw and sterilized manue ; freshwater environment ; Bacteria ; Freshwater fish ; Fish culture ; Fish ponds ; Manure ; Microorganisms ; Freshwater aquaculture ; Aquaculture products ; Food fish ; Quality assurance ; Muscles ; Microbial contamination
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 278-280
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  • 7
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    Comparative study of bacterial isolates associated with the skin of catfish (Clarias anguillaris and Heterobranchus bidorsalis) in Kainji Lake area (2021)
    FISON | Lagos (Nigeria)
    In:  http://aquaticcommons.org/id/eprint/24596 | 19325 | 2018-05-20 16:13:09 | 24596 | Fisheries Society of Nigeria
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-15
    Description: Sixty apparently healthy Heterobranchus bidorsalis and Clarias anguillaris from NIFFR were cultured and 30 each from Monai and wara villages as wild environments were obtained for the studies. The total bacterial load varied from 2.2 x l05 to 1.08 x l08 and 2.27 x 105 to 6.3 x l08 CFU/g of the skin of C. anguillaris and H.bidorsalis in the culture respectively, while the load varied from 1.77 x 105 to 1.17 x l08 and 2.27 x 105 to 9.0 x l07 CFU/g in the wild respectively. Eleven bacterial general species were identified which include: Bacillus species B.firmus, Pseudomonas species, P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, K. ozaenae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus species, S.faecalis, and Aeromonas species. The aims of this investigation is to compare the type and the load of bacteria isolates on the skin of catfish in both culture and wild environment.
    Description: Includes: 7 references.
    Keywords: Aquaculture ; Fisheries ; Clarias anguillaris ; Heterobranchus bidorsalis ; Nigeria ; Kainji L. ; Comparative study ; Bacteria ; Skin ; Clarias ; Heterobranchus ; Kainji Lake ; freshwater environment ; automation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: conference_item , TRUE
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: 119-122
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  • 8
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    Production of two highly abundant 2-methyl-branched fatty acids by blooms of the globally significant marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum (2021)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Gosselin, K. M., Nelson, R. K., Spivak, A. C., Sylva, S. P., Van Mooy, B. A. S., Aeppli, C., Sharpless, C. M., O’Neil, G. W., Arrington, E. C., Reddy, C. M., & Valentine, D. L. Production of two highly abundant 2-methyl-branched fatty acids by blooms of the globally significant marine cyanobacteria Trichodesmium erythraeum. ACS Omega, 6(35), (2021): 22803–22810, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c03196.
    Description: The bloom-forming cyanobacteria Trichodesmium contribute up to 30% to the total fixed nitrogen in the global oceans and thereby drive substantial productivity. On an expedition in the Gulf of Mexico, we observed and sampled surface slicks, some of which included dense blooms of Trichodesmium erythraeum. These bloom samples contained abundant and atypical free fatty acids, identified here as 2-methyldecanoic acid and 2-methyldodecanoic acid. The high abundance and unusual branching pattern of these compounds suggest that they may play a specific role in this globally important organism.
    Description: This work was funded with grants from the National Science Foundation grants OCE-1333148, OCE-1333162, and OCE-1756254 and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (IR&D). GCxGC analysis made possible by WHOI’s Investment in Science Fund.
    Keywords: Lipids ; Alkyls ; Bacteria ; Genetics ; Chromatography
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 9
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    Laboratory activities for seismic and volcanic hazards education: a challenge for scientists (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Balanced information and education are fundamental prerequisites for risk prevention and preparedness. Among others, children embody our best chance to implant appropriate behaviors that will be recalled during hazardous situations and to involve adults according to a knowledge chain reaction. In this work, scientists challenge their communication skills to built a set of hands-on and learn-by-play based laboratory activities, for primary and secondary schools, addressing three major issues: (1) the location of earthquakes and volcanoes on Earth; (2) earthquakes and eruptions mechanisms; (3) earthquakes unpredictability. Students are asked to place volcanoes and earthquakes epicenters (issue 1) on a wooden plate puzzle according to Plate dynamics. To addresses eruption mechanisms (issue 2) and related hazard, we use backing soda forced blowing out from a volcano vent and suggest that a pyroclastic flow is fast, it can spread over a large area and raise high up to the stratosphere. Earthquake mechanisms (issue 2) are discussed describing the energy buildup, release, and transfer, using a wooden sticks bendand- break analogy. The display of acoustic waves caused by the breakage in different situations allows understanding of both the rupture energy and the wave attenuation. Earthquakes occurrence (issue 3) is addressed using steadily pulled blocks sliding on a frictional surface, where pins simulate asperities. These activities were tested, involving thousands of students. Discussions with students and teachers and the analysis of the answers to specific questionnaires gave us confidence that we proposed proper tools to raise risk awareness
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-93
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismic and volcanic hazards, Outreach, Education ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 10
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    Perception of risk for volcanic hazard in Indian Ocean: La Réunion Island case study. (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In 2011 a research project on volcanic risk assessment at La Réunion Island (Project Aléa, Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris, France) was conducted in order to determine more efficient strategies to manage future volcanic crises. The project included the evaluation of volcanic scenarios through field and historical data analysis, as well as a survey on volcanic risk perception in resident population. A clear scientific information and an effective communication with public play a crucial role in risk mitigation strategies. In particular, the evaluation of the public perception during both volcanic crises and dormant periods is an important element in developing actions focused on specific social and cultural contexts. A questionnaire was developed based on the ones used in similar researches conducted on Italian active volcanoes. Items were designed to measure variables connected with personal perception of hazard and risk, trust in mitigation actions and in information received about these aspects. In addition, specific items related to the peculiarities of La Réunion Island environment were included. A total of 2,000 questionnaires were distributed taking into account factors such as the proximity to the volcano and the involvement of communities in recent volcanic emergencies. Main results coming out from this survey, if on the one hand show an adequate residents’ perception of natural hazards, on the other hand highlight their poor knowledge of the island’ active volcano, a similar lacking knowledge of emergency plan for volcanic crises, but also a high confidence in scientists to provide accurate and reliable information on volcanic risk and hazards in contrast with Local Authorities. Remarkable findings of this study assess some key elements that should be considered by the institutions in charge for defining policies aimed to volcanic risk mitigation and management of future volcanic crises.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: risk perception, volcanic hazards ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 11
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    Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 7: Education, Professional Ethics and Public Recognition of Engineering Geology (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This book is one out of 8 IAEG XII Congress volumes, and deals with education and the professional ethics, which scientists, regulators, and practitioners of engineering geology inevitably have to face through the purposes, methods, limitations, and findings of their works. This volume presents contributions on the professional responsibilities of engineering geologists; the interaction of engineering geologists with other professionals; recognition of the engineering geological profession and its particular contribution to society, culture, and economy; and implications for the education of engineering geologists at tertiary level and in further education schemes. Issues treated in this volume are: the position of engineering geology within the geo-engineering profession; professional ethics and communication; resource use and re-use; managing risk in a litigious world; engineering and geological responsibility; and engineering geology at tertiary level. The Engineering Geology for Society and Territory volumes of the IAEG XII Congress held in Torino from September 15-19, 2014, analyze the dynamic role of engineering geology in our changing world and build on the four main themes of the congress: Environment, processes, issues, and approaches.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geoeducation ; Professional Ethics ; Engineering Geology ; Communication ; Society ; Risks management ; Georesources ; Geological responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
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    Geoethical aspects in the natural hazards management (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The defence against natural hazards involves many actors with different roles: geoscientists, decision makers, local authorities, mass media, citizens. A proper management of georisks requires that each role is well-defined and governed by shared operational protocols, especially during the emergency phase, so that overlapping and misunderstanding don’t jeopardize population safety and economic activities. To achieve good results in this direction, it is necessary to undertake a careful evaluation of the limits and expectations of each component of society and the respect of legitimate aspirations and prerogatives. An effective defence system against natural hazards should be planned rationally and based on scientific data, in order to avoid alarmism among citizens, misleading sensationalism by media, careless decisions by politicians, as well as approximation in managing different phases of the risk cycle. Taking into consideration geoethical aspects related to natural hazards can be helpful to make geoscientists aware of their responsibilities towards society and to clarify the role they can play in the interaction with other actors, aiming at more efficacious actions for georisk mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-62
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Natural hazards ; Risks ; Society ; Responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 13
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    Geoscientific Communication Problem with Communities for Disaster Prevention and Land Planning in Peru (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The communication process between the geoscientists and native communities in risk areas can significantly affect disaster prevention and land use planning. In Peru, the problem of disaster prevention is a fundamental policy due to unfamiliarity and deficiency of the associate information on the population. It is possible that talk of disaster prevention it will be an unlikely ideal in a country where most towns have settled on unplanned projects by the constant change and the lack of interest from the authorities in such topics. However, it is anachronistic that the rural communities and towns continue to live without a plan to enable them to improve their quality of life. The correct use of geoscience information in the mass media can help in this work. The characteristics of the enterprise in Peru require more training by professionals in the geosciences and support communication specialists. In this paper, we analyze the problem of communication for disaster prevention in Peru, with the aim of contributing to the articulation of a disaster prevention strategy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 81-83
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Communication process ; Disaster prevention ; Risk management ; Peru ; Geoethics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 14
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    The recording stations of the Italian strong motion network: geological information and site classification (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: One of the main objectives of the ITACA (ITalian ACcelerometric Archive) strong motion database, promoted by the Italian Department of Civil Protection, was to improve the characterization of the recording sites from a geological and geophysical point of view and to provide their seismic classification according to the seismic norms pertinent to Italy, namely the Eurocode 8 and the National Technical Norms for Constructions. A standard format to summarize the available information for the recording stations was first produced, in terms of a technical report dynamically linked to the database, i.e., some of the relevant information is automatically updated when the corresponding fields of the database are modified. Then, an important activity of collection, qualification and synthesis of available data was carried out, especially for stations that recorded the strongest earthquakes in Italy in the last 40 years, and for which a relevant number of studies have been published. In spite of this activity, among the more than 700 strong motion stations present in the ITACA database, only a limited number of them could be characterized by quantitative information on subsurface soil properties. For this reason, a dual seismic site classification criterion was implemented, either based on the standard Vs,30 scheme, or, in the absence of such information, based on an expert opinion supported by shallow geology maps, mostly at 1:100,000 scale, and when available on the H/V ratios calculated on recordings. Owing to the relevance in the Italian geographic and morphological context, a special care was also given to the topographic classification of stations, based on suitable criteria developed within a GIS environment.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1779-1796
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: ITACA database ; Strong motion station ; General characterization ; Site classification ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 15
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    On Speech and Gestures Synchrony (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Previous research works proved the existence of a synchronization between speech and holds in adults and in 9 year old children with a rich linguistic vocabulary and advanced language skills. When and how does this synchrony develop during child language acquisition? Could it be observed also in children younger than 9? The present work aims to answer the above questions reporting on the analysis of narrations produced by three different age groups of Italian children (9, 5 and 3 year olds). Measurements are provided on the amount of synchronization between speech pauses and holds in the three different groups, as a function of the duration of the narrations. The results show that, as far as the reported data concerns, in children, as in adults, holds and speech pauses are to a certain extent synchronized and play similar functions, suggesting that they may be considered as a multi-determined phenomenon exploited by the speaker under the guidance of a unified planning process to satisfy a communicative intention. In addition, considering the role that speech pauses play in communication, we speculate on the possibility that holds may serve to similar purposes supporting the hypothesis that gestures as speech are an expressive resource that can take on different functions depending on the communicative demand. While speech pauses are likely to play the role of signalling mental activation processes aimed at replacing the “old spoken content” of the communicative plan with a new one, holds may signal mental activation processes aimed at replacing the “old visible bodily action” with new ones reflecting the representational and/or propositional contribution of gestures to the new communicative plan.
    Description: Published
    Description: 252-272
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Speech pauses, holds, synchrony, child narrations ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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    Foreword and Acknowledgements (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This is the first volume of an international scientific journal that is dedicated to issues of geoethics and geological culture. Its goal is to inform the Italian and international scientific communities about what emerged at the GeoItalia 2011 conference, attended by not only Italian geoscientists. At this conference, the geoscientists questioned their role in society and the responsibilities that they have to assume as scholars of the planet Earth and experts of the territory. They highlighted the need for rediscovery of the cultural values of geology as a science that can contribute to the construction of correct social knowledge, and the need to be aware that geoethics cannot exist without a real awareness among geoscientists of the cultural value of the Earth sciences.
    Description: Published
    Description: 331
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geoetica ; Geological Culture ; Earth Sciences ; Philosophy ; Education ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 17
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    Ethical and cultural value of the Earth sciences. Interview with Prof. Giulio Giorello (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Prof. Giulio Giorello is amongst the most prominent philosophers of science in Italy and in the world. He is currently Professor of the Philosophy of Science at the University of Milan, Director of the Series ‘Science and Ideas’ (Raffaele Cortina Books Editor), and Literary Journalist of the cultural pages of the Corriere della Sera, one of the most important of the Italian newspapers. In this keynote presentation, in interview form, he talks about the value that the Earth sciences have had through history, framing this group of disciplines in ethical and epistemological terms, and highlighting some important elements that have to be considered in geological activities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 343-346
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geological Culture ; Geoetica ; Giulio Giorello ; Earth Sciences ; Interview ; Philosophy ; Epistemology ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Geoethics and geological culture: awareness, responsibility and challenges (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The international debate in the field of geoethics focuses on some of the most important environmental emergencies, while highlighting the great responsibilities of geoscientists, whatever field they work in, and the important social, cultural and economic repercussions that their choices can have on society. The GeoItalia 2009 and 2011 conferences that were held in Rimini and Turin, respectively, and were organized by the Italian Federation of Earth Science, were two important moments for the promotion of geoethics in Italy. They were devoted to the highlighting of how, and with what tools and contents, can the geosciences contribute to the cultural renewal of society. They also covered the active roles of geoscientists in the dissemination of scientific information, contributing in this way to the correct construction of social knowledge. Geology is culture, and as such it can help to dispel misconceptions and cultural stereotypes that concern natural phenomena, disasters, resources, and land management. Geological culture consists of methods, goals, values, history, ways of thinking about nature, and specific sensitivity for approaching problems and their solutions. So geology has to fix referenced values, as indispensable prerequisites for geoethics. Together, geological culture and geoethics can strengthen the bond that joins people to their territory, and can help to find solutions and answers to some important challenges in the coming years regarding natural risks, resources, and climate change. Starting from these considerations, we stress the importance of establishing an ethical criterion for Earth scientists, to focus attention on the issue of the responsibility of geoscientists, and the need to more clearly define their scientific identity and the value of their specificities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 335-341
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Education ; History of science ; Public issues ; General (Philosophy of Earth sciences) ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Social aspects of the Earth sciences. Interview with Prof. Franco Ferrarotti (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Franco Ferrarotti, Professor emeritus at ‘La Sapienza’ University of Rome; since winning the first Chair in this discipline in Italy in 1961, he has been considered the Father of Italian Sociology. An independent Member of Italian Parliament in the third government (1958-1963), a member of the New York Academy of Sciences, and a ‘visiting Professor’ at many universities in Europe, North America, Russia, Japan and Latin America. Franco Ferrarotti has taught and still teaches in Europe and America, and he has received many awards throughout his career. In this interview, he talks about the social aspects and consequences of Earth sciences studies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 347-348
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geological Culture ; Geoetica ; Social aspects ; Geologists activity ; Scientific information ; Society ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A Hippocratic Oath for geologists? (2012)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We argue here that the introduction of an ethical code of conduct that follows the example of the Hippocratic Oath of physicians will help geologists to acquire binding awareness of their professional and social responsibilities. The ethical behavior and obligations of modern geologists involve, but are not limited to, the following issues: correct land/ environment use and management; respect of truth and science; and protection of the Earth systems, on both the local and global scales, and therefore, of our well-being. We believe that for geoligists, the explicit acceptance of an ethical code will help to promote: (i) an awareness of their social role, expertise and sense of belonging to a professional community; (ii) an understanding of the expectations of citizens and society; and (iii) cultural growth, with better use of research and implementation of scientific and professional skills. All this should enhance the public recognition of the social mission of geologists, which is essential for the well-being of society. Therefore, we suggest that like in the majority of medical schools, ethical training should be a part of the university curriculum for students in geology.
    Description: Published
    Description: 365-369
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geological Culture ; Geoetica ; Hippocratic Oath ; Geologists ; Social responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Conserved synteny at the protein family level reveals genes underlying Shewanella species’ cold tolerance and predicts their novel phenotypes (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Authors 2009. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Functional & Integrative Genomics 10 (2010): 97-110, doi:10.1007/s10142-009-0142-y.
    Description: Bacteria of the genus Shewanella can thrive in different environments and demonstrate significant variability in their metabolic and ecophysiological capabilities including cold and salt tolerance. Genomic characteristics underlying this variability across species are largely unknown. In this study, we address the problem by a comparison of the physiological, metabolic, and genomic characteristics of 19 sequenced Shewanella species. We have employed two novel approaches based on association of a phenotypic trait with the number of the trait-specific protein families (Pfam domains) and on the conservation of synteny (order in the genome) of the trait-related genes. Our first approach is top-down and involves experimental evaluation and quantification of the species’ cold tolerance followed by identification of the correlated Pfam domains and genes with a conserved synteny. The second, a bottom-up approach, predicts novel phenotypes of the species by calculating profiles of each Pfam domain among their genomes and following pair-wise correlation of the profiles and their network clustering. Using the first approach, we find a link between cold and salt tolerance of the species and the presence in the genome of a Na+/H+ antiporter gene cluster. Other cold-tolerance-related genes include peptidases, chemotaxis sensory transducer proteins, a cysteine exporter, and helicases. Using the bottom-up approach, we found several novel phenotypes in the newly sequenced Shewanella species, including degradation of aromatic compounds by an aerobic hybrid pathway in Shewanella woodyi, degradation of ethanolamine by Shewanella benthica, and propanediol degradation by Shewanella putrefaciens CN32 and Shewanella sp. W3-18-1.
    Description: This research was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Biological and Environmental Research under the Genomics: GTL Program via the Shewanella Federation consortium.
    Keywords: Phenotypic trait ; Bacteria ; Molecular mechanisms of cold tolerance ; Shewanella ; Protein families
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    Format: application/vnd.ms-excel
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    Blackening of Pompeian Cinnabar paintings: X-ray micro-spectroscopy analysis (2007)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Red Pompeian paintings, very famous for their deep intensity, are currently suffering from darkening. The origins of this darkening degradation are not clearly identified yet and remain a major issue for curators. In the specific case of cinnabar (HgS)-based red pigment, a photoinduced conversion into black metacinnabar is usually suspected. This work is focused on the blackening of red cinnabar paintings coated on a sparry calcite mortar. Different samples exhibiting different levels of degradation were selected upon visual observations and analyzed by synchrotron-based microanalytical techniques. Atomic and molecular compositions of the different debased regions revealed two possible degradation mechanisms. On one hand, micro X-ray fluorescence elemental maps show peculiar distributions of chlorine and sulfur. On the other hand, X-ray absorption spectroscopy performed at both Cl and S K-edges confirms the presence of characteristic degradation products: (i) Hg- Cl compounds (e.g., corderoite, calomel, and terlinguaite), which may result from the reaction with exogenous NaCl, in gray areas; (ii) gypsum, produced by the calcite sulfation, in black coatings. Metacinnabar is never detected. Finally, a cross section was analyzed to map the in-depth alteration gradient. Reduced and oxidized sulfur distributions reveal that the sulfated black coating consists of a 5-ím-thick layer covering intact cinnabar.
    Description: Published
    Description: 7484-7492
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Microspectroscopy Analysis ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermosipho japonicus sp. nov., an extremely thermophilic bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent in Japan (2000)
    Springer
    Extremophiles 4 (2000), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-4909
    Keywords: Key words Extreme thermophile ; Thermosipho ; Thermotogales ; Deep-sea hydrothermal vent ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel barophilic, extremely thermophilic bacterium was isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney at the Iheya Basin, in the Okinawa area, Japan. The cells were found to be rod shaped and surrounded by a sheath-like outer structure; the organism did not possess flagella and was not motile. Growth was observed between 45° and 80°C (optimum, 72°C, 45 min doubling time), pH 5.3 and 9.3 (optimum, pH 7.2–7.6), 6.6 and 79 g/l sea salts (optimum, 40 g/l), and 0.1 and 60 MPa (optimum, 20 MPa). Strain IHB1 was found to be a strictly anaerobic chemoorganotroph capable of utilizing yeast extract and proteinaceous substrates such as peptone and tryptone. Elemental sulfur or thiosulfate acted as electron acceptors improving growth. The isolate was able to utilize casein as a sole carbon and energy source in the presence of thiosulfate. The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 31.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA sequences and DNA–DNA hybridization analysis indicated that the isolate is closely related to Thermosipho africanus; however, it represents a species distinct from the previously described members of the genus Thermosipho. On the basis of the physiological and molecular properties, we propose that the new isolate represents a new species, which we name Thermosipho japonicus sp. nov. (type strain: IHB1; JCM10495).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007920050002
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of solid waste compost on microbiological and physical properties of a burnt forest soil in field experiments (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 32 (2000), S. 410-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Keywords Aggregate stability ; Bacteria ; Burnt soil ; Compost ; Fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The restoration of soil microbial activities is a basic step in the reclamation of burnt soils. For this reason, the ability of municipal solid waste compost to accelerate the re-establishment of bacterial and fungal populations, as well as to re-establish physical properties in a burnt soil, was evaluated in a field experiment. Four treatments were performed by adding different doses of compost (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 kg compost m–2 soil) to a burnt Calcic Rodoxeralf soil, and the changes in microbial populations, salt content, aggregate stability and bulk density were evaluated for 1 year. Initially, the addition of compost had a negative effect on soil microbial populations, but 3 months after compost addition, the number of viable fungal propagules increased in all the amended soils. This positive effect lasted until the end of the experiment. From 30 days onwards, all the amended soils showed a greater total number of bacterial cell forming units than the unamended burnt soil. Organic amendment increased the percentage of 2- to 4-mm aggregates, although the effect on the stability of the 0.2- to 2-mm aggregates and on bulk density was less noticeable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000270
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous Records of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Rice-Based Cropping Systems under Rainfed Conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 131-139 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: automated closed chamber method ; wheat ; cowpea ; slow-release nitrogen fertilizer ; residue management ; denitrification ; methane sink ; rainfall
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.)-based cropping systems are characterized by alternate wetting and drying cycles as monsoonal rains come and go. The potential for accumulation and denitrification of NO3 − is high in these systems as is the production and emission of CH4 during the monsoon rice season. Simultaneous measurements of CH4 and N2O emissions using automated closed chamber methods have been reported in irrigated rice fields but not in rainfed rice systems. In this field study at the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, simultaneous and continuous measurements of CH4 and N2O were made from the 1994 wet season to the 1996 dry season. During the rice-growing seasons, CH4 fluxes were observed, with the highest emissions being in organic residue-amended plots. Nitrous oxide fluxes, on the other hand, were generally nonexistent, except after fertilization events where low N2O fluxes were observed. Slow-release N fertilizer further reduced the already low N2O emissions compared with prilled urea in the first rice season. During the dry seasons, when the field was planted to the upland crops cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), positive CH4 fluxes were low and insignificant except after the imposition of a permanent flood where high CH4 fluxes appeared. Evidences of CH4 uptake were apparent in the first dry season, especially in cowpea plots, indicating that rainfed lowland rice soils can act as sink for CH4 during the upland crop cycle. Large N2O fluxes were observed shortly after rainfall events due to denitrification of accumulated NO3 −. Cumulative CH4 and N2O fluxes observed during this study in rainfed conditions were lower compared with previous studies on irrigated rice fields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009842502608
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a STS marker linked to a major locus controlling flour colour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 6 (2000), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: AFLP ; flour colour ; STS ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Flour colour is an important quality trait in the production of bread, noodles and other related end products. Current screening for flour colour in breeding programs requires several grams of flour to be milled. In order to screen large numbers of plants, a rapid PCR-based assay is required. We report here the conversion of a codominant AFLP marker linked to a major locus controlling flour colour in hexaploid wheat, to a sequence tagged site (STS) marker for use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). The two-allelic AFLP bands were cloned and sequenced to allow specific primers to be designed. The primers amplified bands of the expected size in the parental varieties and co-segregated with the original AFLP marker in the mapping population. The primers also amplified alleles of the expected size from the DNA of parental lines of two other related mapping populations. Cultivars that contributed to the pedigree of the original parent `Schomburgk' used to generate the mapping population were also screened to determine the origin of the `yellow' allele.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009638017859
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of crop management on the water balance of lupin and wheat crops on a layered soil in a Mediterranean climate (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 239-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drainage ; duplex soil ; evapotranspiration ; lupin ; waterlogging ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of time of sowing and sowing density on evapotranspiration and drainage loss beneath wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Spear) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Gungurru) crops grown on a layered soil was investigated for three seasons in a Mediterranean climate in Western Australia. The aim of the study was to investigate whether managing crops to maximise their canopy growth would increase their water use and minimise groundwater recharge contributing to dryland salinity. A soil water balance approach was used to estimate evapotranspiration, with changes in soil water content measured with a neutron water meter. The study was carried out on a layered soil typical of agricultural soils in the region with variable depth to clay (0.22–0.38 m) and a marked contrast in hydraulic properties between the topsoil and subsoil. As a result of the low permeability subsoil, a perched water table occurred in the sandy topsoil in each of the three seasons under study during winter when rainfall was high and potential evaporation low. Perched water tables persisted for 2–3 months, with hydraulic gradients consistently downward causing drainage losses to occur. Although crop management had a large influence on shoot and root development, evapotranspiration from the different treatments was generally similar. Drainage losses were not influenced by either crop type, time of sowing or sowing density, because potential evaporation and hence evapotranspiration was low during the period when drainage losses occurred. The total drainage loss measured in each season was different, with losses ranging from 20.1 to 22.2 mm in 1990, from 40.4 to 46.7 mm in 1991 and from 49.4 to 66.6 mm in 1992. The increase in drainage loss from 1990 to 1992 was a result of progressively more seasonal rainfall in 1990, 1991 and 1992. It was concluded that there was little scope to increase water use and decrease deep drainage through crop management for sites with climatic conditions where winter rainfall exceeds potential evaporation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004732706073
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Availability of different forms of sulphur fertilisers to wheat and oilseed rape (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 222 (2000), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: elemental sulphur ; oilseed rape ; sulphate ; sulphur fertilisers ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted to compare the availability and efficiency of three sulphur (S) fertilisers to wheat in the first year and oilseed rape in the second year, using six agricultural soils. Four treatments were applied in the initial year: control (no S), two forms of elemental S (either micronised S° particles or a bentonite + S° mixture) and a sulphate fertiliser (ammonium sulphate). In the first year, the micronised S° was as effective as the sulphate fertiliser, both producing similar increases of wheat grain yield (on average 36%) and S uptake (on average 164%) over the control. In contrast, responses to the bentonite + S° form were minimal, indicating a limited S supply. In the second year the control treatment failed to produce seeds in most soils, whereas the micronised S° and sulphate treatments increased seed yields of oilseed rape to an average of 13.4 and 12.9 g pot-1, respectively. The performance of the bentonite + S° varied between soils: two soils produced yields similar to those of the other S fertilisers, while the remaining soils had low yields. To test whether the poor performance of the bentonite clay + S° fertiliser was due to the lack of exposure of the prills to physical weathering in the glasshouse, the effect of freeze-thaw action on the fertilisers performance was assessed in a separate pot experiment. The responses in wheat yield and S uptake showed that freeze-thaw did not enhance the physical disruption of the prills or fertiliser effectiveness. These results suggest that the release of available S from the bentonite + S° mixture was too slow to meet the requirement of wheat and oilseed rape.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004757503831
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Colonization of wheat by Azospirillum brasilense Cd is impaired by saline stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; 2 ; 4-D ; para-nodules ; saline stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of saline stress on the colonization of wheat was analyzed by using Azospirillum brasilense Cd carrying the fusion of the reporter gene lacZ (β-galactosidase) with the N2 fixation gene promoter nifA. Colonization was also studied by inducing para-nodules on wheat roots using 2,4-D, establishing that these structures acted as bacterium protected niches. Bacteria grown under standard conditions were distributed along the whole root system, except the elongation zone, and colonized the para-nodules. Bacteria experiencing saline stress were mainly localized at the root tips and the lateral roots. In 2,4-D treated plants, most of the bacteria were present around the basal surface of the modified lateral root structures. Using the MPN method, there were not statistical differences between the numbers of control and stressed bacteria. As this method estimates endophytic colonization in contrast with the one using X-gal, which emphasizes colonization on the root surface, both procedures demonstrated to be necessary, concluding that salt treatment reduced surface colonization (X-gal) but not colonization inside the root. The bacterial counts made on inoculated wheat roots indicated higher numbers of both control and stressed bacteria in roots treated with 2,4-D compared with untreated roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026516313021
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selenium accumulation by sequentially grown wheat and rice as influenced by gypsum application in a seleniferous soil (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: residual effect of gypsum ; rice ; selenium toxicity ; sulphur ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for 2 years on an alkaline calcareous seleniferous soil to study the effect of different levels of gypsum (0.2 – 3.2 t ha−1) applied to wheat only in the first year on Se accumulation by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping sequence. With gypsum application, grain yield of both rice and wheat crops increased by 0.4 – 0.5 t ha−1; the increase in straw yield was 0.4 – 1.1 t ha−1. Significant reduction in Se accumulation by wheat was observed with gypsum application up to 0.8 t ha−1 and its residual effect was evident on the following crops for 2 years. Reduction in Se accumulation varied from 53 to 64% in wheat grain, 46 to 49% in wheat straw, 35 to 63% in rice grain and 36 to 51% in rice straw with an application of gypsum at 0.8 t ha−1. A corresponding increase in S concentration was observed. In the gypsum-treated plots, the ratio of S:Se increased by 6 – 8 times in wheat and 3 – 6 times in rice. Reduction in Se accumulation by crop plants through gypsum application may help in lowering the risk of Se over-exposure of animals and humans that depend on diet materials grown on high selenium soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026579116794
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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic control of aluminum tolerance in mutant lines of the wheat cultivar Anahuac (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 114 (2000), S. 47-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminum tolerance ; genetic control ; induced mutations ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The behavior of 17 gamma irradiation mutant lines derived from the aluminum sensitive wheat cultivar `Anahuac' was compared with two sensitive and three tolerant cultivars in nutritent solutions containing seven Al3+ concentrations (0; 0.5; 1; 2; 4; 6 and10 mg/liter), at a temperature of 25 °C and 4.0 pH. Tolerance was measured by the continued growth of the primary roots in a solution without aluminum after 48 hours in a solution containing a known concentration of aluminum. 14 mutant lines were as tolerant to the presence of 10 mg/liter of Al3+ in the treatment solutions as were the tolerant `BH-1146', `IAC-60' and `IAC-24' cultivars. Two mutant lines were tolerant and one was sensitive to the presence of 1 mg/liter of Al3+, while the cultivars `Siete Cerros' and `Anahuac' were sensitive to 1 and 0.5 mg/liter Al3+ in the solutions, respectively. F2 seedlings, obtained from cross among one sensitive and twelve tolerant mutant lines to the sensitive cultivars (`Siete Cerros' or `Anahuac') and the tolerant cultivars (`BH-1146' or `IAC-24') were assessed for tolerance to 2 mg/liter Al3+ in nutritient solutions. The twelve tolerant mutant lines and the tolerant `IAC-60' and `IAC-24' cultivars differed from the sensitive `Siete Cerros' or `Anahuac' cultivars by one pair of dominant alleles. The results indicated that tolerance in the induced mutants was due to a single pair of dominant alleles and that these alleles expressed the same tolerance as `BH-1146' and `IAC-24' cultivars.
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    Detection of wheat-barley translocations by genomic in situ hybridization in derivatives of hybrids multiplied in vitro (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; GISH ; in situ hybridization ; translocation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat-barley translocations were identified by genomicin situ hybridization (GISH) in backcross progenies originating from in vitro regenerated wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring) × barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Betzes) hybrids. The regenerated hybrids were pollinated with the wheat line Martonvásári 9 kr1. Five translocated wheat-barley chromosomes were recovered among 51 BC2F2 progeny from the in vitro regenerated wheat × barley hybrids. All were single breakpoint translocations with the relative positions of the breakpoints ranging from the centromere to about 0.8 of the relative arm length. Of the four translocations with intercalary breakpoints, three were transfers of terminal barley segments to wheat chromosomes; one was a transfer of a terminal wheat segment to a barley chromosome. Because of the absence of diagnostic N-bands, the identity of three barley segments could not be determined; in one translocation the barley chromosome involved had a NOR so it must have been 5H or 6H, and the centric translocation was 4HS.2BL. Following selfing, homozygotes of four translocations were selected. The experiment suggests that in vitro culture conditions are conducive for major genome rearrangements in wheat-barley hybrids.
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    Epicuticular waxes and regulation of ear wetting and pre-harvest sprouting in barley and wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 157-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; cer ; β-diketone ; glaucous ; pre-harvest sprouting ; waxes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Morphological features of the cereal ear, including awns, alter pre-harvest sprouting damage by changing the rate of water absorption during rainfall. In this paper, the potential for wheat (Triticum sp.) arid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) waxes to reduce sprouting by increasing water repellency of the mature ear has been examined. Six barley F2 populations segregating for different non-glaucous single-gene mutants controlling waxes on ears were examined. Water repellency was assessed by measuring both the contact angle of a water drop placed on the lemma surface (internal angle) and by repetitive weighings of whole ears during their exposure to simulated rainfall. The lemma of glaucous (wild type) lines had larger water drop contact angles, an indication of poorer spread of water over the surface. In simulated rainfall, ears of the glaucous lines showed a clear reduction of wetting (20–30% less) and, after 72 h of wetting, their in-ear sprouting was reduced by 50 to 65%. When pre-wet, the glaucous ears also shed water more readily when shaken to simulate the combined effect of wind and rainfall. To reduce pre-harvest sprouting of barley it may be possible to screen visually for ears that are more glaucous but a more specific screen would be to select for lemma water drop contact angle since it is a good indicator of ear wettability and so allows differences in surface properties to be assessed. For bread wheat (T. aestivumL.), as for barley, the more glaucous the ear, the greater the water drop contact angle and the more tubular surface wax coverage seen in scanning electron microscope images. In addition, surface wax amount apparently affected in-ear wettingin lines of durum wheat, (T. turgidum L.). Possible genetic relationships between waxy/waxless genes in wheat and barley are suggested with the aim, ultimately, of altering ear glaucousness to give increased water repellency and a reduction of in-ear sprouting of wheat.
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    Cross prediction in bread wheat germplasm using single seed descent lines (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 65-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cross prediction ; grain yield ; recombinant inbred lines ; single seed descent ; wheat ; yellow rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Populations of F6 recombinant inbred lines, generated by single seed descent from a half diallel among eight bread wheat lines adapted to the East African highlands, were used to identify those crosses that were more likely to produce cultivars which combined resistance to yellow rust with improved yield. Crosses having the most resistant line as one parent offered the best prospect of success, particularly those which produced F1hybrids exhibiting better parent heterosis. For plot grain yield there was a highly significant correlation between the observed and predicted rankings of the recombinant inbred line populations for the proportion of individual lines equalling or surpassing the target value. For yellow rust severity, however, this correlation was non-significant when a target value of zero was used. Adopting a slightly less stringent target of 0.25, coupled with the omission of two aberrant populations, increased this correlation significantly. The plant breeding implications of these results are discussed.
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    Evaluation of grain yield and its components in wheat cultivars and landraces under near optimal and drought conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 43-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: cultivars ; drought stress ; droughtsusceptibility index ; landraces ; wheat ; yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a 2-years experiment, 30 wheat cultivars and 21 landraces from different countries were tested under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Plant height, number of sterile spikelets per spike, spikelets per spike, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight and grain yield were evaluated. The number of kernels per spike, 1000 kernel weight and especially yield were more sensitive to drought stress in the cultivars than plant height and number of spikelets per spike, while in the landraces these traits did not differ under drought stress compared to near optimum conditions. The average yield of cultivars was significantly better than the average yield of landraces under near optimum as well as drought stress conditions. Path coefficient analysis showed that for cultivars under near optimum conditions there was no significant direct association of any of the analysed characters with yield, while under drought stress conditions, number of kernels per spike had a significant positive direct effect. Under drought stress conditions, the number of sterile spikelets displayed a negative direct effect, while kernel weight per spike had a positive direct effect on yield. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used as a tool to classify cultivars and landraces according to their yield ability under near optimum and drought stress conditions. Among the cultivars, two groups out of five and among one of three in the landraces were characterised by high yields in both near optimum as well as under drought stress conditions. These genotypes may serve as sources of germplasm for breeding for drought tolerance.
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    Comparative response of wheat and oilseed rape to nitrogen supply: absorption and utilisation efficiency of radiation and nitrogen during the reproductive stages determining yield (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 189-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; intercepted radiation ; nitrogen nutrition ; oilseed rape ; radiation use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the response of spring wheat and oilseed rape to nitrogen (N) supply, focusing on the critical period for grain number definition and grain filling. Crops were grown in containers under a shelter and treated with five combinations of applied N. Wheat and oilseed rape produced comparable amounts of biomass and yield when corrected for the costs of biomass synthesis (SC). From the responses of biomass and yield to late N applications and the apparent contribution of mobilised biomass to yield, it seems that the yield of oilseed rape was more source-limited during grain filling than that of wheat, particularly at the medium and high N levels. Both species recovered equal amounts of N from the total available N in the soil and had similar N use efficiencies, expressed as yield per unit of N absorbed. However, oilseed rape had higher efficiency to convert absorbed N in biomass, but lower harvest index of N than wheat. Oilseed rape had similar or lower root biomass than wheat, depending on N level, but higher root length per unit soil volume and specific root length. The specific uptake rate of N per unit root dry weight during the critical period for grain number determination was higher in oilseed rape than in wheat. In wheat, N limitation affected growth through a similar or lower reduction in radiation use efficiency corrected for synthesis costs (RUESC) than in the cumulative amount of intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPARc). In oilseed rape, lower growth due to N shortage was associated more with RUESC than IPARc, during flowering while during grain filling both components contributed similarly to decreased growth. RUESC and the concentration of N in leaves and inflorescence (LIN%) decreased from flowering to maturity and were curvilinearly related. Oilseed rape tended to have higher RUESC than wheat at high N supply during the critical period for grain number determination, and generally lower during grain filling. The reasons for these differences and possibilities to increase yield potential are discussed in terms of the photosynthetic efficiency of the different organs and changes in source–sink ratio during reproductive stages.
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    Improvement of resistance to Fusarium head blight by recurrent selection in an intermating breeding spring wheat population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2 (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 79-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Fusarium head blight ; intermating breedingpopulation ; male-sterile gene ms 2 ; recurrent selection ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four cycles of recurrent selection for FHB resistance were conducted in an intermating wheat breeding population using the dominant male-sterile gene ms 2 during 1987–1991.Five cycles of phenotypic mass selection for male-sterile plants were evaluated using the soil-surface inoculation method in Experiment I. Experiment II evaluated changes in FHB scores during five cycles of progeny selection for fertile plants using the single-floret inoculation method. In Experiment I, the average level of FHB response increased to MR level in C4, compared to MS level in C0. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.32 and 2.68 per cycle, respectively. In Experiment II, the average level of FHB response increased to R level in C4F1. The numbers of infected spikelets and diseased kernels decreased 0.93 and 4.58 per cycle, respectively. In both experiments, the largest selection gains were realized in the first cycle. The frequencies of R and MR individuals were increased significantly. The frequencies of individuals with FHB response equal and/or superior to Sumai 3 were increased to 5–8% in C4 and 25% in C4F1after the fourth cycle. Agronomic traits tended to be slightly improved in selected populations. Compared to 2% in C0, about 34% of lines superior in both FHB resistance and agronomic traits in C4F1 were selected to enter the conventional breeding program for further evaluation. Sixty three semidwarf lines superior in both FHB resistance and yield potential were selected from the F5 generations derived from C1F1 to C4F1. From them, two resistant cultivars with high-yielding potential were developed and commercialized in the Lower Yangtze Valley. Recurrent selection appears to be highly effective and feasible in shifting the average FHB response of the intermating population in the desirable direction, thereby enhancing the frequency of resistant individuals.
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    The inheritance and expression of grain texture in wheat, as measured by a microtome procedure (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 261-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: grain texture ; microtome ; quality ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although grain texture has been extensively studied, there is still some controversy about its mode of inheritance. The aim of this study was to use a microtome method to determine the inheritance of grain texture. The backcross method was used with a hard, well adapted cultivar, M29519 as recurrent parent, and Edwall, a soft cultivar with good biscuit-making quality, as donor. Segregation ratio's for grain texture were calculated after each backcross. The backcross derivates M29519 (soft) and M29519 (hard) and the donor and recurrent parents were also compared for biscuit-making quality. The microtome method was found to be very effective to determine grain texture. In this study grain softness was determined by a single dominant gene. M29519 (hard) and the recurrent parent did not differ significantly for any quality characteristics. M29519 (hard) and M29519 (soft) differed significantly for seven characteristics associated with biscuit-making quality, and M29519 (soft) produced a significantly larger biscuit diameter than M29519 (hard). M29519 (soft) differed significantly from the donor parent for six of the measured characteristics. Despite this, M29519 (soft) produced a biscuit similar in diameter to that of the donor parent. Therefore, although the transfer of the softness genes into a different genetic background did not transfer all the factors generally associated with good biscuit-making quality, it did produce a biscuit that did not differ significantly from that of the donor.
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    Resistance to septoria nodorum blotch in the Aegilops tauschii accession RL5271 is controlled by a single gene (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 113 (2000), S. 227-231 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: disease resistance ; incubation period ; infection frequency ; Stagonospora nodorum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Septoria nodorum blotch is the most important leaf disease of wheat in Western Australia. A potentially useful source of resistance has been identified in an accession of Aegilops tauschii. To study the genetics of resistance of this source a cross was made between the resistant Ae. tauschii accession, RL5271, and a susceptible accession, CPI110889. The resistant parent took significantly longer to develop symptoms, developed significantly fewer lesions and expressed significantly lower levels of disease than the susceptible parent. The F1 mean response for disease severity indicated there was no complete dominance. The F3 families were classified using three approaches. In the first approach the individual F3 plant response was used to classify the F3 families. In the second approach the F3 family means and standard errors were used to classify the F3 families. In the final approach Best Linear Unbiased Predictors of disease score and standard error for each F3 family derived from a REML analysis were used to classify the F3 families. The genotypic ratios generated by each of the approaches suggested that resistance is controlled by a single gene. The effectiveness of the resistance and its simple genetic control in the Ae. tauschii, accession RL5271 may be a useful resistance source for use in a bread wheat breeding program.
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    Isolation of mildew resistant wheat-rye translocation lines from a double substitution line (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 115 (2000), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alien genetic variation ; chromosome translocation ; powdery mildew ; resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A powdery mildew resistant double disomic wheat-rye substitution line carrying rye chromosomes 1R and 2R was crossed with normal bread wheats. The F2 generation was analysed cytologically by C-banding. Wheat-rye chromosome translocations involving both rye chromosomes 1R and 2R were frequent in F2. Lines with translocations of 1R and 2R were harvested separately. After four generations of selfing and selection for mildew resistance and fertility, fully fertile resistant lines were selected and analysed cytologically. Lines with 1BL/1RS and 2BS/2RL translocations were identified. The resistance on chromosome 1RS could not be shown to be different from control varieties carrying the same rye segment, while the resistance on 2RL is much broader than the earlier known 2RL derived resistance in the line Transec.
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    Accumulation and leakage of abscisic acid during embryo development and seed dormancy in wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 253-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid (ABA) ; dormancy ; mature germination ; seed ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seed dormancy develops latein embryogenesis after a period of potential prematuregermination and has been associated with levels ofabscisic acid (ABA) in, and sensitivity to, ABA ofembryos. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)embryos, there are two peaks in levels of ABA duringdevelopment: the first occurs 25 days afterpollination (DAP) and the second from 35 to 40 DAP. The first peak of ABA appears to be associated withthe development of the embryo's sensitivity to ABAsince such sensitivity was altered in seeds on earsthat were incubated in a solution of ABA from 15 and20 DAP. In the embryos of Kitakei wheat, a line thatexhibits dormancy, the second peak, at around 35 DAP,was more prolonged in comparison to Chihoku, anon-dormant line. The results support the proposedinvolvement of ABA in the formation and maintenance ofseed dormancy during middle and late embryogenesis. When developing embryos were incubated in water,embryonic ABA leaked out from the embryos, inparticular between 30 and 40 DAP. Prematuregermination observed between 30 and 40 DAP might berelated to such leakage of ABA from embryos.
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    Morphoagronomic and biochemical variation in an Argentinean landrace of wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 47 (2000), S. 281-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: agronomic traits ; isozymes ; landrace ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A sample of an Argentinean landrace of wheat showed considerable variation in most of the evaluated morphological and agronomic characters. However, analyses with high molecular glutenins and two isozyme systems, known to be highly polymorphic among current cultivars, revealed very little or no variation, respectively. The large difference in the observed variation between morphoagronomic and biochemical characters is discussed.
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    Isolation and characterization of the wheat prolyl isomerase FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 73 promoter (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 489-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: ABA-responsive ; FKBP73 ; promoter ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The wheat FK506-binding protein (FKBP) 73 is a member of the peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase gene family, which catalyses the interconversion between the cis and trans forms of the peptide bond preceding proline residues in proteins. A 3.5 kb sequence 5′ upstream of the ATG codon of the wheat FKBP73 was isolated from a wheat genomic library, and characterized by deletion analysis and transient expression in wheat embryos. The 1517 bp fragment is referred to as the full promoter due to the maximal activity of the fused luciferase reporter gene. Sequence analysis revealed the presence of three abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive elements (ABREs) proximal to coupling elements (CE1-like), a putative lectin box, two putative binding sites for the myb transcription factor and a 36 bp fragment which exhibits 100% identity to the pSau3A9 clone located in the centromeric region of wheat chromosomes. In a transient expression assay the promoter preserved the tissue specificity described in vivo, namely it is expressed only in germinating embryos and young shoots. The promoter was induced 1.9-fold by ABA, the minimal promoter was designated at −221 and the TATA box located at −137. The inducibility by ABA and the expression during germination may indicate that FKBP73 belongs to the group of genes induced by ABA upon germination.
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    Intron-mediated gusA expression in tritordeum and wheat resulting from particle bombardment (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 615-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: introns ; maize ubiquitin promoter ; tritordeum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The promoterless maize ubiquitin first exon and intron fragment can drive gusA expression in immature tritordeum inflorescences and immature wheat scutella. In fluorescence assays, this fragment induces gusA expression in tritordeum inflorescences to 50 times higher than background. The activity of the complete promoter, exon and intron cassette was up to 20 000-fold higher than background but the maize ubiquitin promoter in isolation had very low activity. A construct with the maize alcohol dehydrogenase first exon and intron had low activity, visible in histochemical assays. Both intron sequences have promoter-like features and in the ubiquitin intron there is a sequence homologous to the opaque-2-binding box. We suggest that the combination of these elements may explain the promoter activity detected in these introns.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006331831858
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    A rapid induction by elicitors of the mRNA encoding CCD-1, a 14 kDa Ca2+-binding protein in wheat cultured cells (2000)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 42 (2000), S. 807-817 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: Ca2+-binding protein ; EF-hand ; elicitor ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular Ca2+ has been implicated in the signal transduction processes during the development of the plant defense system against fungal pathogens. From wheat cultured cells that had been treated with the elicitor derived from Typhula ishikariensis, the ccd-1 gene encoding a 14 kDa Ca2+-binding protein with an acidic amphiphilic feature was isolated. The ccd-1-encoded protein (CCD-1) shares homology to the C-terminal half domain of centrin, a Ca2+-binding protein conserved in eukaryotes. Unlike typical eukaryotic centrins, CCD-1 contains only one Ca2+-binding loop, which corresponds to the one in the fourth EF-hand from the N-terminus of centrin. The recombinant CCD protein expressed in Escherichia coli bound to a phenyl-Sepharose column in the presence of Ca2+ and was eluted out by EGTA. It also showed a Ca2+-dependent electrophoretic mobility shift on the non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel. The ccd-1 mRNA expression was rapidly induced by treatment with fungal and chitosan oligosaccharide elicitors, implying that it might have a role in transducing Ca2+ signals provoked by the elicitors. The expression of the ccd-1 mRNA was induced by treatment with A23187, and the induction was suppressed by La3+ or 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). This study suggests the involvement of intracellular Ca2+ in the elicitor-induced mRNA expression of a novel class of Ca2+-binding proteins conserved in higher plants.
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    Neocentric activity of rye 5RL chromosome in wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 8 (2000), S. 543-554 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: genomic in-situ hybridization ; meiosis ; neocentromere ; rye ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The neocentric activity of a constriction located on the long arm of rye 5R chromosome (5RL) was analysed. It is not observed in normal rye but it is unusually stretched in bivalents involving 5RL telosomes in wheat–ditelosomic 5RL addition lines. In 20% of metaphase I cells, the 5RL bivalent presents the centromeres oriented to one pole and the constrictions oriented towards the opposite pole with a strong tension. In 5% of the cells, the constriction was able to orient the bivalent to the poles without tension in the centromeres. Sister chromatid cohesion, which is one of the distinct features of centromeric function, is persistent at the constriction in delayed 5RL chromosomes at anaphase I. Neither the elongation of the constriction nor the neocentric activity was observed at second meiotic division or mitosis. FISH studies showed that the 5RL constriction lacked detectable quantities of two repetitive DNA sequences, CCS1 and the 180-bp knob repeat, present at cereal centromeres and neocentromeres, respectively. We propose that, under special conditions, such as the wheat background, the normally non-centromeric DNA present at this region of 5RL acquires a specific chromatin structure, differentiated as an elongated constriction, which is able to function as a centromere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009275807397
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    Distribution and Exudation of Allelochemicals in Wheat Triticum aestivum (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2141-2154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; phenolic acids ; 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ; DIMBOA ; GC-MS-MS ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; weed suppression ; annual ryegrass ; Lolium rigidum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat allelopathy has potential for weed suppression. Allelochemicals were identified in wheat seedlings, and they were exuded from seedlings into agar growth medium. p-Hydroxybenzoic, trans-p-coumaric, cis-p-coumaric, syringic, vanillic, trans-ferulic, and cis-ferulic acids and 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) were identified in both the shoots and roots of 17-day-old wheat seedlings and their associated agar growth medium. Wheat accessions with previously identified allelopathic activity tended to contain higher levels of allelochemicals than poorly allelopathic ones. The allelopathic compounds present in the shoots generally also were identified in the roots and in the agar medium. Allelochemicals were distributed differentially in wheat, with roots normally containing higher levels of allelochemicals than the shoots. When the eight allelochemicals were grouped into benzoic acid and cinnamic acid derivatives, DIMBOA, total coumaric, and total ferulic acids, the amount of each group of allelochemicals was correlated between the roots and the shoots. Most of the allelochemicals identified in the shoots and roots could be exuded by the living roots of wheat seedling into the agar growth medium. However, the amounts of allelochemicals in the agar growth medium were not proportional to those in the roots. Results suggest that wheat plants may retain allelochemicals once synthesized. The presence of allelochemicals in the agar growth medium demonstrated that wheat seedlings were able to synthesize and to exude phytotoxic compounds through their root system that could inhibit the root growth of annual ryegrass.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005520500110
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    Nitrogen in percolation water in paddy fields with a rice/wheat rotation (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; leaching ; paddy soil ; wheat ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen in percolation water was observed in paddy field soil under rice/wheat rotation. Different N-application rates were designed. Porous pipes were installed in triplicate at depths of 30, 60 and 90 cm to collect the water in the period of wheat growth. Suction cups were installed in triplicate at the same depths to collect the water during the period of rice growth. NH4 +, NO3 - and total N in the water were analysed with a continuous-flow nitrogen analyzer. Results showed that nitrate was the predominant form of nitrogen in percolation water during the period of wheat growth. Nitrate leaching was high in early spring after the `tillering fertilisation'. More than 50 mg l-1 of nitrate concentration in percolation water was observed for 30 and 60 cm in depth and more than 15 mg l-1 were observed for 90 cm. The concentration decreased quickly and was very low, less than 2 mg l-1 usually, in the earring stage of wheat. Nitrate in water was low, less than 1.5 mg l-1 usually, when the field was flooded during the period of rice growth. Some soluble organic N existed in the water. Nitrate in percolation water increased when the field was drained. The leaching loss of nitrogen during winter wheat growth period was estimated to be about 3.4% of the N-fertiliser applied at the normal application rate of farmers; for the rice growth period it was around 1.8%. Although a reduced N-application decreased N leaching, it caused a marked decrease in crop yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009712404335
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    Molecular ecology of hydrothermal vent microbial communities (2000)
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 77 (2000), S. 117-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Keywords: Archaea ; Bacteria ; hydrothermal vents ; in situ hybridization ; molecular ecology ; probes ; 16S rRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The study of the structure and diversity of hydrothermal vent microbial communities has long been restricted to the morphological description of microorganisms and the use of enrichment culture-based techniques. Until recently the identification of the culturable fraction required the isolation of pure cultures followed by testing for multiple physiological and biochemical traits. However, peculiar inhabitants of the hydrothermal ecosystem such as the invertebrate endosymbionts and the dense microbial mat filaments have eluded laboratory cultivation. Substantial progress has been achieved in recent years in techniques for the identification of microorganisms in natural environments. Application of molecular approaches has revealed the existence of unique and previously unrecognized microorganisms. These have provided fresh insight into the ecology, diversity and evolution of mesophilic and thermophilic microbial communities from the deep-sea hydrothermal ecosystem. This review reports the main discoveries made through the introduction of these powerful techniques in the study of deep-sea hydrothermal vent microbiology.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002463825025
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    Russian wheat aphid-induced protein alterations in spring wheat (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) ; protein ; Russian wheat aphid ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), has become a perennial, serious pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the western United States. Current methodologies used to enhance RWA resistance in wheat germplasm could benefit from an understanding of the biochemical mechanisms underlying resistance to RWA. This study was initiated to identify specific polypeptides induced by RWA feeding that may be associated with RWA resistance. The effects of RWA feeding on PI 140207 (a RWA-resistant spring wheat) and Pavon (a RWA-susceptible spring wheat) were examined by visualizing, silver-stained denatured leaf proteins separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Comparisons of protein profiles of noninfested and RWA-infested Pavon and PI 140207 revealed a 24-kilodalton-protein complex selectively inhibited in Pavon that persisted in PI 140207during RWA attack. No other significant qualitative or quantitative differences were detected in RWA-induced alterations of protein profiles. These results suggest that RWA feeding selectively inhibit synthesis and accumulation of proteins necessary for normal metabolic functions in susceptible plants.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003866626723
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    Traits associated with improved P-uptake efficiency in CIMMYT's semidwarf spring bread wheat grown on an acid Andisol in Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 189-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Andisol ; phosphatases ; phosphorus ; roots ; VA mycorrhiza ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus deficiency is a major yield limiting constraint in wheat cultivation on acid soils. The plant factors that influence P uptake efficiency (PUPE) are mainly associated with root characteristics. This study was conducted to analyze the genotypic differences and relationships between PUPE, root length density (RLD), colonization by vesicular arbuscular and arbuscular mycorrhizal (V)AM fungi and root excretion of phosphatases in a P-deficient Andisol in the Central Mexican Highlands. Forty-two semidwarf spring-bread-wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) genotypes from CIMMYT were grown without (−P) and with P fertilization (+P), and subsequently in subsets of 30 and 22 genotypes in replicated field trials over 2 and 3 years, respectively. Acid phosphatase activity at the root surface (APASE) was analyzed in accompanying greenhouse experiments in nutrient solution. In this environment, PUPE contributed more than P utilization efficiency, in one experiment almost completely, to the variation of grain yield among genotypes. Late-flowering genotypes were higher yielding, because the postanthesis period of wheat was extended due to the cold weather at the end of the crop cycles, and postanthesis P uptake accounted for 40–45% of total P uptake. PUPE was positively correlated with the numbers of days to anthesis (at −P r=0.57 and at +P r=0.73). The RLD in the upper soil layer (0–20 cm) of the wheat germplasm tested ranged from 0.5 to 2.4 cm cm-3 at –P and 0.7 to 7.7 at +P. RLD was the most important root trait for improved P absorption, and it was positively genetically correlated with PUPE (at –P r=0.42 and at +P r=0.63) and the number of spikes m-2 (at –P r=0.58 and at +P r=0.36). RLD in the upper soil layer was more important with P fertilizer application. Without P fertilization, root proliferation in the deeper soil profile secured access to residual, native P in the deeper soil layer. (V)AM-colonisation and APASE were to a lesser degree correlated with PUPE. Among genoptypes, the level of (V)AM-colonisation ranged from 14 to 32% of the RLD in the upper soil layer, and APASE from 0.5 to 1.1 nmol s-1 plant-1 10-2.
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    Role of the furrow of the proximal colon in the production of soft and hard feces in nutrias, Myocastor coypus (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 170 (2000), S. 531-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-136X
    Keywords: Key words Large intestine ; Furrow of proximal colon ; Digesta ; Bacteria ; Soft and hard feces ; Nutrias ; Myocastor coypus ; AbbreviationsN nitrogen ; TAA total amino acids ; DAP diaminopimelic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The bacterial level of soft feces is higher than that of hard feces in nutrias. This suggests the heterogeneity of bacterial density in the large intestine. To show the heterogeneity of bacteria in the contents of the large intestine in nutrias, we divided the contents of the large intestine into 12 regions, then measured the nitrogen (N), total amino acids (TAA) and diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a bacterial marker, of these regions. Levels of N, TAA and DAP varied along the cross section of the proximal colon. The greater curvature of the main lumen and furrow had higher N, TAA and DAP concentrations than the lesser curvature. We also examined the involvement of the furrow in producing two types of feces differing in bacterial nitrogen content by surgically preventing the flow of the furrow contents. We compared the concentrations of N, TAA and DAP between soft and hard feces among operated, sham-operated and intact animals. Surgical closure of the furrow abolished the difference in levels of N, TAA and DAP between soft and hard feces, suggesting that the furrow of the proximal colon is responsible for making the bacterial density higher in soft feces than in hard feces.
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    Necessity of Superoxide Production for Development of Etiolated Wheat Seedlings (2000)
    Springer
    Biochemistry (Moscow) 65 (2000), S. 1357-1361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1608-3040
    Keywords: antioxidant ; Endomyces magnusii ; apoptosis ; BHT ; DNA ; fragmentation ; DNA synthesis ; ontogenesis ; ROS ; plant ; protein synthesis ; superoxide ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract It was found that production of superoxide (O2 – ·) is crucial for normal morphogenesis of etiolated wheat seedlings in the early stages of plant development. The development of etiolated wheat seedlings was shown to be accompanied with cyclic changes in the rate of O2 – · production both in the entire intact seedling and in its separated organs (leaf, coleoptile). First increase in the rate of O2 – · production was clearly observed in the period from two to four days of seedling development, then the rate of O2 – · production decreased to the initial level, and then it increased again for two days to a new maximum. An increase in O2 – · production in the period of the first four days of seedling development correlates with an increase in DNA and protein contents in the coleoptile. The second peak of increased rate of O2 – · production observed on the sixth or seventh day of seedling development coincides with a decrease in DNA and protein contents and apoptotic internucleosomal nuclear DNA fragmentation in the coleoptile. Incubation of seedlings in the presence of the antioxidant BHT (ionol) strongly affects their development but it does not influence the increase in DNA and protein contents for the initial four days of seedling life, and it slows down the subsequent age-dependent decrease in protein content and fully prevents the age-dependent decrease in DNA content in the coleoptile. A decrease in the O2 – · amount induced by BHT distorts the seedling development. BHT retards seedling growth, presumably by suppression of cell elongation, and it increases the life span of the coleoptile. It seems that O2 – · controls plant growth by cell elongation at the early stages of seedling development but later O2 – · controls (induces) apoptotic DNA fragmentation and protein disintegration.
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    Relationship between Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolisms in Photosynthesis. The Role of Photooxidation Processes (2000)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 37 (2000), S. 519-527 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: alanine ; aspartate ; glycine ; glycollate ; malate ; nitrate ; serine ; sugars ; Triticum aestivum ; urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 14CO2 uptake in leaves of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) fertilized by urea or Ca(NO3)2 (25 mol m-3) was investigated. The Warburg effect (inhibition of 14CO2 uptake by oxygen) under 0.03 vol. % CO2 concentration was observed only in non-fertilized plants. Under 0.03 vol. % CO2, the Warburg antieffect (stimulation of 14CO2 uptake by oxygen) was detected only in plants fertilized by Ca(NO3)2. Under saturating CO2 concentration (0.30 vol. %), the Warburg antieffect was observed in all variants. Under limitation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activity (0.30 vol. % CO2 + 1 vol. % O2), the rate of synthesis of glycollate metabolism products decreased in control and urea-fertilized plants but was enhanced in nitrate-fed plants. Hence, there was an activation of glycollate formation via transketolase reaction in fertilized plants, and the products of nitrate reduction function were oxidants in nitrate-fertilized plants whereas the superoxide radical played this role in urea-fertilized plants.
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    Interactive Effects of Sulphur Dioxide and Mineral Nutrient Supply on Photosynthetic Characteristics and Yield in Four Wheat Cultivars (2000)
    Springer
    Photosynthetica 38 (2000), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9058
    Keywords: biomass ; carotenoids ; chlorophyll ; nutrients ; sulphur dioxide ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments were conducted on four cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to examine the variability in cultivar response to sulphur dioxide (SO2) under different concentrations of mineral nutrients. Thirty-days-old plants were exposed for 8 weeks to 390±20 µg m−3 (0.15 ppm) SO2 for 4 h per day, 5 d per week. Decline in net photosynthetic rate, contents of pigments and nitrogen, biomass and grain yield of each cultivars were due to SO2 at all the nutrient concentrations studied. However, the magnitude of reduction was higher in plants grown without nutrient application. On the basis of the reductions in photosynthesis and yield, the susceptibility of wheat cultivars to SO2 was in the order of Malviya 213 〉 Malviya 37 〉 Malviya 206 〉 Malviya 234 at recommended dose of NPK, whereas the same without the nutrients was Malviya 206 〉 Malviya 234 〉 Malviya 213 〉 Malviya 37.
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    Isolation and characterization of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-catabolizing bacteria and their biodegradation efficiency in soil (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 495-497 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; biodegradation ; 2,4-D ; soil microcosm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Bacterial isolates (NJ 10 and NJ 15) capable of degrading the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were isolated from agricultural soil by enrichment culture technique. The isolates exhibited substantial growth in mineral salt medium supplemented with 0.1–0.5% of 2,4-D as a sole source of carbon and energy. Based on their morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics, the isolates NJ 10 and NJ 15 have been identified as Pseudomonas species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Biodegradation studies in a soil microcosm enriched with pure cultures of the isolates demonstrated a time-dependent disappearance of 2,4-D from the 100 mg/kg herbicide-amended soil. The HPLC data analysis revealed 96.6 and 99.8% degradation in the soil inoculated with the pure cultures of isolates NJ 10 and NJ 15, respectively with in 20 days of incubation at 30 °C. Both the isolates showed significant solubilization of inorganic phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2] on the specific Pikovskaya's medium.
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    Compost: A study of the development process and end-product potential for suppression of turfgrass disease (2000)
    Springer
    World journal of microbiology and biotechnology 16 (2000), S. 115-134 
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    ISSN: 1573-0972
    Keywords: Bacteria ; biocontrol ; biological control ; compost ; disease ; fungi ; microbiology ; pathogen ; suppression ; turf ; turfgrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The relationships among the chemical, physical and biological aspects of compost and their role in suppression of turfgrass pathogens are reviewed. The composting process, mediated by microbial activity, is affected by physical and chemical characteristics which include temperature, aeration, moisture content, C:N ratio and pH. In the absence of parameter restrictions, the microbial community follows a predictable successional pattern resulting in the re-colonization of compost with metabolically active mesophilic populations that can be suppressive towards plant pathogens. Although mechanisms of suppression are not fully understood, those postulated include physiochemical and biological characteristics. The physiochemical characteristics of composts can alter suppressive properties through direct effects on pathogens and antagonistic microorganisms, or indirect effects on host systems through the supply of nutrients, improvement of soil structure, porosity and water retention capabilities, along with other factors. Biological characteristics centre on microbial community involvement in suppressive mechanisms, which can include one or a combination of competition for nutrients, antibiosis, lytic and other extracellular enzyme production, parasitism, predation and host-mediated induction of resistance. As a result of the potential benefits of compost, there is considerable interest in determining the capacity for composts to suppress turfgrass pathogens. Although the exact mechanisms of suppression are largely unknown, there appear to be several factors that play an integrated role. The use of composts that successfully suppress turfgrass diseases will permit a reduction in the use of chemical controls, and slow the development of fungicide resistance.
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    Within-plant distribution of Rhopalosiphum padi on wheat seedlings is affected by induced responses (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 227-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Rhopalosiphum padi ; cereal aphids ; wheat ; induced responses ; feeding site
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003874225681
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    Comparison of Diuraphis noxia resistance in wheat isolines and plant introduction lines (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 92 (1999), S. 157-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: plant resistance ; antibiosis ; tolerance ; antixenosis ; Russian wheat aphid ; wheat ; Homoptera ; Aphididae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is one of the most important aphid pests of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., worldwide. Among the various pest management options, plant resistance is an economical management tactic to control D. noxia in cereal crops such as wheat. Researchers have identified D. noxia resistant germplasm and it has been incorporated into wheat. This study compared D. noxia resistance between the ‘Betta’ wheat isolines Betta-Dn1, Betta-Dn2, and Betta-Dn5 and their corresponding donor gene plant introduction (PI) lines PI 137739 (Dn1), PI 262660 (Dn2), and PI 294994 (Dn5). Although the Betta isolines and PI lines showed D. noxia resistance when compared with Betta wheat, the degree of resistance in the isolines to D. noxia was different from their corresponding PI donors. Aphid number, aphid fecundity, and biomass per aphid were not different between Betta-Dn1 and PI 137739 or Betta-Dn2 and PI 262660; however, the same parameters were significantly lower on PI 294994 compared with Betta-Dn5. This indicated that aphid resistance in PI 137739 and PI 262660 was probably governed by a single dominant gene, while the resistance in PI 294994 was controlled by more than one gene. Additionally, plant biomass reduction was aphid density dependent, which suggested that use of appropriate aphid infestation level is important when using plant biomass reduction as an indicator of resistance. Plant resistance categorization showed that there was no detectable difference in antixenosis among the seven lines evaluated. However, the higher aphid fecundity observed on PI 262660 compared with PI 137739 and PI 294994, in addition to no significant differences among the three PIs in plant biomass reduction, suggested PI 262660 was a tolerant line, while PI 137739 and PI 294994 were antibiotic lines. Plant tolerance could not be elucidated among the three Betta isolines using aphid fecundity and plant biomass reduction as indicators.
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    Salivation into sieve elements in relation to plant chemistry: the case of the aphid Sitobion fragariae and the wheat, Triticum aestivum (1999)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 91 (1999), S. 111-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: sieve element ; salivation ; aphid ; plant resistance ; wheat ; Sitobion fragariae ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Extended sieve element salivation (E1 waveform in the electrical penetration graph) is a characteristic activity during early sieve element punctures, particularly in resistant plants. In order to explore a chemically-mediated mechanism of resistance associated with sieve element salivation, we compared the pattern of feeding behaviour of the aphid, Sitobion fragariae (Walker), on two cultivars of the wheat Triticum aestivum L., with different concentrations of hydroxamic acids (Hx). During 24 h of electronic monitoring, aphids dedicated over 50% of the total time to phloem ingestion from the sieve elements. Total time allocated to E1 in the experiment, time to first E1 within the experiment, time allocated to E1 before a sustained phloem ingestion (E2) and the contribution of sieve element salivation to the phloem phase (E1/[E1+E2]) were significantly higher in the high-Hx cultivar. The increased salivation in plants with higher contents of Hx suggests the existence, at least in this system, of a chemically-mediated sieve element constraint.
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    The measurement of soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow grasslands (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 282-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grasslands ; Management ; Microbial biomass ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  There is much interest in the development of agricultural land management strategies aimed at enhancing reliance on ecosystem self-regulation rather than on artificial inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. This study tested the usefulness of measures of soil microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as indicators of effective conversion from an intensive grassland system, reliant mainly on fertilisers for crop nutrition, to a low-input system reliant mainly on self-regulation through soil biological pathways of nutrient turnover. Analysis of soils from a wide range of meadow grassland sites in northern England, along a gradient of long-term management intensity, showed that fungal:bacterial biomass ratios (measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis; PLFA) were consistently and significantly higher in the unfertilised than the fertilised grasslands. There was also some evidence that microbial biomass, measured by chloroform fumigation and total PLFA, was higher in the unfertilised than in the fertilised grasslands. It was also found that levels of inorganic nitrogen (N), in particular nitrate-N, were significantly higher in the fertilised than in the unfertilised grasslands. However, microbial activity, measured as basal respiration, did not differ between the sites. A field manipulation trial was conducted to determine whether the reinstatement of traditional management on an improved mesotrophic grassland, for 6 years, resulted in similar changes in the soil microbial community. It was found that neither the cessation of fertiliser applications nor changes in cutting and grazing management significantly affected soil microbial biomass or the fungal:bacterial biomass ratio. It is suggested that the lack of effects on the soil microbial community may be related to high residual fertility caused by retention of fertiliser N in the soil. On the basis of these results it is recommended that following the reinstatement of low-input management, the measurement of a significant increase in the soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratio, and perhaps total microbial biomass, may be an indicator of successful conversion to a grassland system reliant of self-regulation.
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    Response of the chitinolytic microbial community to chitin amendments of dune soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 170-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Chitin degradation ; Succession ; Fungi ; Bacteria ; Actinomycetes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The dynamics of culturable chitin-degrading microorganisms were studied during a 16-week incubation of chitin-amended coastal dune soils that differed in acidity. Soil samples were incubated at normal (5% w/w) and high (15% w/w) moisture levels. More than half of the added chitin was decomposed within 4 weeks of incubation in most soils. This rapid degradation was most likely due to fast-growing chitinolytic fungi (mainly Mortierella spp. and Fusarium spp.) at both moisture levels, as dense hyphal networks of these fungi were observed during the first 4 weeks of incubation. Chitin N mineralization was inhibited by cycloheximide, and fast-growing fungal isolates were capable of rapid chitin decomposition in sterile sand, further suggesting that these fungi play an important role in initial chitin degradation. The strong increase in fast-growing fungi in chitin-amended dune soils was only detected by direct observation. Plate counts and microscopic quantification of stained hyphae failed to reveal such an increase. During the first part of the incubation, numbers of unicellular chitinolytic bacteria also increased, but their contribution to chitin degradation was indicated to be of minor importance. During prolonged incubation, colony forming units (CFU) of chitinolytic streptomycetes and/or slow-growing fungi increased strongly in several soils, especially at the 5% moisture level. Hence, the general trend observed was a succession from fast-growing fungi and unicellular bacteria to actinomycetes and slow-growing fungi. Yet, the composition of chitinolytic CFU over time differed strongly between chitin-amended dune soils, and also between the two moisture levels. These differences could not be attributed to pH, organic matter or initial microbial composition. The possible consequence of such unpredictable variation in microbial community composition for the use of chitin-amendments as a biocontrol measure is discussed.
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    Effect of organic nitrogen fertilizers on microbial populations associated with bermudagrass putting greens (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 431-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Cynodon spp. ; Fungi ; Turfgrass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Four natural organic fertilizers, alone or in combination with the synthetic organic fertilizer isobutylidene diurea (IBDU), were compared with IBDU alone for their effect on soil/root microbial populations associated with bermudagrass grown on a golf course putting green in southern Florida, USA. Populations of total fungi, total bacteria, fluorescent pseudomonads, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, actinomycetes and heat-tolerant bacteria were monitored every 3 months during the 2-year study. On only one sampling date and for only one bacterial population (S. maltophilia) was a significant difference in microbial populations obtained among the fertilizer treatments. However, the S. maltophilia populations associated with the natural organic fertilizer treatments were not significantly different from the synthetic organic IBDU fertilizer treatment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050516
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    Cold seep deposits of Beauvoisin (Oxfordian; southeastern France) and Marmorito (Miocene; northern Italy): microbially induced authigenic carbonates (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 60-75 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Carbonates ; Cold seeps ; Methane ; Petroleum ; Archaea ; Bacteria ; Sponges ; Tube worms ; Epifluorescence ; Biomarkers ; Jurassic ; Tertiary ; France ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The relation of two well-known ancient carbonate deposits to hydrocarbon seepage was confirmed by this study. Archaea are found to be associated with the formation of Oxfordian seep carbonates from Beauvoisin and with a Miocene limestone from Marmorito ("tube-worm limestone"). Carbonates formed due to a mediation by archaea exhibit extremely positive or extremely negative δ13Ccarbonate values, respectively. Highly positive values (+15‰) reflect the use of 13C-enriched CO2 produced by methanogenesis. Low δ13C values of the Marmorito carbonates (–30‰) indicate the oxidation of seepage-derived hydrocarbons. Likewise, the δ13C content of specific tail-to-tail linked isoprenoids, biomarkers for archaea, was found to be strikingly depleted in these samples (as low as –115‰). The isotopic signatures corroborate that archaea were involved in the cycling of seepage-derived organic carbon at the ancient localities. Another Miocene limestone ("Marmorito limestone") shows a strong imprint of methanotrophic bacteria as indicated by δ13C values of carbonate as low as –40‰ and biomarker evidence. Epifluorescence microscopy and field-emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that bacterial biofilms were involved in carbonate aggregation. In addition to lucinid bivalves previously reported from both localities, we infer that sponges from Beauvoisin and tube worms from Marmorito depended on chemosynthesis as well. Low δ13C values of nodules related to sponge taphonomy (–27‰) indicate that sponges might have been linked to an enhanced hydrocarbon oxidation. Tube worm fossils from Marmorito closely resemble chemosynthetic pogonophoran tube worms from Recent cold seeps and are embedded in isotopically light carbonate (δ13C –30‰).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050246
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    A Modular Vector for Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation of Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology reporter 17 (1999), S. 323-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9818
    Keywords: Agrobacterium ; modular vector ; transformation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (cv Chinese Spring) tissues were transformed using Agrobacterium tumefasciens and a new plasmid modular vector, pMVTBP. We constructed pMVTBP with unique restriction sites connecting (1) the CaMV 35S promoter, (2) a Kozak sequence, (3) the FLAG epitope, (4) the (His)6 epitope, (5) a coding region (for wheat TATA Binding Protein, wTBP) and (6) the CaMV 35S 3′UTR. This vector thus allows easy exchange of different regulatory or coding sequences. Explants of either germinating mature seeds, or immature embryos, were induced to callus for up to two weeks, treated with virulence-induced bacteria for one hour, then regenerated into plantlets. Transient expression of a GUS reporter gene, assayed at about one week, occurred in 10–12% of calluses. Expression of the FLAG-tagged wTBP was also detected, by immunostaining. Stable expression, by selective growth on geneticin, and by GUS expression at about six weeks, occurred in 1–2% of calluses, quite comparable to that achieved by other methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007686408369
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    Evaluation of soil extractants for Mn availability and response of wheat to applied Mn in soils of semi-arid zone of Punjab, India (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 139-146 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: critical levels of Mn ; soil extractants ; Mn-deficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seven chemical extractants were tested for their relative performance to predict the response of wheat to Mn application in coarse textured alkaline soils of semi-arid region. Five out of the seven extractants were found to be promising for the estimation of critical level of available Mn in these soils, as the amount of Mn extracted by these extractants was positively and significantly correlated with relative grain yield as well as Mn uptake. The critical deficiency level of soil available Mn with 0.005 M DTPA, 0.02% hydroquinone, 0.02 N sodium pyrophosphate, 0.1N H3PO4 and 0.05N HCl+0.025N H2SO4 was 3.1, 13.8, 23.5, 5.3 and 17.8 mg kg-1 soil, respectively. The 1N ammonium acetate and 0.01M CaCl2 were found to be unsuitable extractants for these soils. Further field trials at eight locations with varying levels of Mn deficiency showed successive increase in the grain yield of wheat with foliar Mn application, emphasizing the need for Mn fertilization when wheat is grown on Mn deficient soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009754724227
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    Influence of within-field and landscape factors on aphid predator populations in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Landscape ecology 14 (1999), S. 239-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9761
    Keywords: Coccinellidae ; Aphididae ; wheat ; spatial scale ; species diversity ; numerical response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The influence of prey density, within-field vegetation, and the composition and patchiness of the surrounding landscape on the abundance of insect predators of cereal aphids was studied in wheat fields in eastern South Dakota, USA. Cereal aphids, aphid predators, and within-field vegetation were sampled in 104 fields over a three year period (1988–1990). The composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding each field were determined from high altitude aerial photographs. Five landscape variables, aggregated at three spatial scales ranging from 2.6 km2 to 581 km2, were measured from aerial photographs. Regression models incorporating within-field and landscape variables accounted for 27–49% of the variance in aphid predator abundance in wheat fields. Aphid predator species richness and species diversity were also related to within-field and landscape variables. Some predators were strongly influenced by variability in the composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding a field at a particular spatial scale while others responded to variability at all scales. Overall, predator abundance, species richness, and species diversity increased with increasing vegetational diversity in wheat fields and with increasing amounts of non-cultivated lands and increasing patchiness in the surrounding landscape.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008002528345
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    Management of Stored Wheat Insect Pests in the USA (1999)
    Springer
    Integrated pest management reviews 4 (1999), S. 127-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9745
    Keywords: wheat ; stored-grain ; integrated pest management ; aeration ; biological control ; grain sampling ; insect monitoring ; modeling ; area-wide IPM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Management of stored-grain insect pests by farmers or elevator managers should be based upon a knowledge of the grain storage environment and the ecology of insect pests. Grain storage facilities and practices, geographical location, government policies, and marketing demands for grain quality are discussed as factors influencing stored-grain insect pest management decisions in the United States. Typical practices include a small number of grain samples designed to provide grain quality information for segregation, blending and marketing. This low sampling rate results in subjective evaluation and inconsistent penalties for insect-related quality factors. Information on the efficacy of insect pest management practices in the United States, mainly for farm-stored wheat, is discussed, and stored-grain integrated pest management (IPM) is compared to field-crop IPM. The transition from traditional stored-grain insect pest control to IPM will require greater emphasis on sampling to estimate insect densities, the development of sound economic thresholds and decision-making strategies, more selective use of pesticides, and greater use of nonchemical methods such as aeration. New developments in insect monitoring, predictive computer models, grain cooling by aeration, biological control, and fumigation are reviewed, their potential for improving insect pest management is discussed, and future research needs are examined.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009682410810
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    Novel 16S rRNA gene sequences retrieved from highly saline brine sediments of Kebrit Deep, Red Sea (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 172 (1999), S. 213-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words 16S rRNA gene sequences ; Phylogeny ; Bacteria ; Archaea ; Brines ; Kebrit Deep ; Red Sea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In this study, we report on first 16S rRNA gene sequences from highly saline brine sediments taken at a depth of 1,515 m in the Kebrit Deep, northern Red Sea. Microbial DNA extracted directly from the sediments was subjected to PCR amplification with primers specific for bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene sequences. The PCR products were cloned, and a total of 11 (6 bacterial and 5 archaeal) clone types were determined by restriction endonuclease digestion. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the cloned sequences were unique, showing no close association with sequences of cultivated organisms or sequences derived from environmental samples. The bacterial clone sequences form a novel phylogenetic lineage (KB1 group) that branches between the Aquificales and the Thermotogales. The archaeal clone sequences group within the Euryarchaeota. Some of the sequences cluster with the group II and group III uncultivated archaea sequence clones, while two clone groups form separate branches. Our results suggest that hitherto unknown archaea and bacteria may thrive in highly saline brines of the Red Sea under extreme environmental conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050762
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    Model and analysis of chemotactic bacterial patterns in a liquid medium (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 38 (1999), S. 359-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Key words: Chemotaxis ; Partial differential equations ; Bacteria ; Mathematical Modeling ; Pattern formation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  A variety of spatial patterns are formed chemotactically by the bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. We focus in this paper on patterns formed by E. coli and S. typhimurium in liquid medium experiments. The dynamics of the bacteria, nutrient and chemoattractant are modeled mathematically and give rise to a nonlinear partial differential equation system. We present a simple and intuitively revealing analysis of the patterns generated by our model. Patterns arise from disturbances to a spatially uniform solution state. A linear analysis gives rise to a second order ordinary differential equation for the amplitude of each mode present in the initial disturbance. An exact solution to this equation can be obtained, but a more intuitive understanding of the solutions can be obtained by considering the rate of growth of individual modes over small time intervals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002850050153
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    Mapping loci associated with milling yield in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 561-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: wheat ; milling yield ; QTL mapping ; RFLP ; microsatellite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A partial genetic linkage map constructed using 150 single seed descent (SSD) lines generated from a cross between the hexaploid wheat varieties ‘Schomburgk’ and ‘Yarralinka’ was used to identify loci controlling milling yield. Milling yield data were obtained using seed collected from field trials conducted at different sites over two seasons. The estimated broad-sense heritability of milling yield in this population was calculated as 0.48. In the preliminary analysis, two regions were identified on chromosomes 3A and 7D, which were significantly associated with milling yield and accounted for 22% and 19% of the genetic variation, respectively. Bulked segregant analysis in combination with AFLP identified other markers linked to these loci, as well as an additional region on chromosome 5A, which accounted for 19% of the genetic variation. The applicability of these markers as selection tools for breeding purposes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009678023431
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    Expression of the insecticidal lectin from snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) in transgenic wheat plants: effects on predation by the grain aphid Sitobion avenae (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: insect resistance ; aphids ; GNA ; lectins ; transgenic plants ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Transgenic wheat plants containing the gene encoding snowdrop lectin (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin; GNA) under the control of constitutive and phloem-specific promoters were generated through the particle bombardment method. Thirty-two independently derived plants were subjected to molecular and biochemical analyses. Transgene integration varied from one to twelve estimated copies per haploid genome, and levels of GNA expression from 0 to ca. 0.2% of total soluble protein were observed in different transgenic plants. Seven transgenic plants were selected for further study. Progeny plants from these parental transformants were selected for transgene expression, and tested for enhanced resistance to the grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) by exposing the plants to nymphal insects under glasshouse conditions. Bioassay results show that transgenic wheat plants from lines expressing GNA at levels greater than ca. 0.04% of total soluble protein decrease the fecundity, but not the survival, of grain aphids. We propose that transgenic approaches using insecticidal genes such as gna in combination with integrated pest management present promising opportunities for the control of damaging wheat pests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009616413886
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    Identification of molecular markers for the detection of the yellow rust resistance gene Yr17 in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 167-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: wheat ; DNA markers ; yellow rust resistance ; Yr17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The Yr17 gene, which is present in many European wheat cultivars, displays yellow rust resistance at the seedling stage. The gene introduced into chromosome 2A from Aegilops ventricosa was previously found to be closely linked (0.5 cM) to leaf and stem rust resistance genes Lr37 and Sr38, respectively. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers linked to the Yr17 gene. We screened with RAPD primers, for polymorphism, the DNAs of cv. Thatcher and the leaf rust-resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) RL 6081 of cv. Thatcher carrying the Lr37 gene. Using a F2 progeny of the cross between VPM1 (resistant) and Thésée (susceptible), the RAPD marker OP-Y15580 was found to be closely linked to the Yr17 gene. We converted the OP- Y15580 RAPD marker into a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR). This SCAR marker (SC-Y15) was linked at 0.8 ± 0.7 cM to the Yr17 resistance gene. We tested the SC-Y15 marker over a survey of 37 wheat cultivars in order to verify its consistency in different genetic backgrounds and to explain the resistance of some cultivars against yellow rust. Moreover, we showed that the Xpsr150-2Mv locus marker of Lr gene described by Bonhomme et al. [6] which possesses A. ventricosa introgression on the 2A chromosome was also closely linked to the Yr17 gene. Both the SCAR SC-Y15 and Xpsr150-2Mv markers should be used in breeding programmes in order to detect the cluster of the three genes Yr17, Lr37 and Sr38 in cross progenies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009672021411
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    Stability of buprenorphine, haloperidol and glycopyrrolate mixture in a 0.9 % sodium chloride solution (1999)
    Springer
    Pharmacy world & science 21 (1999), S. 272-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-739X
    Keywords: Stability ; Buprenorphine ; Glycopyrrolate ; Haloperidol ; Polypropylene ; Polyvinyl chloride ; PVC ; Syringes ; Cassettes ; Bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Combinations of opioids and adjuvant drug solutions are often used in clinical practice while little information is available on their microbiological or chemical stability. Currently there are no commercially available, prepacked, ready‐to‐use epidural or subcutaneous mixtures. Thus, epidural and subcutaneous analgesic mixtures must be prepared in the pharmacy on an as‐needed basis. Such mixtures are typically used for the treatment of severe pain in cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological and chemical stability of a buprenorphine, haloperidol and glycopyrrolate mixture in a 0.9% sodium chloride solution. A high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method and pH‐meter were used to conduct the analyses. Antimicrobial activity of each component was studied by an agar dilution method. According to the results from the chemical and microbiological stability studies, this mixture can be stored in polypropylene (PP) syringes and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) medication cassettes for at least 30 days at either 21 °C or 4 °C, and for 16 days in PP syringes at 36 °C, and for 9 days in PVC medication cassettes at 36 °C.
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    The Septoria Tritici and Stagonospora Nodorum Blotch Diseases of Wheat (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 629-641 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum spp. ; Septoria tritici ; septoria tritici blotch of wheat Stagonospora nodorum ; stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008716812259
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    Analysis of programmed cell death in wheat endosperm reveals differences in endosperm development between cereals (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 39 (1999), S. 915-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: programmed cell death ; wheat ; endosperm ; ethylene ; nucleases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Although maize endosperm undergoes programmed cell death during its development, it is not known whether this developmental feature is common to cereals or whether it arose inadvertently from the selection process that resulted in the enlarged endosperm of modern maize. Examination of wheat endosperm during its development revealed that this tissue undergoes a programmed cell death that shares features with the maize program but differs in some aspects of its execution. Cell death initiated and progressed stochastically in wheat endosperm in contrast to maize where cell death initiates within the upper central endosperm and expands outward. After a peak of ethylene production during early development, wheat endosperm DNA underwent internucleosomal fragmentation that was detectable from mid to late development. The developmental onset and progression of DNA degradation was regulated by the level of ethylene production and perception. These observations suggest that programmed cell death of the endosperm and regulation of this program by ethylene is not unique to maize but that differences in the execution of the program appear to exist among cereals.
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    Seed treatment with growth regulators and crop productivity. I. 2,4-D as an inducer of salinity-tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 210 (1999), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 2 ; 4-D ; germination ; growth ; salinity-tolerance ; seed treatment ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions to study the effect of 2,4-D on rooting and salinity tolerance of wheat. Seeds of one commercial wheat (Inqalab-91) and three salt-tolerant wheat lines (WL-41, WL-359, and WL-1073 developed through wide hybridization) were included in the study. Preliminary and short-term experiments were conducted to determine the level of 2,4-D (administered through seed soaking for 24.5 h. at 25 °C in the dark) at which the maximum number of roots emerged. Under hydroponic conditions, 2,4-D treatment of seeds caused an increase of 60 to 100% in the number of primary roots. The maximum increase in the number of roots was observed in one of the salt tolerant wheat lines (WL-41). The roots appeared in bunches but showed stunted growth at higher levels of 2,4-D. Dry matter accumulation decreased markedly; the effect was more pronounced in Inqalab-91 which is less tolerant to stress than other wheat lines. In all wheat types, allocation of dry matter to roots relative to shoot increased due to 2,4-D treatment. In soil, seeds treated with different levels of 2,4-D showed a germination delay of 1–3 days. Although the number of primary roots increased, 2,4-D treatment caused a decrease in total dry matter accumulation by plants grown for 40 days. In another experiment, conducted under greenhouse conditions, seed germination and growth of seedlings was significantly retarded in saline compared to that in non-saline (normal) soil. Initially, the pace of germination of treated seeds as well as seedling growth was slower in both soils, but after six weeks, the leaf area of seedlings raised from treated seeds was greater than those raised from untreated seeds. Towards maturity, plants arising from treated seeds developed wider and longer flag leaves leading to enhanced yield. Root biomass decreased in saline soil as compared to normal soil. However, 2,4-D treatment caused a substantial increase in root biomass in saline soil and the roots were harder in texture in wheats other than Inqalab-91. Seed treatment with 2,4-D led to a significant improvement in the number of productive tillers, yield of straw and grain, and grain protein content of all wheats grown in saline soil. Plants grown in normal soil did not show any marked effect of seed treatment on grain yield and other agronomic parameters. The four wheats showed substantial differences for different parameters but the salt tolerant wheat lines performed better compared to the commercial variety Inqalab-91.
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    Effects of phosphorus nutrition on tiller emergence in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 283-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: leaf emergence ; phosphorus ; photosynthesis ; tillering ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Phosphorus (P) deficiency limits the yield of wheat, particularly by reducing the number of ears per unit of area because of a poor tiller emergence. The objectives of this work were to (i) determine whether tiller emergence under low phosphorus availability is a function of the availability of assimilates for growth or a direct result of low P availability, (ii) attempt to establish a quantitative relation between an index of the availability of P in the plant and the effects of P deficiency on tiller emergence, and (iii) to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in tiller emergence in field-grown wheat. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. INTA Oasis), was grown in the field under drip irrigation on a typic Argiudol, low in P (5.5 μg P g-1 soil Bray & Kurtz I) in Balcarce, Argentina. Treatments consisted of the combination of three levels of P fertilization 0, 60 and 200 kg P2O5 ha-1, and two levels of assimilate availability, a control (non-shaded) and 65% of reduction in incident irradiance from seedling emergence until the end of tillering (shaded). Phosphorus treatments significantly modified the pattern of growth and development of the plants. Shading reduced the growth and concentration of water-soluble carbohydrates in leaves and stems. Leaf photosynthetic rate at saturating irradiance was reduced by P deficiency, but was not affected by shading. At shoot P concentrations less than 4.2 g P kg-1 the heterogeneity in the plant population increased with respect to the number of plants bearing a certain tiller. At a shoot P concentration of 1.7 g P kg-1 tillering ceased completely. Phosphorus deficiency directly altered the normal pattern of tiller emergence by slowing the emergence of leaves on the main stem (i.e. increasing the phyllochron), and by reducing the maximum rate of tiller emergence for each tiller.
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    Has yield stability changed with genetic improvement of wheat yield? (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 51-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; plant breeding ; yield stability ; environmental index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of plant breeding on yield and their physiological determinants has been widely studied in wheat. However, it is poorly understood how, and to what extent, yield stability has been modified. To attempt a direct analysis of changes in absolute and relative yield stability, data of yield of cultivars released in different eras in different environments were obtained from records from our lab and from the literature. Depending on the availability of data, effects of plant breeding on yield stability of cultivars released in Argentina, Australia, Italy and the United Kingdom were evaluated using a quantitative approach. In this paper it was assumed that the slope of yield vs. environmental index estimates the instability of the cultivars. In addition, a more qualitative approach for Mexico, and the former USSR complemented this analysis. There was a clear decrease in yield stability assessed in absolute terms as a consequence of wheat breeding. In Argentina, Australia, Italy and the UK this decrease was related to the magnitude of yield increases. However, the decrease in yield stability in Argentina and Australia was less than for Italy and the UK, particularly so during the last 30 years. Modern cultivars released in Argentina and Australia showed a trend to maintain yield stability as a percentage of their yield similar to that of their predecessors, while the two European countries analysed tended to a slight decrease in yield stability even in relative terms. The complementary, less quantitative evaluation of Mexico and the former USSR appeared to confirm the quantitative trends described for the other countries, i.e. a general decrease in yield stability (assessed in absolute terms) with genetic gains in yield potential.
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    Biochemical, molecular, and cytogenetic technologies for characterizing 1RS in wheat: A review (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chromatin ; breeding ; gel electrophoresis ; in situ hybridization ; rye ; rye-specific probes ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Chromosome arm 1RS of rye ( Secale cereale L.), when transferred to wheat ( Triticum sp.), significantly influences variety performance, because it carries genes for resistance to disease and insect pathogens. Inserted into wheat, 1RS also promotes haploid production, affects end-product quality, and sometimes affects yield. Therefore, its detection by breeders and geneticists is important. The entire 1RS arm is present in chromosome substitutions and in Robertsonian translocations involving chromosomes 1A, 1B, or 1D of wheat. In recombinant lines, a segment of 1RS has been exchanged with a segment of a group-1 wheat chromosome. Determining the wheat chromosome arm involved in a translocation, the source of rye chromatin, and the amount of 1RS chromatin introduced is necessary for a complete characterization of the introgressed segment. Biochemical, molecular, and cytogenetic technologies are described which enable such a characterization of 1RS in wheat. Examples of using gel electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography, monoclonal antibodies, rye-specific molecular probes, RFLP and PCR assays, chromosome banding, in situ hybridization, and flow cytometry are provided. A comparison of these technologies is made and the advantages and disadvantages of each technology are discussed relative to modern wheat breeding efforts.
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    Elicitor- and A23187-induced expression of WCK-1, a gene encoding mitogen-activated protein kinase in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 921-933 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: A23187 ; calcium ; elicitor ; MAP kinase ; Typhula ishikariensis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Wheat cultured cells were used to study the role of Ca2+ in regulating protein kinases during the induction of defense-related genes by fungal elicitor treatments. Manipulation of intracellular Ca2+ concentrations by treatment with calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence of high extracellular Ca2+ resulted in the induction of mRNA expression of WCK-1, a gene encoding mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. The induction of WCK-1 mRNA by A23187 did not occur when extracellular Ca2+ was chelated by 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). The WCK-1 mRNA was also induced by Typhula ishikariensis-derived elicitors, suggesting a possible involvement of WCK-1 in the plant defense response against pathogens. BAPTA and a calcium channel blocker, La3+, inhibited the elicitor-induced expression of the WCK-1 mRNA. A recombinant fusion protein of WCK-1 (GST-WCK-1) autophosphorylated at the Tyr residue and exhibited an autophosphorylation-dependent protein kinase activity towards myelin basic protein. Alteration of Tyr-196 in the conserved ‘TEY’ motif in GST-WCK-1 to Phe by site-directed mutagenesis abolished the autophosphorylation. The GST-WCK-1 protein was activated by elicitor-treated wheat cell extracts but not by the control extract. These results suggest that fungal elicitors activate WCK-1, a specific MAP kinase in wheat. Furthermore, the results suggest a possible involvement of Ca2+ in enhancing the MAP kinase signaling cascade in plants by controlling the levels of the MAP kinase transcripts.
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    A starch-branching enzyme gene in wheat produces alternatively spliced transcripts (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 1019-1030 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: alternative splicing ; starch biosynthesis ; starch-branching enzyme ; transit peptide ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat gene, denoted Sbe1, encoding a type I starch-branching enzyme (SBEI) was isolated from a genomic library and shown to comprise 14 exons distributed over a 5.7 kb DNA region. Analyses of kernel RNA by 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (5′-RACE) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated a considerable sequence variation at the 5′ ends of SBEI gene transcripts. DNA sequence alignments between the 5′-RACE products and the Sbe1 genomic DNA indicated that the first two exons and first intron were differentially processed to generate three classes of the mature transcript. One form of the SBEI gene transcript in 12-day old kernels contained the exon I+II+III combination at the 5′ end, whereas other forms differed by inclusion of intron 1 or exclusion of exon II sequences. RT-PCR analysis of Sbe1-uidA::nptII chimeric mRNA produced in transgenic wheat cultured cells confirmed that the isolated Sbe1 was able to produce all three forms of SBEI gene transcripts by alternative splicing of the primary mRNA. The variants of processed Sbe1 mRNA were potentially translated into N-terminal variants of the SBEI precursor with different transit peptide sequences.
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    Drought adaptation of field grown wheat in relation to soil physical conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 208 (1999), S. 149-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; drought ; soil water content ; water potential ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to investigate the effects of soil texture on possible non-hydraulic signals under field conditions, spring wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Cadensa) grown in sand and loam soils and with a well developed root system were exposed to slow soil drying in the late vegetative stage of growth. Soil water potential and content were measured daily at different depths and plant responses were measured in flag leaves. When the average soil water potential in the top soil layers (0–25 cm depth in sand and 0–45 cm depth in loam) dropped to –60 or –70 kPa and the lower soil layers were still at field capacity, morning xylem [ABA] (0.03–0.04 vs. 0.06–0.08 mmol m-3) and midday leaf ABA concentration increased (250–300 vs. 400–450 ng/g DW) and leaf conductance decreased relatively to well-watered (control) plants (0.75–0.88 vs. 0.64–0.70 mol m-2 s-1). These responses took place before any decrease in leaf water potential occurred as compared with control plants, indicating that they were triggered by root-borne signals due to reduced root water status in the top soil layers. At this stage the soil water content was as low as 6% by volume, the fraction of roots in ‘wet’ soil was 0.12 and relative available soil water was 45% in sand and still high 20%, 0.48 and 70%, respectively, in loam of the whole soil profile indicating that roots were responding to soil water availability and not soil water content at a certain evaporative demand. In addition, similar responses occurred at high and low evaporative demands (3.4–5.2 vs. 0.6–4.0 mm/day of potential evapotranspiration).
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    Differentiation of soil properties related to the spatial association of wheat roots and soil macropores (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: macropores ; rhizosphere ; roots ; root-soil interplay ; soil properties ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Under certain soil conditions, e.g. hardsetting clay B-horizons of South-Eastern Australia, wheat plants do not perform as well as would be expected given measurements of bulk soil attributes. In such soils, measurement indicates that a large proportion (80%) of roots are preferentially located in the soil within 1 mm of macropores. This paper addresses the question of whether there are biological and soil chemical effects concomitant with this observed spatial relationship. The properties of soil manually dissected from the 1–3 mm wide region surrounding macropores, the macropore sheath, were compared to those that are measured in a conventional manner on the bulk soil. Field specimens of two different soil materials were dissected to examine biological differentiation. To ascertain whether the macropore sheath soil differs from rhizosphere soil, wheat was grown in structured and repacked cores under laboratory conditions. The macropore sheath soil contained more microbial biomass per unit mass than both the bulk soil and the rhizosphere. The bacterial population in the macropore sheath was able to utilise a wider range of carbon substrates and to a greater extent than the bacterial population in the corresponding bulk soil. These differences between the macropore sheath and bulk soil were almost non-existent in the repacked cores. Evidence for larger numbers of propagules of the broad host range fungus Pythium in the macropore sheath soil were also obtained.
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    Genotypic variation in response of barley to boron deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 65-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; boron deficiency ; Hordeum vulgare ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Responses of a range of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes to boron (B) deficiency were studied in two experiments carried out in sand culture and in the field at Chiang Mai, Thailand. In experiment 1, two barley genotypes, Stirling (two-row) and BRB 2 (six-row) and one wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype, SW 41, were evaluated in sand culture with three levels of applied B (0, 0.1 and 1.0 μM B) to the nutrient solution. It was found that B deficiency depressed flag leaf B concentration at booting, grain number and grain yield of all genotypes. In barley Stirling, B deficiency also depressed number of spikes plant-1, spikelets spike-1 and straw yield. However, no significant difference between genotypes in flag leaf B concentration was found under low B treatments. Flag leaf B concentration below 4 mg kg-1 was associated with grain set reduction and could, therefore, be used as a general indicator for B status in barley. In experiment 2, nine barley and two wheat genotypes were evaluated in the field on a low B soil with three levels of B. Boron levels were varied by applying either 2 t of lime ha-1 (BL), no B (B0) or 10 kg Borax ha-1 (B+) to the soil prior to sowing. Genotypes differed in their B response for grain spike-1, grain spikelet-1 and grain set index (GSI). The GSI of the B efficient wheat, Fang 60, exceeded 90% in all B treatments. The B inefficient wheat SW 41 and most of the barley genotypes set grain normally (GSI 〉80%) only at the B+. In B0 GSI of the barley genotypes ranged from 23% to 84%, and in BL from 19% to 65%. Three of the barley with severely depressed GSI in B0 and BL also had a decreased number of spikelets spike-1. In experiment 3, 21 advanced barley lines from the Barley Thailand Yield Nursery 1997/98 (BTYN 1997/98) were screened for B response in sand culture with no added B. Grain Set Index of the Fang 60 and SW 41 checks were 98 and 65%, respectively, and GSI of barley lines ranged between 5 and 90%. One advanced line was identified as B efficient and two as moderately B efficient. The remaining lines ranked between moderately inefficient to inefficient. These experiments have established that there is a range of responses to B in barley genotypes. This variation in the B response was observed in vegetative as well as reproductive growth. Boron efficiency should be considered in breeding and selection of barley in low B soils.
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    Physiological responses of wheat genotypes grown in chelator-buffered nutrient solutions with increasing concentrations of excess HEDTA (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 193-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chelator ; genotypic differences ; HEDTA ; ion speciation ; micronutrient ; tolerance to zinc deficiency ; wheat ; zinc
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The chelator-buffered nutrient solutions containing excess chelator have been used frequently in the micronutrient research, but potential toxicity of the excess chelator has not been ascertained. The present study was conducted to test effects of four concentrations of excess HEDTA [ N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenedinitrilotriacetic acid] and two levels of total Zn on growth, root exudation, and nutrient uptake and transport by Triticum aestivum L. (cv. Aroona) and Triticum turgidum L. conv. durum (Desf.) MacKey (cv. Durati) genotypes differing in tolerance to Zn deficiency. Excess HEDTA at 50 μM reduced root and shoot growth and caused visual toxicity symptoms (necrotic lesions) on leaves; these effects were generally absent at lower concentrations of excess HEDTA. Root exudation of phytosiderophores increased with increasing concentrations of excess HEDTA at deficient and sufficient Zn levels, and was higher in Zn-deficiency-tolerant Aroona than in Zn-deficiency-sensitive Durati wheat. Shoot and root Zn concentrations showed a saturable response to increasing Zn2+ activities in solution. Excess HEDTA at 50 μM caused an increase in shoot concentrations of Fe and a decrease in concentrations of Mn and Cu. An average rate of Zn uptake increased with an increase in Zn2+ ionic activity in solution, with Zn-deficiency-tolerant Aroona having a higher rate of Zn uptake than Zn-deficiency-sensitive Durati in the deficiency range of Zn2+ activities. Average uptake rates of Mn and Cu decreased with an increase in concentration of excess HEDTA. Similar observations were noted for transport of Mn and Cu to shoots, while Zn transport to shoots was proportional to Zn2+ activities in solution. It was concluded that excess HEDTA at 50 μM adversely affects wheat growth and physiology, while excess of 25 μM or less does not cause measurable toxicity.
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    Identification and characterization of T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerase sequences in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 40 (1999), S. 567-578 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: wheat ; mitochondria ; RNA polymerase ; transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Using PCR-based methods, we assembled two wheat cDNA sequences, wheat-G and wheat-C, that encode T3/T7 bacteriophage-like RNA polymerases (RNAPs) sharing 45% amino acid identity. In phylogenetic analyses using maximum likelihood, parsimony and distance methods, the predicted protein sequence of wheat-G (1005 amino acids, 113 kDa) clusters with sequences of previously assigned mitochondrial RNAPs from dicotyledonous plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Chenopodium album); likewise, in such analyses, the wheat-C sequence (949 amino acids, 107 kDa) affiliates specifically with the Arabidopsis sequence that encodes a phage-like RNAP thought to function in chloroplasts. To confirm biochemically the assignment of the gene encoding the putative wheat mitochondrial RNAP, we isolated a ca. 100 kDa wheat mitochondrial protein that is enriched in fractions displaying specific in vitro transcription activity and that reacts with an antibody raised against a recombinant maize phage-type RNAP. Internal peptide sequence information obtained from the 100-kDa polypeptide revealed that it corresponds to the predicted wheat-G cDNA sequence, providing direct evidence that the wheat-G gene (which we propose to call RpoTm) encodes the wheat mitochondrial RNAP.
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    Nitric oxide flux from soil during the growing season of wheat by continuous measurements of the NO soil–atmosphere concentration gradient: A process study (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 165-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agriculture ; fertilisation ; nitric oxide flux ; nitrification ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The surface flux of nitric oxide from a wheat field was investigated from 23 March to 29 May 1997 in the Kerzersmoos, Switzerland. A plot fertilised with 19 kg N ha-1 in cattle slurry and 40 kg N ha-1 in mineral NH4NO3 fertiliser and a plot receiving no nitrogen containing fertiliser were compared. The flux was calculated based on hourly measurements of the NO soil–atmosphere concentration gradient using the one-dimensional soil diffusion model of Galbally and Johansson (1989). The soil bulk diffusion coefficient was determined from measurements of the 222Rn surface flux and the activity gradient between 10 cm depth and the surface. It ranged between 79% and 0.3% of the NO diffusion coefficient in air and was parameterised by air filled soil pore space. The indirectly determined NO flux agreed well with standard flux measurements using dynamic chambers. The largest NO emission was found following fertiliser application and irrigation. The emission occurred in pulses, which lasted for 4 days up to 3 weeks coinciding with elevated soil ammonium concentrations. Nitric oxide emission in 5 days following application of cattle slurry were 31 g NO-N ha-1 and 5 g NO-N ha-1 from the non-fertilised plot, respectively. Nitric oxide emission in 15 days following application of NH4NO3 was 95 g NO-N ha-1 and 10 g NO-N ha-1 from the non-fertilised plot, respectively. NO emission in 4 days following irrigation on 21 April were 36 g N ha-1 from the fertilised and 39 g N ha-1 from the non-fertilised plot. The daily NO emission before and after fertiliser and irrigation pulses was between 0.3 and 0.7 g NO-N ha-1 d-1. NO production and NO uptake of the soil was measured regularly. No systematic influence of management or climate on NO uptake was found. NO production was strongly stimulated by fertiliser input and soil moisture content. The simulation of NO production could be reproduced using a nitrification algorithm (Riedo et al., 1998) driven by soil temperature, moisture and ammonium concentration. A NO production rate constant of 1.1ċ10-3 h-1 at 15 °C was derived from a linear regression between nitrification and NO production. Introducing the parameterisation of NO production into the model of Galbally and Johansson (1989) the duration and the strength of the NO emission pulses could be reproduced and the total NO emission during the experiment was approximated within a factor of two.
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    Silicon absorption by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 211 (1999), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: silicon absorption ; transport ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Although silicon (Si) is a quantitatively major inorganic constituent of higher plants the element is not considered generally essential for them. Therefore it is not included in the formulation of any of the solution cultures widely used in plant physiological research. One consequence of this state of affairs is that the absorption and transport of Si have not been investigated nearly as much as those of the elements accorded 'essential' status. In this paper we report experiments showing that Si is rapidly absorbed by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants from solution cultures initially containing Si at 0.5 mM, a concentration realistic in terms of the concentrations of the element in soil solutions. Nearly mature plants (headed out) 'preloaded' with Si absorbed it at virtually the same rate as did plants grown previously in solutions to which Si had not been added. The rate of Si absorption increased by more than an order of magnitude between the 2-leaf and the 7-8 leaf stage, with little change thereafter.
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    Medium optimization for efficient somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature inflorescences and immature scutella of elite cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: barley ; embryogenesis ; medium ; regeneration ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Media have been developed for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration from immature inflorescences and immature scutella of elite cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum. For wheat and tritordeum inflorescences, regeneration from embryogenic calluses induced on medium with picloram was almost twice as efficient as regeneration from cultures induced on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The addition of zeatin at 5 or 10 mg l−1 to regeneration media had a positive effect on regeneration. For scutella, the highest frequencies of embryogenesis (85%) and regeneration (50%) was obtained using an induction medium containing 2 mg l−1 of 2,4-D and half concentration of aminoacids. The morphogenetic capacities of 19 different cultivars of wheat, barley and tritordeum were compared, and clear differences were found both between explants and genotypes. In wheat, embryogenic capacity from inflorescences (average of 92%) was higher than from immature scutella (average of 62%). However, shoot regeneration from scutella was clearly higher than from inflorescences (averages of 63%, and 18% respectively). Frequencies of regeneration in wheat and barley varied widely among the cultivars tested and in both species no difference was found between spring and winter varieties.
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    Arm location of Lophopyrum elongatum genes affecting K+/Na+ selectivity under salt stress (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 193-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: K+/Na+ selectivity ; Lophopyrum elongatum ; salt-stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Accumulation of potassium ions (K+) in expanding or most recently expanded leaves and exclusion of sodium ions (Na+) from them (K+/Na+ selectivity) have been shown to be associated with salt stress tolerance in wheat and Lophopyrum elongatum, a highly salt stress tolerant relative of wheat. This physiological trait is expressed in an amphiploid from the cross of wheat (cv. Chinese Spring) × L. elongatum and the chromosomes controlling it have been identified in field studies employing Chinese Spring disomic substitution lines with individual L. elongatum chromosomes. In this paper the arm location of these genes was investigated by assessing K+/Na+ selectivity in lines harboring individual chromosomes and chromosome arms of L. elongatum. Lophopyrum elongatum chromosome arms 1ES, 7ES, and 7EL, were shown to enhance K+/Na+ selectivity in wheat.
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    Combining ability of resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) in the F1 of a seven parent diallel of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 110 (1999), S. 199-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: diallel analysis ; Fusarium culmorum ; heterosis ; resistance ; scab ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fusarium head blight (FHB, scab) caused by Fusarium spp. is a widespread disease of cereals causing relevant yield and quality losses and contaminating cereal products with mycotoxins. Breeding resistant cultivars is the method of choice for controlling the disease. Resistance to FHB is a quantitative trait and is most likely governed by several genes. We present the results of an F1 diallel analysis of FHB resistance involving six resistant and one susceptible European winter wheat genotypes of diverse origin in order to identify promising combinations for the selection of improved cultivars. Parents and F1s including reciprocals were evaluated for FHB resistance in an artificially inoculated field trial. Two traits were assessed: visual disease symptoms on the heads and the percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels in a harvested sample. General combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) effects were statistically significant for visual symptoms and kernel damage, whereas reciprocal effects were small or not significant. Heterosis for resistance was common, indicating that the parental genotypes possess different resistance genes. Selection of transgressive segregates should be feasible from such heterotic combinations.
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    Effects of abscisic acid (ABA) on grain filling processes in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ABA ; grain filling ; water stress ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of in situ water stress on the endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) content of the endosperm and the in vitro application of ABA on some important yield regulating processes in wheat have been studied. Water stress resulted in a marked increase in the ABA content of the endosperm at the time close to cessation of growth. Application of ABA to the culture medium of detached ears reduced grain weight. Exogenously applied ABA, at the highest concentration (0.1 mM) reduced transport of sucrose into the grains and lowered the starch synthesis ability of intact grains. In vitro sucrose uptake and conversion by isolated grains was stimulated by low ABA concentrations (0.001 mM) in the medium but was inhibited by higher concentrations. ABA application had no effect on sucrose synthase (SS) and uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDP-Gppase) activities, whereas adenosine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADP-Gppase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) activities were reduced. These results raise the possibility that water stress-induced elevated levels of endogenous ABA contribute to reduced grain growth.
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    Improving drought resistance in small-grained cereals: A case study, progress and prospects (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 29 (1999), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: drought resistance ; wheat ; small grains ; genetic analysis ; yield stability ; traits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Drought is a serious problem in many parts of the world where wheat, barley and other small-grained cereals are part of the staple diets. Even in parts of South-eastern Europe, seasonal rainfall for winter cereals has been falling gradually for many years. Thus, since 1981 across three sites in Yugoslavia (Novi Sad, Kragujevac and Zaječar), rainfall fell from a mean of 511 mm for October to July in 1981--1982 to about 453 mm during the same period for the 1995--1996 season. Nevertheless, average wheat yields for new varieties in Yugoslav Commission trials during this period have shown a steady increase from 7.6 to 8.8 t ha−1. This is due to increasing the yield potential of the new varieties, even in trials giving low average yields, caused largely by drought. Thus, breeders in Yugoslavia are succeeding in improving drought resistance in new wheat varieties. However, future progress in improving drought resistance may be helped by focusing on specific traits which will help to improve either crop water use, water-use efficiency or harvest index. Thus, for example, rapid early leaf area development not only improves subsequent crop growth rates, but increases competition with weeds for water and nutrients. The rate of leaf area development is closely associated with embryo size, so selection for large embryo size should improve early growth rates. Osmotic adjustment in wheat in response to drought appears to be important for maintaining yields, and selection for high osmotic adjustment has improved drought yields. Carbon 13 discrimination (Δ) is an integral measure of plant water-use efficiency. Selecting for low Δ has also resulted in increased yield under drought conditions. Other constitutive and induced traits, such as phenology, leaf xeromorphy, excised-leaf water loss, rooting behaviour, senescence and stored assimilates are also discussed in relation to improving yields in small-grain crops. Opportunities for marker-assisted selection are also considered. Incorporating specific drought resistance traits in breeding programmes should facilitate more rapid improvement in the drought resistance of wheat and other small-grained cereals.
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    Aluminum tolerance variability in rye and wheat Portuguese germplasm (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 81-85 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: aluminum tolerance ; germplasm ; rye ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Regional rye populations and wheat cultivars/lines were screened for aluminum tolerance using the hematoxylin staining method. Portuguese regional rye populations showed better tolerance than the Polish cv. Dank. Zlote, used as tolerant tester. In the group of bread wheats, EPM 305/81, a Barbela reselection, was the most tolerant genotype with the same behaviour as the cv. BH 1146, a tolerant tester. In a study with lines selected from a local Barbela landrace, aluminum tolerance variability was detected. Some lines were as tolerant, or higher, as wheat tester. As Portuguese rye populations and the Barbela wheat landrace have grown for centuries on an acid soil region, the data supports the idea that natural biotic or abiotic stresses associated to man selection, lead to the adaptation of genotypes to specific regional conditions and, in this case, to acid soils where aluminum toxicity occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008642526392
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    Resistance to foliar blight of wheat: A search (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 469-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: foliar blight ; germplasm ; resistance ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract One thousand three hundred and eighty-seven spring wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L.) lines belonging to the Indian and CIMMYT wheat programmes were evaluated for their tolerance to foliar blight disease for three consecutive years i.e., from 1994 to 1997. Disease severity at six different growth stages, beginning from tillering to late milk stage, was recorded. None of the genotypes showed immunity to the disease. Of 43 lines showing resistant reaction, a major proportion (25) was represented by CIMMYT material. Comparatively, Indian germplasm lines tended to be more susceptible at more advanced growth stages. Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) and Apparent Infection Rate (r) values of resistant lines were much lower than those of susceptible ones, but lower AUDPC in some of the resistant lines did not correspond to a lower 'r' value. Most of the resistant lines were derived from Seri, Myna, Bau, kauz, Hork 's' and Aegilops tauschii Coss.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008797232108
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  • 97
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    Electronic Resource
    Protein heterogeneity in European wheat landraces and obsolete cultivars (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 521-528 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: glutenin ; homogeneity ; landrace ; obsolete cultivars ; storage proteins ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Identity and present degree of genetic homogeneity and heterogeneity, respectively of 52 European wheat accessions, maintained in the collection of wheat genetic resources, have been characterized using analyses of glutenins by sodiumdodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Six of the analyzed wheat accessions were observed to be homogeneous, while 46 (88.5%) of them were heterogeneous in protein profiles. Heterogeneous accessions possessed 2 to 13 different protein lanes. Together, 17 high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) alleles have been found. The most frequent HMW-GS alleles at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1, and Glu-D1 complex loci were 1, 7+9, and 2+12, respectively. However, also low frequented HMW-GS alleles or allelic combinations, such as 7+15, 13+16, 20, 6, 7, and 9 were observed. Furthermore, another new allele encoding HMW glutenin subunit with relative molecular weight 98.6 kDa has been found in one of the lines of the cultivar Eritrospermum 917. The Glu-score in the examined accessions varied in broad range, some of the lines reached the maximum value 10.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008751815445
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  • 98
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    Estimation of the Importance of Spatially Variable Nitrogen Application and Soil Moisture Holding Capacity to Wheat Production (1999)
    Springer
    Precision agriculture 1 (1999), S. 27-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1618
    Keywords: CERES ; wheat ; soil moisture ; nitrogen ; variability ; precision agriculture ; spatial
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Crop growth modelling techniques were used to investigate the performance of a wheat crop over a range of weather conditions, nitrogen application rates and soil types. The data were used to predict long term benefits of using spatially variable fertilizer application strategies where fertilizer application rate was matched to the soil type, against a strategy of uniform fertilizer application. The model was also run with modified soil properties to determine the importance of soil moisture holding capacity in the variability of crop yield. It was found that the benefits of spatially variable nitrogen management when fertilizer was applied at the beginning of the season were modest on average. The range of results for different weather conditions was much greater than the average benefit. A large proportion of the variability of crop performance between soil types could be explained by differing soil moisture holding capacity. Devising techniques for managing this variability was concluded to be important for precision farming of cereals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009973802295
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  • 99
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    Genotypic variation for potassium uptake and utilization efficiency in wheat (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 41-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: wheat ; potassium ; nutrition ; genotypic variability ; utilization efficiency ; uptake efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot and field experiments were carried out in order to study the genotypic variation in potassium uptake and utilization by winter wheat (T. aestivum L). Fifty-eight genotypes showed variation in K concentration, accumulation and potassium efficiency ratio (KER) in a field experiment. KER had significant positive correlation with grain weight per spike and harvest index (HI), and significantly negative correlation with stem K concentration at maturity. In a subsequent field experiment, three out of four genotypes, Yunmei 5, 94-18 and 94-6 differed in their KER, and had significantly higher grain yield with K application (K1) than without K application (K0). The 4th genotype Zhemei 1 showed no response to K. The yield increase due to K application was mainly due to the improvement in spike development from tillers. K concentration and accumulation in the plant varied between genotypes, K levels and plant parts. Among various plant parts, stem contained the highest K concentration and had the highest K accumulation at maturity, and changed considerably with the K level, while other plant parts remained relatively unchanged. All four genotypes had smaller KER in K1, as compared to K0, but there existed some difference in KER reduction among genotypes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009708012381
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of kinetin on growth, grain yield and some mineral elements in wheat plants growing under excess salinity and oxygen deficiency (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 27 (1999), S. 63-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: flooding ; kinetin ; leaf relative water content ; membrane stability ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat plants, 22d. old, were exposed to wide range of soil water osmotic potential (Ψs = 0 to −1.2 MPa) induced by NaCl and CaCl2 treatments in combination with roots maintained under aerobic (drained at field capacity) or nonaerobic (flooded) conditions in the soil, and sprayed with 10 mg L−1 kinetin solution. In drained plants, not receiving kinetin, increased soil salinity resulted in appreciable inhibition of shoot growth and reduction in chlorophyll (Ch1.), soluble sugars (SS) contents and grain yield. Shoot growth, Ch1. content, soluble sugars and grain yield were significantly lower for flooded plants than unflooded analogues over the entire Ψs range. Both salinity and waterlogging synergize to increase Na+, Ca+ and Cl− accumulation in shoot tissues and to decrease the stability of leaf membranes to either dehydration (40% polyethylene glycol 6000) or heat (51 °C) stress. The ratio of K+/Na+ transported to shoots under aerobic and anaerobic conditions decreased progressively on salinization. The association between the internal mineral element concentrations was largely affected by kinetin treatment. Kinetin application ameliorated the deleterious effects of salinity and oxygen deficiency. It reduced Na+, Ca2+ and Cl− accumulation and improved K+ uptake under salinity and waterlogging stresses. Increased K+/Na+ ratio helped the plants to avoid Na+ toxicity and enhanced shoot growth and grain yield. Kinetin also reduced membrane injury by dehydration and heat stresses and improved the water status of plants under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The effects of single factors (Soil salinity ‘Ψs’, soil waterlogging ‘WL’ and Kinetin ‘Kin’) and their interactions (Ψs × WL, Ψs × Kin, WL × Kin and Ψs × WL × Kin) were shown by analysis of variance to be statistically significant for most parameters tested. Calculation of the coefficient of determination (η+) led to three important findings. (1) Salinity (Ψs) was dominant in affecting leaf relative water content (RWC), shoot dry mass, grain yield, stability of leaf membranes to dehydration stress and the contents of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl−. (2) Kinetin (Kin) had a dominant effect on the stability of leaf membranes to heat stress as well as on chlorophyll and soluble sugars contents. (3) The share of waterlogging (WL) was dominant for K+ content. It can be concluded that kinetin application helped wheat plants to grow successfully in the areas subjected to combined effects of salinity and oxygen deficiency, such as in salt marshes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006181204765
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