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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal variation of rainfall in Israel (1980)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1980), S. 387-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund von Daten von Regenschreibern wurde der Tagesgang des Regens in den Gebieten entlang der Küste, in der südlichen küstennahen Ebene und im Negev untersucht. Dabei wurden Regenfälle von verschiedenen Intensitätsstufen getrennt behandelt. Aus den Ergebnissen wurden Schlußfolgerungen auf die Niederschlagsvorgänge und die die Tagesgänge der Niederschläge beeinflussenden Faktoren abgeleitet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß das Vorherrschen von intensiven Regenfällen im Negev am Nachmittag und am Abend durch die starke Bodenerwärmung verursacht wird. Dieser Faktor ist weniger wirksam im Küstengebiet, wo sehr ergiebige Regenfälle auf die Zeit um Mitternacht zwischen 21 und 3 Uhr stärker konzentriert sind. Die Ursache dafür wird den Temperturdifferenzen zwischen Land und Meer und der für den nächtlichen Landwind in diesem Gebiet charakteristischen konvergenten Strömung zugeschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Data from recording raingages have been used to study dirunal variations of rainfall in three regions: Along the coast, in the southern coastal plain and in the Negev. Rainfall within various intensity intervals has been treated separately. Results have been used for inferences on local and regional factors that affect the precipitation process and control diurnal variations in it. Results show a strong afternoon and evening predominance of high-intensity rainfall in the Negev, resulting from surface heating. This factor has been found to be less effective in the coastal area, where the major concentration of high-intensity rainfall is between 21-03 around midnight. This has been ascribed to land-sea temperature differences, and to convergent flow that is characteristic to the nocturnal land breeze in that region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02245435
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial coherence of monthly rainfall in Israel (1982)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 31 (1982), S. 353-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Feststellung von hinsichtlich paralleler Schwankungen der Niederschlagsmengen von Jahr zu Jahr zusammenhängender Gebiete werden Korrelationen zwischen monatlichen Mengen verschiedener Stationen verwendet. Von solchen zusammenhängenden Gebieten wurden eines im Herbst, drei im Winter und zwei im Frühling festgestellt. Die Erklärung der Existenz solcher zusammenhängender Gebiete wurde mit Unterschieden charakteristischer Merkmale von Niederschlagsregimes und mit Beziehungen zu verschiedenen synoptischen Systemen versucht.
    Notes: Summary Correlations of monthly totals from different stations were used to identify coherent regions in terms of parallel fluctuations of rainfall amounts from year to year. One coherent region was found during the fall, three during the winter and two during the spring. An attempt to explain the existence of those coherent regions with different known features of the rainfall regime and to relate them to different synoptic systems, was done.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263440
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diurnal variation in the spatial structure of rainfall in the Northern Negev desert Israel (1981)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 29 (1981), S. 239-243 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Räumliche Korrelationen kurzfristiger Regenmengen in einem Netz von Ombrographen wurden zur Charakterisierung der Struktur des Regens als verbreiteter oder lokaler Regen angewendet. Es wurden in einem ariden Gebiet Tagesgänge der Korrelationen festgestellt, die auf ein Vorherrschen verbreiteter Regen in der Zeit vom kühlen Morgen bis zum Mittag hinweisen, während lokale Regenfälle ein Maximum am Nachmittag aufweisen. Dieses Ergebnis steht im Einklang mit der früher gefundenen Feststellung eines Nachmittags-Maximums sehr starker Regenfälle und es stützt dessen Erklärung aus der durch die Erwärmung der Bodenoberfläche ausgelösten kleinräumigen Konvektion.
    Notes: Summary Spatial correlations of short-term rainfall totals within a network of raingages have been used to characterize the nature of rainfall as being widespread or spotty. Diurnal variations in correlations have been found in an arid area, which indicated widespread rainfall to predominate during the relatively cool morning hours up to noontime, while spotty rainfall was at a maximum in the afternoon. This result fits to the previously found afternoon maximum of high-intensity rainfall, and reinforces the explanation of those variations as being forced by surface heat driven, small-scale convection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263245
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The multimodality of the rainfall course in Israel, as reflected by the distribution of dry spells (1985)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 36 (1985), S. 15-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein Versuch unternommen, Fluktuationen im Jahresgang des Niederschlags in Israel zu finden, der auf der Verteilung von Trockenperioden beruht. Es wurde eine trimodale Verteilung gefunden - mit drei Minima und zwei Maxima dazwischen. Jedes Minimum entspricht einer regnerischen Periode, jedes Maximum einer trockenen. Das zeitlich verschiedene Auftreten der Maxima und Minima in verschiedenen Landesteilen steht damit in Zusammenhang, daß jede Region von verschiedenen Niederschlagsregimen beeinflußt wird.
    Notes: Summary An attempt to find fluctuations in the annual course of the rainfall in Israel was done, based on the distribution of dry spells. A trimodal rainfall course was found, with three minima and two secondary maxima between them. Each minimum represents a rainier period, while a maximum means a drier period. Different timing in the occurrence of the minima and maxima in different parts of the country is related to the fact that each region is affected predominantly by different rainfall systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02269454
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sea Level Pressure Departures in the Mediterranean and their Relationship with Monthly Rainfall Conditions in Israel (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 60 (1998), S. 93-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Monthly rainfall conditions in Israel were determined, using data from 12 stations, during 30 years (1961–90). The definition of a month to be dry, normal or wet, was done using standardized rainfall totals. Pressure departures for each of the three rainfall categories for each month of the rainy season, were calculated and mapped. Correlation between rainfall totals at each of the 12 stations and monthly mean sea level pressure at 72 grid points in the area delimited by the 20° W and 50° E meridians and the 20° N and 60° N parallels, was performed. For each month, 12 correlation maps were prepared (one of each station). Similar maps were averaged together to form coherent rainfall regions. At the beginning of the rainy season (October) the rainfall in Israel is sporadic and spotty without a distinctable coherent region. At the end of the rainy season (April) the rainfall is more widespread, forming a large coherent region covering most of the country. Dry rainfall conditions in Israel, were found to be characterized by positive pressure departures in the eastern Mediterranean and over Israel and/or by easterly or southerly circulation over the eastern Mediterranean. Wet rainfall conditions in Israel, were found to be characterized by negative pressure departures in the eastern Mediterranean and over Israel and/or by westerly or northerly circulation over the eastern Mediterranean. Moreover, in many cases dry conditions in Israel, were associated with below normal pressure conditions over central or western Europe, while wet conditions in Israel, with above normal conditions over the same region, thus, reflecting the so-called Mediterranean Oscillation. Finally, normal rainfall conditions are characterized by very slight to negligible pressure departures over the entire Mediterranean and Europe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040050036
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variations in the Temperature Regime Across the Mediterranean During the Last Century and their Relationship with Circulation Indices (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 61 (1998), S. 39-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary  Circulation types were identified by means of zonal and meridional indices calculated separately over ten different regions of 20°×20° over the Mediterranean and Europe. Seasonal temperature trends in 22 grid boxes of 5°×5° covering the entire Mediterranean, and at six stations Lisbon, Madrid, Florence, Luqa (Malta), Athens and Jerusalem, were calculated. A warming trend in the period 1873–1989 was detected. The warming is more evident in the western Mediterranean with an average rate of about 0.4 [°C/100 yr], than in the eastern Mediterranean with an increase of only 0.2 [°C/100 yr]. A cooling trend in autumn in the eastern Mediterranean with an average rate of −0.5 [°C/100 yr] was detected and attributed to an increase in northerly meridional circulation in that region. Warming trends at Lisbon, Madrid, Florence, Athens and Jerusalem, were more important than the trends in the grid boxes containing these stations. This rapid warming was attributed to urban effects. No such effects were found in Luqa due to its location and the lack of urban effects there. Temperatures at Luqa, Athens and Jerusalem are highly positively correlated. Likewise, temperatures at Lisbon and Madrid. Temperatures at Florence are either correlated with Madrid or with Luqa. Negative or no correlations were found between Lisbon or Madrid with Athens or Jerusalem, except during the winter. This was attributed to the fact that favourable circulation for high temperatures in the eastern stations was opposite to the favourable circulation for high temperatures in the western stations and vice versa. Finally, the above reinforces the concept of a Mediterranean Oscillation between the western and eastern basins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007040050050
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent variations in 700 hPa geopotential heights in summer over Europe and the Middle East, and their influence on other Meteorological factors (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 46 (1992), S. 99-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Recent variations in atmospheric circulation in the eastern Mediterranean are analyzed and discussed. Interdecadal differences in mean monthly 700 hPa geopotential heights for June, July, and August in the period 1951–1980 show a trend of decreasing pressure of the subtropical high pressure belt over the Sahara Desert. The decrease is observed in the magnitude of the high pressure, in its areal extent, and in its northward position. Broader variations in other meteorological variables, such as rainfall regimes, temperature fields, wind variability, and evapotranspiration rates, are discussed in relation to variations in pressure fields and in indices of circulation such as the North Atlantic Oscillation. The trend from the 1950s through the 1970s was towards more temperate summer climate in the region.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00866089
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Circulation indices over the Mediterranean and Europe and their relationship with rainfall conditions across the Mediterranean (1996)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 54 (1996), S. 125-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Circulation types were identified by means of zonal and meridional indices calculated separately over ten different regions of 20° × 20° over the Mediterranean and Europe. Seasonal and annual rainfall totals in four stations Lisbon, Luqa (Malta), Athens and Jerusalem, were compared with circulation types for the period 1873–1991. Correlation coefficients of circulation indices with precipitation, for each station in each season were calculated and mapped. An oscillation in the meridional index during the winter and the spring, between the western and eastern Mediterranean, was detected. Time series analysis of the circulation indices demonstrates a significant reduction in zonality and an increase in meridionality mainly in spring and in summer, over most of the study area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00865155
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Variability of factors and their possible application to climatic studies (1990)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 42 (1990), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The seek for variability of factors is suggested in detecting variabilities that could not have been detected in other ways. The proposed methodology may be appropriate to evaluate the rainfall distribution during wetter or drier periods or regions. Tested on rainfall data from Israel, the present method detected a seasonal cycle in the dependence of rainfall totals on daily rainfall (P) and on the Number of Rain Days (NRD). At the beginning and at the end of the rainy season and in the drier parts of the country, there is a greater dependence of the total rainfall on P. During the main rainy season, and in the wetter parts of the country, variations in the total monthly rainfall (RAIN) from year to year, are caused mainly by variations in values of NRD rather by variations in P.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00866872
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recent spatial and temporal variations in mean sea level pressure over Europe and the Middle East, and their influence on the rainfall regime in the Galilee, Israel (1991)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 44 (1991), S. 151-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A comparison of maps of mean sea level pressure (MSLP) for two normal peridos enabled the detection of variations in MSLP over Europe and the Middle East. Even though a general pattern is evident on the maps for each month in both periods, differences in the magnitude of the values were detected. Plotting these differences permitted the identification of regions with the greatest variations and determination of the anomaly flow between the two periods. A polynomial curve fitted to the seasonal record of the MSLP at 35 selected points for each period allowed identification of temporal variations in MSLP. The main temporal change between the period 1931–60 and the period 1951–80 was a delay in the development of a high pressure over Siberia in the latter period. Changes in horizontal pressure differences (CHPD) between Byelorussia in the Soviet Union and the Sahara Desert related previously described rainfall variations to those pressure variations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00868170
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