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  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Time Factors
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (220)
  • 1990-1994  (101)
  • 1975-1979  (119)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (220)
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Year
  • 1
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    Risk from low-dose exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Portier, C J -- Lucier, G W -- Edler, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1141-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973685" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; Carcinogens/*administration & dosage/toxicity ; DNA Damage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Neoplasms/*chemically induced ; Risk Assessment ; Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin/adverse effects ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Suppression of odorant responses by odorants in olfactory receptor cells (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-01
    Description: Odorants activate an inward current in vertebrate olfactory receptor cells. Here it is shown, in receptor cells from the newt, that odorants can also suppress this current, by a mechanism that is distinct from inhibition and adaptation. Suppression provides a simple explanation for two seemingly unrelated phenomena: the anomalously long latency of olfactory transduction and the existence of an "off response" at the end of a prolonged stimulus. Suppression may influence the perception of odorants by masking odorant responses and by sharpening the odorant specificities of single cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kurahashi, T -- Lowe, G -- Gold, G H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 1;265(5168):118-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8016645" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetophenones/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cyclohexenes ; Membrane Potentials ; *Odors ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/*physiology ; Pentanols/pharmacology ; Receptors, Odorant/*physiology ; Salamandridae ; *Signal Transduction ; Terpenes/pharmacology ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Risk from low-dose exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Monro, A M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1141.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973684" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; Carcinogens/*administration & dosage/toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagenicity Tests ; Neoplasms/*chemically induced ; Rats ; Risk Assessment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
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    Hydroxyurea as an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 replication (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-04
    Description: Hydroxyurea, a drug widely used in therapy of several human diseases, inhibits deoxynucleotide synthesis--and, consequently, DNA synthesis--by blocking the cellular enzyme ribonucleotide reductase. Hydroxyurea inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) DNA synthesis in activated peripheral blood lymphocytes by decreasing the amount of intracellular deoxynucleotides, thus suggesting that this drug has an antiviral effect. Hydroxyurea has now been shown to block HIV-1 replication in acutely infected primary human lymphocytes (quiescent and activated) and macrophages, as well as in blood cells infected in vivo obtained from individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The antiviral effect was achieved at nontoxic doses of hydroxyurea, lower than those currently used in human therapy. Combination of hydroxyurea with the nucleoside analog didanosine (2',3'-dideoxyinosine, or ddl) generated a synergistic inhibitory effect without increasing toxicity. In some instances, inhibition of HIV-1 by hydroxyurea was irreversible, even several weeks after suspension of drug treatment. The indirect inhibition of HIV-1 by hydroxyurea is not expected to generate high rates of escape mutants. Hydroxyurea therefore appears to be a possible candidate for AIDS therapy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lori, F -- Malykh, A -- Cara, A -- Sun, D -- Weinstein, J N -- Lisziewicz, J -- Gallo, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 4;266(5186):801-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/immunology/virology ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; DNA Replication/drug effects ; DNA, Viral/analysis/biosynthesis ; Didanosine/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Synergism ; HIV Core Protein p24/analysis ; HIV-1/*drug effects/physiology ; Humans ; Hydroxyurea/*pharmacology ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects/*virology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages/drug effects/*virology ; Virus Replication/*drug effects ; Zidovudine/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    Risk assessments of low-level exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abelson, P H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 9;265(5178):1507.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7832844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; Carcinogens/*administration & dosage/toxicity ; DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Risk Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Prevention of lipopolysaccharide-induced lethal toxicity by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-27
    Description: Septic shock results from excessive stimulation of the host immune system, especially macrophages, by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, which resides on the outer membrane of bacteria. Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors of the tyrphostin AG 126 family protect mice against LPS-induced lethal toxicity. The protection correlates with the ability of these agents to block LPS-induced production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and nitric oxide in macrophages as well as LPS-induced production of TNF-alpha in vivo. Furthermore, this inhibitory effect correlated with the potency of AG 126 to block LPS-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of a p42MAPK protein substrate in the murine macrophage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Novogrodsky, A -- Vanichkin, A -- Patya, M -- Gazit, A -- Osherov, N -- Levitzki, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 27;264(5163):1319-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach Tikva, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8191285" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Benzylidene Compounds/*pharmacology ; Biological Assay ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Lipopolysaccharides/*toxicity ; Macrophage Activation ; Macrophages, Peritoneal/*drug effects/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Nitric Oxide/*biosynthesis ; Nitriles/*pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis/*biosynthesis/toxicity ; *Tyrphostins
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  • 7
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    Risk from low-dose exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fox, M -- Meselson, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Carcinogenicity Tests ; *DNA Damage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Risk Assessment
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    An all D-amino acid opioid peptide with central analgesic activity from a combinatorial library (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-23
    Description: A synthetic combinatorial library containing 52,128,400 D-amino acid hexapeptides was used to identify a ligand for the mu opioid receptor. The peptide, Ac-rfwink-NH2, bears no resemblance to any known opioid peptide. Simulations using molecular dynamics, however, showed that three amino acid moieties have the same spatial orientation as the corresponding pharmacophoric groups of the opioid peptide PLO17. Ac-rfwink-NH2 was shown to be a potent agonist at the mu receptor and induced long-lasting analgesia in mice. Analgesia produced by intraperitoneally administered Ac-rfwink-NH2 was blocked by intracerebroventricular administration of naloxone, demonstrating that this peptide may cross the blood-brain barrier.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dooley, C T -- Chung, N N -- Wilkes, B C -- Schiller, P W -- Bidlack, J M -- Pasternak, G W -- Houghten, R A -- DA-000138/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-02615/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DA-03742/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):2019-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, San Diego, CA 92121.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801131" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Analgesics/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Endorphins/pharmacology ; Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)- ; Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)- ; Enkephalins/metabolism ; Guinea Pigs ; Injections, Intraventricular ; Male ; Mice ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Naloxone/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Opioid Peptides/chemistry/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Pain Measurement ; Protein Conformation ; Rats ; Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists/metabolism ; Stereoisomerism
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  • 9
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    Risk from low-dose exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zendzian, R P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1142-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973686" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; Carcinogens/*administration & dosage/toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Maximum Allowable Concentration ; Neoplasms/*chemically induced ; Risk Assessment ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Risk from low-dose exposures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strauss, B S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1143-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973688" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogenicity Tests/*statistics & numerical data ; Carcinogens/*administration & dosage/toxicity ; *DNA Damage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Risk Assessment ; Rodentia
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    Neural tuning for sound duration: role of inhibitory mechanisms in the inferior colliculus (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-06
    Description: Duration is a biologically important feature of sound. Some neurons in the inferior colliculus of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, are tuned to sound duration, but it is unclear at what level the tuning originates or what neural mechanisms are responsible for it. The application of antagonists of the inhibitory neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid or glycine to neurons in the inferior colliculus eliminated duration tuning. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of synaptic currents suggested that inhibition produces a temporal frame within which excitation can occur. A model is proposed in which duration tuning arises when an early, sustained inhibitory input interacts with a delayed, transient excitatory input.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Casseday, J H -- Ehrlich, D -- Covey, E -- DC-00287/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- DC-00607/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 6;264(5160):847-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8171341" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acoustic Stimulation ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Auditory Perception/*physiology ; Bicuculline/pharmacology ; Chiroptera ; Glycine/physiology ; Inferior Colliculi/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Neurons/*physiology ; Strychnine/pharmacology ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology
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  • 12
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    Microbial competition: Escherichia coli mutants that take over stationary phase cultures (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-03-19
    Description: Many microorganisms, including Escherichia coli, can survive extended periods of starvation. The properties of cells that survived prolonged incubation in stationary phase were studied by mixture of 10-day-old (aged) cultures with 1-day-old (young) cultures of the same strain of Escherichia coli. Mutants from the aged cultures that could grow eventually took over the population, which resulted in the death of the cells from the young cultures. This phenotype was conferred by mutations in rpoS, which encodes a putative stationary phase-specific sigma factor. These rapid population shifts have implications for the studies of microbial evolution and ecology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zambrano, M M -- Siegele, D A -- Almiron, M -- Tormo, A -- Kolter, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 19;259(5102):1757-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7681219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acridine Orange ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/*growth & development/physiology ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Peroxidase/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Sigma Factor/chemistry/*genetics ; Staining and Labeling ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 13
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    Blood-brain barrier penetration and in vivo activity of an NGF conjugate (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-01-15
    Description: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is essential for the survival of both peripheral ganglion cells and central cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. The accelerated loss of central cholinergic neurons during Alzheimer's disease may be a determinant of dementia in these patients and may therefore suggest a therapeutic role for NGF. However, NGF does not significantly penetrate the blood-brain barrier, which makes its clinical utility dependent on invasive neurosurgical procedures. When conjugated to an antibody to the transferrin receptor, however, NGF crossed the blood-brain barrier after peripheral injection. This conjugated NGF increased the survival of both cholinergic and noncholinergic neurons of the medial septal nucleus that had been transplanted into the anterior chamber of the rat eye. This approach may prove useful for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other neurological disorders that are amenable to treatment by proteins that do not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Friden, P M -- Walus, L R -- Watson, P -- Doctrow, S R -- Kozarich, J W -- Backman, C -- Bergman, H -- Hoffer, B -- Bloom, F -- Granholm, A C -- NS29601-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 15;259(5093):373-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Alkermes, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anterior Chamber/metabolism ; Antibodies/*metabolism ; *Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain/blood supply/metabolism ; Capillaries ; Cell Line ; Cross-Linking Reagents ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Carriers ; Immunohistochemistry ; Nerve Growth Factors/administration & dosage/*pharmacokinetics/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Transferrin/*immunology
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  • 14
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    Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by Gi alpha (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-07-09
    Description: Evidence suggests that both alpha and beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) inhibit adenylyl cyclase. Although type I adenylyl cyclase is inhibited directly by exogenous beta gamma, inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by Gi alpha has not been convincingly demonstrated in vitro. Concentration-dependent inhibition of adenylyl cyclases by purified Gi alpha subunits is described. Activated Gi alpha but not G(o) alpha was effective, and myristoylation of Gi alpha was required. The characteristics of the inhibitory effect were dependent on the type of adenylyl cyclase and the nature of the activator of the enzyme. The concentrations of Gi alpha required to inhibit adenylyl cyclase were substantially higher than those normally thought to be relevant physiologically. However, analysis indicates that these concentrations may be relevant and reasonable.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taussig, R -- Iniguez-Lluhi, J A -- Gilman, A G -- GM34497/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 9;261(5118):218-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9041.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8327893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors ; Adenylyl Cyclases/metabolism ; Animals ; Calmodulin/pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Moths ; Myristic Acid ; Myristic Acids/metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
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  • 15
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    Effects of cAMP simulate a late stage of LTP in hippocampal CA1 neurons (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-06-11
    Description: Hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) is thought to serve as an elementary mechanism for the establishment of certain forms of explicit memory in the mammalian brain. As is the case with behavioral memory, LTP in the CA1 region has stages: a short-term early potentiation lasting 1 to 3 hours, which is independent of protein synthesis, precedes a later, longer lasting stage (L-LTP), which requires protein synthesis. Inhibitors of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) blocked L-LTP, and analogs of cAMP induced a potentiation that blocked naturally induced L-LTP. The action of the cAMP analog was blocked by inhibitors of protein synthesis. Thus, activation of PKA may be a component of the mechanism that generates L-LTP.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frey, U -- Huang, Y Y -- Kandel, E R -- GM32099/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 11;260(5114):1661-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8389057" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials/drug effects/physiology ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP/*physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Neurons/drug effects/*physiology ; Protein Kinases/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/physiology ; Second Messenger Systems/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 16
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    Ultrastructural evidence for hair cell regeneration in the mammalian inner ear (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-03-12
    Description: It has long been thought that hair cell loss from the inner ears of mammals is irreversible. This report presents scanning electron micrographs and thin sections of the utricles from the inner ears of guinea pigs that show that, after hair cell loss caused by treatment with the aminoglycoside gentamicin, hair cells reappeared. Four weeks after the end of treatment, a large number of cells with immature hair bundles in multiple stages of development could be identified in the utricle. Thin sections showed that lost type 1 hair cells were replaced by cells with a morphology similar to that of type 2 hair cells. These results indicate an unexpected capacity for hair cell regeneration in vivo in the mature mammalian inner ear.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Forge, A -- Li, L -- Corwin, J T -- Nevill, G -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 12;259(5101):1616-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Laryngology and Otology, University College London, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8456284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Gentamicins/pharmacology ; Guinea Pigs ; Hair Cells, Auditory/drug effects/*physiology/*ultrastructure ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; *Regeneration ; Time Factors
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    Optical time-of-flight and absorbance imaging of biologic media (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-03-05
    Description: Imaging the interior of living bodies with light may assist in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of clinical problems, which include the early detection of tumors and hypoxic cerebral injury. An existing picosecond time-of-flight and absorbance (TOFA) optical system has been used to image a model biologic system and a rat. Model measurements confirmed TOFA principles in systems with a high degree of photon scattering; rat images, which were constructed from the variable time delays experienced by a fixed fraction of early-arriving transmitted photons, revealed identifiable internal structure. A combination of light-based quantitative measurement and TOFA localization may have applications in continuous, noninvasive monitoring for structural imaging and spatial chemometric analysis in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benaron, D A -- Stevenson, D K -- RR-00081/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 5;259(5100):1463-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8451643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Light ; Models, Theoretical ; Radiation ; Rats ; Spectrophotometry/instrumentation/*methods ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Earth's early atmosphere (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-02-12
    Description: Ideas about atmospheric composition and climate on the early Earth have evolved considerably over the last 30 years, but many uncertainties still remain. It is generally agreed that the atmosphere contained little or no free oxygen initially and that oxygen concentrations increased markedly near 2.0 billion years ago, but the precise timing of and reasons for its rise remain unexplained. Likewise, it is usually conceded that the atmospheric greenhouse effect must have been higher in the past to offset reduced solar luminosity, but the levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases required remain speculative. A better understanding of past atmospheric evolution is important to understanding the evolution of life and to predicting whether Earth-like planets might exist elsewhere in the galaxy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kasting, J F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 12;259(5097):920-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Climate ; *Earth (Planet) ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen/analysis ; Ozone ; Time Factors ; Water
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    CNTF protection of oligodendrocytes against natural and tumor necrosis factor-induced death (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-01-29
    Description: A proportion of developing oligodendrocytes undergo natural cell death by apoptosis, and mature oligodendrocytes die, either by apoptosis or necrosis, in response to injurious signals such as cytotoxic cytokines and complement. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a trophic factor found in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), promoted the survival and maturation of cultured oligodendrocytes. This trophic factor also protected oligodendrocytes from death induced by tumor necrosis factors (apoptosis) but not against complement (necrosis). These results suggest that CNTF functions in the survival of oligodendrocytes during development and may lead to therapeutic approaches for degenerative diseases of the CNS that involve oligodendrocyte destruction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Louis, J C -- Magal, E -- Takayama, S -- Varon, S -- NS16349/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 29;259(5095):689-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8430320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/physiology ; Cell Death/*drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Central Nervous System/physiology ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Lymphotoxin-alpha/*pharmacology ; Nerve Growth Factors/*pharmacology ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*pharmacology ; Oligodendroglia/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Time Factors ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/*pharmacology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    AIDS prevention trial seeks answers (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-12-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Dec 3;262(5139):1510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8248798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Time Factors
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  • 21
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    Modulation of cocaine self-administration in the rat through D-3 dopamine receptors (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-06-18
    Description: The reinforcing properties of cocaine are probably mediated by the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathways in the central nervous system, but not all of the dopamine receptor subtypes involved in cocaine's reinforcing actions have been clearly identified. Recently, the D-3 receptor has been cloned, and its distribution in the brain has been found to be relatively restricted to limbic projections of the midbrain dopamine system. The D-3-selective compounds 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin (7-OHDPAT) and quinpirole potently decreased cocaine self-administration in the rat at doses that were not by themselves reinforcing. Moreover, three dopamine receptor agonists had affinities for binding to the D-3 receptor that correlated highly with their relative potencies in decreasing cocaine self-administration. The D-3 receptor may be involved in the reinforcing effects of cocaine and may be a useful target for the development of new pharmacotherapies for cocaine abuse.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Caine, S B -- Koob, G F -- NIDA DA04398/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- NIDA DA05478/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jun 18;260(5115):1814-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8099761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apomorphine/pharmacology ; Cocaine/*administration & dosage ; Dopamine Agents/*pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Ergolines/pharmacology ; Male ; Quinpirole ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Dopamine/*metabolism ; *Receptors, Dopamine D2 ; Receptors, Dopamine D3 ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Self Administration ; Tetrahydronaphthalenes/pharmacology
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  • 22
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    Activation of the sphingomyelin signaling pathway in intact EL4 cells and in a cell-free system by IL-1 beta (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-01-22
    Description: The mechanism of interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling is unknown. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha uses a signal transduction pathway that involves sphingomyelin hydrolysis to ceramide and stimulation of a ceramide-activated protein kinase. In intact EL4 thymoma cells, IL-1 beta similarly stimulated a rapid decrease of sphingomyelin and an elevation of ceramide, and enhanced ceramide-activated protein kinase activity. This cascade was also activated by IL-1 beta in a cell-free system, demonstrating tight coupling to the receptor. Exogenous sphingomyelinase, but not phospholipases A2, C, or D, in combination with phorbol ester replaced IL-1 beta to stimulate IL-2 secretion. Thus, IL-1 beta signals through the sphingomyelin pathway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mathias, S -- Younes, A -- Kan, C C -- Orlow, I -- Joseph, C -- Kolesnick, R N -- R0-1-CA-42385/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 22;259(5094):519-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8424175" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell-Free System ; Ceramides/*metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Interleukin-1/*pharmacology ; Interleukin-2/biosynthesis ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/*drug effects ; Sphingomyelin Phosphodiesterase/pharmacology ; Sphingomyelins/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Thymoma ; Thymus Neoplasms ; Tumor Cells, Cultured ; Type C Phospholipases/pharmacology
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    Cyclin-dependent regulation of G1 in mammalian fibroblasts (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-03-26
    Description: Eukaryotic cells become committed to proliferate during the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In budding yeast, commitment occurs when the catalytic subunit of a protein kinase, encoded by the CDC28 gene (the homolog of the fission yeast cdc2+ gene), binds to a positively acting regulatory subunit, a cyclin. Related kinases are also required for progression through the G1 phase in higher eukaryotes. The role of cyclins in controlling G1 progression in mammalian cells was tested by construction of fibroblasts that constitutively overexpress human cyclin E. This was found to shorten the duration of G1, decrease cell size, and diminish the serum requirement for the transition from G1 to S phase. These observations show that cyclin levels can be rate-limiting for G1 progression in mammalian cells and suggest that cyclin synthesis may be the target of physiological signals that control cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ohtsubo, M -- Roberts, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Mar 26;259(5103):1908-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98104.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8384376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division/physiology ; Cell Line ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyclins/genetics/*physiology ; Fibroblasts/*cytology/metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; G1 Phase/*physiology ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Vectors ; Humans ; Kanamycin Kinase ; Male ; Phosphotransferases/genetics ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retroviridae/genetics ; S Phase/physiology ; Time Factors ; Transfection
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    A functional role for GTP-binding proteins in synaptic vesicle cycling (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-02-19
    Description: The squid giant synapse was used to test the hypothesis that guanosine-5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins regulate the local distribution of synaptic vesicles within nerve terminals. Presynaptic injection of the nonhydrolyzable GTP analog GTP gamma S irreversibly inhibited neurotransmitter release without changing either the size of the calcium signals produced by presynaptic action potentials or the number of synaptic vesicles docked at presynaptic active zones. Neurotransmitter release was also inhibited by injection of the nonhydrolyzable guanosine diphosphate (GDP) analog GDP beta S but not by injection of AIF4-. These results suggest that a small molecular weight GTP-binding protein directs the docking of synaptic vesicles that occurs before calcium-dependent neurotransmitter release. Depletion of undocked synaptic vesicles by GTP gamma S indicates that additional GTP-binding proteins function in the terminal at other steps responsible for synaptic vesicle replenishment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hess, S D -- Doroshenko, P A -- Augustine, G J -- NS-21624/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Feb 19;259(5098):1169-72.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8438167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum/pharmacology ; *Aluminum Compounds ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Decapodiformes ; *Fluorides ; Fluorine/pharmacology ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology ; Ganglia/physiology ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology ; Guanosine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism/pharmacology ; Guanosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Models, Neurological ; Nerve Endings/physiology/ultrastructure ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Synaptic Vesicles/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Thionucleotides/pharmacology ; Time Factors
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    Geography of end-Cretaceous marine bivalve extinctions (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-05-14
    Description: Analysis of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, based on 3514 occurrences of 340 genera of marine bivalves (Mollusca), suggests that extinction intensities were uniformly global; no latitudinal gradients or other geographic patterns are detected. Elevated extinction intensities in some tropical areas are entirely a result of the distribution of one extinct group of highly specialized bivalves, the rudists. When rudists are omitted, intensities at those localities are statistically indistinguishable from those of both the rudist-free tropics and extratropical localities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raup, D M -- Jablonski, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 May 14;260:971-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, IL 60637.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11537491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Earth (Planet) ; *Fossils ; Geography ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Marine Biology ; *Mollusca ; Paleontology ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate
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    Insect diversity in the fossil record (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1993-07-16
    Description: Insects possess a surprisingly extensive fossil record. Compilation of the geochronologic ranges of insect families demonstrates that their diversity exceeds that of preserved vertebrate tetrapods through 91 percent of their evolutionary history. The great diversity of insects was achieved not by high origination rates but rather by low extinction rates comparable to the low rates of slowly evolving marine invertebrate groups. The great radiation of modern insects began 245 million years ago and was not accelerated by the expansion of angiosperms during the Cretaceous period. The basic trophic machinery of insects was in place nearly 100 million years before angiosperms appeared in the fossil record.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Labandeira, C C -- Sepkoski, J J Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jul 16;261(5119):310-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11536548" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Earth (Planet) ; Ecology ; *Fossils ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; Insects/*classification ; Phylogeny ; Plants ; Time Factors
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    Inhibition of neural crest cell attachment by integrin antisense oligonucleotides (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-01-29
    Description: Neural crest cell interactions with extracellular matrix molecules were analyzed with the use of antisense oligonucleotides to block synthesis of integrin subunits. When added to the culture medium of quail neural crest cells, selected antisense phosphorothiol oligonucleotides reduced the amounts of cell surface alpha 1 or beta 1 integrin subunits by up to 95 percent and inhibited neural crest cell attachment to laminin or fibronectin substrata. Differential effects on specific alpha integrins were noted after treatment with alpha-specific oligonucleotides. Cells recovered the ability to bind to substrata 8 to 16 hours after treatment with inhibitory oligonucleotides. The operation of at least three distinct alpha integrin subunits is indicated by substratum-selective inhibition of cell attachment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lallier, T -- Bronner-Fraser, M -- 15527/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 29;259(5095):692-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developmental Biology Center, University of California, Irvine 92717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8430321" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Adhesion/*drug effects ; Chickens ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Integrins/biosynthesis/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neural Crest/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*pharmacology ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship
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  • 28
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    Cyclic ADP-ribose in insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1993-01-15
    Description: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is thought to be a second messenger for intracellular calcium mobilization. However, in a cell-free system of islet microsomes, cyclic adenosine diphosphate-ribose (cADP-ribose), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolite, but not IP3, induced calcium release. In digitonin-permeabilized islets, cADP-ribose and calcium, but not IP3, induced insulin secretion. Islet microsomes released calcium when combined with the extract from intact islets that had been incubated with high concentrations of glucose. Sequential additions of cADP-ribose inhibited the calcium release response to extracts from islets treated with high concentrations of glucose. Conversely, repeated additions of the islet extract inhibited the calcium release response to a subsequent addition of cADP-ribose. These results suggest that cADP-ribose is a mediator of calcium release from islet microsomes and may be generated in islets by glucose stimulation, serving as a second messenger for calcium mobilization in the endoplasmic reticulum.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Takasawa, S -- Nata, K -- Yonekura, H -- Okamoto, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Jan 15;259(5093):370-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8420005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/*analogs & derivatives/physiology ; Animals ; Benzamides/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Cerebellum/metabolism ; Cyclic ADP-Ribose ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glucose/metabolism ; Heparin/pharmacology ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/physiology ; Insulin/*secretion ; Islets of Langerhans/*secretion ; Male ; Microsomes/metabolism ; Niacinamide/pharmacology ; Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; *Second Messenger Systems ; Streptozocin/pharmacology
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  • 29
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    Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-01-10
    Description: The fluorescent dyes FM1-43 and RH414 label motor nerve terminals in an activity-dependent fashion that involves dye uptake by synaptic vesicles that are recycling. This allows optical monitoring of vesicle recycling in living nerve terminals to determine how recycled vesicles reenter the vesicle pool. The results suggest that recycled vesicles mix with the pool morphologically and functionally. One complete cycle of release of transmitter, recycling of a vesicle, and rerelease of transmitter appears to take about 1 minute.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Betz, W J -- Bewick, G S -- NS10207/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS23466/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 10;255(5041):200-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver 80262.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials ; Fluorescent Dyes ; In Vitro Techniques ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Neuromuscular Junction/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Pyridinium Compounds ; *Quaternary Ammonium Compounds ; Ranidae ; Synaptic Vesicles/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Time Factors
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    Visually evoked oscillations of membrane potential in cells of cat visual cortex (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-24
    Description: In response to visual stimulation, cells of the cat visual cortex fire rhythmically at frequencies between 30 and 60 hertz. This rhythmic firing can be synchronized among cells in widespread areas of the visual cortex. The visual stimulus conditions under which this process occurs suggest that the synchronization may contribute to the integration of information across broadly displaced parts of the visual field. An intricate mechanism must control the regularity of firing and its synchronization. In vivo whole-cell patch recordings from cells in area 17 have now shown that robust oscillations of membrane potential underlie the regularity of firing seen extracellularly. In the cells studied, the characteristics of the oscillations of membrane potential suggest that such oscillations are produced by rhythmic activity in synaptic inputs. These rhythmic synaptic inputs form the most likely mechanism for the synchronization of activity in neighboring cortical cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jagadeesh, B -- Gray, C M -- Ferster, D -- R01 EY04726/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R29 EY08686/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 24;257(5069):552-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1636094" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; *Evoked Potentials, Visual ; Membrane Potentials ; Photic Stimulation ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Fields
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    Hyperalgesia mediated by spinal glutamate or substance P receptor blocked by spinal cyclooxygenase inhibition (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in the periphery is commonly accepted as the primary mechanism by which these agents produce a selective attenuation of pain (analgesia). NSAIDs are now shown to exert a direct spinal action by blocking the excessive sensitivity to pain (hyperalgesia) induced by the activation of spinal glutamate and substance P receptors. These findings demonstrate that the analgesic effects of NSAIDs can be dissociated from their anti-inflammatory actions. Spinal prostanoids are thus critical for the augmented processing of pain information at the spinal level.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malmberg, A B -- Yaksh, T L -- DA02110/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1276-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anesthesiology, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0818.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1381521" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Glutamates/*physiology ; Glutamic Acid ; Hyperalgesia/*drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Ibotenic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Injections, Spinal ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/*physiology ; Quinoxalines/pharmacology ; Receptors, Neurokinin-1 ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/*physiology ; Receptors, Tachykinin ; Substance P/pharmacology ; alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid
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    Diacylglycerol-stimulated formation of actin nucleation sites at plasma membranes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-10
    Description: Diacylglycerols, which are generated during phospholipase-catalyzed hydrolysis of phospholipids, stimulated actin polymerization in the presence of highly purified plasma membranes from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. The increased rate of actin polymerization apparently resulted from de novo formation of actin nucleation sites rather than uncapping of existing filament ends, because the membranes lacked detectable endogenous actin. The increased actin nucleation was mediated by a peripheral membrane component other than protein kinase C, the classical target of diacylglycerol action. These results indicate that diacylglycerols increase actin nucleation at plasma membranes and suggest a mechanism whereby signal transduction pathways may control cytoskeletal assembly.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shariff, A -- Luna, E J -- GM-33048/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM033048/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 10;256(5054):245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Biology Group, Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, Shresbury, MA 01545.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1373523" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*metabolism ; Alkaloids/pharmacology ; Animals ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Cell Membrane/drug effects/*metabolism ; Dictyostelium/*metabolism ; Diglycerides/*pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; *Naphthalenes ; Polycyclic Compounds/pharmacology ; Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors ; Staurosporine ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Time Factors
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    Strand-specific recognition of a synthetic DNA replication fork by the SV40 large tumor antigen (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-19
    Description: The mechanism by which DNA helicases unwind DNA was tested; an "unwinding complex" between the SV40 large tumor antigen (T antigen) and a DNA molecule designed to resemble a replication fork was probed. In an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent reaction, T antigen quantitatively recognized this synthetic replication fork and bound the DNA primarily as a hexamer. The T antigen bound only one of the two strands at the fork, an asymmetric interaction consistent with the 3'----5' directionality of the DNA helicase activity of T antigen. Binding to chemically modified DNA substrates indicated that the DNA helicase recognized the DNA primarily through the sugar-phosphate backbone. Ethylation of six top strand phosphates at the junction of single-stranded and double-stranded DNA inhibited the DNA helicase activity of T antigen. Neither a 3' single-stranded end on the DNA substrate nor ATP hydrolysis was required for T antigen to bind the replication fork. These data suggest that T antigen can directly bind the replication fork through recognition of a fork-specific structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉SenGupta, D J -- Borowiec, J A -- AI29963/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30CA 16087/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 19;256(5064):1656-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, New York University Medical Center, NY 10016.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1319087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/*physiology ; DNA Helicases/physiology ; DNA Replication/*immunology ; DNA, Single-Stranded/metabolism ; Diethyl Pyrocarbonate/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Ethylnitrosourea/pharmacology ; Formates/pharmacology ; Potassium Permanganate/pharmacology ; Sulfuric Acid Esters/pharmacology ; Time Factors
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    G protein activation of a hormone-stimulated phosphatase in human tumor cells (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: The growth-inhibiting peptide hormone somatostatin stimulates phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity in the human pancreatic cell line MIA PaCa-2. This hormonal activation was mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive guanosine 5'-triphosphate-binding protein (G protein) in the membranes of these cells. Activation of this G protein by somatostatin stimulated the dephosphorylation of exogenous epidermal growth factor receptor prepared from A-431 cells in vitro. This pathway may mediate the antineoplastic action of somatostatin in these cells and in human tumors and could represent a general mechanism of G protein coupling that is utilized by normal cells in the hormonal control of cell growth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pan, M G -- Florio, T -- Stork, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1215-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1350382" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology ; Guanosine Diphosphate/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; Peptides/metabolism ; Pertussis Toxin ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/*metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism ; Somatostatin/*pharmacology ; Thionucleotides/pharmacology ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology
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    Changes in the sensory processing of olfactory signals induced by birth in sheep (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-05-08
    Description: After giving birth, sheep and many other species form a selective bond with their offspring based on the sense of smell. Processing of olfactory signals is altered to allow the animals to perform this selective recognition. Lamb odors have little effect on either neurotransmitter release or electrical activity of neurons in the olfactory bulb before birth. However, after birth there is an increase in the number of mitral cells, the principal cells of the olfactory bulb, that respond to lamb odors, which is associated with increased cholinergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter release. Selective recognition of lambs is accompanied by increased activity of a subset of mitral cells and release of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from the dendrodendritic synapses between the mitral and granule cells. The relation between the release of each transmitter after birth also suggests an increased efficacy of glutamate-evoked GABA release.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kendrick, K M -- Levy, F -- Keverne, E B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 8;256(5058):833-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Agricultural and Food Research Council, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, United Kingdom.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589766" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Female ; Glutamates/secretion ; Labor, Obstetric ; *Maternal Behavior ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Odors ; Olfactory Bulb/*physiology ; Olfactory Nerve/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Regression Analysis ; Sheep ; *Smell ; Time Factors ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/secretion
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    Overlapping but nonidentical binding sites on CD2 for CD58 and a second ligand CD59 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-26
    Description: The interaction of the T cell glycoprotein CD2 with one ligand, CD58, contributes to T cell function. We have identified CD59, a glycoprotein with complement-inhibitory function, as a second physiological ligand for CD2. Antibodies to CD59 inhibit CD2-dependent T cell activation in murine T cell hybridomas expressing human CD2. In an in vitro binding assay with purified CD58 and CD59, CD2+ cells bind not only immobilized CD58 but also CD59. With two complementary approaches, it was demonstrated that the binding sites on CD2 for CD58 and CD59 are overlapping but nonidentical. These observations suggest that direct interactions between CD2 and both CD58 and CD59 contribute to T cell activation and adhesion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hahn, W C -- Menu, E -- Bothwell, A L -- Sims, P J -- Bierer, B E -- AI28554/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- HL36061/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 26;256(5065):1805-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1377404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/*metabolism ; Antigens, CD2 ; Antigens, CD58 ; Antigens, CD59 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; Immunity, Cellular ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Mice ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*physiology ; Receptors, Immunologic/*metabolism ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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    Interleukin-8 as a macrophage-derived mediator of angiogenesis (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-11
    Description: Angiogenic factors produced by monocytes-macrophages are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory disorders characterized by persistent angiogenesis. The possibility was tested that interleukin-8 (IL-8), which is a cytokine that is chemotactic for lymphocytes and neutrophils, is also angiogenic. Human recombinant IL-8 was potently angiogenic when implanted in the rat cornea and induced proliferation and chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Angiogenic activity present in the conditioned media of inflamed human rheumatoid synovial tissue macrophages or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated blood monocytes was equally blocked by antibodies to either IL-8 or tumor necrosis factor-alpha. An IL-8 antisense oligonucleotide specifically blocked the production of monocyte-induced angiogenic activity. These data suggest a function for macrophage-derived IL-8 in angiogenesis-dependent disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, tumor growth, and wound repair.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koch, A E -- Polverini, P J -- Kunkel, S L -- Harlow, L A -- DiPietro, L A -- Elner, V M -- Elner, S G -- Strieter, R M -- AR30692/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- AR41492/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- HL39926/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 11;258(5089):1798-801.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1281554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/physiopathology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Chemotaxis/*drug effects ; Cornea/*drug effects/physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects/*physiology ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/pharmacology ; Humans ; Interleukin-8/genetics/*pharmacology ; Macrophages/*physiology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monocytes/physiology ; *Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/*pharmacology ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Synovial Fluid/physiology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics ; Umbilical Veins
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    Liver transplants good for brains (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-03-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 27;255(5052):1638.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553551" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cognition/*physiology ; Humans ; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/physiopathology/*surgery ; *Liver Transplantation ; Time Factors
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    The time course of glutamate in the synaptic cleft (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-11-27
    Description: The peak concentration and rate of clearance of neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft are important determinants of synaptic function, yet the neurotransmitter concentration time course is unknown at synapses in the brain. The time course of free glutamate in the cleft was estimated by kinetic analysis of the displacement of a rapidly dissociating competitive antagonist from N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors during synaptic transmission. Glutamate peaked at 1.1 millimolar and decayed with a time constant of 1.2 milliseconds at cultured hippocampal synapses. This time course implies that transmitter saturates postsynaptic NMDA receptors. However, glutamate dissociates much more rapidly from alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors. Thus, the time course of free glutamate predicts that dissociation contributes to the decay of the AMPA receptor-mediated postsynaptic current.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clements, J D -- Lester, R A -- Tong, G -- Jahr, C E -- Westbrook, G L -- MH46613/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS21419/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS26494/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 27;258(5087):1498-501.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1359647" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Aminoadipic Acid/pharmacology ; Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Glutamates/*metabolism ; Glutamic Acid ; Hippocampus/cytology/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Neurons/physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; Piperazines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects/physiology ; Synapses/drug effects/*metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Membrane depolarization induces p140trk and NGF responsiveness, but not p75LNGFR, in MAH cells (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-17
    Description: Nerve growth factor (NGF) is required for the maturation and survival of sympathetic neurons, but the mechanisms controlling expression of the NGF receptor in developing neuroblasts have not been defined. MAH cells, an immortalized sympathoadrenal progenitor cell line, did not respond to NGF and expressed neither low-affinity NGF receptor (p75) nor p140trk messenger RNAs. Depolarizing concentrations of potassium chloride, but none of a variety of growth factors, induced expression of p140trk but not p75 messenger RNA. A functional response to NGF was acquired by MAH cells under these conditions, suggesting that expression of p75 is not essential for this response. Depolarization also permitted a relatively high proportion of MAH cells to develop and survive as neurons in fibroblast growth factor and NGF. These data establish a relation between electrical activity and neurotrophic factor responsiveness in developing neurons, which may operate in the functioning of the mature nervous system as well.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Birren, S J -- Verdi, J M -- Anderson, D J -- NS23476/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):395-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena 91125.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1321502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Blotting, Northern ; Cell Line ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cell Membrane/*physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Membrane Potentials ; Nerve Growth Factors/*biosynthesis ; Neurons/*metabolism/*physiology ; Potassium Chloride/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*biosynthesis ; RNA, Messenger/*biosynthesis ; Receptor, trkA ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*biosynthesis ; Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor ; Signal Transduction ; Time Factors ; Tretinoin/pharmacology
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    Valuing the health benefits of clean air (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-02-14
    Description: An assessment of health effects due to ozone and particulate matter (PM10) suggests that each of the 12 million residents of the South Coast Air Basin of California experiences ozone-related symptoms on an average of up to 17 days each year and faces an increased risk of death in any year of 1/10,000 as a result of elevated PM10 exposure. The estimated annual economic value of avoiding these effects is nearly $10 billion. Attaining air pollution standards may save 1600 lives a year in the region.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hall, J V -- Winer, A M -- Kleinman, M T -- Lurmann, F W -- Brajer, V -- Colome, S D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Feb 14;255(5046):812-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Economics, California State University, Fullerton 92634.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1536006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollutants/adverse effects ; Air Pollution/adverse effects/*economics ; California ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Ozone/adverse effects ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/economics/etiology
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    Toward a dynamical structure of DNA: comparison of theoretical and experimental NOE intensities (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-31
    Description: Comparisons of experimental and calculated interproton nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) buildup curves for duplex d(CGCGAATTCGCG)2 have been made. The calculated NOEs are based on molecular dynamics simulations including counterions and water and on the single-structure canonical A, B, and crystal forms. The calculated NOE effects include consideration of the motions of individual interproton vectors and the anisotropic tumbling of the DNA. The effects due to inclusion of anisotropic tumbling are much larger than those due to the local motion, and both improve the agreement between calculated and experimental results. The predictions based on the dynamical models agree significantly better with experiment than those based on either of the canonical forms or the crystal structure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Withka, J M -- Swaminathan, S -- Srinivasan, J -- Beveridge, D L -- Bolton, P H -- 1T32 GM-08271/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-37909/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 31;255(5044):597-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Chemistry Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1736362" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; DNA/*chemistry ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*chemistry ; Time Factors
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    Nitric oxide: a physiologic mediator of penile erection (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-17
    Description: Nitric oxide (NO) is a cytotoxic agent of macrophages, a messenger molecule of neurons, and a vasodilator produced by endothelial cells. NO synthase, the synthetic enzyme for NO, was localized to rat penile neurons innervating the corpora cavernosa and to neuronal plexuses in the adventitial layer of penile arteries. Small doses of NO synthase inhibitors abolished electrophysiologically induced penile erections. These results establish NO as a physiologic mediator of erectile function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Burnett, A L -- Lowenstein, C J -- Bredt, D S -- Chang, T S -- Snyder, S H -- DA-00266/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- DK-19300/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- MH-18501/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):401-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1378650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Oxidoreductases/antagonists & inhibitors/biosynthesis ; Animals ; Arginine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Male ; Nerve Fibers/metabolism ; *Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitroarginine ; Penile Erection/drug effects/*physiology ; Penis/metabolism ; Rats ; Urethra/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 44
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    Role of beta gamma subunits of G proteins in targeting the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase to membrane-bound receptors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: The rate and extent of the agonist-dependent phosphorylation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors and rhodopsin by beta-adrenergic receptor kinase (beta ARK) are markedly enhanced on addition of G protein beta gamma subunits. With a model peptide substrate it was demonstrated that direct activation of the kinase could not account for this effect. G protein beta gamma subunits were shown to interact directly with the COOH-terminal region of beta ARK, and formation of this beta ARK-beta gamma complex resulted in receptor-facilitated membrane localization of the enzyme. The beta gamma subunits of transducin were less effective at both enhancing the rate of receptor phosphorylation and binding to the COOH-terminus of beta ARK, suggesting that the enzyme preferentially binds specific beta gamma complexes. The beta gamma-mediated membrane localization of beta ARK serves to intimately link receptor activation to beta ARK-mediated desensitization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pitcher, J A -- Inglese, J -- Higgins, J B -- Arriza, J L -- Casey, P J -- Kim, C -- Benovic, J L -- Kwatra, M M -- Caron, M G -- Lefkowitz, R J -- 4R37-HL16039/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- GM 44944/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1264-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1325672" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cattle ; *Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Escherichia coli ; GTP-Binding Proteins/*physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*pharmacology ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/*drug effects/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; Rhodopsin/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Virulence Factors, Bordetella/pharmacology ; beta-Adrenergic Receptor Kinases
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 45
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    Range of messenger action of calcium ion and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-11
    Description: The range of messenger action of a point source of Ca2+ or inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) was determined from measurements of their diffusion coefficients in a cytosolic extract from Xenopus laevis oocytes. The diffusion coefficient (D) of [3H]IP3 injected into an extract was 283 microns 2/s. D for Ca2+ increased from 13 to 65 microns 2/s when the free calcium concentration was raised from about 90 nM to 1 microM. The slow diffusion of Ca2+ in the physiologic concentration range results from its binding to slowly mobile or immobile buffers. The calculated effective ranges of free Ca2+ before it is buffered, buffered Ca2+, and IP3 determined from their diffusion coefficients and lifetimes were 0.1 micron, 5 microns, and 24 microns, respectively. Thus, for a transient point source of messenger in cells smaller than 20 microns, IP3 is a global messenger, whereas Ca2+ acts in restricted domains.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allbritton, N L -- Meyer, T -- Stryer, L -- 5F32AI0814203/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- MH45324/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 11;258(5089):1812-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1465619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium-Transporting ATPases/antagonists & inhibitors ; Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone/pharmacology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Cytosol/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Oocytes/drug effects/*metabolism ; *Second Messenger Systems ; *Signal Transduction ; Terpenes/pharmacology ; Thapsigargin ; Time Factors ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 46
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    Cryobiological preservation of Drosophila embryos (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-12-18
    Description: The inability to cryobiologically preserve the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has required that fly stocks be maintained by frequent transfer of adults. This method is costly in terms of time and can lead to loss of stocks. Traditional slow freezing methods do not succeed because the embryos are highly sensitive to chilling. With the procedures described here, 68 percent of precisely staged 15-hour Oregon R (wild-type) embryos hatch after vitrification at -205 degrees C, and 40 percent of the resulting larvae develop into normal adult flies. These embryos are among the most complex organisms successfully preserved by cryobiology.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mazur, P -- Cole, K W -- Hall, J W -- Schreuders, P D -- Mahowald, A P -- HD17607/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Dec 18;258(5090):1932-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831-8077.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1470915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cryopreservation/*methods ; Drosophila melanogaster/cytology/*embryology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/*cytology/physiology ; Embryonic and Fetal Development ; Time Factors
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  • 47
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    Calmodulin trapping by calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: Multifunctional calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) transduces transient elevations in intracellular calcium into changes in the phosphorylation state and activity of target proteins. By fluorescence emission anisotropy, the affinity of CaM kinase for dansylated calmodulin was measured and found to increase 1000 times after autophosphorylation of the threonine at position 286 of the protein. Autophosphorylation markedly slowed the release of bound calcium-calmodulin; the release time increased from less than a second to several hundred seconds. In essence, calmodulin is trapped by autophosphorylation. The shift in affinity does not occur in a site-directed mutant in which threonine at position 286 has been replaced by a non-phosphorylatable amino acid. These experiments demonstrate the existence of a new state in which calmodulin is bound to CaM kinase even though the concentration of calcium is basal. Calmodulin trapping provides for molecular potentiation of calcium transients and may enable detection of their frequency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meyer, T -- Hanson, P I -- Stryer, L -- Schulman, H -- GM 40600/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM24032/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH45324/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1199-202.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1317063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Binding, Competitive ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Calmodulin/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Egtazic Acid/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Binding ; Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Threonine ; Time Factors ; Transfection
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  • 48
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    Selective role of N-type calcium channels in neuronal migration (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-07
    Description: Analysis of neuronal migration in mouse cerebellar slice preparations by a laser scanning confocal microscope revealed that postmitotic granule cells initiate their migration only after the expression of N-type calcium channels on their plasmalemmal surface. Furthermore, selective blockade of these channels by addition of omega-conotoxin to the incubation medium curtailed cell movement. In contrast, inhibitors of L- and T-type calcium channels, as well as those of sodium and potassium channels, had no effect on the rate of granule cell migration. These results suggest that N-type calcium channels, which have been predominantly associated with neurotransmitter release in adult brain, also play a transient but specific developmental role in directed migration of immature neurons before the establishment of their synaptic circuits.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Komuro, H -- Rakic, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 7;257(5071):806-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1323145" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/pharmacology ; Calcium Channels/drug effects/*physiology ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Mollusk Venoms/pharmacology ; Neurons/cytology/drug effects/*physiology ; Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology ; Time Factors ; *omega-Conotoxins
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  • 49
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    Inhibition of long-term potentiation by NMDA-mediated nitric oxide release (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: Activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors before tetanic stimulation blocks long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. This NMDA-mediated inhibition of LTP can be reversed by the nitric oxide (NO) inhibitors L-NG-monomethyl-arginine or hemoglobin and mimicked by sodium nitroprusside. These results indicate that the timing of NO release relative to high-frequency activation of CA1 synapses may be an important determinant of LTP generation and suggest that NO may play a positive or negative modulatory role in LTP depending on prior events at the tetanized synapse and the ambient concentration of excitatory amino acids.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Izumi, Y -- Clifford, D B -- Zorumski, C F -- AG05681/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- MH00964/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH45493/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1273-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1519065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arginine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Electrophysiology ; Hemoglobins/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/drug effects/*physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; N-Methylaspartate/*pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide/*metabolism ; Nitroprusside/pharmacology ; Rats ; Time Factors ; omega-N-Methylarginine
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  • 50
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    Phosphorylation-independent modulation of L-type calcium channels by magnesium-nucleotide complexes (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-10
    Description: Free magnesium ions and magnesium-nucleotide complexes can exert opposite effects on many fundamental cellular processes. Although increases in the intracellular concentration of magnesium ions inhibit the L-type calcium current in heart cells, magnesium-adenosine triphosphate complexes (MgATP) would be expected to increase the current by promoting channel phosphorylation. Rapid increases in the intracellular concentration of MgATP induced by flash photolysis of caged magnesium or caged ATP resulted in enhanced calcium current. The increase in calcium current was not prevented by blocking phosphorylation, revealing a previously unrecognized direct regulatory action of the magnesium-nucleotide complex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉O'Rourke, B -- Backx, P H -- Marban, E -- HL 07227/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- HL 36957/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 10;257(5067):245-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1321495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/*pharmacology ; Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Barium/metabolism ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/*drug effects ; *Carrier Proteins ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Isoproterenol/pharmacology ; Magnesium/*pharmacology ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/pharmacology ; Peptides/pharmacology ; Phosphorylation ; Time Factors
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    Regulation of jun-B messenger RNA and AP-1 activity by light and a circadian clock (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-03-20
    Description: The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus comprise the primary pacemaker responsible for generation of circadian rhythms in mammals. Light stimuli that synchronize this circadian clock induce expression of the c-fos gene in rodent SCN, which suggests a possible role for Fos in circadian entrainment. Appropriate light stimuli also induce the expression of jun-B messenger RNA in the SCN of golden hamsters but only slightly elevate c-jun messenger RNA levels. In addition, light increases the amount of a protein complex in the SCN that binds specifically to sites on DNA known to mediate regulation by the AP-1 transcription factor. The photic regulation of both jun-B messenger RNA expression and AP-1 binding activity is dependent on circadian phase: only light stimuli that shift behavioral rhythms induce jun-B and AP-1 expression. Thus, light and the circadian pacemaker interact to regulate a specific set of immediate-early genes in the SCN that may participate in entrainment of the circadian clock.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kornhauser, J M -- Nelson, D E -- Mayo, K E -- Takahashi, J S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Mar 20;255(5051):1581-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1549784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cricetinae ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, fos/physiology ; Genes, jun/*physiology ; *Light ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Periodicity ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun/*biosynthesis ; RNA Probes ; RNA, Messenger/*biosynthesis ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology ; Time Factors ; Transcription, Genetic
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  • 52
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    Block of Ca2+ wave and Ca2+ oscillation by antibody to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in fertilized hamster eggs (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-10
    Description: The concentration of cytoplasmic free calcium (Ca2+) increases in various stimulated cells in a wave (Ca2+ wave) and in periodic transients (Ca2+ oscillations). These phenomena are explained by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ release (IICR) and Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from separate intracellular stores, but decisive evidence is lacking. A monoclonal antibody to the IP3 receptor inhibited both IICR and CICR upon injection of IP3 and Ca2+ into hamster eggs, respectively. The antibody completely blocked sperm-induced Ca2+ waves and Ca2+ oscillations. The results indicate that Ca2+ release in fertilized hamster eggs is mediated solely by the IP3 receptor, and Ca(2+)-sensitized IICR, but not CICR, generates Ca2+ waves and Ca2+ oscillations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miyazaki, S -- Yuzaki, M -- Nakada, K -- Shirakawa, H -- Nakanishi, S -- Nakade, S -- Mikoshiba, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 10;257(5067):251-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1321497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Caffeine/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; *Calcium Channels ; Cricetinae ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fertilization/*physiology ; Immunoblotting ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors ; Male ; Ovum/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/drug effects/*physiology ; *Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear ; Ryanodine/pharmacology ; Spermatozoa/physiology ; Time Factors
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  • 53
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    The updating of the representation of visual space in parietal cortex by intended eye movements (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-03
    Description: Every eye movement produces a shift in the visual image on the retina. The receptive field, or retinal response area, of an individual visual neuron moves with the eyes so that after an eye movement it covers a new portion of visual space. For some parietal neurons, the location of the receptive field is shown to shift transiently before an eye movement. In addition, nearly all parietal neurons respond when an eye movement brings the site of a previously flashed stimulus into the receptive field. Parietal cortex both anticipates the retinal consequences of eye movements and updates the retinal coordinates of remembered stimuli to generate a continuously accurate representation of visual space.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duhamel, J R -- Colby, C L -- Goldberg, M E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 3;255(5040):90-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Eye Movements/*physiology ; Macaca mulatta ; Neurons/*physiology ; Parietal Lobe/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Retina/*physiology ; Saccades ; Space Perception/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Fields
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    Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-17
    Description: The direct effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the contractility of mammalian heart were studied. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-2 inhibited contractility of isolated hamster papillary muscles in a concentration-dependent, reversible manner. The nitric oxide synthase inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) blocked these negative inotropic effects. L-Arginine reversed the inhibition by L-NMMA. Removal of the endocardial endothelium did not alter these responses. These findings demonstrate that the direct negative inotropic effect of cytokines is mediated through a myocardial nitric oxide synthase. The regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and myocardial nitric oxide synthase may provide new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cardiac disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finkel, M S -- Oddis, C V -- Jacob, T D -- Watkins, S C -- Hattler, B G -- Simmons, R L -- GM-37753/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):387-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1631560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arginine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cricetinae ; Cytokines/*pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Interactions ; Endocardium/cytology ; Epithelium/physiology ; Interleukin-2/pharmacology ; Interleukin-6/pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron ; Myocardial Contraction/*drug effects ; Nitric Oxide/*pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology ; omega-N-Methylarginine
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  • 55
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    Prevalence of AIDS-related risk factors and condom use in the United States (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-13
    Description: A national probability survey of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related risk factors among the general heterosexual population, the National AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Behavioral Surveys, has obtained data from 10,630 respondents. Data are presented on the prevalence of HIV-related risks in the general heterosexual population, on the distribution of the three largest risk groups across social strata, and on the prevalence and distribution of condom use among heterosexuals reporting a risk factor. Between 15 and 31 percent of heterosexuals nationally and 20 and 41 percent in cities with a high prevalence of AIDS reported an HIV risk factor. Condom use was relatively low. Only 17 percent of those with multiple sexual partners, 12.6 percent of those with risky sexual partners, and 10.8 percent of untested transfusion recipients used condoms all the time. Overall, the results suggest that current HIV prevention programs have, to a very limited extent, reached those heterosexuals with multiple sexual partners but have failed to reach many other groups of the heterosexual population at risk for HIV. New public health strategies may be needed for these specific risk groups.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Catania, J A -- Coates, T J -- Stall, R -- Turner, H -- Peterson, J -- Hearst, N -- Dolcini, M M -- Hudes, E -- Gagnon, J -- Wiley, J -- MH43892/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH46240/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 13;258(5085):1101-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439818" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Blood Transfusion ; *Condoms ; Continental Population Groups ; Female ; HIV Seropositivity ; Health Surveys ; Hemophilia A/complications ; Humans ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Regression Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Substance Abuse, Intravenous ; Time Factors ; United States
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    Sequencing and computer time (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Taylor, W R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Nov 27;258(5087):1421.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1439832" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Databases, Factual ; Sequence Alignment/*instrumentation ; Time Factors
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    Overhaul at the FDA begins (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-04-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Apr 17;256(5055):313.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1566081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy ; Drugs, Investigational/*therapeutic use ; Time Factors ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration/*organization & administration
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    Tentoxin sensitivity of chloroplasts determined by codon 83 of beta subunit of proton-ATPase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: Tentoxin is a naturally occurring phytotoxic peptide that causes seedling chlorosis and arrests growth in sensitive plants and algae. In vitro, it inhibits activity of the beta subunit of the plastid proton-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) from sensitive species. Plastid atpB genes from six closely related, tentoxin-sensitive or -resistant Nicotiana species differ at codon 83, according to their response to the toxin: glutamate correlated with resistance and aspartate correlated with sensitivity. The genetic relevance of this site was confirmed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by chloroplast transformation. The alga, normally tentoxin-resistant, was rendered tentoxin-sensitive by mutagenesis of its plastid atpB gene at codon 83. Codon 83 may represent a critical site on the beta subunit that does not compete with nucleotide binding or other catalytic activities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Avni, A -- Anderson, J D -- Holland, N -- Rochaix, J D -- Gromet-Elhanan, Z -- Edelman, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1245-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1387730" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/biosynthesis ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Chlamydomonas ; Chloroplasts/*drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Resistance/genetics ; Hydrolysis/drug effects ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Mycotoxins/*pharmacology ; Peptides, Cyclic/*pharmacology ; Plants, Toxic ; Proton-Translocating ATPases/genetics/*physiology ; Rhodospirillum rubrum ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Tobacco ; Transformation, Genetic
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    Isomerase and chaperone activity of prolyl isomerase in the folding of carbonic anhydrase (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-10-16
    Description: Several proteins have been discovered that either catalyze slow protein-folding reactions or assist folding in the cell. Prolyl isomerase, which has been shown to accelerate rate-limiting cis-trans peptidyl-proline isomerization steps in the folding pathway, can also participate in the protein-folding process as a chaperone. This function is exerted on an early folding intermediate of carbonic anhydrase, which is thereby prevented from aggregating, whereas the isomerase activity is performed later in the folding process.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Freskgard, P O -- Bergenhem, N -- Jonsson, B H -- Svensson, M -- Carlsson, U -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Oct 16;258(5081):466-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institutionen for Fysik och Matteknik/Department of Chemistry, Linkoping University, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1357751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Isomerases/*metabolism ; Carbonic Anhydrases/*ultrastructure ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Chaperonins ; Humans ; Isomerases/*metabolism ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase ; Proline/chemistry ; Protein Denaturation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/*metabolism ; Time Factors
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    Rational design of potent antagonists to the human growth hormone receptor (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-06-19
    Description: A hybrid receptor was constructed that contained the extracellular binding domain of the human growth hormone (hGH) receptor linked to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor. Addition of hGH to a myeloid leukemia cell line (FDC-P1) that expressed the hybrid receptor caused proliferation of these cells. The mechanism for signal transduction of the hybrid receptor required dimerization because monoclonal antibodies to the hGH receptor were agonists whereas their monovalent fragments were not. Receptor dimerization occurs sequentially--a receptor binds to site 1 on hGH, and then a second receptor molecule binds to site 2 on hGH. On the basis of this sequential mechanism, which may occur in many other cytokine receptors, inactive hGH analogs were designed that were potent antagonists to hGH-induced cell proliferation. Such antagonists could be useful for treating clinical conditions of hGH excess, such as acromegaly.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fuh, G -- Cunningham, B C -- Fukunaga, R -- Nagata, S -- Goeddel, D V -- Wells, J A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jun 19;256(5064):1677-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1535167" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; DNA Replication/drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Growth Hormone/analysis/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Molecular ; Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/physiology ; Receptors, Somatotropin/*physiology ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Transfection
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    The cloning of a family of genes that encode the melanocortin receptors (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulate pigmentation and adrenal cortical function, respectively. These peptides also have a variety of biological activities in other areas, including the brain, the pituitary, and the immune system. A complete understanding of the biological activities of these hormones requires the isolation and characterization of their corresponding receptors. The murine and human MSH receptors (MSH-Rs) and a human ACTH receptor (ACTH-R) were cloned. These receptors define a subfamily of receptors coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding proteins that may include the cannabinoid receptor.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mountjoy, K G -- Robbins, L S -- Mortrud, M T -- Cone, R D -- R01 DK43859-02/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1248-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1325670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenal Cortex/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Blotting, Northern ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones/physiology ; Melanocytes/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis ; Receptors, Corticotropin ; Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/biosynthesis/*genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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    Mechanisms of transcriptional timing in Drosophila (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-03
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thummel, C S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 3;255(5040):39-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 84112.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1553530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila/*genetics ; Genes, Regulator ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Time Factors ; *Transcription, Genetic
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    Long-term survival of xenogeneic pancreatic islet grafts induced by CTLA4lg (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-07
    Description: Antigen-specific T cell activation depends on T cell receptor-ligand interaction and costimulatory signals generated when accessory molecules bind to their ligands, such as CD28 to the B7 (also called BB1) molecule. A soluble fusion protein of human CTLA-4 (a protein homologous to CD28) and the immunoglobulin (lg) G1 Fc region (CTLA4lg) binds to human and murine B7 with high avidity and blocks T cell activation in vitro. CTLA4lg therapy blocked human pancreatic islet rejection in mice by directly affecting T cell recognition of B7+ antigen-presenting cells. In addition, CTLA4lg induced long-term, donor-specific tolerance, which may have applications to human organ transplantation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lenschow, D J -- Zeng, Y -- Thistlethwaite, J R -- Montag, A -- Brady, W -- Gibson, M G -- Linsley, P S -- Bluestone, J A -- AI29531/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R29 DK40092/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 7;257(5071):789-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ben May Institute, University of Chicago, IL 60637.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1323143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, Differentiation/immunology/*therapeutic use ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/*surgery ; Graft Survival/*immunology/physiology ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunosuppressive Agents/*therapeutic use ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/*immunology/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Phosphates/analysis/*metabolism ; Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/*therapeutic use ; Time Factors ; Transplantation, Heterologous/*immunology/physiology ; Uranium/analysis/*metabolism ; *Uranium Compounds
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    The role of GABAB receptor activation in absence seizures of lethargic (lh/lh) mice (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-07-27
    Description: Lethargic (lh/lh) mice, which function as an animal model of absence seizures, have spontaneous seizures that have behavioral and electrographic features and anticonvulsant sensitivity similar to those of human absence seizures. Antagonists of the gamma-aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) receptor suppressed these seizures in lethargic mice, whereas agonists of GABAB receptors exacerbated them. Furthermore, GABAB receptor binding and synaptically evoked GABAB receptor-mediated inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate responses were selectively increased in lh/lh mice. Therefore, enhanced GABAB receptor-mediated synaptic responses may underlie absence seizures in lh/lh mice, and GABAB receptor antagonists hold promise as anticonvulsants for absence seizures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hosford, D A -- Clark, S -- Cao, Z -- Wilson, W A Jr -- Lin, F H -- Morrisett, R A -- Huin, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jul 17;257(5068):398-401.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1321503" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anticonvulsants/pharmacology ; Baclofen/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Electroencephalography ; Electrophysiology ; Epilepsy, Absence/drug therapy/*physiopathology ; Hippocampus/drug effects/physiology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology ; Picrotoxin/pharmacology ; Quinoxalines/pharmacology ; Receptors, GABA-A/*physiology ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
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    Protection of macaques against SIV infection by subunit vaccines of SIV envelope glycoprotein gp160 (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-01-24
    Description: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a primate lentivirus related to human immunodeficiency viruses and is an etiologic agent for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-like diseases in macaques. To date, only inactivated whole virus vaccines have been shown to protect macaques against SIV infection. Protective immunity was elicited by recombinant subunit vaccines. Four Macaca fascicularis were immunized with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing SIVmne gp160 and were boosted with gp160 produced in baculovirus-infected cells. All four animals were protected against an intravenous challenge of the homologous virus at one to nine animal-infectious doses. These results indicate that immunization with viral envelope antigens alone is sufficient to elicit protective immunity against a primate immunodeficiency virus. The combination immunization regimen, similar to one now being evaluated in humans as candidate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccines, appears to be an effective way to elicit such immune responses.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hu, S L -- Abrams, K -- Barber, G N -- Moran, P -- Zarling, J M -- Langlois, A J -- Kuller, L -- Morton, W R -- Benveniste, R E -- AI26503/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI28065/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- RR00166/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Jan 24;255(5043):456-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98121.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1531159" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Gene Products, env ; Genetic Vectors ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Macaca fascicularis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests ; Oligonucleotides/chemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology/*prevention & control ; Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology ; Time Factors ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Synthetic/*immunology ; Viral Vaccines/*immunology
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    Designed enediynes: a new class of DNA-cleaving molecules with potent and selective anticancer activity (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1992-05-22
    Description: The rational design and biological actions of a new class of DNA-cleaving molecules with potent and selective anticancer activity are reported. These relatively simple enediyne-type compounds were designed from basic chemical principles to mimic the actions of the rather complex naturally occurring enediyne anticancer antibiotics, particularly dynemicin A. Equipped with locking and triggering devices, these compounds damage DNA in vitro and in vivo on activation by chemical or biological means. Their damaging effects are manifested in potent anticancer activity with remarkable selectivities. Their mechanism of action involves intracellular unlocking and triggering of a Bergman reaction, leading to highly reactive benzenoid diradicals that cause severe DNA damage. The results of these studies demonstrate the potential of these de novo designed molecules as biotechnology tools and anticancer agents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nicolaou, K C -- Dai, W M -- Tsay, S C -- Estevez, V A -- Wrasidlo, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 May 22;256(5060):1172-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1589797" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/*chemical synthesis/pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents/*pharmacology ; Cell Line ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; *DNA Damage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Design ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    Computer speed and sequence comparison (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-09-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barton, G J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Sep 18;257(5077):1609-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1482492" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Computers ; *Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Proteins/*chemistry ; *Sequence Alignment ; Time Factors
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    The met proto-oncogene receptor and lumen formation (1992)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1992-08-28
    Description: The met proto-oncogene product (Met) and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), have been implicated in cell mitogenic response, cell motility, and the promotion of the ordered spatial arrangement of tissue. By means of confocal laser-scanning microscopy, it was shown that Met is expressed in cells bordering lumen-like structures that resemble ducts in the human mammary cell line T47D. In human breast tissue biopsies, Met staining was intense in normal cells bordering mammary ducts but was reduced in adjacent tumor tissue. Met staining in lumen-forming organs colocalizes with staining of antibody to phosphotyrosine, which suggests that the Met receptor and its substrates may be activated in lumen structures or ducts. HGF/SF treatment of human epithelial carcinoma cell lines resulted in the formation of lumen-like structures in vitro. Reduced expression of Met could be related to the extent of tumor cell differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsarfaty, I -- Resau, J H -- Rulong, S -- Keydar, I -- Faletto, D L -- Vande Woude, G F -- N01-C0-74101/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1992 Aug 28;257(5074):1258-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, MD 21702.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1387731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenocarcinoma/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Breast Neoplasms/metabolism/pathology ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 ; Colonic Neoplasms/chemically induced/metabolism/pathology ; Digestive System/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Growth Substances/pharmacology/*physiology ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met
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    The first step in vision: femtosecond isomerization of rhodopsin (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-18
    Description: The kinetics of the primary event in vision have been resolved with the use of femtosecond optical measurement techniques. The 11-cis retinal prosthetic group of rhodopsin is excited with a 35-femtosecond pump pulse at 500 nanometers, and the transient changes in absorption are measured between 450 and 580 nanometers with a 10-femtosecond probe pulse. Within 200 femtoseconds, an increased absorption is observed between 540 and 580 nanometers, indicating the formation of photoproduct on this time scale. These measurements demonstrate that the first step in vision, the 11-cis----11-trans torsional isomerization of the rhodopsin chromophore, is essentially complete in only 200 femtoseconds.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schoenlein, R W -- Peteanu, L A -- Mathies, R A -- Shank, C V -- EY 02051/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- T32EY07043/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 18;254(5030):412-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925597" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Lasers ; Light ; Photochemistry ; Rhodopsin/*chemistry/*radiation effects ; Spectrophotometry ; Stereoisomerism ; Time Factors ; Vision, Ocular/physiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Selective activation of the B natriuretic peptide receptor by C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-04-05
    Description: The natriuretic peptides are hormones that can stimulate natriuretic, diuretic, and vasorelaxant activity in vivo, presumably through the activation of two known cell surface receptor guanylyl cyclases (ANPR-A and ANPR-B). Although atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and, to a lesser extent, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are efficient activators of the ANPR-A guanylyl cyclase, neither hormone can significantly stimulate ANPR-B. A member of this hormone family, C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), potently and selectively activated the human ANPR-B guanylyl cyclase. CNP does not increase guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate accumulation in cells expressing human ANPR-A. The affinity of CNP for ANPR-B is 50- or 500-fold higher than ANP or BNP, respectively. This ligand-receptor pair may be involved in the regulation of fluid homeostasis by the central nervous system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koller, K J -- Lowe, D G -- Bennett, G L -- Minamino, N -- Kangawa, K -- Matsuo, H -- Goeddel, D V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 5;252(5002):120-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco 94080.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1672777" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atrial Natriuretic Factor/*physiology ; Cells, Cultured ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; Cloning, Molecular ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism ; Humans ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*pharmacology ; Receptors, Atrial Natriuretic Factor ; Receptors, Cell Surface/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins ; Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cortical computational maps control auditory perception (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-02-01
    Description: Mustached bats orient and find insects by emitting ultrasonic pulses and analyzing the returning echoes. Neurons in the Doppler-shifted constant-frequency (DSCF) and frequency-modulated (FM-FM) areas of the auditory cortex form maps of echo frequency (target velocity) and echo delay (target range), respectively. Bats were trained to discriminate changes in echo frequency or delay, and then these areas were selectively inactivated with muscimol. Inactivation of the DSCF area disrupted frequency but not delay discriminations; inactivation of the FM-FM area disrupted delay but not frequency discriminations. Thus, focal inactivation of specific cortical maps produces specific disruptions in the perception of biosonar signals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Riquimaroux, H -- Gaioni, S J -- Suga, N -- NS17333/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 1;251(4993):565-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1990432" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Auditory Cortex/*anatomy & histology/physiology ; *Auditory Perception ; Chiroptera ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Time Factors
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    Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release in sea urchin egg homogenates: modulation by cyclic ADP-ribose (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-09-06
    Description: Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) may function widely in calcium-mediated cell signaling, but has been most thoroughly characterized in muscle cells. In a homogenate of sea urchin eggs, which display transients in the intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) during fertilization and anaphase, addition of Ca2+ triggered CICR. Ca2+ release was also induced by the CICR modulators ryanodine and caffeine. Responses to both Ca2+ and CICR modulators (but not Ca2+ release mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate) were inhibited by procaine and ruthenium red, inhibitors of CICR. Intact eggs also displayed transients of [Ca2+]i when microinjected with ryanodine. Cyclic ADP-ribose, a metabolite with potent Ca(2+)-releasing properties, appears to act by way of the CICR mechanism and may thus be an endogenous modulator of CICR. A CICR mechanism is present in these nonmuscle cells as is assumed in various models of intracellular Ca2+ wave propagation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galione, A -- Lee, H C -- Busa, W B -- HD17484/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD22879/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Sep 6;253(5024):1143-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1909457" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose/*pharmacology ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Calcium/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Cyclic ADP-Ribose ; Egtazic Acid/pharmacology ; Kinetics ; Ovum/drug effects/*physiology ; Sea Urchins ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Time Factors
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Maintenance of normoglycemia in diabetic mice by subcutaneous xenografts of encapsulated islets (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-12-20
    Description: The goal of islet transplantation in human diabetes is to maintain the islet grafts in the recipients without the use of immunosuppression. One approach is to encapsulate the donor islets in permselective membranes. Hollow fibers fabricated from an acrylic copolymer were used to encapsulate small numbers of rat islets that were immobilized in an alginate hydrogel for transplantation in diabetic mice. The fibers were biocompatible, prevented rejection, and maintained normoglycemia when transplanted intraperitoneally; hyperglycemia returned when the fibers were removed at 60 days. Normoglycemia was also maintained by subcutaneous implants that had an appropriately constructed outer surface on the fibers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lacy, P E -- Hegre, O D -- Gerasimidi-Vazeou, A -- Gentile, F T -- Dionne, K E -- DK01226/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 20;254(5039):1782-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1763328" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acrylic Resins ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blood Glucose/*metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood/*surgery ; In Vitro Techniques ; Insulin/secretion ; Islets of Langerhans/*secretion ; Islets of Langerhans Transplantation/*physiology ; Male ; Membranes, Artificial ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; *Polyvinyl Chloride ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WF ; Time Factors ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    FISHing cuts the angst in amniocentesis (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 18;254(5030):378-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Female ; *Genetic Techniques ; Humans ; *Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis/*methods ; Time Factors
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    More pieces in the dioxin puzzle (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-10-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 18;254(5030):377.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1656528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinogens/*toxicity ; Dioxins/*toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Models, Theoretical ; Rats ; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon ; Receptors, Drug/metabolism ; Risk
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    Cell-free, de novo synthesis of poliovirus (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-12-13
    Description: Cell-free translation of poliovirus RNA in an extract of uninfected human (HeLa) cells yielded viral proteins through proteolysis of the polyprotein. In the extract, newly synthesized proteins catalyzed poliovirus-specific RNA synthesis, and formed infectious poliovirus de novo. Newly formed virions were neutralized by type-specific antiserum, and infection of human cells with them was prevented by poliovirus receptor-specific antibodies. Poliovirus synthesis was increased nearly 70-fold when nucleoside triphosphates were added, but it was abolished in the presence of inhibitors of translation or viral genome replication. The ability to conduct cell-free synthesis of poliovirus will aid in the study of picornavirus proliferation and in the search for the control of picornaviral disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Molla, A -- Paul, A V -- Wimmer, E -- AI-15122/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA-28146/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Dec 13;254(5038):1647-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1661029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cell-Free System ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Poliovirus/*growth & development ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA, Viral/analysis/biosynthesis ; Time Factors ; Viral Proteins/biosynthesis/chemistry ; *Virus Replication
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    Dioxin risks revisited (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-02-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Feb 8;251(4994):624-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1846976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Dioxins/*toxicity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Humans ; Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon ; Receptors, Drug/physiology ; Risk ; United States ; United States Environmental Protection Agency
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    Similar neuronal alterations induced by axonal injury and learning in Aplysia (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-08-16
    Description: Learning in the marine mollusk Aplysia has been associated with enhanced sensory function, expressed in mechanosensory neurons as (i) decreases in action potential threshold, accommodation, and afterhyperpolarization, and (ii) increases in action potential duration, afterdischarge, and synaptic transmission. These alterations also occur, with a delay, after sensory axons are injured under conditions in which synaptic transmission is severely reduced. The latency and specificity of injury-induced alterations indicate that induction signals are generated at the site of injury and conveyed centrally by axonal transport. Similarities in neuronal modifications support the hypothesis that some memory mechanisms evolved from mechanisms of injury-induced sensory compensation and repair.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walters, E T -- Alizadeh, H -- Castro, G A -- AI11361/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- MH38726/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 16;253(5021):797-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston 77225.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1652154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Aplysia/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Axons/*physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Learning/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Nerve Crush ; Neuronal Plasticity/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Time Factors
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    OPC-21268, an orally effective, nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-04-26
    Description: An orally effective, nonpeptide, vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist, OPC-21268, has been identified. This compound selectively antagonized binding to the V1 subtype of the vasopressin receptor in a competitive manner. In vivo, the compound acted as a specific antagonist of arginine vasopressin (AVP)-induced vasoconstriction. After oral administration in conscious rats, the compound also antagonized pressor responses to AVP. OPC-21268 can be used to study the physiological role of AVP and may be therapeutically useful in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yamamura, Y -- Ogawa, H -- Chihara, T -- Kondo, K -- Onogawa, T -- Nakamura, S -- Mori, T -- Tominaga, M -- Yabuuchi, Y -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 26;252(5005):572-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Second Tokushima Institute of New Drug Research, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1850553" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Angiotensin II/pharmacology ; Animals ; Arginine Vasopressin/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Binding, Competitive ; Blood Pressure/*drug effects ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kinetics ; Liver/metabolism ; Norepinephrine/pharmacology ; Piperidines/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Quinolones/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, Angiotensin/*drug effects/metabolism ; Receptors, Vasopressin ; Time Factors
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    Interhemispheric synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses in cat visual cortex (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-05-24
    Description: Neurons in area 17 of cat visual cortex display oscillatory responses that can synchronize across spatially separate columns in a stimulus-specific way. Response synchronization has now been shown to occur also between neurons in area 17 of the right and left cerebral hemispheres. This synchronization was abolished by section of the corpus callosum. Thus, the response synchronization is mediated by corticocortical connections. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that temporal synchrony of neuronal discharges serves to bind features within and between the visual hemifields.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Engel, A K -- Konig, P -- Kreiter, A K -- Singer, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 24;252(5009):1177-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Hirnforschung, Frankfurt, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2031188" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cats ; Corpus Callosum/physiology ; Functional Laterality ; Neurons/*physiology ; Oscillometry ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; Visual Fields
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    Alteration of the phase and period of a circadian oscillator by a reversible transcription inhibitor (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-09
    Description: A function for transcription in the mechanism of a circadian oscillator was investigated with the reversible transcription inhibitor 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D- ribobenzimidazole (DRB). Two-hour treatments with DRB shifted the phase of the circadian rhythm of the isolated eye of Aplysia, and continuous treatments of DRB lengthened the free running period of this rhythm. Camptothecin, an inhibitor of transcription that is structurally unrelated to DRB, had similar effects on the circadian rhythm. These results suggest that transcription may be part of the circadian oscillating mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raju, U -- Koumenis, C -- Nunez-Regueiro, M -- Eskin, A -- MH41979/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 9;253(5020):673-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemical and Biophysical Sciences, University of Houston, TX 77204-5934.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1871602" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Aplysia ; Camptothecin/*pharmacology ; Circadian Rhythm/*radiation effects ; Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole/*pharmacology ; Eye/drug effects ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Ocular Physiological Phenomena ; Time Factors ; Transcription, Genetic/*drug effects ; Uridine/metabolism
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    Hypotensive activity of fibroblast growth factor (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-11-22
    Description: Acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are members of a family of proteins that are broad-spectrum mitogens, have diverse hormone-like activities, and function in tumorigenesis. FGF's ability to raise the concentration of intracellular calcium ion suggests that FGF could induce the synthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and consequently vasodilation. Systemic administration of FGF decreased arterial blood pressure. This effect was mediated by EDRF and by adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium ion channels. The hypotensive effect of FGF was segregated from its mitogenic activity by protein engineering. These results extend the range of FGF autocrine activities and potential therapeutic applications, emphasize the role of endothelium as an arterial blood pressure--regulating organ, and provide insight on the structural basis of FGF functions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cuevas, P -- Carceller, F -- Ortega, S -- Zazo, M -- Nieto, I -- Gimenez-Gallego, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 22;254(5035):1208-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, Carretera de Colmenar, Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1957172" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Pressure/*drug effects ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Fibroblast Growth Factors/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Glyburide/pharmacology ; Nitric Oxide/physiology ; Potassium Channels/drug effects ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Time Factors
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    The rush to publish (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jan 18;251(4991):260-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1898994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cloning, Molecular ; Cystic Fibrosis/genetics ; Humans ; Molecular Biology/*standards ; Neurofibromatosis 1/genetics ; Publishing/*standards ; Time Factors
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    The role of the primate extrastriate area V4 in vision (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-03-08
    Description: Area V4 is a part of the primate visual cortex. Its role in vision has been extensively debated. Inferences about the functions of this area have now been made by examination of a broad range of visual capacities after ablation of V4 in rhesus monkeys. The results obtained suggest that this area is involved in more complex aspects of visual information processing than had previously been suggested. Monkeys had particularly severe deficits in situations where the task was to select target stimuli that had a lower contrast, smaller size, or slower rate of motion than the array of comparison stimuli from which they had to be discriminated. Extensive training on each specific task resulted in improved performance. However, after V4 ablation, the monkeys could not generalize the specific task to new stimulus configurations and to new spatial locations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schiller, P H -- Lee, K -- EY00676/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Mar 8;251(4998):1251-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2006413" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Color Perception ; Form Perception ; Macaca mulatta ; Motion Perception ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Photic Stimulation ; Saccades ; Space Perception ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; *Visual Perception
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    Interpreting cancer tests (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jan 18;251(4991):257-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1987639" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carcinogens ; Humans ; Mitogens/analysis ; Mutagenicity Tests ; Time Factors
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  • 86
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    Experimental therapy of human glioma by means of a genetically engineered virus mutant (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-05-10
    Description: Malignant gliomas are the most common malignant brain tumors and are almost always fatal. A thymidine kinase-negative mutant of herpes simplex virus-1 (dlsptk) that is attenuated for neurovirulence was tested as a possible treatment for gliomas. In cell culture, dlsptk killed two long-term human glioma lines and three short-term human glioma cell populations. In nude mice with implanted subcutaneous and subrenal U87 human gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of dlsptk caused growth inhibition. In nude mice with intracranial U87 gliomas, intraneoplastic inoculation of dlsptk prolonged survival. Genetically engineered viruses such as dlsptk merit further evaluation as novel antineoplastic agents.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Martuza, R L -- Malick, A -- Markert, J M -- Ruffner, K L -- Coen, D M -- NS24279/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01-AI26126/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- SO7RRO5381/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- etc. -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 May 10;252(5007):854-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Neurogenetics Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, Charlestown 02129.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1851332" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Brain Neoplasms/*therapy ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Foscarnet ; Glioma/*therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Mutagenesis ; Phosphonoacetic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Simplexvirus/genetics/*immunology ; Thymidine Kinase/genetics ; Vidarabine/pharmacology ; Viral Vaccines/*therapeutic use
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 87
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    Concurrent processing and complexity of temporally encoded neuronal messages in visual perception (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-08-09
    Description: The intrinsic neuronal code that carries visual information and the perceptual mechanism for decoding that information are not known. However, multivariate statistics and information theory show that neurons in four visual areas simultaneously carry multiple, stimulus-related messages by utilizing multiplexed temporal codes. The complexity of these temporal messages increases progressively across the visual system, yet the temporal codes overlap in time. Thus, visual perception may depend on the concurrent processing of multiplexed temporal messages from all visual areas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McClurkin, J W -- Optican, L M -- Richmond, B J -- Gawne, T J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Aug 9;253(5020):675-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1908118" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Geniculate Bodies/*physiology ; Haplorhini ; Nerve Fibers/physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; Retina/*physiology ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology ; Time Factors ; Visual Cortex/*physiology ; *Visual Perception
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  • 88
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    Echo-planar imaging: magnetic resonance imaging in a fraction of a second (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-10-04
    Description: Progress has recently been made in implementing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques that can be used to obtain images in a fraction of a second rather than in minutes. Echo-planar imaging (EPI) uses only one nuclear spin excitation per image and lends itself to a variety of critical medical and scientific applications. Among these are evaluation of cardiac function in real time, mapping of water diffusion and temperature in tissue, mapping of organ blood pool and perfusion, functional imaging of the central nervous system, depiction of blood and cerebrospinal fluid flow dynamics, and movie imaging of the mobile fetus in utero. Through shortened patient examination times, higher patient throughput, and lower cost per MRI examination, EPI may become a powerful tool for early diagnosis of some common and potentially treatable diseases such as ischemic heart disease, stroke, and cancer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stehling, M K -- Turner, R -- Mansfield, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 4;254(5028):43-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cardiology, Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925560" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diffusion ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Motion ; Regional Blood Flow ; Time Factors
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  • 89
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    Antigenic diversity thresholds and the development of AIDS (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-11-15
    Description: Longitudinal studies of patients infected with HIV-1 reveal a long and variable incubation period between infection and the development of AIDS. Data from a small number of infected patients show temporal changes in the number of genetically distinct strains of the virus throughout the incubation period, with a slow but steady rise in diversity during the progression to disease. A mathematical model of the dynamic interaction between viral diversity and the human immune system suggests the existence of an antigen diversity threshold, below which the immune system is able to regulate viral population growth but above which the virus population induces the collapse of the CD4+ lymphocyte population. The model suggests that antigenic diversity is the cause, not a consequence, of immunodeficiency disease. The model is compared with available data, and is used to assess how the timing of the application of chemotherapy or immunotherapy influences the rate of progress to disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nowak, M A -- Anderson, R M -- McLean, A R -- Wolfs, T F -- Goudsmit, J -- May, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Nov 15;254(5034):963-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1683006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*immunology/prevention & control/therapy ; Base Sequence ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes ; Computer Simulation ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; HIV Antigens/genetics ; HIV Core Protein p24/metabolism ; HIV-1/genetics/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Leukocyte Count ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotides/chemistry ; Time Factors ; Vaccination
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 90
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    Mechanism of assembly of the tyrosyl radical-dinuclear iron cluster cofactor of ribonucleotide reductase (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-07-29
    Description: Incubation of the apoB2 subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase with Fe2+ and O2 produces native B2, which contains the tyrosyl radical-dinuclear iron cluster cofactor required for nucleotide reduction. The chemical mechanism of this reconstitution reaction was investigated by stopped-flow absorption spectroscopy and by rapid freeze-quench EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) spectroscopy. Two novel intermediates have been detected in the reaction. The first exhibits a broad absorption band centered at 565 nanometers. Based on known model chemistry, this intermediate is proposed to be a mu-peroxodiferric complex. The second intermediate exhibits a broad absorption band centered at 360 nanometers and a sharp, isotropic EPR signal with g = 2.00. When the reaction is carried out with 57Fe2+, this EPR signal is broadened, demonstrating that the intermediate is an iron-coupled radical. Variation of the ratio of Fe2+ to B2 in the reaction and comparison of the rates of formation and decay of the intermediates to the rate of formation of the tyrosyl radical (.Y122) suggest that both intermediates can generate .Y122. This conclusion is supported by the fact that both intermediates exhibit an increased lifetime in a mutant B2 subunit (B2-Y122F) lacking the oxidizable Y122. Based on these kinetic and spectroscopic data, a mechanism for the reaction is proposed. Unlike reactions catalyzed by heme-iron peroxidases, oxygenases, and model complexes, the reconstitution reaction appears not to involve high-valent iron intermediates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bollinger, J M Jr -- Edmondson, D E -- Huynh, B H -- Filley, J -- Norton, J R -- Stubbe, J -- GM29433/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM29595/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM32187/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Jul 19;253(5017):292-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1650033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; Iron/*metabolism ; Kinetics ; Macromolecular Substances ; Models, Theoretical ; Oxygen/*metabolism ; Ribonucleotide Reductases/*metabolism ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Time Factors ; Tyrosine/*metabolism
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  • 91
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    Short-term mortality predictions for critically ill hospitalized adults: science and ethics (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-10-18
    Description: Modern life-sustaining therapy often succeeds in postponing death but may be ineffective at restoring health. Decisions that influence the time and circumstances of an individual's death are now common and require an accurate and comprehensive characterization of likely outcome. Evaluation of alternative outcomes requires acknowledgement that most patients find some outcomes to be worse than death. Improved understanding of major predictors of patient outcome, combined with rapidly expanding technical abilities to collect and manipulate large amounts of detailed clinical data, have created a new intellectual and technical basis for estimating outcomes from intensive medical care. Such objective probability estimates, such as the system described here, can reduce uncertainty about difficult clinical decisions and can be used by physicians, patients, and society to reorient health care toward more scientifically and ethically defensible approaches.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knaus, W A -- Wagner, D P -- Lynn, J -- HS05787/HS/AHRQ HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Oct 18;254(5030):389-94.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anesthesiology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1925596" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Critical Illness/*mortality ; Decision Support Techniques ; *Ethics, Medical ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; *Probability ; *Resource Allocation ; Social Values ; Time Factors
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  • 92
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    Spiral calcium wave propagation and annihilation in Xenopus laevis oocytes (1991)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1991-04-05
    Description: Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous second messenger. Information is encoded in the magnitude, frequency, and spatial organization of changes in the concentration of cytosolic free Ca2+. Regenerative spiral waves of release of free Ca2+ were observed by confocal microscopy in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes. This pattern of Ca2+ activity is characteristic of an intracellular milieu that behaves as a regenerative excitable medium. The minimal critical radius for propagation of focal Ca2+ waves (10.4 micrometers) and the effective diffusion constant for the excitation signal (2.3 x 10(-6) square centimeters per second) were estimated from measurements of velocity and curvature of circular wavefronts expanding from foci. By modeling Ca2+ release with cellular automata, the absolute refractory period for Ca2+ stores (4.7 seconds) was determined. Other phenomena expected of an excitable medium, such as wave propagation of undiminished amplitude and annihilation of colliding wavefronts, were observed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lechleiter, J -- Girard, S -- Peralta, E -- Clapham, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1991 Apr 5;252(5002):123-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN 55905.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2011747" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*physiology ; Cell Compartmentation ; Microinjections ; Oocytes/*physiology ; RNA, Messenger/administration & dosage ; Receptors, Muscarinic/*physiology ; Recombinant Proteins ; *Signal Transduction ; Time Factors ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 93
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    The primate hippocampal formation: evidence for a time-limited role in memory storage (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-10-12
    Description: Clinical and experimental studies have shown that the hippocampal formation and related structures in the medial temporal lobe are important for learning and memory. Retrograde amnesia was studied prospectively in monkeys to understand the contribution of the hippocampal formation to memory function. Monkeys learned to discriminate 100 pairs of objects beginning 16, 12, 8, 4, and 2 weeks before the hippocampal formation was removed (20 different pairs at each time period). Two weeks after surgery, memory was assessed by presenting each of the 100 object pairs again for a single-choice trial. Normal monkeys exhibited forgetting; that is, they remembered recently learned objects better than objects learned many weeks earlier. Monkeys with hippocampal damage were severely impaired at remembering recently learned objects. In addition, they remembered objects learned long ago as well as normal monkeys did and significantly better than they remembered objects learned recently. These results show that the hippocampal formation is required for memory storage for only a limited period of time after learning. As time passes, its role in memory diminishes, and a more permanent memory gradually develops independently of the hippocampal formation, probably in neocortex.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zola-Morgan, S M -- Squire, L R -- MH24600/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS19063/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Oct 12;250(4978):288-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, CA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2218534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; *Learning ; Macaca fascicularis/*physiology ; *Memory ; Reference Values ; Time Factors
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  • 94
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    Flunarizine protects neurons from death after axotomy or NGF deprivation (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-06-15
    Description: Systemically administered flunarizine enhanced neuronal survival in lumbar sensory ganglia in newborn rats after axotomy. Flunarizine-treated rats lost 71 percent fewer neurons than the untreated control rats at the end of 1 week. In cell culture, flunarizine at 30 to 40 microM also prevented neuronal death in nerve growth factor-dependent embryonic sensory and sympathetic neurons after the abrupt withdrawal of neurotrophic support. The drug may cause this effect by acting at an intracellular site, one distinct from its blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rich, K M -- Hollowell, J P -- HL20604/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- NS18071/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 15;248(4961):1419-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2356470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Flunarizine/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Ganglia, Spinal/cytology/embryology ; Ganglia, Sympathetic/cytology/embryology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Nerve Crush ; Nerve Growth Factors/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Neurons/*cytology/drug effects ; Rats ; Sciatic Nerve/physiology/surgery
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  • 95
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    A cytoplasmic protein inhibits the GTPase activity of H-Ras in a phospholipid-dependent manner (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-11-16
    Description: A cytoplasmic protein has been identified that inhibits the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity of bacterially synthesized, cellular H-Ras protein. This GTPase inhibiting protein is able to counteract the activity of GTPase activating protein (GAP), which has been postulated to function as a negative regulator of Ras activity. The potential biological importance of the GTPase inhibiting protein is further supported by its interaction with lipids. Phospholipids produced in cells as a consequence of mitogenic stimulation increase the activity of the GTPase inhibiting protein, as well as inhibit the activity of GAP. The interaction of such lipids with each of these two regulatory proteins would, therefore, tend to increase the biological activity of Ras and stimulate cell proliferation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsai, M H -- Yu, C L -- Stacey, D W -- CA 48662/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Nov 16;250(4983):982-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation 44195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2237442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; GTP Phosphohydrolases/*antagonists & inhibitors ; GTPase-Activating Proteins ; Mice ; Phospholipids/*pharmacology ; Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/*antagonists & inhibitors ; ras GTPase-Activating Proteins
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  • 96
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    Inhibition of angiogenesis by recombinant human platelet factor-4 and related peptides (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-01-05
    Description: Recombinant human platelet factor-4 (rhPF4), purified from Escherichia coli, inhibited blood vessel proliferation in the chicken chorioallantoic membrane in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of several cell types with rhPF4 in vitro suggested that the angiostatic effect was due to specific inhibition of growth factor-stimulated endothelial cell proliferation. The inhibitory activities were associated with the carboxyl-terminal, heparin-binding region of the molecule and could be abrogated by including heparin in the test samples, an indication that sulfated polysaccharides might modulate the angiostatic activity of platelet factor-4 in vivo. Understanding of the mechanisms of control of angiogenesis by endogenous proteins should facilitate the development of effective treatments for diseases of pathogenic neovascularization such as Kaposi's sarcoma, diabetic retinopathy, and malignant tumor growth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maione, T E -- Gray, G S -- Petro, J -- Hunt, A J -- Donner, A L -- Bauer, S I -- Carson, H F -- Sharpe, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jan 5;247(4938):77-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Repligen Corporation, Cambridge, MA 02139.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1688470" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Chick Embryo ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects ; Heparin/pharmacology/physiology ; Humans ; *Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Platelet Factor 4/*pharmacology/physiology ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
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  • 97
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    Localized all-or-none calcium liberation by inositol trisphosphate (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1990-11-16
    Description: Laser confocal microscopy was used to monitor calcium ion (Ca2+) liberation from highly localized (micrometer) regions of intact Xenopus oocytes in response to photo-released inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). Local Ca2+ release varied in an all-or-none manner with increasing amount of InsP3, in contrast to signals recorded from larger areas, which grew progressively as the concentration of InsP3 was raised above a threshold. Liberation of Ca2+ was restricted to within a few microns of the site of InsP3 release and, in response to agonist activation, localized regions of the oocyte showed asynchronous oscillations in cytoplasmic Ca2+ release. Results obtained with this technique provided direct evidence that InsP3-induced Ca2+ liberation was quantized and suggest that the InsP3-sensitive Ca2+ pool may be a collection of independent, localized compartments that release Ca2+ in an all-or-none manner.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Parker, I -- Ivorra, I -- GM39831/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS23284/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Nov 16;250(4983):977-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychobiology, University of California, Irvine 92717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2237441" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/*physiology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/*pharmacology ; Intracellular Membranes/drug effects ; Light ; Oocytes/drug effects ; Xenopus laevis
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  • 98
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    T cell antigen receptor-mediated activation of phospholipase C requires tyrosine phosphorylation (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-03-30
    Description: Triggering of the antigen-specific T cell receptor-CD3 complex (TCR-CD3) stimulates a rapid phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids, resulting in the production of second messengers and in T cell activation and proliferation. The role of tyrosine phosphorylation in these events was investigated with a tyrosine protein kinase (TPK) inhibitor, genistein. At doses that inhibited TPK activity and tyrosine phosphorylation of the TCR zeta subunit, but not phospholipase C activity, genistein prevented TCR-CD3-mediated phospholipase C activation, interleukin-2 receptor expression, and T cell proliferation. These findings indicate that tyrosine phosphorylation is an early and critical event that most likely precedes, and is a prerequisite for, inositol phospholipid breakdown during receptor-mediated T cell activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mustelin, T -- Coggeshall, K M -- Isakov, N -- Altman, A -- AI28197/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA35299/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Mar 30;247(4950):1584-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, Immunology Department/IMM3, La Jolla, CA 92037.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2138816" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antigens, CD3 ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Activation ; Genistein ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Isoflavones/pharmacology ; Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects ; Ornithine Decarboxylase/metabolism ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/enzymology ; Type C Phospholipases/*metabolism ; Tyrosine/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 99
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    Defensive spray of the bombardier beetle: a biological pulse jet (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-08
    Description: The defensive spray of the bombardier beetle Stenaptinus insignis is ejected in quick pulses (at about 500 pulses per second) rather than as a continuous stream. The pulsation may be a consequence of intermittency in the explosive chemical process that generates the spray. The ejection system of the beetle shows basic similarity to the pulse jet propulsion mechanism of the German V-1 "buzz" bomb of World War II.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dean, J -- Aneshansley, D J -- Edgerton, H E -- Eisner, T -- AI 02908/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 8;248(4960):1219-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2349480" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aggression ; Animals ; Beetles/*physiology ; Exocrine Glands/secretion ; Male ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Activation of ras oncogenes preceding the onset of neoplasia (1990)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1990-06-01
    Description: The identification of ras oncogenes in human and animal cancers including precancerous lesions indicates that these genes participate in the early stages of neoplastic development. Yet, these observations do not define the timing of ras oncogene activation in the multistep process of carcinogenesis. To ascertain the timing of ras oncogene activation, an animal model system was devised that involves the induction of mammary carcinomas in rats exposed at birth to the carcinogen nitrosomethylurea. High-resolution restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified ras sequences revealed the presence of both H-ras and K-ras oncogenes in normal mammary glands 2 weeks after carcinogen treatment and at least 2 months before the onset of neoplasia. These ras oncogenes can remain latent within the mammary gland until exposure to estrogens, demonstrating that activation of ras oncogenes can precede the onset of neoplasia and suggesting that normal physiological proliferative processes such as estrogen-induced mammary gland development may lead to neoplasia if the targeted cells harbor latent ras oncogenes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kumar, R -- Sukumar, S -- Barbacid, M -- 1-RO1-CA48943/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- N01-CO-74101/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Jun 1;248(4959):1101-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Squibb Institute for Medical Research, Princeton, NJ 08543.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2188364" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenofibroma/genetics ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Base Sequence ; Carcinoma/genetics ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/*genetics ; Estrogens/physiology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/*physiology ; Genes, ras/*physiology ; Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development ; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced/*genetics ; Methylnitrosourea ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred Strains ; Sexual Maturation ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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