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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 35 (1984), S. 155-178 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Studie, die im Teil A auf das Zeitintervall 1881–1980 beschränkt war, wird auf die jährlichen Schätzwerte der nordhemisphärischen Mitteltemperatur 1579–1980 ausgedehnt. Die im wesentlichen vorgestellten statistischen Charakteristika dieser Reihe sind die Momente von Teilintervallen und spektrale Abschätzungen. Diese beinhalten auch dynamische „Maximum-Entropie” — Spektren für übergreifende 50jährige Teilintervalle, und zwar in Form der relativen Varianz sowie Isoplethen der Varianz-Vertrauensgrenzen. Die betrachteten Hypothesen zur Steuerung der Temperaturschwankungen umfassen zunächst solare Parameter: Sonnenflecken, daraus abgeleitete Sonnenstrahlung, Sonnendurchmesser-Variationen und Variationen des Massenzentrums des Sonnensystems in Relation zur Sonne. Weiterhin wird der Vulkanismus mit Hilfe des betreffenden stratosphärischen Staubindex (Lamb) und Eisbohnnessungen (Crête, Grönland) erfaßt. Schließlich sind die Variationen des atmosphärischen Kohlendioxids (CO2) in die Analyse einbezogen (Messungen auf dem Mauna Loa und Rückwärtsextrapolationen). Eine multiple lineare Korrelations- und Regressionsanalyse, die auf Jahres- und tiefpaßgefilterten Daten beruht, führt zu Abschätzungen des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses. Dabei erweist sich das CO2-Signal als sehr deutlich, das vulkanische Signal als schwach und das solare Signal als unsicher.
    Notes: Summary The study restricted in part A to the 1881–1980 interval is carried on for the northern hemisphere mean temperature yearly assessments 1579–1980. Some statistics of this series are presented, substantially subinterval moments and spectral estimates. The latter statistics include dynamic “maximum entropy” spectra for moving 50 year subintervals in terms of relative variance and variance confidence level contour lines. The temperature variation forcing hypotheses considered imply first solar parameters: Sunspots, solar irradiation derived, solar diameter variations and variations of the solar system mass center in relation to the sun. Furthermore, the influence of volcanism is taken account for, where the stratospheric dust index (Lamb) and ice core measurements (Crête, Greenland) related are analysed. Finally the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) variations are implied (Mauna Loa measurements and backward extrapolations). A multiple linear correlation and regression analysis in respect to yearly and low-pass filtered data leads to signal to noise assessments, where the CO2 signal is outstanding, the volcanic signal is weak and the solar signal is uncertain.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 337-360 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bodennahen nordhemisphärischen Temperaturvariationen 1881–1980 und einige in Frage kommende externe Einflußparameter werden statistisch untersucht. Die statistischen Maßzahlen und Tests jährlicher und jahreszeitlicher Daten zeigen, daß es sinnvoll ist, den tiefpaßgefilterten langfristigen Trend (T 〉 30 Jahre) vom verbleibenden hochpaßgefilterten Anteil zu trennen, wobei dieser weitgehend die Charakteristika einer stationären und vielleicht auch stochastischen Zeitreihe erfüllt. Der langfristige Trend muß jedoch als die nicht-stationäre Komponente angesehen werden, die vermutlich von externen Einflußmechanismen des Klimasystems gesteuert wird. Die spektral-statistischen Untersuchungen stützen dieses Konzept, weisen jedoch auch, wie die nicht-spektralen Untersuchungen, auf jahreszeitliche Besonderheiten hin. 84–91% des langfristigen (aber nur 38–65% des jährlichen) Anteils der Varianz lassen sich durch vulkanisch-solare Parameter sowie den beobachteten anthropogenen CO2-Anstieg erklären, wobei die Erfassung des solaren Einflusses sehr problematisch ist. Multiple lineare Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen führen zu Abschätzungen der Signal-Amplituden und des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses. Neben dem vulkanischen und solaren Signal ist das CO2-Signal in den Jahresdaten, weniger signifikant in den Sommerdaten, auffindbar.
    Notes: Summary This is a statistical study on the northern hemisphere temperature variations near surface, 1881–1980, and some possible external forcing parameters. The statistical measures and tests of yearly and seasonal data indicate that it is reasonable to separate the low-pass filtered long-term trend (T 〉 30 years) from the remaining high-pass filtered quantity, where the latter fulfills closely the characteristics of a stationary may be stochastic time series. The long-term trend, however, has to be seen as the non-stationary component presumably driven by external forcing mechanisms of the climatic system. The spectral statistics maintain this concept; but there are, as in case of the non-spectral statistics, distinct seasonal peculiarities. 84–91% of the long-term (but only 38–65% of the yearly data's) variance can be explained by volcanic/solar parameters and the observed anthropogenic CO2 increase, where the solar influence, however, is very problematical to realize. A multiple linear correlation and regression analysis leads to assessments of the signal magnitudes and the signal to noise ratios. Besides the volcanic and solar signal, the CO2 signal is detectable in yearly and — less significant — in summer data.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 30 (1981), S. 1-22 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Jahres-, Zehnjahres- und tiefpaßgefilterte Jahresdaten der Temperatur in „Zentral-England” seit 1660, der nordhemisphärischen Temperaturanomalien seit 1881, des Eisbohrkern-Sauerstoffisotopenverhältnisses in Crête seit 1160, der solaren Aktivität seit 1160 und der Vulkanstaubkonzentration seit 1500 werden bezüglich ihrer Variabilität und statistischen Zusammenhänge untersucht. Dabei findet auch eine empirische Beziehung zwischen der Sonnenfleckenzahl und der solaren Einstrahlung ihre Berücksichtigung. Abschätzungen der spektralen Varianz und der Korrelation, einschließlich partieller und multiplex Techniken, werden mitgeteilt. Die Beziehungen zwischen den langfristigen Schwankungen sind wesentlich ausgeprägter als die der Jahresdaten. Werden die Variationen des PeriodenbereichesT 〈 30 Jahre durch einen Gaußsehen Tiefpaßfilter unterdrückt, so lassen sich 64% der Varianz der Temperatur in „Zentral-England” durch Parameter der solaren Einstrahlung und des Vulkanstaubs erklären. Im Fall der nordhemisphärischen Temperaturanomalien steigt dieser Prozentsatz auf 90% an, während er im Fall der Sauerstoffisotopenverhältnisse in Crête auf 26% zurückgeht.
    Notes: Summary Annual, decadal and low-pass filtered annual data of Central England temperature since 1660, northern hemisphere temperature anomalies since 1881, Crête ice core oxygen isotope ratio since 1160, solar activity since 1160 and volcanic dust concentration since 1500 are analysed in respect to their variability and statistical relationships. An empirical relation between sunspot number and solar irradiation is taken into consideration as well. Estimates of spectral variance and of correlation involving partial and multiple techniques are presented. The long-term variability relationships are substantially more established than it is indicated by the analysis of the annual data. When the variations of the period rangeT 〈 30 years are suppressed by means of a Gaussian low-pass filter, 64% of the Central England temperature variance is realized by solar irradiation and volcanic dust parameters. In the case of northern hemisphere temperature anomalies this rate of variance increases to 90%, whereas in the case of Crête oxygen isotope ratio it decreases to 26%.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 30 (1986), S. 20-20 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of biometeorology 32 (1988), S. 21-28 
    ISSN: 1432-1254
    Keywords: Palaeoclimatology ; Biosphere ; Climate response ; Tree-ring density ; Vine quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper some aspects of palaeonclimatology are discussed. Tree-ring parameters and grape harvest values representing biospheric quantities are used as annual proxy data. They are matched with climatic time series (temperature and precipitation) on a monthly or seasonal data basis to obtain an assessment of the biosphere-climate response. The climatic variables extend from the late summer of each current year back to the spring of each previous year. The maximum annual ring density proved to be controlled mainly by the temperature of late summer, whereas the so-called Hollstein Index contains information on the precipitation of early summer; the vine quality is influenced by temperature and precipitation alike.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 79 (1992), S. 139-141 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 84 (1997), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 41 (1990), S. 173-175 
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary The problem of global climate change forced by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and sulfur components (SU) has to be addressed by different methods, including the consideration of concurrent forcing mechanisms and the analysis of observations. This is due to the shortcoming and uncertainties of all methods, even in case of the most sophisticated ones. In respect to the global mean surface air temperature, we compare the results from multiple observational statistical models such as multiple regression (MRM) and neural networks (NNM) with those of energy balance (EBM) and general circulation models (GCM) where, in the latter case, we refer to the recent IPCC Report. Our statistical assessments, based on the 1866–1994 period, lead to a GHG signal of 0.8–1.3 K and a combined GHG-SU signal of 0.5–0.8 K detectable in observations. This is close to GCM simulations and clearly larger than the volcanic, solar and ENSO (El Niño/southern oscillation) signals also considered.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 38 (1987), S. 183-183 
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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