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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Spacings ; quantiles ; generalized Pareto distribution ; log-logistic distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The maximum product of spacings (MPS) method is discussed from the standpoint of information theory. MPS parameter and quantile estimates for the generalized Pareto distribution and the two parameter log-logistic distribution are compared with the maximum likelihood(ML) and probability weighted moment (PWM) estimates.
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  • 2
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 17-37 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Diffusion ; network ; reservoir ; power law
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A diffusion approximation for a network of continuous time reservoirs with power law release rules is examined. Under a mild assumption on the inflow processes, we show that for physically reasonable values of the power law constants, the system of processes converges to a multi-dimensional Gaussian diffusion process. We also illustrate how the limiting Gaussian process may be used to compute approximations to the original system of reservoirs. In addition, we study the quality of our approximations by comparing them to results obtained by simulations of the original watershed model. The simulations offer support for the use of the approximation developed here.
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  • 3
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 39-63 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Saturated flow ; rainfall ; groundwater monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A numerical experiment of flow in variably saturated porous media was performed in order to evaluate the spatial and temporal distribution of the groundwater recharge at the phreatic surface for a shallow aquifer as a function of the input rainfall process and soil heterogeneity. The study focused on the groundwater recharge which resulted from the percolation of the excess rainfall for a 90-days period of an actual precipitation record. Groundwater recharge was defined as the water flux across the moving phreatic surface. The observed spatial non-uniformity of the groundwater recharge was caused by soil heterogeneity and is particularly pronounced during the stage of recharge peak (substantial percolation stage). During that stage the recharge is associated with preferential flow paths defined as soil zones of locally higher hydraulic conductivity. For the periods of low percolation intensity the groundwater recharge was exhibiting more uniform spatial characteristics. The temporal distribution of the recharge was found to be a function of the frequency and intensity of the rainfall events. Application of sampling design demonstrates the joint influence of the spatial and temporal recharge variability on the cost-effective monitoring of groundwater potentiometric surfaces.
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  • 4
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 65-85 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Streamflow ; drought ; tree-ring data ; renewal model ; geometric variables
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract It is shown that runs of low-flow annual streamflow in a coastal semiarid basin of Central California can be adequately modelled by renewal theory. For example, runs of below-median annual streamflows are shown to follow a geometric distribution. The elapsed time between runs of below-median streamflow are geometrically distributed also. The sum of these two independently distributed geometric time variables defines the renewal time elapsing between the initiation of a low-flow run and the next one. The probability distribution of the renewal time is then derived from first principles, ultimately leading to the distribution of the number of low-flow runs in a specified time period, the expected number of low-flow runs, the risk of drought, and other important probabilistic indicators of low-flow. The authors argue that if one identifies drought threat with the occurrence of multiyear low-flow runs, as it is done by water supply managers in the study area, then our renewal model provides a number of interesting results concerning drought threat in areas historically subject to inclement, dry, climate. A 430-year long annual streamflow time series reconstructed by tree-ring analysis serves as the basis for testing our renewal model of low-flow sequences.
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  • 5
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 87-106 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Climate change ; daily precipitation modelling ; generalized linear models ; iteratively reweighted least squares ; spline functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The precipitation amounts on wet days at De Bilt (the Netherlands) are linked to temperature and surface air pressure through advanced regression techniques. Temperature is chosen as a covariate to use the model for generating synthetic time series of daily precipitation in a CO2 induced warmer climate. The precipitation-temperature dependence can partly be ascribed to the phenomenon that warmer air can contain more moisture. Spline functions are introduced to reproduce the non-monotonous change of the mean daily precipitation amount with temperature. Because the model is non-linear and the variance of the errors depends on the expected response, an iteratively reweighted least-squares technique is needed to estimate the regression coefficients. A representative rainfall sequence for the situation of a systematic temperature rise is obtained by multiplying the precipitation amounts in the observed record with a temperature dependent factor based on a fitted regression model. For a temperature change of 3°C (reasonable guess for a doubled CO2 climate according to the present-day general circulation models) this results in an increase in the annual average amount of 9% (20% in winter and 4% in summer). An extended model with both temperature and surface air pressure is presented which makes it possible to study the additional effects of a potential systematic change in surface air pressure on precipitation.
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  • 6
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 107-126 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Gaussian process ; spatial correlation ; anisotropy ; Fourier transform ; Gauss-Newton ; ECM ; measurement error ; signal extraction ; irregular data
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with developing computational methods and approximations for maximum likelihood estimation and minimum mean square error smoothing of irregularly observed two-dimensional stationary spatial processes. The approximations are based on various Fourier expansions of the covariance function of the spatial process, expressed in terms of the inverse discrete Fourier transform of the spectral density function of the underlying spatial process. We assume that the underlying spatial process is governed by elliptic stochastic partial differential equations (SPDE's) driven by a Gaussian white noise process. SPDE's have often been used to model the underlying physical phenomenon and the elliptic SPDE's are generally associated with steady-state problems. A central problem in estimation of underlying model parameters is to identify the covariance function of the process. The cumbersome exact analytical calculation of the covariance function by inverting the spectral density function of the process, has commonly been used in the literature. The present work develops various Fourier approximations for the covariance function of the underlying process which are in easily computable form and allow easy application of Newton-type algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters. This work also develops an iterative search algorithm which combines the Gauss-Newton algorithm and a type of generalized expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, namely expectation-conditional maximization (ECM) algorithm, for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters. We analyze the accuracy of the covariance function approximations for the spatial autoregressive-moving average (ARMA) models analyzed in Vecchia (1988) and illustrate the performance of our iterative search algorithm in obtaining the maximum likelihood estimation of the model parameters on simulated and actual data.
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  • 7
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 127-150 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Rainfall estimation ; indicator cokriging ; rain gage measurements
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Indicator cokriging (Journel 1983) is examined as a tool for real-time estimation of rainfall from rain gage measurements. The approach proposed in this work obviates real-time estimation of real-time statistics of rainfall by using ensemble or climatological statistics exclusively, and reduces computational requirements attendant to indicator cokriging by employing only a few auxiliary cutoffs in estimation of conditional probabilities. Due to unavailability of suitable rain gage measurements, hourly radar rain fall data were used for both indicator covariance estimation and a comparative evaluation. Preliminary results suggest that the indicator cokriging approach is clearly superior to its ordinary kriging counterpart, whereas the indicator kriging approach is not. The improvement is most significant in estimation of light rainfall, but drops off significantly for heavy rainfall. The lack of predictability in spatial estimation of heavy rainfall is borne out in the integral scale of indicator correlation: peaking to its maximum for cutoffs near the median, indicator correlation scale becomes increasingly smaller for larger cutoffs of rainfall depth. A derived-distribution analysis, based on the assumption that radar rainfall is a linear sum of ground-truth and a random error, suggests that, at low cutoffs, indicator correlation scale of ground-truth can significantly differ from that of radar rainfall, and points toward inclusion of rainfall intermittency, for example, within the framework proposed in this work.
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  • 8
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 151-161 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 9
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 163-166 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 10
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 187-207 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: log-Gumbel distribution ; flood frequency analysis ; quantile estimation ; confidence intervals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The log-Gumbel distribution is one of the extreme value distributions which has been widely used in flood frequency analysis. This distribution has been examined in this paper regarding quantile estimation and confidence intervals of quantiles. Specific estimation algorithms based on the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM) and maximum likelihood (ML) are presented. The applicability of the estimation procedures and comparison among the methods have been illustrated based on an application example considering the flood data of the St. Mary's River.
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  • 11
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 167-186 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Reservoir stochastic theory ; reliability ; mean ; variance ; indicator function ; storage bounds ; nonlinear programming ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new formulation is presented for the analysis of reservoir systems synthesizing concepts from the traditional stochastic theory of reservoir storage, moments analysis and reliability programming. The analysis is based on the development of the first and second moments for the stochastic storage state variable. These expressions include terms for the failure probabilities (probabilities of spill or deficit) and consider the storage bounds explicitly. Using this analysis, expected values of the storage state, variances of storage, optimal release policies and failure probabilities — useful information in the context of reservoir operations and design, can be obtained from a nonlinear programming solution. The solutions developed from studies of single reservoir operations on both an annual and monthly basis, compare favorably with those obtained from simulation. The presentation herein is directed to both traditional reservoir storage theorists who are interested in the design of a reservoir and modern reservoir analysts who are interested in the long term operation of reservoirs.
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  • 12
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 209-229 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Infiltration-advance equation ; water spreading ; cellular automata ; irrigation ; surface hydrology ; hydrodynamics ; stochastic processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A technique has been developed for predicting the irregular advance pattern often observed as water spreads on the surface of the ground. The technique is a combination of stochastic sketching, potential theory, probability theory, and a mass balance equation in the form of an advance equation. The technique can be used on flat as well as sloping terrain and addresses any form of obstructions or constraints to the flow of the water. The stochastic sketching portion of the technique uses cellular automata with transition probability movement rules to sketch the dynamics of small volume water elements in the defined environment. Randomly selected small volume flow path segments are computed and plotted. The envelope of these segments defines the wetted area and the advance front. Several examples are presented showing the patterns produced for various situations.
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  • 13
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 231-251 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Stochastic ; multiphase ; three phase ; heterogeneity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The first paper (Chang et al., 1995b) of this two-part series described the stochastic analysis using spectral/perturbation approach to analyze steady state two-phase (water and oil) flow in a, liquid-unsaturated, three fluid-phase porous medium. In this paper, the results between the numerical simulations and closed-form expressions obtained using the perturbation approach are compared. We present the solution to the one-dimensional, steady-state oil and water flow equations. The stochastic input processes are the spatially correlated logk where k is the intrinsic permeability and the soil retention parameter, α. These solutions are subsequently used in the numerical simulations to estimate the statistical properties of the key output processes. The comparison between the results of the perturbation analysis and numerical simulations showed a good agreement between the two methods over a wide range of logk variability with three different combinations of input stochastic processes of logk and soil parameter α. The results clearly demonstrated the importance of considering the spatial variability of key subsurface properties under a variety of physical scenarios. The variability of both capillary pressure and saturation is affected by the type of input stochastic process used to represent the spatial variability. The results also demonstrated the applicability of perturbation theory in predicting the system variability and defining effective fluid properties through the ergodic assumption.
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  • 14
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 295-317 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bayesion methods ; time series ; hydrology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A review of literature reveals the inadequacy of Intervention analysis and spectrum based methods to adequately quantify changes in hydrologic times series. A Bayesian method is used to investigate the statistical significance of observed changes in hydrologic times series and the results are reported herein. The Bayesian method is superior to the previous methods.
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  • 15
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 253-278 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Random fields ; stochastic processes ; fractals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a new method for generating spatially-correlated random fields. Such fields are often encountered in hydrology and hydrogeology and in the earth sciences. The method is based on two observations: (i) spatially distributed attributes usually display a stationary correlation structure, and (ii) the screening effect of measurements leads to the sufficiency of a small search neighborhood when it comes to projecting measurements and data in space. The algorithm which was developed based on these principles is called HYDRO_GEN, and its features and properties are discussed in depth. HYDRO_GEN is found to be accurate and extremely fast. It is also versatile: it can simulate fields of different nature, starting from weakly stationary fields with a prescribed covariance and ending with fractal fields. The simulated fields can display statistical isotropy or anisotropy.
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  • 16
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 279-294 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Linear estimation ; interpolation ; kriging ; splines ; conditional
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This work presents analytical expressions for the best estimate, conditional covariance function, and conditional realizations of a function from sparse observations. In contrast to the prevalent approach in kriging where the best estimates at every point are determined from the solution of a system of linear equations, the best-estimate function can be represented analytically in terms of basis functions, whose number depends on the observations. This approach is computationally superior when graphing a function estimate and is also valuable in understanding what the solution should look like. For example, one can immediately see that all “singularities” in the best-estimate function are at observation points.
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  • 17
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 319-329 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Particle tracking ; numerical methods ; random walks ; advection-dispersion equation ; stochastic processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A formal statistical discussion of the origins of the random walk and its relation to the classic advection-dispersion equation is given. At issue is the common use of Gaussian distributed steps in producing the desired dispersive effects. Shown are alternative solutions to the basic Langevin equation describing mass displacements based on non-Gaussian, white increments. In particular, the results reveal that uniform or symmetric-triangular steps can be employed without loss of generality in accuracy of the solution (over all Peclet numbers) and may yield significant savings in the computational generation of the random deviates required in the Monte Carlo procedures of the random walk method.
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  • 18
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 330-330 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
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  • 19
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 17-31 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Bivariate density ; meta-Gaussian density ; normal quantile transform ; likelihood ratio dependence ; correlation coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Convenient bivariate densities found in the literature are often unsuitable for modeling hydrologic variates. They either constrain the range of association between variates, or fix the form of the marginal distributions. The bivariate meta-Gaussian density is constructed by embedding the normal quantile transform of each variate into the Gaussian law. The density can represent a full range of association between variates and admits arbitrarily specified marginal distributions. Modeling and estimation can be decomposed into i) independent analyses of the marginal distributions, and ii) investigation of the dependence structure. Both statistical and judgmental estimation procedures are possible. Some comparisons to recent applications of bivariate densities in the hydrologic literature motivate and illustrate the model.
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  • 20
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 33-50 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Unit hydrograph ; uncertainty analysis ; linearly constrained Monte-Carlo simulation ; reliability analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Unit hydrographs (UHs), along with design rainfalls, are frequently used to determine the discharge hydrograph for design and evaluation of hydraulic structures. Due to the presence of various uncertainties in its derivation, the resulting UH is inevitably subject to uncertainty. Consequently, the performance of hydraulic structures under the design storm condition is uncertain. This paper integrates the linearly constrained Monte-Carlo simulation with the UH theory and routing techniques to evaluate the reliability of hydraulic structures. The linear constraint is considered because the water volume of each generated design direct runoff hydrograph should be equal to that of the design effective rainfall hyetograph or the water volume of each generated UH must be equal to one inch (or cm) over the watershed. For illustration, the proposed methodology is applied to evaluate the overtopping risk of a hypothetical flood detention reservoir downstream of Tong-Tou watershed in Taiwan.
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  • 21
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Nash cascade reservoir model ; rainfall-runoff ; EM algorithm ; filtering ; maximum likelihood estimation ; martingale estimating function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Abstract: Linear continuous time stochastic Nash cascade conceptual models for runoff are developed. The runoff is modeled as a simple system of linear stochastic differential equations driven by white Gaussian and marked point process noises. In the case of d reservoirs, the outputs of these reservoirs form a d dimensional vector Markov process, of which only the dth coordinate process is observed, usually at a discrete sample of time points. The dth coordinate process is not Markovian. Thus runoff is a partially observed Markov process if it is modeled using the stochastic Nash cascade model. We consider how to estimate the parameters in such models. In principle, maximum likelihood estimation for the complete process parameters can be carried out directly or through some form of the EM (estimation and maximization) algorithm or variation thereof, applied to the observed process data. In this research we consider a direct approximate likelihood approach and a filtering approach to an algorithm of EM type, as developed in Thompson and Kaseke (1994). These two methods are applied to some real life runoff data from a catchment in Wales, England. We also consider a special case of the martingale estimating function approach on the runoff model in the presence of rainfall. Finally, some simulations of the runoff process are given based on the estimated parameters.
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  • 22
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 173-192 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Uncertainty analysis ; unit hydrograph ; regression analysis ; probabilistic point estimation methods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrologic model parameters obtained from regional regression equations are subject to uncertainty. Consequently, hydrologic model outputs based on the stochastic parameters are random. This paper presents a systematic analysis of uncertainty associated with the two parameters, N and K, in Nash's IUH model from different regional regression equations. The uncertainty features associated with N and K are further incorporated to assess the uncertainty of the resulting IUH. Numerical results indicate that uncertainty of N and K from the regional regression equations are too significant to be ignored.
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  • 23
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 145-171 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hydrologic regionalization ; unit hydrograph ; regression analysis ; multivariate regression ; seemingly unrelated regression ; validation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Hydrologic regionalization is a useful tool that allows for the transfer of hydrological information from gaged sites to ungaged sites. This study developed regional regression equations that relate the two parameters in Nash's IUH model to the basin characteristics for 42 major watersheds in Taiwan. In the process of developing the regional equations, different regression procedures including the conventional univariate regression, multivariate regression, and seemingly unrelated regression were used. Multivariate regression and seeming unrelated regression were applied because there exists a rather strong correlation between the Nash's IUH parameters. Furthermore, a validation study was conducted to examine the predictability of regional equations derived by different regression procedures. The study indicates that hydrologic regionalization involving several dependent variables should consider their correlations in the process of establishing the regional equations. The consideration of such correlation will enhance the predictability of resulting regional equations as compared with the ones from the conventional univariate regression procedure.
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  • 24
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 193-210 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Turbulence ; sediment ; fluvial ; river ; bursting process ; statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Entrainment of sediment particles from channel beds into the channel flow is influenced by the characteristics of the flow turbulence which produces stochastic shear stress fluctuations at the bed. Recent studies of the structure of turbulent flow has recognized the importance of bursting processes as important mechanisms for the transfer of momentum into the laminar boundary layer. Of these processes, the sweep event has been recognized as the most important bursting event for entrainment of sediment particles as it imposes forces in the direction of the flow resulting in movement of particles by rolling, sliding and occasionally saltating. Similarly, the ejection event has been recognized as important for sediment transport since these events maintain the sediment particles in suspension. In this study, the characteristics of bursting processes and, in particular, the sweep event were investigated in a flume with a rough bed. The instantaneous velocity fluctuations of the flow were measured in two-dimensions using a small electromagnetic velocity meter and the turbulent shear stresses were determined from these velocity fluctuations. It was found that the shear stress applied to the sediment particles on the bed resulting from sweep events depends on the magnitude of the turbulent shear stress and its probability distribution. A statistical analysis of the experimental data was undertaken and it was found necessary to apply a Box-Cox transformation to transform the data into a normally distributed sample. This enabled determination of the mean shear stress, angle of action and standard error of estimate for sweep and ejection events. These instantaneous shear stresses were found to be greater than the mean flow shear stress and for the sweep event to be approximately 40 percent greater near the channel bed. Results from this analysis suggest that the critical shear stress determined from Shield's diagram is not sufficient to predict the initiation of motion due to its use of the temporal mean shear stress. It is suggested that initiation of particle motion, but not continuous motion, can occur earlier than suggested by Shield's diagram due to the higher shear stresses imposed on the particles by the stochastic shear stresses resulting from turbulence within the flow.
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  • 25
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 211-227 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The principle of maximum entropy (POME) was employed to derive a new method of parameter estimation for the 2-parameter generalized Pareto (GP2) distribution. Monte Carlo simulated data were used to evaluate this method and compare it with the methods of moments (MOM), probability weighted moments (PWM), and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The parameter estimates yielded by POME were comparable or better within certain ranges of sample size and coefficient of variation.
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  • 26
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 523-547 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Kernel density estimators are useful building blocks for empirical statistical modeling of precipitation and other hydroclimatic variables. Data driven estimates of the marginal probability density function of these variables (which may have discrete or continuous arguments) provide a useful basis for Monte Carlo resampling and are also useful for posing and testing hypotheses (e.g bimodality) as to the frequency distributions of the variable. In this paper, some issues related to the selection and design of univariate kernel density estimators are reviewed. Some strategies for bandwidth and kernel selection are discussed in an applied context and recommendations for parameter selection are offered. This paper complements the nonparametric wet/dry spell resampling methodology presented in Lall et al. (1996).
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  • 27
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 11 (1997), S. 459-482 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Karhunen-Loéve expansion ; Empirical Orthogonal Functions ; stochastic simulation ; gaussian fields ; analytical covariance functions ; eigenfunctions ; kriging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract Simulation of multigaussian stochastic fields can be made after a Karhunen-Loéve expansion of a given covariance function. This method is also called simulation by Empirical Orthogonal Functions. The simulations are made by drawing stochastic coefficients from a random generator. These numbers are multiplied with eigenfunctions and eigenvalues derived from the predefined covariance model. The number of eigenfunctions necessary to reproduce the stochastic process within a predefined variance error, turns out to be a cardinal question. Some ordinary analytical covariance functions are used to evaluate how quickly the series of eigenfunctions can be truncated. This analysis demonstrates extremely quick convergence to 99.5% of total variance for the 2nd order exponential (‘gaussian’) covariance function, while the opposite is true for the 1st order exponential covariance function. Due to these convergence characteristics, the Karhunen-Loéve method is most suitable for simulating smooth fields with ‘gaussian’ shaped covariance functions. Practical applications of Karhunen-Loéve simulations can be improved by spatial interpolation of the eigenfunctions. In this paper, we suggest interpolation by kriging and limits for reproduction of the predefined covariance functions are evaluated.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 1-14 
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    Keywords: Key words: Exceedance probability ; trend ; stochastic variables ; non-stationarity
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    Notes: Abstract Studying the hypothetical case of a trend superimposed on a random stationary variable, we highlight the strong influence of possible non-stationarities on exceedance probability. After a general outline, the subject is analytically developed using the Gumbel distribution, emphasizing the quick increase of the exceedance probability over time in the presence of weak rising trends, and its sensitive underestimation where the non-stationarity goes unnoticed or is considered negligible. Finally the work is applied to hydrological series of rainfall and river flow.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 53-64 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Risk ; clustering ; point process ; Poisson ; flood.
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract: Since the introduction into flood risk analysis, the partial duration series method has gained increasing acceptance as an appealing alternative to the annual maximum series method. However, when the base flow is low, there is clustering in the flood peak or flow volume point process. In this case, the general stochastic point process model is not suitable to risk analysis. Therefore, two types of models for flood risk analysis are derived on the basis of clustering stochastic point process theory in this paper. The most remarkable characteristic of these models is that the flood risk is considered directly within the time domain. The acceptability of different models are also discussed with the combination of the flood peak counted process in twenty years at Yichang station on the Yangtze river. The result shows that the two kinds of models are suitable ones for flood risk analysis, which are more flexible compared with the traditional flood risk models derived on the basis of annual maximum series method or the general stochastic point process theory.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 33-52 
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    Keywords: Keywords: Streamflow ; simulation ; nonparametric
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    Notes: Abstract A new approach for streamflow simulation using nonparametric methods was described in a recent publication (Sharma et al. 1997). Use of nonparametric methods has the advantage that they avoid the issue of selecting a probability distribution and can represent nonlinear features, such as asymmetry and bimodality that hitherto were difficult to represent, in the probability structure of hydrologic variables such as streamflow and precipitation. The nonparametric method used was kernel density estimation, which requires the selection of bandwidth (smoothing) parameters. This study documents some of the tests that were conduced to evaluate the performance of bandwidth estimation methods for kernel density estimation. Issues related to selection of optimal smoothing parameters for kernel density estimation with small samples (200 or fewer data points) are examined. Both reference to a Gaussian density and data based specifications are applied to estimate bandwidths for samples from bivariate normal mixture densities. The three data based methods studied are Maximum Likelihood Cross Validation (MLCV), Least Square Cross Validation (LSCV) and Biased Cross Validation (BCV2). Modifications for estimating optimal local bandwidths using MLCV and LSCV are also examined. We found that the use of local bandwidths does not necessarily improve the density estimate with small samples. Of the global bandwidth estimators compared, we found that MLCV and LSCV are better because they show lower variability and higher accuracy while Biased Cross Validation suffers from multiple optimal bandwidths for samples from strongly bimodal densities. These results, of particular interest in stochastic hydrology where small samples are common, may have importance in other applications of nonparametric density estimation methods with similar sample sizes and distribution shapes.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 15-32 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Kalman filtering ; groundwater modelling ; inverse methods ; uncertainty analysis ; state prediction ; parameter estimation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The popularity of applying filtering theory in the environmental and hydrological sciences passed its first climax in the 1970s. Like so many other new mathematical methods it was simply the fashion at the time. The study of groundwater systems was not immune to this fashion, but neither was it by any means a prominent area of application. The spatial-temporal characteristics of groundwater flow are customarily described by analytical or, more frequently, numerical, physics-based models. Consequently, the state-space representations associated with filtering must be of a high order, with an immediately apparent computational over-burden. And therein lies part of the reason for the but modest interest there has been in applying Kalman filtering to groundwater systems, as reviewed critically in this paper. Filtering theory may be used to address a variety of problems, such as: state estimation and reconstruction, parameter estimation (including the study of uncertainty and its propagation), combined state-parameter estimation, input estimation, estimation of the variance-covariance properties of stochastic disturbances, the design of observation networks, and the analysis of parameter identifiability. A large proportion of previous studies has dealt with the problem of parameter estimation in one form or another. This may well not remain the focus of attention in the future. Instead, filtering theory may find wider application in the context of data assimilation, that is, in reconstructing fields of flow and the migration of sub-surface contaminant plumes from relatively sparse observations.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 65-82 
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    Keywords: Key words: Flood flow ; threshold ; generalized Pareto ; Poisson
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This study uses the method of peaks over threshold (P.O.T.) to estimate the flood flow quantiles for a number of hydrometric stations in the province of New Brunswick, Canada. The peak values exceeding the base level (threshold), or `exceedances', are fitted by a generalized Pareto distribution. It is known that under the assumption of Poisson process arrival for flood exceedances, the P.O.T. model leads to a generalized extreme value distribution (GEV) for yearly maximum discharge values. The P.O.T. model can then be applied to calculate the quantiles X T corresponding to different return periods T, in years. A regionalization of floods in New Brunswick, which consists of dividing the province into `homogeneous regions', is performed using the method of the `region of influence'. The 100-year flood is subsequently estimated using a regionally estimated value of the shape parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution and a regression of the 100-year flood on the drainage area. The jackknife sampling method is then used to contrast the regional results with the values estimated at site. The variability of these results is presented in box-plot form.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 97-116 
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    Notes: Abstract : The knowledge of the volume and duration of low-flow events in river channels is essential for water management and the design of hydraulics structures. In this study, both preceding characteristics, X 1 and X 2, are considered simultaneously via two types of bivariate distributions whose marginals are exponential. One of these bivariate distributions has been presented by Nagao and Kadoya (1971) and the other has been used by Singh and Singh (1991) to the study of rainfall intensity and rainfall depth. The results are applied to the low-flow series (“peaks-below-threshold”) of Lepreau River (station 01AQ001) in New Brunswick, Canada. These results show that the model that was successfully employed by Singh and Singh (1991) to study rainfall, presents certain difficulties when a very strong correlation, ρ, between the two random variables X 1 and X 2, exists. The model by Nagao and Kadoya (1971) seems to be more satisfactory for such situations, although this model seems also to be quite sensitive to variations in ρ.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 83-96 
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    Notes: Abstract Many natural porous geological rock formations, as well as engineered porous structures, have fractal properties, i.e., they are self-similar over several length scales. While there have been many experimental and theoretical studies on how to quantify a fractal porous medium and on how to determine its fractal dimension, the numerical generation of a fractal pore structure with predefined statistical and scaling properties is somewhat scarcer. In the present paper a new numerical method for generating a three-dimensional porous medium with any desired probability density function (PDF) and autocorrelation function (ACF) is presented. The well-known Turning Bands Method (TBM) is modified to generate three-dimensional synthetic isotropic and anisotropic porous media with a Gaussian PDF and exponential-decay ACF. Porous media with other PDF's and ACF's are constructed with a nonlinear, iterative PDF and ACF transformation, whereby the arbitrary PDF is converted to an equivalent Gaussian PDF which is then simulated with the classical TBM. Employing a new method for the estimation of the surface area for a given porosity, the fractal dimensions of the surface area of the synthetic porous media generated in this way are then measured by classical fractal perimeter/area relationships. Different 3D porous media are simulated by varying the porosity and the correlation structure of the random field. The performance of the simulations is evaluated by checking the ensemble statistics, the mean, variance and ACF of the simulated random field. For a porous medium with Gaussian PDF, an average fractal dimension of approximately 2.76 is obtained which is in the range of values of actually measured fractal dimensions of molecular surfaces. For a porous medium with a non-Gaussian quadratic PDF the calculated fractal dimension appears to be consistently higher and averages 2.82. The results also show that the fractal dimension is neither strongly dependent of the porosity nor of the degree of anisotropy assumed.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 117-140 
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    Notes: Abstract Transport of non-ergodic solute plumes by steady-state groundwater flow with a uniform mean velocity, μ, were simulated with Monte Carlo approach in a two-dimensional heterogeneous and statistically isotropic aquifer whose transmissivity, T, is log-normally distributed with an exponential covariance. The ensemble averages of the second spatial moments of the plume about its center of mass, 〈S i i (t)〉, and the plume centroid covariance, R i i (t) (i=1,2), were simulated for the variance of Y=log T, σ Y 2=0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 and line sources normal or parallel to μ of three dimensionless lengths, 1, 5, and 10. For σ Y 2=0.1, all simulated 〈S i i (t)〉−S i i (0) and R i i (t) agree well with the first-order theoretical values, where S i i (0) are the initial values of S i i (t). For σ Y 2=0.5 and 1.0 and the line sources normal to μ, the simulated longitudinal moments, 〈S 11(t)〉−S 11(0) and R 11(t), agree well with the first-order theoretical results but the simulated transverse moments 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) and R 22(t) are significantly larger than the first-order values. For the same two larger values of σ Y 2 but the line sources parallel to μ, the simulated 〈S 11(t)〉−S 11(0) are larger than but the simulated R 11 are smaller than the first-order values, and both simulated 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) and R 22(t) stay larger than the first-order values. For a fixed value of σ Y 2, the summations of 〈S i i (t)〉−S i i (0) and R i i , i.e., X i i (i=1,2), remain almost the same no matter what kind of source simulated. The simulated X 11 are in good agreement with the first-order theory but the simulated X 22 are significantly larger than the first-order values. The simulated X 22, however, are in excellent agreement with a previous modeling result and both of them are very close to the values derived using Corrsin's conjecture. It is found that the transverse moments may be significantly underestimated if less accurate hydraulic head solutions are used and that the decreasing of 〈S 22(t)〉−S 22(0) with time or a negative effective dispersivity, defined as , may happen in the case of a line source parallel to μ where σ Y 2 is small.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 141-154 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Key words: Ground truth ; geostatistical techniques ; areal reduction factor ; Rainfall process ; linear relationship.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Geostatistical techniques are used to quantify the reference mean areal rainfall (ground truth) from sparse raingaugenetworks. Based on the EPSAT-Niger event cumulative rainfall, a linear relationship between the ground truth considered as the mean area rainfall estimated from the densely available raingauge network and the area rainfall estimated from sparse network are derived. Also, a linear relationship between the ground truth and point rainfall is established. As it was reported experimentally by some authors, the slope of these relationships is less than one. Based on the geostatistical framework, the slope and the ordinate at the origin can be estimated as a function of the spatial structure of the rainfall process. It is shown that the slope is smaller than one. For the special case of one gauge inside a fixed area or a Field Of View (FOV), an areal reduction factor is derived. It has a limit value which depends only on the size of the area and the spatial structure of the rainfall process. The relative variance error of estimating the FOV cumulative rainfall from point rainfall is also given.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 223-245 
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    Keywords: Key words: Stochastic differential equation ; spatial data ; irregularly sampled data ; parameter estimation.
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    Notes: Abstract: A second order stochastic differential equation is used for modeling of water-table elevation. The data were sampled at the Borden Aquifer as a part of a tracer experiment. The purpose of the water-table data collection was to determine presence of a water flow. We argue that the water-table surface is a simple plane oscillating up and down in time according to an equation for a stochastic oscillator. We derive the model, estimate its parameters and provide arguments for goodness-of-fit of the model.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 267-283 
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    Keywords: Key words: Flood frequency analysis ; TCEV ; non-systematic information ; regional ; statistical gain.
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    Notes: Abstract: Due to the social and economic implications, flood frequency analysis must be done with the highest precision. For this reason, the most suitable statistical model must be selected, and the maximum amount of information must be used. Floods in Mediterranean rivers can be produced by two different mechanisms, which forces the use of a non-traditional distribution like the TCEV. The information can be increased by using additional non-systematic data, or with a regional analysis, or both. Through the statistical gain concept, it has been shown that in most cases the use of additional non-systematic information can decrease the quantile estimation error in about 50%. In a regional analysis, the␣benefit of additional information in one station, is propagated to the rest of␣the␣stations with only a small decrease with respect to the at-site equivalent analysis.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 285-298 
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    Notes: Abstract We present a geostatistically based inverse model for characterizing heterogeneity in parameters of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity for three-dimensional flow. Pressure and moisture content are related to perturbations in hydraulic parameters through cross-covariances, which are calculated to first-order. Sensitivities needed for covariance calculations are derived using the adjoint state sensitivity method. Approximations of the conditional mean parameter fields are then obtained from the cokriging estimator. Correlation between parameters and pressure – moisture content perturbations is seen to be strongly dependent on mean pressure or moisture content. High correlation between parameters and pressure data was obtained under saturated or near saturated flow conditions, providing accurate estimation of saturated hydraulic conductivity, while moisture content measurements provided accurate estimation of the pore size distribution parameter under unsaturated flow conditions.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 247-266 
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    Keywords: Key words: Stochastic control ; dynamic programming ; reservoir systems ; hydrologic forecasting ; hydropower ; feedback control ; autoregressive models.
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    Notes: Abstract : As with all dynamic programming formulations, differential dynamic programming (DDP) successfully exploits the sequential decision structure of multi-reservoir optimization problems, overcomes difficulties with the nonconvexity of energy production functions for hydropower systems, and provides optimal feedback release policies. DDP is particularly well suited to optimizing large-scale multi-reservoir systems due to its relative insensitivity to state-space dimensionality. This advantage of DDP encourages expansion of the state vector to include additional multi-lag hydrologic information and/or future inflow forecasts in developing optimal reservoir release policies. Unfortunately, attempts at extending DDP to the stochastic case have not been entirely successful. A modified stochastic DDP algorithm is presented which overcomes difficulties in previous formulations. Application of the algorithm to a four-reservoir hydropower system demonstrates its capabilities as an efficient approach to solving stochastic multi-reservoir optimization problems. The algorithm is also applied to a single reservoir problem with inclusion of multi-lag hydrologic information in the state vector. Results provide evidence of significant benefits in direct inclusion of expanded hydrologic state information in optimal feedback release policies.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 299-316 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a geostatistical approach to multi-directional aquifer stimulation in order to better identify the transmissivity field. Hydraulic head measurements, taken at a few locations but under a number of different steady-state flow conditions, are used to estimate the transmissivity. Well installation is generally the most costly aspect of obtaining hydraulic head measurements. Therefore, it is advantageous to obtain as many informative measurements from each sampling location as possible. This can be achieved by hydraulically stimulating the aquifer through pumping, in order to set-up a variety of flow conditions. We illustrate the method by applying it to a synthetic aquifer. The simulations provide evidence that a few sampling locations may provide enough information to estimate the transmissivity field. Furthermore, the innovation of, or new information provided by, each measurement can be examined by looking at the corresponding spline and sensitivity matrix. Estimates from multi-directional stimulation are found to be clearly superior to estimates using data taken under one flow condition. We describe the geostatistical methodology for using data from multi-directional simulations and address computational issues.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 33-47 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Hidden markov models ; maximum likelihood estimation ; EM algorithm ; martingale estimating function ; forward-backward algorithm ; Monte Carlo ; filtering ; Nash cascade model ; rainfall runoff modeling
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Many stochastic process models for environmental data sets assume a process of relatively simple structure which is in some sense partially observed. That is, there is an underlying process (Xn, n ≥ 0) or (Xt, t ≥ 0) for which the parameters are of interest and physically meaningful, and an observable process (Yn, n ≥ 0) or (Yt, t ≥ 0) which depends on the X process but not otherwise on those parameters. Examples are wide ranging: the Y process may be the X process with missing observations; the Y process may be the X process observed with a noise component; the X process might constitute a random environment for the Y process, as with hidden Markov models; the Y process might be a lower dimensional function or reduction of the X process. In principle, maximum likelihood estimation for the X process parameters can be carried out by some form of the EM algorithm applied to the Y process data. In the paper we review some current methods for exact and approximate maximum likelihood estimation. We illustrate some of the issues by considering how to estimate the parameters of a stochastic Nash cascade model for runoff. In the case of k reservoirs, the outputs of these reservoirs form a k dimensional vector Markov process, of which only the kth coordinate process is observed, usually at a discrete sample of time points.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 117-132 
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    Keywords: River Quality ; network ; computer model ; Thermodynamics
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper, concepts of network thermodynamics are applied to a river water quality model, which is based on Streeter-Phelps equations, to identify the corresponding physical components and their topology. Then, the randomness in the parameters, input coefficients and initial conditions are modeled by Gaussian white noises. From the stochastic components of the physical system description of problem and concepts of physical system theory, a set of stochastic differential equations can be automatically generated in a computer and the recent developments on the automatic formulation of the moment equations based on Ito calculus can be used. This procedure is illustrated through the solution of an example of stochastic river water quality problem and it is also shown how other related problems with different configurations can be automatically solved in a computer using just one software.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 171-205 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: AR-AIC-Bayes filter ; autoregressive spectral density estimation ; diagnostic checks for ARMA models ; exploratory data analysis ; fast Fourier transform ; Hurst coefficient ; long-memory times series ; periodogram smoothing ; riverflow time series ; spectral density plots
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Current methods of estimation of the univariate spectral density are reviewed and some improvements are made. It is suggested that spectral analysis may perhaps be best thought of as another exploratory data analysis (EDA) tool which complements, rather than competes with, the popular ARMA model building approach. A new diagnostic check for ARMA model adequacy based on the nonparametric spectral density is introduced. Additionally, two new algorithms for fast computation of the autoregressive spectral density function are presented. For improving interpretation of results, a new style of plotting the spectral density function is suggested. Exploratory spectral analyses of a number of hydrological time series are performed and some interesting periodicities are suggested for further investigation. The application of spectral analysis to determine the possible existence of long memory in natural time series is discussed with respect to long riverflow, treering and mud varve series. Moreover, a comparison of the estimated spectral densities suggests the ARMA models fitted previously to these datasets adequately describe the low frequency component. Finally, the software and data used in this paper are available by anonymous ftp from fisher.stats.uwo.ca.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 215-237 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Computation ; discretization ; entropy ; networks ; time averaging ; water quality
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    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The computational aspects of using a new, entropy-based, theory to predict water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations are discussed. The main computational issues addressed are the level of discretization used in converting the continuous probability distribution of water quality values to the discrete levels required for the entropy function, and the choice of the interval of time for which to assign the value of the water quality (period of time averaging) through the entropy function. Unlike most cases of entropy applications involving discretization of continuous functions the results of using entropy theory to predict water quality values at discontinued monitoring stations in this application appear to be insensitive to the choice of the level of discretization even down to the very coarse level discretization associated with only eight intervals. However, depending on the length of record available the choice of the time interval for which the water quality values are assigned (period for time averaging) appear to have a significant impact on the accuracy of the results.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 13-32 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Distributed parameter filter ; shallow water equations ; distributed dynamical systems ; data assimilation ; white Gaussian noise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Distributed parameter filtering theory is employed for estimating the state variables and associated error covariances of a dynamical distributed system under highly random tidal and meteorological influences. The stochastic-deterministic mathematical model of the physical system under study consists of the shallow water equations described by the momentum and continuity equations in which the external forces such as Coriolis force, wind friction, and atmospheric pressure are considered. White Gaussian noises in the system and measurement equations are used to account for the inherent stochasticity of the system. By using an optimal distributed parameter filter, the information provided by the stochastic dynamical model and the noisy measurements taken from the actual system are combined to obtain an optimal estimate of the state of the system, which in turn is used as the initial condition for the prediction procedure. The approach followed here has numerical approximation carried out at the end, which means that the numerical discretization is performed in the filtering equations, and not in the equations modelling the system. Therefore, the continuous distributed nature of the original system is maintained as long as possible and the propagation of modelling errors in the problem is minimized. The appropriateness of the distributed parameter filter is demonstrated in an application involving the prediction of storm surges in the North Sea. The results confirm excellent filter performance with considerable improvement with respect to the deterministic prediction.
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    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 9 (1995), S. 77-88 
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Extreme rainfalls ; partial duration series ; regional estimation ; Bayes' theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Based on the Partial Duration Series model a regional Bayesian approach is introduced in the modelling of extreme rainfalls from a country-wide system of recording raingauges in Denmark. The application of the Bayesian principles is derived in case of both exponential and generalized Pareto-distributed exceedances. The method is applied to, respectively, the total precipitation depth and the maximum 10 minutes rain intensity of individual storms from 41 stations. By means of the regional analysis prior distributions of the parameters in the Partial Duration Series model are estimated. It is shown that the regional approach significantly reduces the uncertainty of the T-year event estimator compared to estimation based solely on at-site data. In addition, the regional approach provides quantile estimates at non-monitored sites.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 57-70 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der landwirtschaftlichen Universität von Norwegen (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E) wurde mit vier verschiedenen Lysimetern die potentielle Evapotranspiration (PET) von Gerste und von kurzgeschnittenem Gras gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß in der aktiven Wachstumsperiode die PET von Gerste der PET von Gras gleich ist in Bestätigung der Tatsache, daß die Evapotranspiration von kurzer Vegetation in erster Linie durch meteorologische Faktoren beeinflußt wird, wenn die Wasserzufuhr nicht beschränkt ist. Mit der Formel von Priestley und Taylor PET =α Δ/Δ + γ R n, wo Δ den Abfall des Sättigungsdruckes mit der Temperatur,γ die Psychrometerkonstante undR n die Strahlungs. bilanz bedeuten, kann mit a gleich 1.25 die PET für zehntägige Perioden mit einer Genauigkeit von 10% geschätzt werden. Eine bessere Schätzung wird mit der Formel PET (mm pro 10 Tage) = −5,4 + 6,18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ + γ Rn (J/m2) erhalten.
    Notes: Summary Potential evapotranspiration (PET) from barley and short cut grass have been measured using four different lysimeters at the Agricultural University of Norway (59δ 40′N, 10δ 46′E). In the active growing season the results show that PET for barley is equal to PET for grass, confirming the fact that evapotranspiration is primarily controlled by meteorological factors for short vegetation when water supply is non-limiting. Using the Priestley-Taylor formula PET =α Δ/Δ + γ n, where Δ is the slope of the saturation pressure versus temperature curve,γ is the psychrometric constant andR n net radiation, PET can be estimated to an accuracy of 10% (67% level) for ten-day periods withα equal to 1.25. Even better estimates is obtained by using the formula PET (mm per 10 days) = − 5.4 + 6.18 · 10−7 Δ/Δ +γ R n (J/m2).
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 89-97 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Sonnenscheingeber und seine Eichung wird beschrieben. Er ist gekennzeichnet durch folgende Merkmale: Sein elektrischer Spannungsausgang liegt hoch (〉 4,5 V) für den Fall „Sonnenschein” und tief (〈 0,4 V) für den Fall „kein Sonnenschein” Seine Eichung auf eine Schwellwertintensität von 200 W/m2 folgt der Sonnenscheindefinition durch die World Meteorological Organization. Er erfordert keine nennenswerte Wartung und er enthält keine beweglichen Teile.
    Notes: Summary A sunshine monitor and its calibration is described. Its important characteristics are: it has an electrical DC level output which is high (〉 4.5 V) for “sunshine” and low (〈 0.4 V) for “no sunshine”; it is calibrated for a threshold sensitivity of 200 W/m2, which meets the sunshine definition of the World Meteorological Organization; it requires very little service and contains no moving parts.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 99-109 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß auf Grund von Angaben in der Literatur die Konstanten für die statistische Beziehung zwischen der Globalstrahlung und der Sonnenscheindauer für Ostafrika nun hinreichend gesichert angegeben werden können. Werden die Unterschiede der Fehler bei der Datenerfassung mit anderen einfachen Meßmethoden der solaren Einstrahlung berücksichtigt, kann gezeigt werden, daß Campbell-Stokes Meßwerte gut geeignet sind zur Überprüfung, Kalibrierung oder zum zeitweisen Ersatz sonstiger Meßmethoden, wo in den Tropen keine geeichten Pyranometer verfügbar sind. Ein Beispiel wird gegeben für Gunn-Bellanis.
    Notes: Summary It is shown from literature research that constants in the statistical relationship between total global solar radiation and sunshine duration are now well established for East Africa. Taking into account the differences in data collection errors with other simple methods of solar radiation determination, we show Campbell-Stokes data to be suitable for checking, calibrating or temporarily replacing these other methods where no calibrated pyranometers are available in the tropics. An example is given for Gunn-Bellanis.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 129-135 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Globalstrahlung in GeU und GeMCap analysiert, womit es im Zusammenhang mit den thermo-pluviometrischen Angaben ermöglicht wurde, die klimatischen Charakteristiken eines am Meere gelegten Ortes (GeU) und eines auf den Appenninen gelegenen Ortes (GeMCap) zu beschreiben. Auf GeMCap weisen diese klimatischen Faktoren im Winter-Herbst einen kontinental-maritimen Charakter und im Frühling-Sommer einen streng kontinentalen Charakter auf.
    Notes: Summary It has been analysed the global solar radiation at GeU and GeMCap, that in connection with the thermo-pluviometric data has also allowed to outline the climatic characteristics of a coastal site (GeU) and of a site on Apennin ridge (GeMCap). At GeMCap these climatic parameters show a continental-maritime behaviour in winter-autumn and strictly continental feature in the remaining half year.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 111-128 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Zusammenhang zwischen Globalstrahlung und Sonnenscheindauer wird für 132 Stationen in Ostasien untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß die Regressionskoeffizienten in der modifizierten ÅngströmgleichungQ/Qa = a + b n/N systematisch über das Gebiet verteilt sind, so daß sich niedrige Werte vona und hohe Werte vonb im Wintermaximum/Sommerminimum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N ergeben, hohe Werte vona und niedrige Werte vonb dagegen im Winterminimum/Sommermaximum-Regime vonQ/Qa undn/N anfallen. (Die Symbole werden in der Einleitung definiert.) Es ergibt sich daraus, daß Verteilungen der Regressionskoeffizienten eher an Terraingegebenheiten und an das lokale und jahreszeitliche Strahlungsklima geknüpft sind, das durch den vorherrschenden Wintermonsun, Baiu, kontrolliert wird, als an die geographische Breite und an Mittelwerte vonn/N.
    Notes: Summary The relationship between solar radiation and sunshine duration is studied for 132 stations in East Asia. Regression coefficientsa andb in the modified Ångström formulaQ/Qa = a + b n/N are found to be systematically distributed in the area with low values ofa and high values ofb in the winter maximum/summer minimum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N, and high values ofa and low values ofb in the winter minimum/summer maximum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N. This shows that the distribution of regression coefficients is more closely related to the local seasonal radiation climate controlled by the prevailing winter monsoon, Bain, and the terrain features rather than to latitude or meann/N.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 137-155 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit bringt eine Zusammenfassung der mit einem zweiteiligen Modell des täglichen Niederschlags zum Vergleich des Regenklimas von 11 Orten in einem Nord-Süd-Schnitt durch Westafrika erhaltenen Ergebnisse. Die Zahl der Regentage wurde gesondert von den Regenmengen analysiert. Es wurden Kurven der Wahrscheinlichkeit von Regen angepaßt; diese Kurven sind geographisch vereinbar. Die mittlere Länge der Trockenperioden und der Feuchteperioden variiert systematisch im Jahresgang. In der Regenzeit besteht ein nahezu konstantes mittleres Intervall von 4 Tagen zwischen dem Beginn aufeinanderfolgender Regenperioden. Regenmengen werden durch Gamma-Verteilungen beschrieben. Die mittlere Regenmenge pro Regentag ist verhältnismäßig konstant und die Änderung der Regenwahrscheinlichkeit ist daher die bedeutendste Komponente der jahreszeitlichen Änderung und der Differenzen zwischen den Orten.
    Notes: Summary This paper uses the concise summary obtained from a two part model of daily rainfall to compare the rainfall climate of eleven places on a north-south transect in West Africa. The number of rainy days is analysed separately from the amounts of rain. Curves are fitted to the probability of rain and these curves are geographically consistent. The mean length of dry spells and of wet spells vary systematically during the year. In the rainy season there is a nearly constant mean interval of about 4 days between the start of successive rainy spells. The amounts of rain are described by gamma distributions. The mean rainfall per rainy day is relatively constant and variation in the probability of rain is therefore the most important component of seasonal variation and of differences between places.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 167-179 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die Abhängigkeit von feuchten und trockenen Tagen vom Zustand an vorhergehenden Tagen für sechs Stationen in Ost- und West-Afrika und in Südost-Asien untersucht. Während eine Anzahl von Untersuchungen in höheren Breiten darauf hinweisen, daß häufig nur der Zustand am vorhergehenden Tag in Betracht zu ziehen ist, zeigt das Ergebnis dieser Studie an, daß in den Tropen mindestens die zwei vorhergehenden Tage von Bedeutung sind. Für manche Stationen mag es angezeigt sein, in bestimmten Zeiten des Jahres die drei vorhergehenden Tage in Betracht zu ziehen.
    Notes: Summary Dependence of the occurrence of wet and dry days on the situation on previous days was tested for six stations in East and West Africa and South East Asia. Although a number of studies in higher latitudes suggest that often only the situation on the previous day needs to be taken into account, evidence from this pilot study indicates that in the tropics, at least the previous two days are important. For some stations at certain times of the year, it may be wise to consider the previous three days.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 157-166 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary This study, inspired by previous works, tries to establish a synthesis on a limited aspect: that is the variability of average precipitations over the Aegean Sea. Moreover, we consider variability parameters mostly used, as well as the most satisfactory technics for plotting this variability on the map.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Veränderlichkeit des Niederschlages im Ägäischen Meer zur Darstellung gebracht. Ferner werden die gebräuchlichsten Variabilitätsparameter und die am meisten befriedigenden Techniken der Kartendarstellung dieser Veränderlichkeit in Betracht gezogen.
    Notes: Résumé Cette étude qui s'inspire de travaux antérieurs tente d'établir une synthèse sur un aspect limité: selui de la variabilite des precipitations moyennes tombées dans la mer Egée. En outre, nous considérons les parameters de variabilite les plus utilisables, ainsi que les techniques les plus satisfaisantes pour la représentation cartographique de la variabilite.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 181-190 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Windgustiness at the top of a tree which is relevant to tree vibrations within forests is described for a spruce forest (Ebersberger Forst near Munich) applying simple characteristic values of turbulence and gustiness.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei der Untersuchung von Baumschwingungen innerhalb von Wäldern ist die Windböigkeit an der Baumoberhöhe von großer Bedeutung. Für einen Fichtenwald, den Ebersberger Forst bei München, wird sie mit einfachen Turbulenz- und Böigkeitskenngrößen beschrieben.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 197-204 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In früheren Untersuchungen langer atmosphärischer Wellen von niedriger Frequenz in der polaren Atmosphäre wurden Zylinderkoordinaten angewendet, wobei die Ebenez=0 die Erdoberfläche am Pole berührt. Dabei wurde mittels numerischer Beispiele gefunden, daß die in Zylinderkoordinaten erhaltenen Resultate gute Annäherungen an die mit Kugelkoordinaten berechneten darstellen. Hier wird gezeigt, daß die Formeln für die Wellenfrequenzen in beiden Koordinatensystemen angenähert gleich sind.
    Notes: Summary In earlier studies of long low-frequency atmospheric waves in the polar atmosphere a cyclindrical coordinate system had been used with the planez=0 tangential to the earth's surface at the pole. It had been found by numerical examples that the results obtained with a cylindrical coordinate system approximate quite well those obtained with a spherical coordinate system. Here, it is shown that the formulae for the wave frequencies in both coordinate systems are the same to a good degree of approximation.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 269-277 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Auswirkungen der Einbeziehung der vertikalen Scherung in das Problem der stetigen Strömung einer nichtviskosen rotierenden und geschichteten Flüssigkeit um ein isoliertes topographisches Hindernis besprochen. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Baroklinität in der fern von dem Hindernis ungestörten Strömung, bei dem hier betrachteten Parameterbereich, ein antizyklonaler an das Hindernis gebundener Wirbel erzeugt wird, ähnlich wie im Fall ohne Scherung aber mit durch die Scherung modifizierter Intensität. Im besonderen nimmt, wenn die Geschwindigkeit der Grundströmung mit der Höhe zunimmt, die Intensität des Wirbels im Vergleich zum barotropen Fall wegen der horizontalen Advektion potentieller Temperatur ab. Für den Fall einer geringen Größe der Hindernisse werden analytische Lösungen gebracht.
    Notes: Summary The effects of inclusion of vertical shear in the problem of steady flow of an inviscid, rotating and stratified fluid past isolated topography are discussed. It is shown that the presence of baroclinicity in the undisturbed flow far from the obstacle, in the parameter range considered here, produces an anti-cyclonic vortex bound to the obstacle, like in the unsheared case, but whose intensity is modified by the shear. In particular, if the velocity of basic flow increases with height, the intensity of the vortex is decreased with respect to the barotropic case, because of the horizontal advection of potential temperature. Analytical solutions are presented in the case of small amplitude obstacles.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 205-217 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe approximierter ageostrophischer Windkomponenten und iterativer Integration in einem quasi Lagrangeschen System werden Trajektorien abgeleitet. Die Verifikation erfolgt an Hand der Verlagerung charakteristischer Wolkensysteme mittels Satellitenbilder.
    Notes: Summary Trajectories are computed with the help of approximated ageostrophic windcomponents and the iterative integration method in a quasi Lagrangian system. The displacement of distinctive cloud systems localized from satellite images is used for verification.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 219-233 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Parameter zur Feststellung des Minimalbereiches der übergeostrophischen Komponente der zonalen Strömung in einem westlichen Jet Stream aus der Bedingung bestimmt, daß eine geostrophische Bewegung nur in stabil geschichteten Medien möglich ist. Die Größe des übergeostrophischen Zonalwindes im Kerngebiet eines durchschnittlichen westlichen Jet Stream mittlerer Breiten wurde bei nahe von 60% der beobachteten zonalen Windgeschwindigkeit festgestellt. Die durch diese übergeostrophischen Zonalwindkomponenten verursachten nicht geostrophischen Querzirkulationen werden als thermisch indirekt und für die Entwicklung von einigen beobachteten Erscheinungen wie der Jet Stream Front, der Unterbrechung der nördlichen Tropopause quer zum Kern und der Clear air turbulence-Zonen in bestimmten Regionen eines westlichen Jet Stream als günstig erwiesen.
    Notes: Summary A parameter, for determining the minimum super-geostrophic component of zonal flow in a westerly jet stream, was identified, by invoking the condition that geostrophic motion is possible only in stably stratified media. The magnitude of super geostrophic zonal wind in the core region of an average mid-latitudinal westerly jet stream was found to be nearly 60% of the observed zonal wind speed. The non-geostrophic transverse circulations induced by this super-geostrophic zonal wind components were shown to be thermally indirect in nature and favourable for the formation of some of the observed features like jet stream front, break of the northern tropopause across the core and CAT (clear air turbulence) zones in certain regions of a westerly jet stream.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 249-267 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Verwendung von in der zweiten Phase der Venezueler internationalen meteorologischen und hydrologischen Experimente (VIMHEX-1972) gesammelten Radar-Daten wurde eine Klassifikation von Unwettern in Böenlinien, in Gewittergruppen und in isolierten Gewittern vorgenommen. Die Verhältnisse in der nahen Umgebung während des Vorrückens dieser Typen von Unwetter werden untersucht. Die Modifikation der Umgebung wird, abgeleitet aus der trocken-statischen Energie, aus der feucht-statischen Energie, aus dem latenten Wärmegehalt und aus den relativen Winden, ebenfalls studiert und ein für die Unwetter entwickeltes Modell wird vorgelegt. Schließlich werden einige Aspekte der Bewegung der Unwettergebilde beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary A classification of storms in squall lines, thunderstorm clusters, and isolated thunderstorms was made using radar data collected during the second phase of the Venezuelan International Meteorological and Hydrological Experiments (VIMHEX-1972). The near-environmental conditions in advance of these types of storms are examined. The modification of the environment, as deduced from the dry static energy, moist static energy, latent heat content and relative winds is also studied, and a conceptual model for the storms is presented. Finally, some aspects of storm movement are described.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 235-247 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Untersuchung wurde an einem äquivalenten barotropen Modell zum Studium der Stabilität des meridionalen Windes im 200 mb-Niveau im Sommer in den Tropen durch-geführt. Das von Wiin-Nielsen für mittlere Breiten eingeführte äquivalente Modell wurde mit einigen Änderungen auch für die Tropen angenommen. Es wurde gefunden, daß der meridionale Wind einer Anzahl von überlagerten Rossby-Wellen äquivalent ist, so daß sich das Stabilitätsproblem der meridionalen Strömung auf das Stabilitätsproblem von Rossby-Wellen zurückführen läßt. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die Stabilität einer Rossby-Welle mit einer Störung, die einen zonalen Wind ergibt, geprüft. Es wurde gefunden, daß kurze Rossby-Wellen instabil sind, so daß die kurzen Rossby-Wellen ihre kinetische Energie auf den zonalen Wind übertragen. Das von Lorenz hinsichtlich der Instabilität der Rossby-Welle für mittlere Breiten gewonnene Ergebnis wurde mit dem äquivalenten barotropen Modell verbessert.
    Notes: Summary The present study is conducted in the equivalent barotropic model to study the stability of meridional wind at 200 mb level in tropics during summer. The equivalent barotropic model, which was introduced by Wiin-Nielsen [1] for midlatitude, is accepted for tropics after some possible changes. The meridional wind is found to be equivalent to a number of superposed dispersive Rossby waves, so the stability problem of meridional flow reduces to the stability problem of Rossby waves. In the present study, the stability of single Rossby wave is tested with a perturbation which gives zonal wind. It is found that the short Rossby waves are unstable, so the short Rossby waves release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. Thus, the short waves of the spectral meridional flow release their kinetic energy to the zonal wind. For midlatitude, Lorenz's problem regarding the instability of Rossby wave is improved using the equivalent barotropic model.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 279-299 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die monatlichen und jahreszeitlichen Mittel, die Extreme und die Veränderlichkeit des Meereises der Süd-Hemisphäre aufgrund 5jähriger Beobachtungen untersucht. Seine Veränderlichkěit ist am größten in den geographischen Längen der Küsteneinbuchtungen der Antarktis; es wurde auch eine kleine aber allgemeine Abnahme seiner Ausdehnung in allen Jahreszeiten dieser Beobachtungsperiode festgestellt. Zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung (Juli bis November) nimmt das 5jährige Mittel der zonalen Westwinde im Norden des Eises mit zunehmender Eisausdehnung zu; in einzelnen Jahren besteht jedoch zum Maximum der Eisausdehnung keine deutliche Korrelation zwischen der zonal gemittelten Eisausdehnung und der Stärke der zonalen Westströmung im vorhergehenden oder folgenden Monat. Der Vergleich mit dem 5jährigen Mittel der Längenverteilung der atmosphärischen Druck-Maxima und Minima in der Breite des antarktischen Trogs weist allgemein auf Asymmetrien im Eisrand hin, derart, daß er in Gebieten mit häufigem Tiefdruck weiter nördlich liegt und veränderlicher ist und in Gebieten mit relativ hohem Druck weiter südlich liegt. Die Untersuchung einer spezifischen Längenzone zeigt, daß die Verteilung der Eisausdehnung deutlich regional ist und offenbar mit Änderungen in der kombinierten ozeanischen und atmosphärischen Zirkulation in den antarktischen Einbuchtungen in Beziehung steht.
    Notes: Summary The monthly and seasonal means, extremes and variability of the Southern Hemisphere sea ice are examined for a five year period. Its variability is found to be greatest in the longitudes of the Antarctic coastal embayments, and a small but general decline in extent at all seasons throughout the period is observed. At near maximum ice extent (July to November), the 5 year mean of the zonal westerlies to the north of the ice increases with increasing ice extent; however for individual years, at maximum ice extent, there is no clear correlation between zonally averaged ice extent and the strength of the zonal westerlies in the preceding or succeeding month. Comparison with the 5 year mean longitudinal pattern of atmospheric pressure maxima and minima at the latitude of the Antarctic trough points generally to asymmetries in the ice edge, such that it is further north and more variable in regions of frequent low pressure, and further south in regions of relatively high pressure. Examination of a specific longitudinal zone indicates that the pattern of ice extent is clearly regional, and apparently related to variations in the combined oceanic and atmospheric circulation particularly in the Antarctic embayments.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 215-228 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die Anwendung der Hauptkomponentenanalyse zur Abgrenzung von Gebieten mit ähnlichen säkularen Tendenzen im Niederschlag berichtet. Eine Alternativmethode der Regionalisierung wird vorgeschlagen und auf eine Reihe von Beobachtungsdaten angewendet, die bereits früher mit der Hauptkomponentenanalyse analysiert worden ist.
    Notes: Summary The use of principal components analysis to delimit regions with similar secular trends in rainfall totals is reviewed. An alternative method of regionalization is proposed and is applied to a data set previously analysed using principal components analysis.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 327-332 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Maximalwellen energiereicher Erdbeben mit Herd in der oberen Kruste rufen im äußeren Schütterbereich häufig Resonanzeffekte hervor, die eine örtliche Steigerung der Bebenintensität zur Folge haben. Eine Bewertung solcher Intensitäten nach den gebräuchlichen makroseismischen Skalen ist derzeit nicht möglich. Geht man davon aus, daß die primären Bebenwirkungen an der Erdoberfläche eine Folge der vom Bebenherd abgestrahlten Schwingungsenergie sind und daß die makroseismische IntensitätI (oMSK oder MM) ein logarithmisches Maß für die Bebenwirkungen ist, dann gilt offenbarI=log10 E+const, wennE die örtliche Energiestromdichte (Flächendichte der seismischen Energie) ist. Während im Epizentralbereich wegen der Unregelmäßigkeit der Erdstöße ausgeprägte Resonanzeffekte fehlen, muß man in herdfernen Gebieten, wo die Sg-Maximalwellen des Bebens schon weitgehend harmonisch sind, bei schwingungsanfälligen dünnen Bodenschichten und/oder Bauwerken mit entsprechender Eigenperiode Resonanzschwingungen erwarten, die eine Anhebung der lokalen Bebenintensität um ΔI (oMSK oder MM) bewirken. Mit Hilfe von empirischen Näherungsformeln kann man zu einer Abschätzung dieser Intensitätssteigerung kommen. Sie beträgt ΔI=0,28M s+0,4, mitM s als Oberflächenwellen-Magnitude. Die von der Epizentraldistanz und Magnitude abhängigen Resonanzfrequenzen liegen in der Regel zwischen 0,5 und 2 Hz. Die denkbare Intensitätssteigerung durch Resonanz im Falle eines Bebens der Magnitude 4,0 (7,0) liegt bei 1,5° (2,4°) MSK oder MM. Daraus folgt z. B., daß viele der in Hochhäusern bemerkten und mitI=IIo bewerteten Beben eigentlich mitI=Io zu klassifizieren sind und daß das Anschlagen kleiner Glocken oder das Stehenbleiben von Pendeluhren am Rande des Schüttergebietes eines energiereichen Bebens nichtI=Vo (−VIo), sondernI=IIIo (−IVo) entspricht. Die 12teiligen makroseismischen Skalen sind daher in entsprechender Weise zu ergänzen.
    Notes: Summary In the epicentral area of an earthquake with the focus within the upper crust the rocking is irregular and therefore resonance effects are lacking, but far off the hypocentre, where theSg maximum waves are nearly sinusoidal, thin layers of soil and/or buildings with an appropriate natural period react with resonance oscillations, by which the local macroseismic intensity is increased by ΔI (oMSK or MM). The resonance frequencies — functions of magnitude and hypocentral distance — mostly range from 0.5 to 2 Hz. The increase of intensity can be assessed by the aid of the formula ΔI=0.28M s+0.4, found by the author (M s=surface wave magnitude). Hence, in case of an earthquake withM s=4.0 (7.0) the marginal increase of intensity by resonance amounts to 1.5° (2.4°) MSK or MM. This implies, e. g., that many earthquakes perceived in tall buildings and considered asI=IIo has to be classified asI=Ic correctly, and the ringing of small bells or the stopping of pendulum clocks in the outskirts of the shaken area of a strong earthquake corresponds toI=IIIo (−IVo), and not toI=Vo (−VIo). A valuation of such intensities by the aid of the usual macroseismic scales is not possible, and therefore these scales are to be supplemented in an appropriate way.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 229-237 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sichtbeobachtungsdaten der Periode 1968 bis 1972 in Phönix, Arizona, wurden analysiert, um zu zeigen, wie Änderungen im Laufe der Woche und im Tagesgang durch charakteristische Verunreinigungsquellenstärke und durch meteorologische Erscheinungen beeinflußt werden. Die Ergebnisse bilden eine Grundlage für künftige Untersuchungen zur Klärung von Nachwirkungen einer technologischen Modifikation von Verunreinigungscharakteristiken.
    Notes: Summary Visibility data for the period 1968–1972 at Phoenix, Arizona were analyzed to show how variations among days of the week and hours of the day may be influenced by both pollutant source strength characteristics and meteorological phenomena. The results form the basis for future studies designed to decipher subsequent effects of technological modification of pollutant characteristics.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 385-397 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das fluktuierende Geschwindigkeitsfeld eines monomolekularen Films (Slik) wird mittels der Grenzschichttheorie für den Fall untersucht, daß Schwerewellen sich auf der Grenzfläche zwischen Wasser und Luft ausbreiten. Es wird dabei angenommen, daß das oberflächenaktive Material viskoselastische Eigenschaften aufweist und unlöslich ist. Es werden graphische Ergebnisse wiedergegeben, die die Geschwindigkeit a) im Zentrum des elastischen Sliks und b) für nicht dehnbare Sliks willkürlicher Weite veranschaulichen. Für letzteren Fall werden Ringe von oberflächenbildenden Elementen berechnet und schematisch dargestellt.
    Notes: Summary The fluctuating velocity field of monomolecular slicks is investigated, by means of boundary-layer theory, whengravity waves propagate on the air-water interface. It is assumed that the surface-active material has visco-elastic properties and is insoluble. Graphical results are given, which illustrate the velocity (a) at the centre ofelastic slicks and (b) for inextensible slicks, of arbitrary width. In the latter case, the orbits of the surfactant elements are calculated, and shown diagrammatically.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 431-432 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 353-367 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Feststellung von hinsichtlich paralleler Schwankungen der Niederschlagsmengen von Jahr zu Jahr zusammenhängender Gebiete werden Korrelationen zwischen monatlichen Mengen verschiedener Stationen verwendet. Von solchen zusammenhängenden Gebieten wurden eines im Herbst, drei im Winter und zwei im Frühling festgestellt. Die Erklärung der Existenz solcher zusammenhängender Gebiete wurde mit Unterschieden charakteristischer Merkmale von Niederschlagsregimes und mit Beziehungen zu verschiedenen synoptischen Systemen versucht.
    Notes: Summary Correlations of monthly totals from different stations were used to identify coherent regions in terms of parallel fluctuations of rainfall amounts from year to year. One coherent region was found during the fall, three during the winter and two during the spring. An attempt to explain the existence of those coherent regions with different known features of the rainfall regime and to relate them to different synoptic systems, was done.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 379-390 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit klimatologischen Beobachtungsdaten sind für 61 Stationen in Österreich die Strahlungsbilanz sowie die potentielle und aktuelle Evapotranspiration berechnet worden. Für diese Berechnungen wurden einige Methoden der Verdunstungsbestimmung miteinander verglichen und an einigen Stationen auch Trockenheitsindizes berechnet. Als ein Ergebnis wird vorgeschlagen, daß das Land in vier klimatologische Regionen mit unterschiedlichen Temperatur- und Feuchteverhältnissen unterteilt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary The net radiation, potential and actual evapotranspiration for 61 stations in Austria have been calculated from climafological data. Some methods for these calculations have been compared and the indices of aridity for the 61 stations have also been estimated. As a result, it has been suggested that the country could be divided into four climatological regions with different thermal and humid conditions.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 53-57 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Etliche jüngst erhaltene, empirische Resultate und theoretische Untersuchungen der Abschätzung der thermischen Strahlung der Atmosphäre aus wolkenlosem Himmel werden diskutiert. Es wird gezeigt, daß des strahlungsmäßige Verhalten des Wasserdampfes bei Lufttemperaturen über dem Gefrierpunkt so gut als möglich und nötig parameterisiert worden ist, doch bei Temperaturen unterhalb des Gefrierpunktes sind noch Verbesserungen möglich. Zusätzlich wird gezeigt, daß Vorschriften zur genauen Berechnung der atmosphärischen Thermalstrahlung in der Lage sein müssen, die Effekte der zeitlichen und räumlichen Variabilität der Staubverteilung in Betracht zu ziehen.
    Notes: Summary Several recent empirical findings and theoretical developments related to the estimation of clear-sky atmospheric thermal radiation are discussed. It is demonstrated that the radiative behavior of water vapor at air temperatures above freezing has been parameterized as well as can or need be done, but that there may be room for some improvement at air temperatures below freezing. It is additionally shown that any procedure designed to accurately calculate atmospheric thermal radiation must be able to handle effects of airborne dust variability of both a temporal and spatial nature.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 1-22 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die interannuale Veränderlichkeit in der Ausdehnung des antarktischen Meereseises wird während der winterlichen Zuwachsperiode (Juni bis September) für die fünf Jahre 1973–77 untersucht. Statistische Korrelationen zwischen den synoptischen atmosphärischen Zirkulationsverhältnissen, gegeben durch die Frequenz der von Satelliten beobachteten außertropischen Tiefdruckgebiete, und der breitenmäßigen. Ausdehnung des Meereseises werden auf hemisphärischer und regionaler Basis für jeden Winter ausgewertet. Markante Unterschiede in der winterlichen Zyklonentätigkeit begleiten die jährlichen Unterschiede im Wachstum und in der Ausdehnung des Eises, gemessen im zonalen Mittel, und sind besonders in den extremen Eiswintern 1973 und 1977 evident. Ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Ausdehnung des Meereseisgebietes während des Winters und der Frequenz von Zyklogenese ist besonders für die geographischen Breiten unmittelbar nördlich der Eisgrenze angedeutet. Drei Schlüsselgebiete starker interannualer Veränderlichkeit in den Eisbedingungen werden identifiziert und statistisch auf Rückwirkungen zwischen Eis und Zyklonen hin untersucht. Korrelationen zwischen der geographischen Breite des Eisrandes und der Zyklonenfrequenz zeigen die geringste interannuale Veränderlichkeit im ostantarktischen Sektor. Durch diese Gegebenheit wird die Rolle des semi-permaneten Tiefdruckzentrums im Wintereisregime dieser Region betont. Andererseits variiert die Korrelation zwischen Eis und Zyklonentätigkeit von Jahr zu Jahr bedeutend in der Weddellsee, wo die meeresbedingten Advektionsverhältnisse von zusätzlicher Bedeutung sind. Einzeluntersuchungen aus dem Zeitraum der fünf Winter dienen als Unterstützung der für jeden Sektor gewonnenen, statistischen Resultate.
    Notes: Summary Interannual variations in the extent of Antarctic sea ice are investigated for the winter growth season (June through September) for the five years 1973–77. Statistical correlations between the synoptic-scale atmospheric circulation, given by the frequencies of satellite-observed extratropical depressions, and the latitudinal extent of the ice are evaluated on hemispheric and regional scales for each winter. Marked differences in winter cyclone activity accompany the year-to-year variations in ice growth and extent on a zonally-averaged basis, and are particularly evident for the extreme ice winters of 1973 and 1977. A link between the expansion of the sea ice zone during winter and the frequencies of new cyclonic developments (cyclogenesis) is evident for latitudes immediately north of the ice-ocean boundary. Three key regions of high interannual variability in ice conditions are identified and examined statistically for ice-cyclone interactions. Correlations between ice-edge latitude and cyclone frequencies show least variation between years in the East Antarctic sector, emphasizing the role of the semi-permanent low pressure center in the winter ice regime of this region. Conversely, ice-cyclone correlations vary markedly from year-to-year in the Weddell Sea, where ocean-related ice advection patterns are of additional significance. Case studies from the five-winter period are used to support the statistical results obtained for each sector.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 99-107 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, daß in Jodhpur die Feuchtigkeit in kahlem sandigen Boden größer ist als in einem Boden unter einer Vegetationsdecke. Das mittlere Temperaturmaximum war in 5 cm Tiefe im allgemeinen um 1 bis 2°C höher als im Boden unter einer Vegetationsdecke, ausgenommen im Juh, wo eine beträchtliche Temperatur-abnahme im kahlen Boden eintrat. Die Tagestemperatur in 5 cm Tiefe war im Sommer höher als in tieferen Schichten, was zu einem abwärtsgerichteten Wärmefluß führte. Im Winter waren die Temperaturen in tieferen Schichten höher, was einen aufwärtsgerichteten Fluß von Wärme und Wasserdampf bewirkte. Es wurde eine große Veränderlichkeit des Wärmeflusses mit im allgemeinen positivem Fluß im Sommer und negativem Fluß im Winter beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary The results of the studies conducted during 1977–78 show higher moisture regime of a bare sandy soil of Jodhpur than the soil with vegetative cover. Mean maximum temperature of a bare soil at 5 cm depth, in general, was 1 to 2°C higher than the soil with vegetative cover except during July when there was considerable fall in temperature of a bare soil. Daytime soil temperatures at 5 cm depth during summer were higher than the lower depths leading thereby to downward movement of heat. In winter, however, the temperatures of lower layers were higher facilitating the upward flow of heat and the vapour flux. A high variability in heat fluxes with generally positive daytime heat fluxes in summer and negative in winter were observed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 23-34 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Sorgfältig ausgewählte AMTEX-Daten wurden zur Berechnung von ähnlichkeitsfunktionen für die Parametrisierung des Oberflächen-Stress und des Wärmetransportes in der konvektiven atmosphärischen Grundschicht verwendet. Die ähnlichkeitsfunktionen für den Stress, die aus den über die Schicht gemittelten mittleren Windkomponenten bestimmt wurden, stimmen für den baroklinen Fall nicht mit ihren aus numerischen Modellen für den barotropen Fall bestimmten Gegenstücken überein, im Widerspruch zu dem, was wir von der Hypothese von Arya und Wyngaard [ 10] erwarten. Vielleicht waren die verwendeten Rawinsonden-Daten für die Verifikation dieser Hypothese nicht gut genug. Es wurde jedoch gefunden, daß die konvektive PBL-Höhe in übereinstimmung mit der Hypothese von Kazanski und Monin [6] mit dem Stabilitätsparameter gut korreliert ist.
    Notes: Summary Carefully selected AMTEX data were used to compute the similarity functions for the parameterization of the surface stress and heat flux for the convective atmospheric boundary layer. The similarity functions for the stress determined from the layer-averaged mean wind components for the baroclinic case don't agree with their counterparts predicted by numerical models for the barotropic case, contrary to what we expect from the hypothesis of Arya and Wyngaard [10]. Perhaps the rawinsonde data used in this study were not good enough for the verification of this hypothesis. However, the non-dimensionalized convective PBL height is found to be well correlated with the stability parameter in accordance with the Kazanski-Monin hypothesis [6].
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 55-69 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine lineare, barokline Stabilitätsanalyse wird auf das vertikale, zonale Windprofil der Grundströmung vor der Bildung einer Depression während der MONEX-79-Phase in der Bucht von Bengalen angewendet, wobei ein quasi-geostrophisches, mehrschichtiges, numerisches Modell verwendet wird. Die aus der Zuwachsrate des Spektrums abgeleitete, bevorzugte Wellenlänge beträgt 1400 km für eine Kanalbreite von 1500 km und eine e-fache Vergrößerungszeit von 5.2 Tagen. Die vertikale Wellenstruktur wurde berechnet und mit der beobachteten Struktur der Depression verglichen. Beide besitzen mehrere gemeinsame Grundzüge. Die vertikale Struktur der bevorzugten Welle, aus einem modifizierten Windprofil abgeleitet, in dem die Windscherung unterhalb des Westwindmaximums entfernt wurde, zeigt bessere Übereinstimmung mit der Depressionsstruktur, als die aus dem vollen Windprofil erhaltene Struktur. Der Effekt der vertikalen Veränderlichkeit der statischen Stabilität in den unteren Schichten auf das Wachstum der kurzen, instabilen Wellen wird untersucht. Es zeigt sich, daß eine Abnahme der statischen Stabilität in den unteren Schichten zu einer Zunahme der Wachstumsrate und einer Abnahme der bevorzugten Wellenlänge führt.
    Notes: Summary A linear baroclinic stability analysis is performed for the basic vertical zonal wind profile prior to the formation of the depression during Bay of Bengal phase of MONEX-79 by utilizing a quasi- geostrophic, multilayer, numerical model. The preferred wavelength obtained from the growth rate spectrum is 1400 km for the channel width 1500 km, with an e-folding time 5.2 days. The wave structure in the vertical is computed and compared with the observed structure of the depression. Many common features are noticed between them. Further, the vertical structure of the preferred wave obtained from the modified wind profile, removing wind shear below the westerly maximum level, shows closer agreement to the depression structure than that obtained from the full profile. The effect of vertical variation of static stability in the lower layers on the growth of short unstable waves is studied. It is found that a decrease in static stability in the lower layers resulted in the increase in growth rate and decrease in the preferred wavelength.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 97-101 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In der Arbeit wird der Hintergrund des äquivalent barotropen Modells, wie es von Mahanti [6, 7, 8] eingeführt worden ist, im Detail besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The physical background of the equivalent barotropec model, introduced by Mahanti [6, 7, 8], has been discussed in details in the present study.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 161-185 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei der Modellierung mesoskaliger Küstenklimaeffete sind wegen des Übergangs Land-Meer, repräsentiert durch die Rauhigkeitslangez 0 =z 0 (x, y) und die WärmekapazitätC 0 =C 0 (x,y), und des verstärkten Einflusses der Feuchte ausgeprägte Inhomogenitaten zu berücksichtigen, welche die meteorologischen Verhältnisse signifikant mitgestalten. Mit Hilfe eines dreidimensionalen numerischen Modells werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit die Auswirkungen solcher horizontaler Inhomogenitaten auf Struktur und Variation der Grenzschicht in der Küstenregion studiert, Bowie die Entstehung von Advektionsnebel unter dem Einfluss unterschiedlicher geostrophischer Winde untersucht. Die Modifizierung der Windstärke und Windrichtung in ihrer Abhängigkeit von der Rauhigkeitslange und der unterschiedlichen thermischen Schichtung Bowie zwei Beispiele von Advektionsnebelbildung bei unterschiedlichem geostrophischem Wind werden als Ergebnisse vorgestellt.
    Notes: Summary When modelling mesoscale effects in the coastal climate we have to account for the significant influence of humidity and for the land-sea contrast which is represented by the roughness lengthz 0 =z 0(x, y) and the heat capacityC 0 =C 0 (x, y). This brings about strong horizontal inhomogenities which affect the meteorological situation significantly. The effects of these inhomogenities on the structure and variation of the boundary layer in the coastal region are studied by use of a three-dimensional numerical model; the formation process of advective fog in connection with different geostrophic winds is also investigated. As main results we present 1) the modifications of wind velocity and wind direction as a function of the roughness distribution and different thermal stratifications and 2) two simulations of advective fog formation assuming different geostrophic wind values in each example.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 201-218 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Statistische auf Andauer und Klimatologie begründete Modelle werden zur Vorhersage der Bahnen tropischer Zyklonen von der Nordwestküste Australiens her angewendet. Ein auf die Zeit 1980–81 bezogener Vergleich zeigt, daß eine Anpassung erster Ordnung nach kleinsten Quadraten von acht primären Vorhersagegrössen eine hohe Stufe statistischer Signifikanz hat und vergleichbare mittlere Fehler bei Vorhersagen auf Grund von Regressionsgleichungen höherer Ordnung gibt.
    Notes: Summary Statistical models based on persistence and climatology are used to forecast tropical cyclone tracks off the northwest coast of Australia. A comparison based on the 1980–81 season shows that a first order least squares fit of the eight primary predictors has a higher level of statistical significance and comparable mean forecast errors to predictions based on higher order regression equations.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 297-308 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die asymptotische Form des Diffusionstensors in einer Scherungsströmung (im besonderen in einer Ekman-Strömung) wird auf eine zweidimensionale vertikal gemittelte Diffusionsgleichung mit einem Schwächungsterm erster Ordnung angewendet. Einige klassische Lösungen für punktförmige Quellen werden besprochen und auf ein Modell einer Scherungsströmung angewendet. Lösungen für nichtkonstante Quellen werden diskutiert, wobei der Effekt des Abschneidens des Diffusionsprozesses im hochfrequenten Bereich dargelegt wird. Eine einfache Anwendung auf experimentelle Daten in mesoskalem Abstand wird auch gezeigt.
    Notes: Summary The asymptotic form of the diffusivity tensor in shear flow (in particular Ekman flow) is applied to a two-dimensional, vertically averaged diffusion equation with a decay term of the first order. Some classical solutions for point sources are reviewed and applied to the shear flow model; solutions for non-constant sources are discussed, putting into evidence the cut-off effect of the diffusive process in the high frequency range. A simple application to experimental data on mesoscale distance is also shown.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 301-307 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt die Bedingung der Instabilität von Wellen mit unbegrenzter seitlicher Ausdehnung an. Es wird auch gezeigt, daß die obere atmosphärische kurze Welle der zonalen Wellenzahl 8 und die niedrige atmosphärische Zyklonenwelle beim Fehlen diabatischer Erwärmung instabil werden und zusammenbrechen.
    Notes: Summary The present paper gives a condition of instability of waves of infinite lateral extent. Also, it is shown that the upper atmospheric short wave of zonal wave number 8 and lower atmospheric cyclone scale wave become unstable and break down in the absence of diabatic heating.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 281-288 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die täglichen Höhenwindbeobachtungsdaten, die von Schiffsbeobachtungen im MONEX-79 erhalten wurden, sind einer 2-D Filterung unterworfen worden, deren Reaktion hinsichtlich der Wellenzahl so ist, daß Wellen mit Wellenlängen kleiner als 760 km ausgefiltert wurden. Diese gefilterten Windkomponenten wurden „Wirbeln” zugeordnet. Die kinetische Energie dieser „Wirbel” in 3 Phasen des Monsuns, nämlich vor dem Beginn des Monsuns (Mai), zum Monsuneinsatz (Juni) und im vollentwickelten Monsun (Juli), wird untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, dass der Beitrag dieser „Wirbel” zur kinetischen Energie des Gesamtwindes von einem Minimum von 15,5% in der Vormonsunzeit bis 40% in der Phase des voll entwickelten Monsuns variiert. Der Energieaustausch zwischen den „Wirbeln” und den grosskaligen Windkomponenten zeigt an, daß während der Phase des entwickelten Monsuns die untere Troposphäre bis 700 mb eine baroklin instabile Grundströmung zu haben scheint, während in den anderen Phasen die Grundströmung im allgemeinen barotrop instabil ist.
    Notes: Summary The daily upper-air wind data, obtained from the MONEX-79 ship observing platforms, are subjected to a 2-D filter, whose wavenumber response is such as to filter out waves having wavelengths less than 760 km. The filtered wind components are referred to as “eddies”. The kinetic energies of these eddies during the three phases of the monsoon, viz. (a) pre-onset (May), (b) onset (June), (c) established (July) are studied. It is found that the contribution to the kinetic energies of the total wind, by the eddies, vary from a minimum of about 15.5% during the pre-onset phase to a maximum of 40% during the established phase. The energy exchanges between the eddy and large-scale wind components, indicate that during the established phase the lower troposphere, upto 700 mb, appears to have a baroclinically unstable basic flow, while during the other phases, the basic flow is, in general, barotropically unstable.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 310-310 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 339-352 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein zeitabhängiges, auf den Grundgleichungen basierendes, numerisches Modell wurde verwendet, um die Hypothese zu prüfen, daß solare Veränderlichkeit eine Änderung in den Grundvariablen der oberen Atmosphäre und somit in der planetaren Langwellenstruktur der unteren Atmosphäre hervorrufen kann. Dieser Mechanismus wurde zur Erklärung einer offensichtlichen, atmosphärischen Reaktion auf solare Schwankungen herangezogen. Im Modell wird diese Veränderlichkeit durch eine diabatische Wärmequelle hervorgerufen, welche als eine einfache Repräsentation der Jouleschen Dissipationserwärmung angenommen wird. Die Langwellenstruktur der unteren Atmosphäre zeigte sich als unbeeinflußbar durch sonneninduzierte Vorgänge in der oberen Atmosphäre. Tatsächlich auftretende Veränderungen sind auf eine Distanz von 25 bis 40 km unterhalb des Niveaus maximaler Erwärmung beschränkt und sind von nur kurzer Lebensdauer.
    Notes: Summary A time-dependent, primitive-equation numerical model is used to test the hypothesis that solar variations induce changes in the distributions of basic state variables at high levels in the atmosphere, and thus induce changes in planetary-scale wave structure at lower atmospheric levels. This mechanism was proposed to explain apparent atmospheric responses to solar activity. The changes are brought about in the model by a diabatic heat source, which is taken to be a simple representation of Joule dissipative heating. Lower atmospheric wave structure is found to be insensitive to solar-induced changes in the upper atmosphere. Such changes as do occur are limited to within 25 to 40 km below the level of maximum heating, and are also quite short-lived.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 389-397 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir betrachten die Dynamik langer Wellen mit begrenzter Amplitude in einer quasigeostrophischen Atmosphäre. Es wird gezeigt, daß sie den von Charney und Drazin formulierten Theoremen für vertikale Reflexion und Verbindung mit der zonalen Strömung genügen. Es wird ferner gezeigt, daß der typische Effekt des kritischen Niveaus auch für solche Wellen gilt.
    Notes: Summary We consider the dynamics of finite amplitude long waves in a quasi-geostrophic atmosphere. It is shown that they satisfy the well known theorems, formulated by Charney and Drazin, for vertical reflection and coupling with zonal flow. It is further shown that the typical critical level effect holds for such waves as well.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 405-406 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 337-360 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bodennahen nordhemisphärischen Temperaturvariationen 1881–1980 und einige in Frage kommende externe Einflußparameter werden statistisch untersucht. Die statistischen Maßzahlen und Tests jährlicher und jahreszeitlicher Daten zeigen, daß es sinnvoll ist, den tiefpaßgefilterten langfristigen Trend (T 〉 30 Jahre) vom verbleibenden hochpaßgefilterten Anteil zu trennen, wobei dieser weitgehend die Charakteristika einer stationären und vielleicht auch stochastischen Zeitreihe erfüllt. Der langfristige Trend muß jedoch als die nicht-stationäre Komponente angesehen werden, die vermutlich von externen Einflußmechanismen des Klimasystems gesteuert wird. Die spektral-statistischen Untersuchungen stützen dieses Konzept, weisen jedoch auch, wie die nicht-spektralen Untersuchungen, auf jahreszeitliche Besonderheiten hin. 84–91% des langfristigen (aber nur 38–65% des jährlichen) Anteils der Varianz lassen sich durch vulkanisch-solare Parameter sowie den beobachteten anthropogenen CO2-Anstieg erklären, wobei die Erfassung des solaren Einflusses sehr problematisch ist. Multiple lineare Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen führen zu Abschätzungen der Signal-Amplituden und des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses. Neben dem vulkanischen und solaren Signal ist das CO2-Signal in den Jahresdaten, weniger signifikant in den Sommerdaten, auffindbar.
    Notes: Summary This is a statistical study on the northern hemisphere temperature variations near surface, 1881–1980, and some possible external forcing parameters. The statistical measures and tests of yearly and seasonal data indicate that it is reasonable to separate the low-pass filtered long-term trend (T 〉 30 years) from the remaining high-pass filtered quantity, where the latter fulfills closely the characteristics of a stationary may be stochastic time series. The long-term trend, however, has to be seen as the non-stationary component presumably driven by external forcing mechanisms of the climatic system. The spectral statistics maintain this concept; but there are, as in case of the non-spectral statistics, distinct seasonal peculiarities. 84–91% of the long-term (but only 38–65% of the yearly data's) variance can be explained by volcanic/solar parameters and the observed anthropogenic CO2 increase, where the solar influence, however, is very problematical to realize. A multiple linear correlation and regression analysis leads to assessments of the signal magnitudes and the signal to noise ratios. Besides the volcanic and solar signal, the CO2 signal is detectable in yearly and — less significant — in summer data.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1984), S. 11-20 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Energieflüsse wurden im Dischma-Tal in der Nähe von Davos in 1970 m Höhe vom 6. bis 15. August 1980 gemessen. Sie waren ein Teil einer Sonderuntersuchung mikroskaliger atmosphärischer Bedingungen in einem alpinen Tal. Die allgemeine Funktion ϕ H konnte von einem Satz von Profilmessungen der Temperatur, der Feuchtigkeit und der Windgeschwindigkeit abgeleitet werden. Sie entspricht der Beziehung, die auch über homogenem Terrain gefunden worden ist.
    Notes: Summary Surface energy fluxes were measured in the Dischma-valley near Davos, Switzerland at 1970 m from August 6th to August 15th, 1980. They are part of a case study for the microscale atmospheric conditions of an alpine valley. The universal function ϕ H could be derived from the whole set of profile measurements of temperature, humidity and wind speed. It corresponds to the relation which was found over homogeneous terrain.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1984), S. 31-37 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die nichtlineare Wechselwirkung zwischen großskaligen Rossby-Wellen wird mit Anwendung eines spektralen Modells einer barotropen Atmosphäre in sphärischer Geometrie einer Betrachtung unterzogen. Es wurde gefunden, daß es, wenn eine willkürliche Zahl von zonalen Komponenten in Betracht gezogen wird, möglich ist, die nichtlineare Energie- und Entropie-Strömung zwischen Rossby-Wellen vorherzusagen, deren Wechselwirkung mit einfacher triadischer Resonanz nicht vorhergesagt werden kann. Mit Beziehung auf die Ergebnisse einer Arbeit von Baines wird gezeigt, daß eine solche Art von zonal mittlerer, nichtlinearer Energieströmung imstande ist, einige wichtige Besonderheiten der numerischen Integration von verkürzten Modellen mit einer großen Zahl von Komponenten zu erklären, und als Folgerung an einigen Besonderheiten der großskaligen Zirkulation schuld sein könnte.
    Notes: Summary The non-linear interaction between large-scale Rossby waves is considered making use of a spectral model of a barotropic atmosphere in spherical geometry. It is found that, if an arbitrary number of zonal components is taken into account it is possible to predict the non-linear energy and enstrophy flux between Rossby waves whose interaction cannot be predicted by single triadic resonance. It is shown, referring to the results of a paper by Baines, that such kind of, zonally mediated, non-linear energy flux is capable of explaining some relevant features of numerical integrations of truncated models with a large number of components and, could, as a consequence be responsible of some features of the large-scale circulation.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1984), S. 49-53 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein einfacher theoretischer Vergleich zwischen dem Phänomen der Entwicklung von Mischungsschichten in Laboratoriumsexperimenten und in wirklichen geophysikalischen Situationen durchgeführt. Die relative Wichtigkeit von Inversionschichten in der Atmosphäre wird im Kontrast zur vernachlässigbaren Rolle dargelegt, die die Inversionsschicht bei Laboratoriumsexperimenten spielt, solange der Effekt von ausgestrahlten Schwerwellen in Betracht gezogen wird.
    Notes: Summary A simple theoretical comparison is carried out between the phenomenon of the evolution of mixed layers in laboratory experiments and in actual geophysical situations. The relative importance of the inversion layers in the atmosphere is evidentiated in contrast with the negligible role played by the inversion layer in laboratory experiments as long as the effect of radiated gravity waves is taken into account.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1984), S. 61-67 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden die Verhältnisse im Luft-Meer-Grenzbereich im frühen Entwicklungsstand einer Depression über der östlichen zentralen Arabischen See während der Monsun MONEX-79 durch Analyse der Schiffsbeobachtungsdaten über Luft- und Meerestemperaturen, Luftdruck an der Oberfläche, Seegang und Wind untersucht. Diese Analyse zeigte eine ausgesprochene Zunahme der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Meer und Luft (2–4 °C) und diese Zunahme erweist sich klar als durch eine Abnahme der Lufttemperatur verursacht. Die änderungen in der Temperaturdifferenz zwischen Meer und Luft und des Luftdrucks verlaufen in zueinander entgegengesetzter Phase. Einige einleuchtende Mechanismen für die beginnende Entwicklung und die Bewegung der Depression werden auch besprochen.
    Notes: Summary The air-sea interface properties during the early stages of formation of a depression over East Central Arabian Sea during summer MONEX are examined by analyzing the ship data for air and sea temperatures, sea level pressures, sea state numbers and wind fields. Analysis of the data revealed a pronounced increase in sea-air temperature difference (2–4 °C) and this increase in the value is considered, obviously, to be due to a drop in the air temperature. The variations in the sea-air temperature difference and surface pressure are in opposite phase to each other. Some of the plausible mechanisms for the incipient development and movement of the depression are also discussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1983), S. 19-30 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage von ausgeglichenen Energieflüssen (einschließlich Abfuhr der Nutzungsenergie) innerhalb einer flachen Sonnenenergie-Kollektorplatte und von Energieflüssen zwischen Kollektor und seiner Umgebung wird mit Verwendung von bekannten Klimadaten ein Módell für die Simulation von Tagesgängen des Energieaustausches und -gewinns entwickelt. Numerische Experimente mit diesem Modell zeigen auch eine interessante Abhängigkeit der nutzbaren Energie von einigen meteorologischen Parametern wie Nebel, Niederschläge und Wind.
    Notes: Summary On the basis of balanced energy fluxes (including the removal of useful energy) inside the flat-plate solar-energy collector, and the energy fluxes between the collector and its environment, a model for simulation of daily courses of energy exchanges and gain is constructed, using the known climatic data. Numerical experiments with this model show also an interesting dependence of useful energy on some meteorological parameters like: fog, precipitations and wind.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 33 (1983), S. 11-18 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersúchung der Ausbreitungs- und Konzentrationsformen von Autoabgasen von einer Straße in einem V-förmigen Tal wird ein numerisches Modell angewendet. Diese Formen sind mit dem Windzirkulationssystem der bei Tag und bei Nacht vorherrschenden Strömung quer zum Tal eng verbunden. An einem typischen Tag mit einer relativ starken Oberflächenerwärmung war die Abgasfahne zum Leehang gegen den Kamm hin geneigt und bog dann zurück zur Abwindrichtung mit der vorherrschenden Strömung. In einer typischen Nacht mit stabiler Schichtung zeigte die Ausbreitung nicht die Form einer Abgasfahne, sondern eher eine diffuse Ausbreitung aufwärts und eine mehr oder weniger horizontale Verbreitung.
    Notes: Summary A numerical model is utilized to investigate the dispersion and concentration pattern of vehicular exhaust gas from a v-shaped valley highway. These patterns are closely associated with the wind circulation regimes in the prevailing cross-valley flow during typical day and night times. In the typical day with relative strong surface heating the exhaust plume first inclined to the lee slope toward to the ridge then curved back to the downwind direction with the prevailing flow; in the typical night with stable condition the dispersion showed no plume pattern but rather diffused upward and spread out more or less horizontally.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 67-87 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Artikel von Garrat ([5], S. 915), der sich zusammenfassend und kritisch mit der jüngsten Forschung über die aerodynamische Reibung über einer Wasseroberfläche auseinandersetzt, heißt es: “Die Auswirkungen des Fetches, der Dauer und der Unstetigkeit eines Windes sind unbekannt und verstecken sich wohl hinter der Streuung der experimentellen Resultate”. In unserem Artikel ist ein Versuch unternommen worden, vorhandene Resultate von Experimenten am Genfersee auf eine Fetchabhängigkeit zu untersuchen. Dabei wird eine funktionelle Beziehung zwischen dem lokalen Reibungs- oder Widerstandskoeffizienten,C 10, und einer Fetch-Reynoldszahl, (U 10 F)/ν, mit einer dimensionslosen Rauhigkeit,F/y 0, als Parameter vorgeschlagen. Weiter wird gezeigt, daß eine Beziehung zwischen dem Rauhigkeitsparameter und dem Seegang (ausgedrückt als signifikante Welle,H 1/3) möglich ist. Diese Studie sollte als Vorstudie angesehen werden; sie diente unter anderem als Grundlage für ein größeres aerodynamisches Projekt am Genfersee.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans un article récent sur le coefficient de frottement, Garrat ([5], p. 915) laisse supposer que «les effets du fetch, de la durée et de la variabilité du vent s'ils existent, demeurent obscurs dans la dispersion des données expérimentales». Dans cet article, on essayera d'analyser l'éventuelle dépendance du fetch sur les données obtenues au cours des campagnes de mesures sur le Léman. On admettra qu'une relation entre le coefficient de frottement local,C 10, et le nombre de Reynolds de fetch,(U 10 F)/ν, existe, avec la rugosité adimensionelle,F/y 0, comme paramètre. Puis on discutera de l'éventuelle relation entre le paramètre de rugosité et l'état de surface du lac (exprimé ici en fonction de la vague significative). Cette étude est à considérer plutôt comme un travail préliminaire à l'établissement d'un nouveau programme expérimental projeté sur le Léman.
    Notes: Summary In a recent review on the drag coefficient, Garrat ([5], p. 915) pointed to the fact that “The effect (if any) of the fetch, wind duration and unsteadyness remains obscure in this experimental data scatter”. The present paper makes an attempt to analyse, in the light of a fetch dependency, data which have been accumulated on the Lake of Geneva. Postulated is a possible functional relationship between the local drag coefficient,C 10, and a fetch Reynolds number, (U 10 F)/ν, with a dimensionless roughness,F/y 0, as parameter. Subsequently, a possible relationship between the roughness parameter and the sea state (expressed presently with the significant wave) is discussed. The present study should be considered as preliminary in as much as it served to establish another field programme on Lake Geneva.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 89-107 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary There are typical cloud configurations in satellite images which are produced and/or maintained mainly by vorticity. These are: comma, enhanced cumuli, wave in a frontalband, upper level low and the cloud spiral of a low. Looking at satellite images there can be observed sometimes an increase sometimes a decrease during the further development of the cloud systems. The type of further development is also dependent on the value of the associated vorticity. In this paper there is examined the relationship between cloud systems and vorticity and there are investigated thresholds of vorticity. Are these thresholds, which are different for the different cloud systems, exceeded, one can conclude — with a certain degree of probability — that cloud systems will increase (that means a further weather activity). Are the thresholds not exceeded one can expect a decrease of the cloud systems.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es gibt typische Bewölkungskonfigurationen, die überwiegend durch Vorticity produziert und/oder aufrecht erhalten werden. Dazu gehören: Komma, enhanced Cumulibewölkung, Welle im Frontalband, Höhentief und Kern eines Tiefdruckwirbels. Aus Satellitenbildern kann beobachtet werden, daß sich die Bewölkungssysteme manchmal während ihrer Entwicklung verstärken, manchmal abschwächen. Die Art der Weiterentwicklung hängt unter anderem von der Stärke der zugeordneten Vorticity ab. In dieser Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zur Vorticity untersucht und Schwellwerte der Vorticity aufgestellt. Werden die Schwellwerte, die für die einzelnen Systeme verschieden sind, überschritten, so kann mit einer bestimmten Wahrscheinlichkeit auf Verstärkung (weitere Wetterwirksamkeit) geschlossen werden. Werden die Schwellen unterschritten, kann Abschwächung des Systems angenommen werden.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 119-130 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Analyse einer großen Zahl von Groß-Regenfällen in Verbindung mit tropischen Depressionen, Zyklonen und schweren Unwettern hat ergeben, daß Groß-Regenfälle im September 1880 und im Juli 1927 über die Niederung des Landes die größten Flächenniederschlagshöhen in Indien brachten. Diese Rekord-Niederschlagshöhen wurden für verschiedene Flächengrößen und Andauern bestimmt und mit ähnlichen Rekord-Flächenniederschlagshöhen über dem tropischen Gebiet der USA verglichen. Diese Untersuchung hat gezeigt, daß für Andauern von zwei und drei Tagen die Rekord-Flächenniederschlagshöhen in Indien größer waren als in den USA. Für die Andauer von einem Tag waren bis zu einer Fläche von 5180 km2 (2000 Quadratmeilen) diese Flächenniederschlagshöhen in den USA größer, für größere Flächen waren sie aber in Indien entweder größer oder nahezu gleich wie in den USA.
    Notes: Summary On the basis of analysis of a large number of rainstorms associated with tropical disturbances such as depressions, cyclonic storms and severe storms, it has been found that September, 1880 and July, 1927 rainstorms over the plain areas of the country gave the highest areal rain depths in India. These rain depths have been worked out for different areas and durations and have been compared with the similar areal rain depths over the tropical region of USA. This study has shown that for durations of 2 and 3 days, Indian areal rain depths have been higher in magnitude when compared to USA rain depths. For one-day duration, upto 5180 sq.km (2000 sq.miles) area, USA areal rain depths are greater, while for larger areas Indian rain depths are either higher or almost equal with that of USA.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 131-141 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Monsun-, Premonsun- und Postmonsunzeiten über der tropischen Station Calcutta bei Gewittern auftretende Atmospherics zeigen einige typische Charakteristiken. In allen Fällen ist ein stufenweises Ansteigen (GRA) und ein gleichmäßiges Abklinge (SRA) der Atmospherics festgestellt worden. Zwischen diesen zwei Änderungen tritt eine plötzliche Steigerung der Atmospherics (SEA) auf, die manchmal aus zwei Komponenten SEA1 und SEA2 zusammengesetzt ist. Diese bei 10 und 20 kHz beobachteten Tatbstände der integrierten Feldintensität der Atmospherics (IFIA) wurden in ihrer Beziehung zu Monsun-, premonsunalen und postmonsunalen Gewittern kritisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Niederschlag während der Monsun- und postmonsunalen Gewitter mit dem gleichmäßigen Rückgang der IFIA verbunden ist, während er bei den premonsunalen Gewittern mit der zweiten plötzlichen Steigerung der Atmospherics in Verbindung steht. Diese Anomalien wurden mit Ladungstrennungen in Gewittern in Zusammenhang gebracht. Ferner wurden auch die Unterschiede der entsprechenden Amplituden bei 10 und 20 kHz bei den verschiedenen Variationen der IFIA kritisch untersucht.
    Notes: Summary Thunderstorm associated atmospherics during the monsoon, premonsoon and postmonsoon seasons over the tropical station Calcutta show some typical characteristics. In all the cases gradual rise of atmospherics (GRA) and steady recovery of atmospherics (SRA) have been found. In between the above two changes, there is the sudden enhancement of atmospherics (SEA) which is some times composed of two components SEA1 and SEA2. All the above facts of the integrated field intensity of atmospherics (IFIA) observed at 10 and 20 kHz have been critically examined here in relation to monsoon, premonsoon and postmonsoon thunderstorms. The results exhibit that the precipitation is associated with the steady recovery of IFIA during the monsoon and postmonsoon thunderstorms while that during premonsoon thunderstorms is associated with the second sudden enhancement. These anomalies have been interpreted in terms of charge separation within thunderclouds. Moreover, the difference of the respective amplitudes at 10 and 20 kHz of the different variations of IFIA have also been critically focussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 157-165 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine mit der H-N-Methode durchgeführte numerische Berechnung hat die Existenz einer zyklonalen elliptischen Zelle im inneren Teil des Liguirischen Meeres ergeben. Dieses Resultat ist in Übereinstimmung mit dem auf einer Kreuzfahrt im März 1952 im selben Gebiet experimentell entdeckten Wirbel. Es wurde der Einfluß der seitlichen Küstenbergrenzungen am nordöstlichen Zugang zum Becken des Tyrrhenischen Meeres in Rechnung gezogen und die Annahme südlicher Winde als treibenden Mechanismus für diesen Wirbel besprochen.
    Notes: Summary A numerical calculation computed by the H-N method has shown the existence of a cyclonic elliptic cell in the inner part of the Ligurian Sea. This result agrees with an experimental vortex discovered in the same area during a cruise in March 1952. The influence of the lateral coastal boundaries at the north-eastern entrance of the basin into the Tyrrheinian Sea has been taken into account and the hypothesis of southerly winds as the forcing mechanism of this vortex has been discussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 167-178 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Seismic and gravimetric measurements as well as investigations of the orientation of joints were made in the basin of Horn in Lower Austria. In this region, Tertiary sediments overlie mica-schists and phyllites of the Bohemian Massif. The investigations show that the top of the basement can be found with great accuracy by the geophysical methods employed. It is also seen that the joint orientations in the Bohemian Massif correspond to those expectable from the action of the regional “European” neotectonic stress system.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Im Horner Becken (Niederösterreich) wurden Kluftmessungen, gravimetrische Aufnahmen und seismische Messungen durchgeführt. In dieser Gegend liegen tertiäre Ablagerungen auf Glimmerschiefern und Phylliten der Böhmischen Masse. Die Arbeit zeigt, daß die Anwendung geophysikalischer Methoden die Grenze und den Verlauf des Grundgebirges mit hoher Genauigkeit feststellen läßt. Weiters ist ersichtlich, daß auch in der Böhmischen Masse die Kluftstellungen dem großräumigen neotektonischen Spannungsfeld entsprechen.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 179-191 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A new method is described in determining the anisotropic character of rocks concerning its fabric and its electrical properties. Low frequency capacities and high frequency conductivities of brine-saturated rocks and pure electrolytes are used to measure the electrical and fabric characteristics of anisotropic rocks.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Gefügeelektrische Parameter von Gesteinen werden unter Verwendung von Kapazitätsbestimmungen bei Niederfrequenz und durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen bei hohen Frequenzen ermittelt. Diese Untersuchungen werden einerseits an Gesteinsproben, andererseits an reinen Elektrolytlösungen, die zum Sättigen von Gesteinsproben dienen, vorgenommen. Dabei konnten Anisotropieerscheinungen beobachtet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 143-155 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The device consists of a narrow-band active receiving antenna with two separate antenna bodies for the frequencies of 10 and 27 kHz, respectively. Each body contains a block of ferrite rods with a wire coil and condensers, a fully integrated signal amplifier, an impedance transformer and an electronic thermostat. The received atmospherics impulses are conducted to a signal processor. Here they are transformed to pulses of constant amplitude which are summed up and stored in a sample-and-hold-circuit. After every ten pulses the storage circuit is automatically discharged. The device can separate strong periodical interference pulses from the statistically occurring natural atmospherics and eliminate them. It can also indicate signals originating from blizzards as high narrow peaks. Some examples of registered patterns of atmospherics in different weather situations are shown.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Anlage besteht aus einer schmalbandigen aktiven Empfangsantenne mit zwei getrennten Antennenkörpern für die Empfangsfrequenzen 10 und 27 kHz. Jeder Antennenkörper enthält einen Block von Ferritstäben mit Drahtwicklung und Kondensatoren, einen vollintegrierten Signalverstärker, einen Impedanzwandler sowie einen elektronischen Thermostaten. Die empfangenen Atmospherics-Impulse werden in einer Signalverarbeitungsanlage zu Impulsen konstanter Amplitude verformt und in einer Speicherschaltung (Sample-and-Hold-Schaltung) aufsummiert. Nach Eingang von jeweils 10 Impulsen wird der Speicher automatisch entladen. Die Anordnung hat ferner die Eigenschaft, starke periodische Störimpulse von den stochastischen Atmospherics-Signalen der Natur zu trennen und zu unterdrücken sowie Blitzsignale als hohe Spitzen erkennbar werden zu lassen. Einige Registrierbeispiele zeigen die bei verschiedenen Wetterlagen auftretenden Impulsmuster.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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