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  • Books
  • Other Sources  (3,220)
  • ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION  (2,380)
  • AEROSPACE MEDICINE  (761)
  • Stress
  • 1975-1979  (3,220)
Collection
Source
Keywords
Publisher
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Determination of the mean principal directions of stresses for a given fault population (1979)
    In:  Tectonophys., Luxembourg, EGS-Gauthier-Villars, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. T17-T26, pp. L23303
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Stress measurements ; Fault zone ; Statistical investigations ; Tectonics ; Geol. aspects ; Fault plane solution, focal mechanism
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 2
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    Northeast-southwest compressive stress in Alberta: evidence from oilwells (1979)
    In:  Earth planet. Sci. Lett., Beijing, Pergamon, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 475-482, pp. 2135
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Stress measurements ; Borehole breakouts
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 3
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    fIbfR values and ?us-2-vs0d seismic source models: Implications for tectonic stress variations along active crustal fault zones and the estimation of high-frequency strong ground motion (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Luxembourg, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 84, no. 7055, pp. 2235-2242, pp. B05S07, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismicity ; SModelling ; Tectonics ; Stress ; Strong motions ; Earthquake hazard ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 4
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    A complete solution of a one-dimensional propagating fault with nonuniform stress and strength (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Amsterdam, Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. 84, no. 44, pp. 2223-2234, pp. L12S09, (ISSN 0016-8548, ISBN 3-510-50045-8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Fault zone ; Elasticity ; Inhomogeneity ; Dislocation ; Stress ; Fracture ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 5
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    Stress measurements in North China (1979)
    In:  Acta Geophysica Sinica, Amsterdam, Conseil de l'Europe, vol. 22, no. 3/4, pp. 2-8, pp. B03405, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Stress measurements
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 6
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    On the relation between seismic moment and stress drop in the presence of stress and strength heterogeneity (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., San Francisco, Pergamon, vol. 84, no. B5, pp. 2243-2250, pp. B05315, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: seismic Moment ; Stress drop ; Stress ; Strength ; Seismology ; Modelling ; Source parameters ; Inhomogeneity ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 7
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    Observations relevant to seismic driving stress, stress drop, and efficiency (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., New York, August, vol. 84, no. 3-4, pp. 2251-2261, pp. 1610, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Stress ; Stress drop ; Energy (of earthquakes) ; Source parameters ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 8
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    The Horse Canyon earthquake of August 2, 1975 - Two-stage stress-release process in a strike-slip earthquake (1979)
    In:  Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Münster, 3, vol. 69, no. 6, pp. 1161-1173, pp. L23301, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Earthquake ; BSSA
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 9
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    Tectonic stress in the plates (1979)
    In:  Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., Luxembourg, National Academy of Sciences of the USA, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 981-1019, pp. B05311, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Plate tectonics ; Review article ; Tectonics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 10
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    In situ Gesteinsspannungsermittlungen in Island (1979)
    In:  Messtechnische Briefe, Hokkaido University, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 15, no. 5/6, pp. 35-46, pp. 2339, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Iceland ; Stress measurements ; Schafer
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 11
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    Vertical movement in mare basins: Relation to mare emplacement, basin tectonics, and lunar thermal history (1979)
    In:  J. Geophys. Res., Warszawa, Polish Geothermal Association, vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 1667-1682, pp. B05406, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Elasticity ; Planetology ; Tectonics ; JGR
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 12
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    Stress and temperature in the bending lithosphere as constrained by experimental rock mechanics (1979)
    In:  Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Bonn, Pergamon, vol. 59, no. B3, pp. 463-478, pp. 2050, (ISBN: 0534351875, 2nd edition)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Geothermics ; Tectonics ; Rock mechanics ; GJRaS
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 13
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    Magnitude of shear stress on the San Andreas fault: Implications from a stress measurement profile at shallow depth (1979)
    In:  Science, Kunming, China, 3-4, vol. 206, no. 17, pp. 445-447, pp. L17317, (ISSN: 1340-4202)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Fault zone ; Borehole geophys. ; Magnitude
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 14
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    Fundamentals of Rock Mechanics (1979)
    Chapman and Hall
    In:  London, 3rd ed., 593+XXII pp., Chapman and Hall, vol. 558, no. XVI:, pp. 1-14, (ISBN 3-9808493-1-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Rock mechanics ; Stress ; Rheology ; Fracture ; Friction ; Coulomb ; Mohr
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 15
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    Gesteinsphysikalische Daten des Falkenberger Granits (1979)
    Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum
    In:  Jahresbericht 1979, Teilprojekt Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, BMFT-ET-Vorhaben 4159/CEC-Projekt E 8 (D), Az.: 7084404, Ru 79/4, Hannover, Inst. f. Geophys., Ruhr-Univ. Bochum, vol. 1034, no. 2-90/91, pp. 154-168, (ISBN 3-933346-037)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 16
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    Experiments of in-situ stress measurements using stress relief and hydraulic fracturing techniques (1979)
    In:  Houston, no. 18, pp. 173-184
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Stress ; Stress measurements ; China
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 17
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    DSN energy data base preliminary design (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-01
    Description: The design and implementation of a computerized data base created to support the DSN Energy Conservation Project with data relating to energy use at Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex are described. The results of development work to date, are presented along with work currently in progress or in the planning stage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 167-181
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  • 18
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    Sound and noise (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of audible sound and noise, infrasound, and ultrasound on man are discussed. Those factors which have potential relevance to the space flight situation are emphasized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 109-147
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  • 19
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    Weightlessness (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The general physiological effects of weightlessness are discussed with emphasis on the physiological effects that could limit mission durations in the absence of effective countermeasures.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 169-185
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  • 20
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    Radiofrequency radiation (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Sources, biophysical characteristics, and potential biological effects of rf radiation are described. Standards are given for exposure of spacecraft personnel to rf radiation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 149-167
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  • 21
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    Physical forces generating acceleration, vibration, and impact (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects of forces resulting in radial acceleration, sustained linear acceleration, impact, or vibration are identified. Tolerance limits are presented for these forces.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 71-107
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  • 22
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    Contaminants (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spacecraft contaminants, their sources, and their toxicological effects are summarized. The problems of identifying toxic hazards, establishing standards for their concentrations, and designing removal systems are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 17-56
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  • 23
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    Atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological basis of the limits established for atmospheric pressure as well as the partial pressures of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and diluent gas are reviewed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 1-15
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  • 24
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    Potential prediction needs in support of energy systems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The relationship between emerging energy systems and the natural environment is discussed, including selected examples to show that energy systems are tied to global solar terrestrial processess. The interdependence of resources, technology, and environmental impact is considered in terms of needed geophysical, atmospheric, and solar terrestrial data inputs. The need for long term basic research on the solar terrestrial system is emphasized.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 198-202
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  • 25
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    Thermal environment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects, discomfort, and performance degradation associated with an imbalanced thermal environment are discussed. Temperature tolerance limits are set using thermoregulation models and experimental results. The effects of interacting environmental factors, individual variations, and exposure duration on tolerance limits are considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 57-69
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  • 26
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    Hyperthermia and exercise (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper emphasizes fluid and electrolyte parameters that affect the hyperthermia of physical exercise (metabolic heat production). The major hypothesis discussed is that fluid and electrolyte changes influence thermal regulation within the fine control boundaries. A second working hypothesis is that the elevation of core temperature during exercise is a regulated phenomenon that is beneficial to the organism in terms of efficiency and potential for survival and is not merely a failure of the thermoregulatory control system. The central thermoregulatory mechanism seems more responsive to the hypothermic effect of calcium than to the hyperthermic effect of sodium. The mechanisms controlling plasma fluid-electrolyte shifts, particularly during exercise and recovery from exercise, may play an important part in exercise thermoregulation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 27
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    Limb blood flow - Rest and heavy exercise in sitting and supine positions in man (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The objectives of the study were twofold: (1) to determine the effect of body position (hydrostatic pressure) on total blood flow in active and passive limbs at rest and after severe exercise; and (2) to further evaluate the impedance technique for measurement of blood flow. To this end, the effect of body position on the redistribution of total blood flow in active (leg) and passive (forearm) limbs during exercise was determined by measuring total limb impedance (blood flow) in five male and one female subjects in sitting and supine positions with a modified Beckman BR-100 rheograph. The results show that, at rest and after exercise, the supine position induces significantly greater flows in the leg but not in the forearm. With severe exercise, blood flows are increased in both passive and active limbs, so that there is probably no net transfer of blood volume from passive to active muscles. The advantages of the impedance technique over other methods are stressed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 28
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    Plasma volume during stress in man - Osmolality and red cell volume (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The purpose was (1) to test the hypothesis that in man there is a range of plasma osmolality within which the red cell volume (RCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) remain essentially constant and (2) to determine the upper limit of this range. During a variety of stresses - submaximal and maximal exercise, heat and altitude exposure, +Gz acceleration, and tilting - changes in plasma osmolality between -1 and +13 mosmol/kg resulted in essentially no change in the regression of percent change in plasma volume (PV) calculated from a change in hematocrit (Hct) on that calculated from a change in Hct + hemoglobin (Hb), i.e., the RCV and MCV were constant. Factors that do not influence RCV are the level of metabolism, heat exposure at rest, and short-term orthostasis (heat-to-foot acceleration). Factors that may influence RCV are exposure to high altitude and long-term orthostasis (head-up tilting). Factors that definitely influence RCV are prior dehydration and extended periods of stress. Thus, either the Hct or the Hct + Hb equations can be used to calculate percent changes in PV under short-term periods of stress when the change in plasma osmolality is less than 13 mosmol/kg.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 47
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  • 29
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    A device model for the tandem junction solar cell (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A conceptual device model has been developed to explain operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) when back contacts only are used. Operation and parameters of the cell are explained by transistor action. Experimental observations are presented which confirm that current is collected for carrier generation in the front uncontacted n(plus) region. The model should be useful as a guideline to optimize the TJC by application of transistor design principles.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Sept
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  • 30
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    The importance of surface recombination and energy-bandgap narrowing in p-n-junction silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experimental data demonstrating the sensitivity of open-circuit voltage to front-surface conditions are presented for a variety of p-n-junction silicon solar cells. Analytical models accounting for the data are defined and supported by additional experiments. The models and the data imply that a) surface recombination significantly limits the open-circuit voltage (and the short-circuit current) of typical silicon cells, and b) energy-bandgap narrowing is important in the manifestation of these limitations. The models suggest modifications in both the structural design and the fabrication processing of the cells that would result in substantial improvements in cell performance. The benefits of one such modification - the addition of a thin thermal silicon-dioxide layer on the front surface - are indicated experimentally.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Sept
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  • 31
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    Evaluation of models to predict insolation on tilted surfaces (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An empirical study was performed to evaluate the validity of various insolation models which employ either an isotropic or an anisotropic distribution approximation for sky light when predicting insolation on tilted surfaces. Data sets of measured hourly insolation values were obtained over a 6-month period using pyranometers which received diffuse and total solar radiation on a horizontal plane and total radiation on surfaces tilted toward the equator at 37 degrees and 60 degrees angles above the horizon. Data on the horizontal surfaces were used in the insolation models to predict insolation on the tilted surface; comparisons of measured vs calculated insolation on the tilted surface were examined to test the validity of the sky light approximations. It was found that the Liu-Jordan isotropic distribution model provides a good fit to empirical data under overcast skies but underestimates the amount of solar radiation incident on tilted surfaces under clear and partly cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 23; 2, 19; 1979
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  • 32
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    A simple theory of back-surface-field /BSF/ solar cells (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An earlier calculation of the I-V characteristics of solar cells contains a mistake. The current generated by light within the depletion layer is too large by a factor of 2. When this mistake is corrected, not only are all previous conclusions unchanged, but the agreement with experiment becomes better. Results are presented in graphical form of new computations which not only take account of the factor of 2, but also include more recent data on material parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Journal of Applied Physics; 50; Aug. 197
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  • 33
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    Low-cost encapsulation materials for terrestrial solar cell modules (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents the findings of material surveys intended to identify low cost materials which could be functional as encapsulants (by 1986) for terrestrial solar cell modules. Economic analyses have indicated that in order to meet the low cost goal of $2.70 per sq m, some or all of the following material technologies must be developed or advanced: (1) UV screening outer covers; (2) elastomeric acrylics; (3) weatherproofing and waterproofing of structural wood and paper products; (4) transparent UV stabilizers for the UV-sensitive transparent pottants; and (5) cost-effective utilization of silicone and fluorocarbon materials.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Energy; 22; 4, 19; 1979
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  • 34
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    Solar cell spectral response characterization (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The absolute spectral response of solar cells is reported in the 400-1000-nm spectral region. Measurements were performed using two different types of monochromatic sources: amplitude-stabilized CW laser lines and interference filters with an incandescent lamp. Both types of calibration procedures use electrical substitution radiometry as the basis of traceability to absolute SI units. The accuracy of the calibration is shown to be limited by the nonideal characteristics of the solar cells themselves, specifically spatial nonuniformities and nonlinearities induced by high light levels.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Dec. 1
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  • 35
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    Amino aciduria in weightlessness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Urinary excretion of amino acids by the 9 Skylab crewmen was studied as an indicator of the metabolic effects caused by exposure to the space flight environment. Intake was consistent in quality and quantity throughout the 28, 59 and 84-day flights for each of the crewmen and complete collections were accomplished. The results indicated an increased excretion in most amino acids during the first month of flight which remained elevated in the second and third months but to a lesser extent. Additional indications of change in muscle and skeletal metabolism were observed. These results point to the desirability of obtaining additional indices of alterations in protein synthetic processes in conjunction with future space flights.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 36
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    A mathematical and experimental simulation of the hematological response to weightlessness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A mathematical model of erythropoiesis control was used to simulate the effects of bedrest and zero-g on the circulating red cell mass. The model incorporates the best current understanding of the dynamics of red cell production and destruction and the associated feedback regulation. Specifically studied were the hemodynamic responses of a 28-day bedrest study devised to simulate Skylab experience. The results support the hypothesis that red cell loss during supine bedrest is a normal physiological feedback process in response to hemoconcentration enhanced tissue oxygenation and suppression of red cell production. Model simulation suggested the possibilities that this period was marked by some combination of increased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, small reduction in mean red cell life span, ineffective erythropoiesis, or abnormal reticulocytosis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 37
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    Exercise response to simulated weightlessness (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two bed rest analog studies of space flight were performed; one 14 d and the other 28 d in duration. Exercise response was studied in detail during the 28 d study and following both the 14 d and 28 d studies. This paper relates the results of these studies to physiologic changes noted during and following space flight. The most consistent change noted after both bed rest and space flight is an elevated heart rate during exercise. A second consistent finding is a postflight or postbed rest reduction in cardiac stroke volume. Cardiac output changes were variable. The inability to simulate inflight activity levels and personal exercise makes a direct comparison between bed rest and the results from specific space flights difficult.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 38
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    A study of metabolic balance in crewmembers of Skylab IV (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A metabolic balance study was conducted on the three crewmembers of the 84-day Skylab IV earth orbital mission. Dietary intake was controlled, monitored, and kept very nearly constant for a period commencing 21 days prior to flight, throughout flight, and for a period of 18 days postflight. Within the first 30 days of flight urine calcium rose to a level approx. 100% above preflight levels and remained elevated for the remainder of the flight. Fecal calcium excretion increased more slowly but continued to accelerate throughout the flight and did not return to baseline levels during the postflight period. Urinary nitrogen increased to 25-30% above preflight levels within one month following launch and thereafter gradually subsided toward control values. The overall losses of calcium averaged approx. 200 mg per day throughout the mission while nitrogen losses averaged 590 mg. Various other indices of musculoskeletal deterioration are discussed and correlated. The parallelism between the effects of weightlessness and bed rest is reviewed. It is noted, that no evidence is yet available as to the identity of the initial biological response to the absence of gravity.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 39
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    Space motion sickness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Research on the etiology, prediction, treatment and prevention of space motion sickness, designed to minimize the impact of this syndrome which was experienced frequently and with severity by individuals on the Skylab missions, on Space Shuttle crews is reviewed. Theories of the cause of space motion sickness currently under investigation by NASA include sensory conflict, which argues that motion sickness symptoms result from a mismatch between the total pattern of information from the spatial senses and that stored from previous experiences, and fluid shift, based upon the redistribution of bodily fluids that occurs upon continued exposure to weightlessness. Attempts are underway to correlate space motion sickness susceptibility to different provocative environments, vestibular and nonvestibular responses, and the rate of acquisition and length of retention of sensory adaptation. Space motion sickness countermeasures under investigation include various drug combinations, of which the equal combination of promethazine and ephedrine has been found to be as effective as the scopolomine and dexedrine combination, and vestibular adaptation and biofeedback training and autogenic therapy.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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    Deconditioning-induced exercise responses as influenced by heat acclimation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study to determine the effect of heat acclimation and physical training in temperate conditions on changes in exercise tolerance following water-immersion deconditioning is presented. Five young men were tested on a bicycle ergometer before and after heat acclimation and after water immersion. The subjects and the experimental procedure, heat acclimation and exercise training, water immersion, and exercise tolerance are discussed. Heat acclimation resulted in the usual decreases in exercise heart rate and rectal temperature and an increase in sweat rate. Water immersion resulted in substantial diuresis despite water consumed. The results show that heat acclimation provides an effective method of preventing the adverse effects of water-immersion deconditioning on exercise tolerance.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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    Radiation energy conversion in space (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Topics discussed at the third NASA conference on radiant energy conversion are reviewed. The unconcentrated-photovoltaic-generation version of a solar power satellite is described, noting that it will consist of a 21.3 x 5.3-sq-km silicon-solar-cell array expected to provide 17 Gw of electrical power, with 1 km in diam transmitters oriented to beam 2.45 GHz microwave power to two receiving/rectifying 'rectennas' on earth. The Solares space-energy-system concept, designed for providing a large fraction of the world's energy needs at costs comparable to those of future coal/nuclear alternative, is considered, as are subsystems for improving the economics of the solar power satellite. A concept proposing the use of relativistic-electron-storage rings for electron-beam energy transmission and storage, and a report on the production of a high temperature plasma with concentrated solar radiation are taken into account. Laser-conversion systems, including the direct-solar-pumped space laser, and the telec-powered spacecraft, are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 17; Mar. 197
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    Cardiovascular regulatory response to lower body negative pressure following blood volume loss (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An attempt is made to explain the cardiovascular regulatory responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) stress, both in the absence of and following blood or plasma volume loss, the latter being factors regularly observed with short- or long-term recumbency or weightlessness and associated with resulting cardiovascular deconditioning. Analytical expressions are derived for the responses of mean venous pressure and blood volume pooled in the lower body due to LBNP. An analysis is presented for determining the HR change due to LBNP stress following blood volume loss. It is concluded that the reduced orthostatic tolerance following long-term space flight or recumbency can be mainly attributed to blood volume loss, and that the associated cardiovascular responses characterizing this orthostatic intolerance is elicited by the associated central venous pressure response.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 43
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    Sweating responses during heat acclimation and moderate conditioning (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experiments were conducted on ten young male subjects to determine sweating onset, distribution, and patterns as well as the relationships of these responses to body temperature during heat acclimation and moderate conditioning performed in temperate (24 C) conditions. The subjects are randomly assigned to two groups of five subjects each. The experimental period consisted of eight successive days of either graded exercise to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer in heat (acclimation group) or in a temperate environment (control group). Major conclusions are that (1) acclimation and conditioning result in relatively more sweat rate on the limbs than on the torso, but that these changes are less related to body temperature than torso sweat rate; and (2) sweating sensitivity increases during acclimation and conditioning, but its contribution to heat acclimation is minor.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 46
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  • 44
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    Tissue gas and blood analyses of human subjects breathing 80% argon and 20% oxygen (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Eight human volunteers, individually studied in a hyperbaric chamber, breathed: (1) air at 1 ATA; (2) 80% argon and 20% oxygen at 1 ATA for 30 min; (3) air at 1 ATA for 30 min; (4) 100% O2 at 1 ATA for 30 min; (5) air at 1 ATA for 30 min; (6) 100% O2 at 2 ATA for 60 min; and (7) 80% argon and 20% oxygen at 1 ATA for 30 min. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon tensions were measured in muscle and subcutaneous tissue by mass spectroscopic analyses. Venous blood obtained at regular intervals was analyzed for coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. Inert gas narcosis was not observed. After breathing argon for 30 min, muscle argon tensions were almost three times the subcutaneous tensions. Argon wash-in mirrored nitrogen wash-out. Argon wash-in and wash-out had no effect on tissue PO2 or PCO2. Coagulation and fibrinolytic changes usually associated with vascular bubbles were absent.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 45
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    Application of the superposition principle to solar-cell analysis (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The superposition principle of differential-equation theory - which applies if and only if the relevant boundary-value problems are linear - is used to derive the widely used shifting approximation that the current-voltage characteristic of an illuminated solar cell is the dark current-voltage characteristic shifted by the short-circuit photocurrent. Analytical methods are presented to treat cases where shifting is not strictly valid. Well-defined conditions necessary for superposition to apply are established. For high injection in the base region, the method of analysis accurately yields the dependence of the open-circuit voltage on the short-circuit current (or the illumination level).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices; ED-26; Mar. 197
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  • 46
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    Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts with heavy exercise in sitting and supine positions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental study was carried out to compare fluid and electrolyte shifts after heavy exercise performed by four voluntary male subjects (26-45 yr) in sitting and supine positions. Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts were measured during the 6-min control period and for 60 min after a continuous peak oxygen uptake test. The results indicate that the most likely driving force for the restitution of plasma volume after peak exercise is provided by a change in hydrostatic and/or systemic blood pressures when exercise ceases.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 236; Mar. 197
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  • 47
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    Comparison of two total energy systems for a diesel power generation plant (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The capabilities and limitations, as well as the associated costs for two total energy systems for a diesel power generation plant are compared. Both systems utilize waste heat from engine cooling water and waste heat from exhaust gases. Pressurized water heat recovery system is simple in nature and requires no engine modifications, but operates at lower temperature ranges. On the other hand, a two-phase ebullient system operates the engine at constant temperature, provides higher temperature water or steam to the load, but is more expensive.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 89-93
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  • 48
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    A two-dimensional thermal analysis of a new high-performance tubular solar collector (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The first of two articles are presented which describe and analyze the thermal performance of a vacuum tube solar collector. The assumptions and mathematical modeling are presented. The problem is reduced to the formulation of two simultaneous linear differential equations characterizing the collector thermal behavior. After applying the boundary conditions, a general solution is obtained which is found similar to the general Hottel, Whillier and Bliss form but with a complex flow factor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 116-131
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  • 49
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    The updated algorithm of the Energy Consumption Program (ECP): A computer model simulating heating and cooling energy loads in buildings (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The energy Comsumption Computer Program was developed to simulate building heating and cooling loads and compute thermal and electric energy consumption and cost. This article reports on the new additional algorithms and modifications made in an effort to widen the areas of application. The program structure was rewritten accordingly to refine and advance the building model and to further reduce the processing time and cost. The program is noted for its very low cost and ease of use compared to other available codes. The accuracy of computations is not sacrificed however, since the results are expected to lie within + or - 10% of actual energy meter readings.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 107-115
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  • 50
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 5: Safety criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Methodology is described for determining potential safety hazards involved in the construction and operation of photovoltaic power systems and provides guidelines for the implementation of safety considerations in the specification, design and operation of photovoltaic systems. Safety verification procedures for use in solar photovoltaic systems are established.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183320 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-5 , NAS 1.26:183320
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 3: Environmental issues and evaluation criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The environmental issues and evaluation criteria relating to the suitability of sites proposed for photovoltaic (PV) system deployment are identified. The important issues are defined, briefly discussed and then developed into evaluation criteria. System designers are provided with information on the environmental sensitivity of PV systems in realistic applications, background material which indicates the applicability of the siting issues identified, and evaluation criteria are defined to facilitate the selection of sites that maximize PV system operation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183318 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-3 , NAS 1.26:183318
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 1: Guidelines for evaluating the management and operations planning of photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Guidelines are provided to the Field Centers for organization, scheduling, project and cost control, and performance in the areas of project management and operations planning for Photovoltaics Test and Applications. These guidelines may be used in organizing a T and A Project Team for system design/test, site construction and operation, and as the basis for evaluating T and A proposals. The attributes are described for project management and operations planning to be used by the Field Centers. Specifically, all project management and operational issues affecting costs, schedules and performance of photovoltaic systems are addressed. Photovoltaic tests and applications include residential, intermediate load center, central station, and stand-alone systems. The sub-categories of system maturity considered are: Initial System Evaluation Experiments (ISEE); System Readiness Experiments (SRE); and Commercial Readiness Demonstration Projects (CRDP).
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183316 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-1 , NAS 1.26:183316
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 4: Review criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Guidelines are provided for the organization, preparation and conduct of program reviews for photovoltaic applications. These criteria apply to all photovoltaic applications. They include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) Conceptual design review; (2) Preliminary design review; (3) Critical design review; and (4) Operational readiness review. Contract goal's and objectives are met through program monitoring for cost, schedule, and performance for both managerial and technical elements for all PV applications activities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183319 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-4 , NAS 1.26:183319
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    Photovoltaic system criteria documents. Volume 2: Quality assurance criteria for photovoltaic applications (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Quality assurance criteria are described for manufacturers and installers of solar photovoltaic tests and applications. Quality oriented activities are outlined to be pursued by the contractor/subcontractor to assure the physical and operational quality of equipment produced is included. In the broad sense, guidelines are provided for establishing a QA organization if none exists. Mainly, criteria is provided to be considered in any PV quality assurance plan selected as appropriate by the responsible Field Center. A framework is established for a systematic approach to ensure that photovoltaic tests and applications are constructed in a timely and cost effective manner.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA-CR-183317 , JPL-5250-3-VOL-2 , NAS 1.26:183317
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    Results of a utility survey of the status of large wind turbine development (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Wind energy conversion systems were surveyed from a utility viewpoint to establish the state of the art with regard to: (1) availability of the type of machines; (2) quality of power generation; (3) suitability for electrical grid; (4) reliability; and (5) economics. Of the 23 designs discussed, 7 have vertical axis wind turbines, 9 have upwind horizontal axis turbines, and 7 have downwind horizontal axis turbines.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 363-374
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    Large, low cost composite wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A woven roving E-glass tape, having all of its structural fibers oriented across the tape width was used in the manufacture of the spar for a wind turbine blade. Tests of a 150 ft composite blade show that the transverse filament tape is capable of meeting structural design requirements for wind turbine blades. Composite blades can be designed for interchangeability with steel blades in the MOD-1 wind generator system. The design, analysis, fabrication, and testing of the 150 ft blade are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 309-324
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    The use of wood for wind turbine blade construction (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The interrelationships between moisture and wood, conditions for dry rot spore activity, the protection of wood fibers from moisture, wood resin composites, wood laminating, quality control, and the mechanical properties of wood are discussed. The laminated veneer and the bonded sawn stock fabrication techniques, used in the construction of a turbine blade with a monocoque 'D' section forming the leading edge and a built up trailing edge section, are described. A 20 foot root end sample complete with 24 bonded-in studs was successfully subjected to large onetime loads in both the flatwise and edgewise directions, and to fatigue tests. Results indicate that wood is both a viable and advantageous material for use in wind turbine blades. The basic material is reasonably priced, domestically available, ecologically sound, and easily fabricated with low energy consumption.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 293-308
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    Evaluation of an operating MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Operating loads and structural damage were monitored during operation of the MOD-OA electric generating system. The turbine was damaged locally between stations 48 and 125 after 2.8 million rotations. Loads due to degraded yaw stiffness and fretting at rib station 48 were identified as primary to this distress. The repaired blades operated an additional 4.8 million rotations without problems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 239-265
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    Cost of energy evaluation (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The estimated cost per kilowatt hour, the wind resources in the utilities service area, and the reliability of the units are considered in computing the cost of energy of the wind turbine generator system.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 397-402
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    Status of the Southern California Edison Company 3 MW Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) demonstration project (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: To demonstrate the concept of utility scale electricity production from a high wind energy resource, a program was initiated to construct and test a 3 megawatt (3,000 kW) Schachle wind turbine generator near Palm Springs, California. The background and current status of this program are presented along with a summary of future planned program activities.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 355-362
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    Blade design and operating experience on the MOD-OA 200 kW wind turbine at Clayton, New Mexico (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two 60 foot long aluminum wind turbine blades were operated for over 3000 hours on the MOD-OA wind turbine. The first signs of blade structural damage were observed after 400 hours of operation. Details of the blade design, loads, cost, structural damage, and repair are discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 225-238
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    Alcoa wind turbines (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An overview of Alcoa's wind energy program is given with emphasis on the the development of a low cost, reliable Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine System. The design layouts and drawings for fabrication are now complete, while fabrication and installation to utilize the design are expected to begin shortly.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 155-171
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    Specification, siting and selection of large WECS prototypes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The development of large-scale windpowered systems is outlined. Topics discussed include: prototype specifications development, site selection process, and selection of prototype contractor.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 89-102
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    Design evolution of large wind turbine generators (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: During the past five years, the goals of economy and reliability have led to a significant evolution in the basic design--both external and internal--of large wind turbine systems. To show the scope and nature of recent changes in wind turbine designs, development of three types are described: (1) system configuration developments; (2) computer code developments; and (3) blade technology developments.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 25-33
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    Computer modeling of a two-junction, monolithic cascade solar cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The theory and design criteria for monolithic, two-junction cascade solar cells are described. The departure from the conventional solar cell analytical method and the reasons for using the integral form of the continuity equations are briefly discussed. The results of design optimization are presented. The energy conversion efficiency that is predicted for the optimized structure is greater than 30% at 300 K, AMO and one sun. The analytical method predicts device performance characteristics as a function of temperature. The range is restricted to 300 to 600 K. While the analysis is capable of determining most of the physical processes occurring in each of the individual layers, only the more significant device performance characteristics are presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 267-281
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    An interim report on the NTS-2 solar cell experiment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Data obtained from the fourteen solar cell modules on the NTS-2 satellite are presented together with a record of panel temperature and sun inclination. The following flight data are discussed: (1) state of the art solar cell configurations which embody improvements in solar cell efficiency through new silicon surface and bulk technology, (2) improved coverslip materials and coverslip bonding techniques, (3) short and long term effects of ultraviolet rejection filters vs. no filters on the cells, (4) degradation on a developmental type of liquid epitaxy gallium-aluminum-arsenide solar cell, and (5) space radiation effects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 117-129
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    The NASA Lewis Research Center program in space solar cell research and technology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress in space solar cell research and technology is reported. An 18 percent-AMO-efficient silicon solar cell, reduction in the radiation damage suffered by silicon solar cells in space, and high efficiency wrap-around contact and thin (50 micrometer) coplanar back contact silicon cells are among the topics discussed. Reduction in the cost of silicon cells for space use, cost effective GaAs solar cells, the feasibility of 30 percent AMO solar energy conversion, and reliable encapsulants for space blankets are also considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 1-4
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    Temperature and intensity dependence of the performance of an electron-irradiated (AlGa)As/GaAs solar cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of a Hughes, liquid-phase epitaxial 2 centimeter-by-2 centimeter, (AlGa)As/GaAs solar cell was measured before and after irradiations with 1 MeV electrons to fluences of 1 x 10 to the 16th power electrons/sq cm. The temperature dependence of performance was measured over the temperature range 135 to 415 K at each fluence level. In addition, temperature dependences were measured at five intensity levels from 137 to 2.57 mW/sq cm before irradiation and after a fluence of 1 x 10 to the 16th power electrons/sq cm. For the intermediate fluences, performance was measured as a function of intensity at 298 K only.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 217-226
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    High-energy electron-induced damage production at room temperature in aluminum-doped silicon (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: DLTS and EPR measurements are reported on aluminum-doped silicon that was irradiated at room temperature with high-energy electrons. Comparisons are made to comparable experiments on boron-doped silicon. Many of the same defects observed in boron-doped silicon are also observed in aluminum-doped silicon, but several others were not observed, including the aluminum interstitial and aluminum-associated defects. Damage production modeling, including the dependence on aluminum concentration, is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 185-196
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    Langley program of GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief overview of the development of GaAs solar cell technology is provided. An 18 to 20 percent AMO efficiency, stability under radiation and elevated-temperature operation, and high power-to-weight ratio are among the factors studied. Cell cost and availability are also examined.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 13-14
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    Modeling of thin, back-wall silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The performance of silicon solar cells with p-n junctions on the nonilluminated surface (i.e., upside-down or back-wall cells) was calculated. These structures consisted of a uniformly shaped p-type substrate layer, a p(+)-type field layer on the front (illuminated) surface, and a shallow, n-type junction on the back (nonilluminated) surface. A four-layer solar cell model was used to calculate efficiency, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current. The effect on performance of p-layer thickness and resistivity was determined. The diffusion length was varied to simulate the effect of radiation damage. The results show that peak initial efficiencies greater than 15 percent are possible for cell thicknesses or 100 micrometers or less. After 10 years of radiation damage in geosynchronous orbit, thin (25 to 50 micrometers thick) cells made from 10 to 100 ohm cm material show the smallest decrease (approximately 10 percent) in performance.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 73-78
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    System configuration improvement (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Factors involved in the choice of the system configuration for the wind turbine generator are listed. It was found that choices among the many configuration options can be based strictly upon the resulting cost of energy results. Choices made on that basis also lead to reduced analytical complexity, less hardware complexity and reduced program risk. It was also found that many seemingly minor details turn out to have important impacts that are seen only after design, performance and cost-finding were thoroughly probed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 385-396
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    The Boeing MOD-2 wind turbine system rotor (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: External configuration, environmental, and internal design requirements for the 300 foot diameter MOD-2 rotor are discussed, with emphasis on design details, significance of fatigue strength, design development test results, and conclusions of the preliminary design efforts.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 343-354
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    Structural analysis considerations for wind turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Approaches to the structural analysis of wind turbine blade designs are reviewed. Specifications and materials data are discussed along with the analysis of vibrations, loads, stresses, and failure modes.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 211-224
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    Large wind energy converter: Growian 3 MW (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The main features of the Growian wind energy converter are presented. Energy yield, environmental impact, and construction of the energy converter are discussed. Reliability of the windpowered system is assessed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 121-132
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    Overview of Federal wind energy program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The objectives and strategies of the Federal wind energy program are described. Changes in the program structure and some of the additions to the program are included. Upcoming organizational changes and some budget items are discussed, with particular emphasis on recent significant events regarding new approvals.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 1-24
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    Summary of GaAs Solar Cell Performance and Radiation Damage Workshop (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The workshop considered the GaAs solar cell capability and promise in several steps: (1) maximum efficiency; (2) space application; (3) major technology problems (AR coating optimization, contacts); (4) radiation resistance; (5) cost and availability; and (6) alternatives. The workshop believes that GaAs solar cells are fast approaching the fulfillment of their potential as candidates for space cells. A maximum efficiency of 20 to 31 percent AMO can be reasonably expected from GaAs based cells, and this may go a little higher with concentration. The use of concentration in space needs to be more carefully evaluated.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 253-254
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    Shallow-homojunction GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Single-crystal GaAs shallow-homojunction solar cells on GaAs or Ge substrates, without Ga sub 1-x Al sub x As window layers, that have conversion efficiencies exceeding 20% at AM1 (17% at AMO). Using a simple theoretical model, good fits were obtained between computer calculations and experimental data for external quantum efficiency and conversion efficiency of cells with different values of n+ layer thickness. The calculations not only yield values for material properties of the GaAs layers composing the cells but will also permit the optimization of cell designs for space and terrestrial applications. Preliminary measurements indicate that the shallow-homojunction cells are resistant to electron irradiation. In the best test so far, bombardment with 1 x 10 to the 16th power/sq cm fluence of 1 MeV electrons reduced the short-circuit current by only about 6%.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 227-233
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    Radiation damage in GaAs solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Recent results of electron and proton irradiation and annealing of GaAs solar cells are presented along with some implications of these results. A comparison between the energy-levels produced by protons and by electrons which are not stopped in the material indicate that the damage produced by protons and electrons may be qualitatively different. Thus, annealing of proton damage may be very different from the annealing of electron damage.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 201-207
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    Reverse annealing in radiation-damaged, silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In order to understand the results in terms of properties of the radiation induced defects, a combination of diffusion length measurements and defect data obtained from Deep Level Transient Spectroscopy were used. The results indicate that the defect at E sub v + 0.30 eV is responsible for the observed reversed annealing. The defect was identified as a boron-oxygen vacancy complex. This identification is a guide to processing efforts aimed at increasing the concentration of these radiation induced defects.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 161-171
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    Efficiency of tandem solar cell systems as function of temperature and solar energy concentration ratio (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of a comprehensive theoretical analysis of tandem photovoltaic solar cells as a function of temperature and solar concentration ratio are presented. The overall efficiencies of tandem cell stacks consisting of as many as 24 cells having gaps in the 0.7 to 3.6 eV range were calculated for temperatures of 200, 300, 400, and 500 K and for illumination by an AMO solar spectrum having concentration ratios of 1, 100, 500, and 1000 suns. For ideal diodes (A = B = 1), the calculations show that the optimized overall efficiency has a limiting value eta sub opt of approximately 70 percent for T = 200 K and C = 1000; for T = 300 K and C = 1000, this limiting efficiency approaches 60 percent.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 263-265
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    Silicon solar cells for space use: Present performance and trends (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A technology assessment of present performance levels and current fabrication methods and designs is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 101-104
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    High efficiency cell geometry (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A new silicon solar cell is described which has an array of small-area conduction paths to transport current directly through the wafer to metal electrodes on the back. This design eliminates grid shadowing and many of the other losses inherent in conventional cells. Early experimental units without texturing or antireflection coatings show 13.3% efficiency under air-mass-one illumination insolation.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 97-100
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    Design considerations for the Tandem Junction Solar Cell (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Structure and operation of the tandem junction cell (TJC) are described. The impact of using only back contacts is discussed. A model is presented which explains operation of the TJC in terms of transistor action. The model is applied to predict TJC performance as a function of physical parameters.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 79-85
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    Open-circuit voltage improvements in low-resistivity solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Mechanisms limiting the open-circuit voltage in 0.1 ohm-cm solar cells were investigated. It was found that a rather complicated multistep diffusion process could produce cells with significantly improved voltages. The voltage capabilities of various laboratory cells were compared independent of their absorption and collection efficiencies. This was accomplished by comparing the cells on the basis of their saturation currents or, equivalently, comparing their voltage outputs at a constant current-density level. The results show that for both the Lewis diffused emitter cell and the Spire ion-implanted emitter cell the base component of the saturation current is voltage controlling. The evidence for the University of Florida cells, although not very conclusive, suggests emitter control of the voltage in this device. The data suggest further that the critical voltage-limiting parameter for the Lewis cell is the electron mobility in the cell base.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 61-70
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    Limiting process in shallow junction solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: In extending the violet and nonreflective cell technology to lower resistivities, several processes limiting output power were encountered. The most important was the dark diffusion current due to recombination at the front grid contacts. After removal of this problem by reduction of the silicon metal contact area (to 0.14 percent of the total area), the electric field enhanced junction recombination current J sub r was the main limitation. Alteration of the diffusion profile to reduce the junction field is shown to be an effective means of influencing J sub r. The remaining problems are the bulk recombination in the n+ layer and the surface recombination at the oxide-silicon interface; both of these problems are aggravated by band-narrowing resulting from heavy doping in the diffused layer. Experimental evidence for the main limitations is shown, where increased diffusion temperature is seen to reduce both the influence of the front grid contacts and the junction electric field by increasing the junction depth. The potential for further significant improvement in efficiency appears to be high.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 35-36
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    Solar photovoltaic research and development program of the Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Progress is reported in the following areas: laser weapon effects, solar silicon solar cell concepts, and high voltage hardened, high power system technology. Emphasis is placed on solar cells with increased energy conversion efficiency and radiation resistance characteristics for application to satellite power systems.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 5-8
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    Balance training of the equilibrium organ and its effect on flight strategy (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An experimental program was conducted with the pendular platform of the Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Clinic, which was developed for the investigation of disturbances of the equilibrium. The equilibrium sense of the glider pilot was emphasized. Results are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Sci. and Technol. of Low Speed and Motorless Flight; p 377-388
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    Simulation studies of multiple large wind turbine generators on a utility network (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The potential electrical problems that may be inherent in the inertia of clusters of wind turbine generators and an electric utility network were investigated. Preliminary and limited results of an analog simulation of two MOD-2 wind generators tied to an infinite bus indicate little interaction between the generators and between the generators and the bus. The system demonstrated transient stability for the conditions considered.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 375-384
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    The MOD-1 steel blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, development, fabrication, testing, and transport of two 100 foot metal blades for the MOD-1 WTS are summarized. Because the metal blade design was started late in the MOD-1 system development, many of the design requirements (allocations) were restrictive for the metal blade concept, particularly the maximum weight requirement. The design solutions required to achieve the weight goal resulted in a labor intensive (expensive) fabrication, particularly for a quantity of only two blades manufactured using minimal tooling.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 325-342
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    WTG Energy Systems' Rotor: Steel at 80 Feet (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, specifications, and performance of the 80 foot diameter fixed pitch rotor operating on the MP1-200 wind turbine generator installed as part of the Island of Cuttyhunk's electric power utility grid system are described. This synchronous generating system rated 200 kilowatts at 28 mph wind velocity, and produces constant 60 Hz, 480 VAC current at +/- 1 percent accuracy throughout the machine's operating range. Future R & D requirements and suggestions are included with cost data.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 285-292
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    Design, fabrication, and test of a steel spar wind turbine blade (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design and fabrication of wind turbine blades based on 60 foot steel spars are discussed. Performance and blade load information is given and compared to analytical prediction. In addition, performance is compared to that of the original MOD-O aluminum blades. Costs for building the two blades are given, and a projection is made for the cost in mass production. Design improvements to reduce weight and improve fatigue life are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 267-284
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    Fabrication of extruded vertical axis turbine blades (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Important characteristics of the extruded aluminum blade for the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine are presented. Their weight, structural strength, shape, and maintainability are pointed out.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 193-204
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    Design Characteristics of the 224 kW Magdalen Islands VAWT (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The evolution of the main design features of the Magdalen Islands vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is described. The turbine has a rotor height of 120 ft (36.58 m) and diameter 80 ft (24.38 m). It was operated as a joint project between NRC and Hydro-Quebec in grid-coupled mode from July 1977 to July 1978 when the rotor was destroyed in an accident. The accident, although unfortunate, tested the basic integrity of the design in a gross overspeed condition, and the rotor is being rebuilt with minor modifications. Some directions for future VAWT research are suggested.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 143-154
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    The Danish large wind turbine program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief description of the Danish wind energy program and its present status is given. Results and experiences from tests on the Gedser windmill (200 kW) are presented. The key results are presented from the preliminary design study and detailed design of two new WECS (630 kW each) is described.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 103-120
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    Radiation effects in GaAs AMOS solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The results of radiation damage produced in AMOS (Antireflecting-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) cells with Sb2O3 interfacial oxide layers by 1-MeV electrons are presented. The degradation properties of the cells as a function of irradiation fluences were correlated with the changes in their spectral response, C-V, dark forward, and light I-V characteristics. The active n-type GaAs layers were grown by the OM-CVD technique, using sulfur doping in the range between 3 x 10 to the 15th power and 7 x 10 to the 16th power/cu cm. At a fluence of 10 to the 16th power e/sq cm, the low-doped samples showed I sub sc degradation of 8% and V sub oc degradation of 8%. The high-doped samples showed I sub sc and V sub oc degradation of 32% and 1%, respectively, while the fill factor remained relatively unchanged for both. AMOS cells with water vapor-grown interfacial layers showed no significant change in V sub oc.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Solar Cell High Frequency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 235-244
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    Radiation damage in high-voltage silicon solar cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Three types of open circuit high voltage solar cells were tested to determine their performance after exposure to 1 MeV electron irradiations. The cells with a relatively deep n-type emitter were more susceptible to radiation damage than other high open circuit high voltage cells. The use of diffused or ion implanted junctions leads to open circuit high voltage cell designs that are less susceptible to radiation damage. These latter two types of cells show degradations that are typical of the 0.1 ohm-cm material from which they are fabricated. Furthermore, exposure to ionizing radiation causes oxide degradation and decreased cell performance in cells that depend on a charged oxide to achieve significant cell properties. Hence, the combination of a charged oxide and a relatively deep n-type emitter is not recommended for incorporation into a cell designed for use in the particulate radiation environment of space.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: Solar Cell High Efficiency and Radiation Damage, 1979; p 137-143
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    WTG Energy Systems' MP1-200 200 kilowatt wind turbine generator (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The preliminary design criteria of the MP1-200 wind turbine are given along with a brief description of the wind turbine generator. Performance and operational experience and cost factors are included. Recommendations for additional research are listed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 79-88
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    The Boeing MOD-2 wind tunnel system rated at 2.5 MW (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A summary description of MOD-2 development and the resulting system hardware is presented.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 61-78
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    The General Electric MOD-1 wind turbine generator program (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The design, fabrication, installation and checkout of MOD-1, a megawatt class wind turbine generator which generates utility grade electrical power, is described. A MOD-1/MOD-1A tradeoff study is discussed.
    Keywords: ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONVERSION
    Type: NASA. Lewis Res. Center Large Wind Turbine Design Characteristics and R and D Requirements; p 35-59
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