ALBERT

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):685. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6210.685.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The most prominent pattern in global marine biogeography is the biodiversity peak in the Indo-Australian Archipelago. Yet the processes that underpin this pattern are still actively debated. By reconstructing global marine paleoenvironments over the past 3 million years on the basis of sediment cores, we assessed the extent to which Quaternary climate fluctuations can explain global variation in current reef fish richness. Comparing global historical coral reef habitat availability with the present-day distribution of 6316 reef fish species, we find that distance from stable coral reef habitats during historical periods of habitat loss explains 62% of the variation in fish richness, outweighing present-day environmental factors. Our results highlight the importance of habitat persistence during periods of climate change for preserving marine biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pellissier, Loic -- Leprieur, Fabien -- Parravicini, Valeriano -- Cowman, Peter F -- Kulbicki, Michel -- Litsios, Glenn -- Olsen, Steffen M -- Wisz, Mary S -- Bellwood, David R -- Mouillot, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1016-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1249853.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, Chemin du Musee 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland. Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark. ; Laboratoire Ecologie des Systemes Marins Cotiers UMR 5119, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. ; IRD, UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX (Laboratoire d'Excellence) Corail, Laboratoire Arago, Boite Postale 44, FR-66651 Banyuls/mer, France. CESAB (Centre de Synthese et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversite)-FRB (Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversite), Immeuble Henri Poincare, Domaine du Petit Arbois, FR-13857 Aix-en-Provence cedex 3, France. ; Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. ; IRD, UR 227 CoReUs, LABEX (Laboratoire d'Excellence) Corail, Laboratoire Arago, Boite Postale 44, FR-66651 Banyuls/mer, France. ; Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Building, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ; Center for Ocean and Ice, Danish Meteorological Institute, Lyngbyvej 100, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 C Aarhus, Denmark. Department of Ecology and Environment, DHI Water and Environment, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark. ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. ; Laboratoire Ecologie des Systemes Marins Cotiers UMR 5119, CNRS, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Institut Francais de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, UM2, UM1, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, FR-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France. Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia. david.mouillot@univ-montp2.fr.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876495" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Benessaiah, Karina -- Sayles, Jesse -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Mar 28;343(6178):1431. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6178.1431-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24675938" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodroffe, Rosie -- Hedges, Simon -- Durant, Sarah -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):389-90. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.389-b. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK. rosie.woodroffe@ioz.ac.uk. ; Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA. ; Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, NW1 4RY, UK. Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY 10460, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodroffe, Rosie -- Hedges, Simon -- Durant, Sarah M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):46-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1246251.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Zoology, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700847" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Increased catchment erosion and nutrient loading are commonly recognized impacts of deforestation on global wetlands. In contrast, an increase in water availability in deforested catchments is well known in modern studies but is rarely considered when evaluating past human impacts. We used a Budyko water balance approach, a meta-analysis of global wetland response to deforestation, and paleoecological studies from Australasia to explore this issue. After complete deforestation, we demonstrated that water available to wetlands increases by up to 15% of annual precipitation. This can convert ephemeral swamps to permanent lakes or even create new wetlands. This effect is globally significant, with 9 to 12% of wetlands affected, including 20 to 40% of Ramsar wetlands, but is widely unrecognized because human impact studies rarely test for it.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Woodward, C -- Shulmeister, J -- Larsen, J -- Jacobsen, G E -- Zawadzki, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):844-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1260510.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Chamberlain Building, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia. c.woodward1@uq.edu.au. ; School of Geography, Planning and Environmental Management, University of Queensland, Chamberlain Building, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia. ; Institute for Environmental Research, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC 2232, New South Wales, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, Haigen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213):1068. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6213.1068.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China, Nanjing, 210042, China. xhg@nies.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430762" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coley, Phyllis D -- Kursar, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 3;343(6166):35-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1248110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA, and Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24385624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collen, Ben -- Nicholson, Emily -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 10;346(6206):166-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1255772. Epub 2014 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biodiversity & Environment Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. b.collen@ucl.ac.uk. ; School of Botany, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278506" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ecological set-asides are a promising strategy for conserving biodiversity in human-modified landscapes; however, landowner participation is often precluded by financial constraints. We assessed the ecological benefits and economic costs of paying landowners to set aside private land for restoration. Benefits were calculated from data on nearly 25,000 captures of Brazilian Atlantic Forest vertebrates, and economic costs were estimated for several restoration scenarios and values of payment for ecosystem services. We show that an annual investment equivalent to 6.5% of what Brazil spends on agricultural subsidies would revert species composition and ecological functions across farmlands to levels found inside protected areas, thereby benefiting local people. Hence, efforts to secure the future of this and other biodiversity hotspots may be cost-effective.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banks-Leite, Cristina -- Pardini, Renata -- Tambosi, Leandro R -- Pearse, William D -- Bueno, Adriana A -- Bruscagin, Roberta T -- Condez, Thais H -- Dixo, Marianna -- Igari, Alexandre T -- Martensen, Alexandre C -- Metzger, Jean Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 29;345(6200):1041-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1255768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Grand Challenges in the Ecosystem and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. c.banks@imperial.ac.uk. ; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. ; Fundacao Florestal, Rua do Horto 931, 02377-000 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900 Rio Claro SP, Brazil. ; Curso de Gestao Ambiental, Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 03828-000 Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25170150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hanes, Jonathan M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):309. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6207.309.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA. dschinn@thegef.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324379" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vega-Villa, Karina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):248. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6168.248-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wenatchee, WA 98801, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436404" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Hansen et al. (Reports, 15 November 2013, p. 850) published a high-resolution global forest map with detailed information on local forest loss and gain. We show that their product does not distinguish tropical forests from plantations and even herbaceous crops, which leads to a substantial underestimate of forest loss and compromises its value for local policy decisions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tropek, Robert -- Sedlacek, Ondrej -- Beck, Jan -- Keil, Petr -- Musilova, Zuzana -- Simova, Irena -- Storch, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):981. doi: 10.1126/science.1248753.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography), University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovska 31, CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. robert.tropek@gmail.com. ; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic. ; Department of Environmental Science (Biogeography), University of Basel, St. Johanns-Vorstadt 10, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University in Prague and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Jilska 1, CZ-110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic. ; Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Vesalgasse 1, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland. ; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, CZ-128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic. Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University in Prague and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Jilska 1, CZ-110 00 Praha 1, Czech Republic.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876487" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hochkirch, Axel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):248. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6168.248-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biogeography, Trier University, D-54286 Trier, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Turner, Woody -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):301-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1256014.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Science Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546-0001, USA. woody.turner@nasa.gov.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25324372" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cardinale, Bradley -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1098. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6188.1098-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA. bradcard@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904146" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buckley, Ralf -- Pegas, Fernanda de Vasconcellos -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1193. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6214.1193-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia. r.buckley@griffith.edu.au. ; Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477451" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christianini, Alexander V -- Oliveira, Paulo S -- Bruna, Emilio M -- Vasconcelos, Heraldo L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 5;345(6201):1129. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6201.1129-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Ciencias Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Sorocaba SP, 18052-780, Brazil. avchrist@ufscar.br. ; Departmento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, Campinas SP, 13083-970, Brazil. ; Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0430, USA. Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-5530, USA. ; Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Uberlandia, Uberlandia MG, 38400-902, Brazil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25190784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Giam, Xingli -- Koh, Lian Pin -- Wilcove, David S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):928. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6212.928-a. Epub 2014 Nov 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. xgiam@uw.edu. ; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences and The Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. ; Woodrow Wilson School and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414294" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pe'er, G -- Dicks, L V -- Visconti, P -- Arlettaz, R -- Baldi, A -- Benton, T G -- Collins, S -- Dieterich, M -- Gregory, R D -- Hartig, F -- Henle, K -- Hobson, P R -- Kleijn, D -- Neumann, R K -- Robijns, T -- Schmidt, J -- Shwartz, A -- Sutherland, W J -- Turbe, A -- Wulf, F -- Scott, A V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1090-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1253425.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904142" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Animal migrations span the globe, involving immense numbers of individuals from a wide range of taxa. Migrants transport nutrients, energy, and other organisms as they forage and are preyed upon throughout their journeys. These highly predictable, pulsed movements across large spatial scales render migration a potentially powerful yet underappreciated dimension of biodiversity that is intimately embedded within resident communities. We review examples from across the animal kingdom to distill fundamental processes by which migratory animals influence communities and ecosystems, demonstrating that they can uniquely alter energy flow, food-web topology and stability, trophic cascades, and the structure of metacommunities. Given the potential for migration to alter ecological networks worldwide, we suggest an integrative framework through which community dynamics and ecosystem functioning may explicitly consider animal migrations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bauer, S -- Hoye, B J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 4;344(6179):1242552. doi: 10.1126/science.1242552.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24700862" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNutt, Marcia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Feb 21;343(6173):815. doi: 10.1126/science.1251932.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marcia McNutt is Editor-in-Chief of Science.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24558130" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kittinger, John N Jack -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 4;345(6192):110. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6192.110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24994656" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McSweeney, Kendra -- Nielsen, Erik A -- Taylor, Matthew J -- Wrathall, David J -- Pearson, Zoe -- Wang, Ophelia -- Plumb, Spencer T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 31;343(6170):489-90. doi: 10.1126/science.1244082.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24482468" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wood, Chelsea L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1192. doi: 10.1126/science.aaa1810.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Michigan Society of Fellows and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. chelwood@umich.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477450" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marton-Lefevre, Julia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):525. doi: 10.1126/science.1261787.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Julia Marton-Lefevre is the Director General of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. julia.marton-lefevre@iucn.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Banks-Leite, Cristina -- Pardini, Renata -- Tambosi, Leandro R -- Pearse, William D -- Bueno, Adriana A -- Bruscagin, Roberta T -- Condez, Thais H -- Dixo, Marianna -- Igari, Alexandre T -- Martensen, Alexandre C -- Metzger, Jean Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 5;346(6214):1193. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6214.1193-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Grand Challenges in the Ecosystem and Environment, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK. Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. c.banks@imperial.ac.uk. ; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 05508-090, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. ; Fundacao Florestal, 02377-000, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900, Rio Claro SP, Brazil. ; Curso de Gestao Ambiental, Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 03828-000, Sao Paulo SP, Brazil. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25477452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pfeifer, M -- Packer, C -- Burton, A C -- Garnett, S T -- Loveridge, A J -- MacNulty, D -- Platts, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):389. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6195.389-a. Epub 2014 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Forest Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK. York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK. m.pfeifer@imperial.ac.uk. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. ; Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada. Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. ; Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT 0909, Australia. ; Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, OX13 5QL, UK. ; Department of Wildland Resources, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA. ; York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems, Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McNutt, Marcia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 19;345(6203):1429. doi: 10.1126/science.1259742. Epub 2014 Sep 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marcia McNutt Editor-in-Chief Science journals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25237077" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Recent studies clarify where the most vulnerable species live, where and how humanity changes the planet, and how this drives extinctions. We assess key statistics about species, their distribution, and their status. Most are undescribed. Those we know best have large geographical ranges and are often common within them. Most known species have small ranges. The numbers of small-ranged species are increasing quickly, even in well-known taxa. They are geographically concentrated and are disproportionately likely to be threatened or already extinct. Current rates of extinction are about 1000 times the likely background rate of extinction. Future rates depend on many factors and are poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress in developing protected areas, such efforts are not ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pimm, S L -- Jenkins, C N -- Abell, R -- Brooks, T M -- Gittleman, J L -- Joppa, L N -- Raven, P H -- Roberts, C M -- Sexton, J O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):1246752. doi: 10.1126/science.1246752.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA. stuartpimm@me.com. ; Instituto de Pesquisas Ecologicas, Rodovia Dom Pedro I, km 47, Caixa Postal 47, Nazare Paulista SP, 12960-000, Brazil. ; Post Office Box 402 Haverford, PA 19041, USA. ; International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, 28 Rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland. ; Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA. ; Microsoft Research, 21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, UK. ; Missouri Botanical Garden, Post Office Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166-0299, USA. ; Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK. ; Global Land Cover Facility, Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Tropek et al. critique the Hansen et al. global forest loss paper in terms of its utility and accuracy. Both criticisms suffer from a miscomprehension of the definition of forest employed as well as the requirements of product validation. Utility of the product is enhanced through its integration with forest type, carbon stock, protected area status, and other ancillary data.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansen, M -- Potapov, P -- Margono, B -- Stehman, S -- Turubanova, S -- Tyukavina, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 30;344(6187):981. doi: 10.1126/science.1248817.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. mhansen@umd.edu. ; Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. ; Department of Forest and Natural Resources Management, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24876488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tennesen, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):692-5. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6210.692.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dias, Braulio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jan 17;343(6168):248-9. doi: 10.1126/science.343.6168.248-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, QC H2Y 1N9, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24436405" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The mechanisms that shape plant diversity along resource gradients remain unresolved because competing theories have been evaluated in isolation. By testing multiple theories simultaneously across a 〉2-million-year dune chronosequence in an Australian biodiversity hotspot, we show that variation in plant diversity is not explained by local resource heterogeneity, resource partitioning, nutrient stoichiometry, or soil fertility along this strong resource gradient. Rather, our results suggest that diversity is determined by environmental filtering from the regional flora, driven by soil acidification during long-term pedogenesis. This finding challenges the prevailing view that resource competition controls local plant diversity along resource gradients, and instead reflects processes shaping species pools over evolutionary time scales.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laliberte, Etienne -- Zemunik, Graham -- Turner, Benjamin L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1602-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1256330.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. etienne.laliberte@uwa.edu.au. ; School of Plant Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. ; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancon, Republic of Panama.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258078" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Ethanol toxicity in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae limits titer and productivity in the industrial production of transportation bioethanol. We show that strengthening the opposing potassium and proton electrochemical membrane gradients is a mechanism that enhances general resistance to multiple alcohols. The elevation of extracellular potassium and pH physically bolsters these gradients, increasing tolerance to higher alcohols and ethanol fermentation in commercial and laboratory strains (including a xylose-fermenting strain) under industrial-like conditions. Production per cell remains largely unchanged, with improvements deriving from heightened population viability. Likewise, up-regulation of the potassium and proton pumps in the laboratory strain enhances performance to levels exceeding those of industrial strains. Although genetically complex, alcohol tolerance can thus be dominated by a single cellular process, one controlled by a major physicochemical component but amenable to biological augmentation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401034/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4401034/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lam, Felix H -- Ghaderi, Adel -- Fink, Gerald R -- Stephanopoulos, Gregory -- R01 GM035010/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-GM035010/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 3;346(6205):71-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1257859. Epub 2014 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA. Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. ; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA. ; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. gfink@wi.mit.edu gregstep@mit.edu. ; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA. gfink@wi.mit.edu gregstep@mit.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278607" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: We live amid a global wave of anthropogenically driven biodiversity loss: species and population extirpations and, critically, declines in local species abundance. Particularly, human impacts on animal biodiversity are an under-recognized form of global environmental change. Among terrestrial vertebrates, 322 species have become extinct since 1500, and populations of the remaining species show 25% average decline in abundance. Invertebrate patterns are equally dire: 67% of monitored populations show 45% mean abundance decline. Such animal declines will cascade onto ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Much remains unknown about this "Anthropocene defaunation"; these knowledge gaps hinder our capacity to predict and limit defaunation impacts. Clearly, however, defaunation is both a pervasive component of the planet's sixth mass extinction and also a major driver of global ecological change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dirzo, Rodolfo -- Young, Hillary S -- Galetti, Mauro -- Ceballos, Gerardo -- Isaac, Nick J B -- Collen, Ben -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):401-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1251817.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. rdirzo@stanford.edu. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA. ; Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-900, Brazil. ; Instituto de Ecologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, AP 70-275, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico. ; Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK. ; Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Boyer, Stephane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):821. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6211.821-a. Epub 2014 Nov 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Bio-Protection Research Centre, Lincoln University, Lincoln, 7647, New Zealand. stephane.boyer@lincoln.ac.nz.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395529" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ricciardi, Anthony -- Simberloff, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):884. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6199.884-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada. tony.ricciardi@mcgill.ca. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Langer, Robert S -- Gura, Trisha -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 28;346(6213):1146. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6213.1146.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Trisha Gura is a freelance writer who lives in Boston. For more on life and careers visit www.sciencecareers.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25430772" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dornelas, Maria -- Gotelli, Nicholas J -- McGill, Brian -- Magurran, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jun 6;344(6188):1098-9. doi: 10.1126/science.344.6188.1098-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK. maadd@st-andrews.ac.uk. ; Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. ; School of Biology and Ecology, Sustainability Solutions Initiative, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. ; Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24904147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The extent to which biodiversity change in local assemblages contributes to global biodiversity loss is poorly understood. We analyzed 100 time series from biomes across Earth to ask how diversity within assemblages is changing through time. We quantified patterns of temporal alpha diversity, measured as change in local diversity, and temporal beta diversity, measured as change in community composition. Contrary to our expectations, we did not detect systematic loss of alpha diversity. However, community composition changed systematically through time, in excess of predictions from null models. Heterogeneous rates of environmental change, species range shifts associated with climate change, and biotic homogenization may explain the different patterns of temporal alpha and beta diversity. Monitoring and understanding change in species composition should be a conservation priority.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dornelas, Maria -- Gotelli, Nicholas J -- McGill, Brian -- Shimadzu, Hideyasu -- Moyes, Faye -- Sievers, Caya -- Magurran, Anne E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):296-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1248484.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biological Diversity and Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744374" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Briggs, John C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):820. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6211.820.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA. clingfishes@yahoo.com.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed on 20 biodiversity-related "Aichi Targets" to be achieved within a decade. We provide a comprehensive mid-term assessment of progress toward these global targets using 55 indicator data sets. We projected indicator trends to 2020 using an adaptive statistical framework that incorporated the specific properties of individual time series. On current trajectories, results suggest that despite accelerating policy and management responses to the biodiversity crisis, the impacts of these efforts are unlikely to be reflected in improved trends in the state of biodiversity by 2020. We highlight areas of societal endeavor requiring additional efforts to achieve the Aichi Targets, and provide a baseline against which to assess future progress.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tittensor, Derek P -- Walpole, Matt -- Hill, Samantha L L -- Boyce, Daniel G -- Britten, Gregory L -- Burgess, Neil D -- Butchart, Stuart H M -- Leadley, Paul W -- Regan, Eugenie C -- Alkemade, Rob -- Baumung, Roswitha -- Bellard, Celine -- Bouwman, Lex -- Bowles-Newark, Nadine J -- Chenery, Anna M -- Cheung, William W L -- Christensen, Villy -- Cooper, H David -- Crowther, Annabel R -- Dixon, Matthew J R -- Galli, Alessandro -- Gaveau, Valerie -- Gregory, Richard D -- Gutierrez, Nicolas L -- Hirsch, Tim L -- Hoft, Robert -- Januchowski-Hartley, Stephanie R -- Karmann, Marion -- Krug, Cornelia B -- Leverington, Fiona J -- Loh, Jonathan -- Lojenga, Rik Kutsch -- Malsch, Kelly -- Marques, Alexandra -- Morgan, David H W -- Mumby, Peter J -- Newbold, Tim -- Noonan-Mooney, Kieran -- Pagad, Shyama N -- Parks, Bradley C -- Pereira, Henrique M -- Robertson, Tim -- Rondinini, Carlo -- Santini, Luca -- Scharlemann, Jorn P W -- Schindler, Stefan -- Sumaila, U Rashid -- Teh, Louise S L -- van Kolck, Jennifer -- Visconti, Piero -- Ye, Yimin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 10;346(6206):241-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1257484. Epub 2014 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. derek.tittensor@unep-wcmc.org. ; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. ; Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Ocean Sciences Division, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Post Office Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. ; Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada. ; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. Centre for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark. ; BirdLife International, Wellbrook Court, Cambridge CB3 0NA, UK. ; ESE Laboratory, Universite Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, CNRS-Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France. ; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Post Office Box 303, 3720 AH, Bilthoven, Netherlands. ; Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. ; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Post Office Box 303, 3720 AH, Bilthoven, Netherlands. Department of Earth Sciences-Geochemistry, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Post Office Box 80021, 3508 TA Utrecht, Netherlands. ; Fisheries Centre, The University of British Columbia, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. ; Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 413, Saint Jacques Street, Suite 800, Montreal, QC H2Y 1N9, Canada. ; Global Footprint Network, 7-9 Chemin de Balexert, 1219 Geneva, Switzerland. ; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2 rue Andre-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France. ; RSPB Centre for Conservation Science The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire SG19 2DL, UK. ; Marine Stewardship Council, 1-3 Snow Hill, London EC1A 2DH, UK. ; The Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) Secretariat Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. ; Center for Limnology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 680 North Park Street, Madison, WI 53706, USA. ; Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) International, Charles-de-Gaulle Strasse 5, 53113 Bonn, Germany. ; ESE Laboratory, Universite Paris-Sud, UMR 8079, CNRS-Universite Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France. DIVERSITAS, 57 rue Cuvier-CP 41, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France. ; University of Queensland, Diamantina National Park via Winton, QLD 4735, Australia. ; Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4RY, UK. ; Union for Ethical BioTrade, De Ruyterkade 6, 1013 AA, Amsterdam, Netherlands. ; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Am Kirchtor 1, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany. ; Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Secretariat, Maison internationale de l'environnement, 11-13 Chemin des Anemones, 1219 Chatelaine, Geneva, Switzerland. ; Marine Spatial Ecology Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia Brisbane, Qld 4072 Australia. ; The International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC) Invasive Species Specialist Group, University of Auckland, Tamaki Campus, Auckland, New Zealand. ; AidData, The College of William and Mary, Post Office Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA. ; Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza-Universita di Roma, Viale dell' Universita 32, 00185 Rome, Italy. ; United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC), 219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK. School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, UK. ; Environment Agency Austria, Department of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation, Spittelauer Lande 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria. University of Vienna, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria. ; Microsoft Research, Computational Science Laboratory, 21 Station Road, Cambridge, CB1 2FB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carrasco, L R -- Larrosa, C -- Milner-Gulland, E J -- Edwards, D P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):928. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6212.928-b. Epub 2014 Nov 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543. dbsctlr@nus.edu.sg. ; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543. Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, UK. ; Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, UK. ; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S102TN, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carrasco, L R -- Larrosa, C -- Milner-Gulland, E J -- Edwards, D P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 3;346(6205):38-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1256685. Epub 2014 Oct 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore. ; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543 Singapore. Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. dbsctlr@nus.edu.sg david.edwards@sheffield.ac.uk. ; Department of Life Sciences, Silwood Park Campus, Imperial College London, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK. ; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK. dbsctlr@nus.edu.sg david.edwards@sheffield.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25278600" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Two categories of evolutionary challenges result from escalating human impacts on the planet. The first arises from cancers, pathogens, and pests that evolve too quickly and the second, from the inability of many valued species to adapt quickly enough. Applied evolutionary biology provides a suite of strategies to address these global challenges that threaten human health, food security, and biodiversity. This Review highlights both progress and gaps in genetic, developmental, and environmental manipulations across the life sciences that either target the rate and direction of evolution or reduce the mismatch between organisms and human-altered environments. Increased development and application of these underused tools will be vital in meeting current and future targets for sustainable development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245030/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4245030/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carroll, Scott P -- Jorgensen, Peter Sogaard -- Kinnison, Michael T -- Bergstrom, Carl T -- Denison, R Ford -- Gluckman, Peter -- Smith, Thomas B -- Strauss, Sharon Y -- Tabashnik, Bruce E -- U54 GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54GM088558/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 17;346(6207):1245993. doi: 10.1126/science.1245993. Epub 2014 Sep 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA. Institute for Contemporary Evolution, Davis, CA 95616, USA. spcarroll@ucdavis.edu psjorgensen@bio.ku.dk. ; Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. spcarroll@ucdavis.edu psjorgensen@bio.ku.dk. ; School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA. ; Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. ; Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA. ; Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. ; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 619 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, 90095-1496, CA. ; Department of Evolution and Ecology and Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, CA 95616, USA. ; Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25213376" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Yuning -- Weng, Qiang -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Aug 22;345(6199):884. doi: 10.1126/science.345.6199.884-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. ; College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China. qiangweng@bjfu.edu.cn.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25146276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The rate of biodiversity loss is not slowing despite global commitments, and the depletion of animal species can reduce the stability of ecological communities. Despite this continued loss, some substantial progress in reversing defaunation is being achieved through the intentional movement of animals to restore populations. We review the full spectrum of conservation translocations, from reinforcement and reintroduction to controversial conservation introductions that seek to restore populations outside their indigenous range or to introduce ecological replacements for extinct forms. We place the popular, but misunderstood, concept of rewilding within this framework and consider the future role of new technical developments such as de-extinction.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Seddon, Philip J -- Griffiths, Christine J -- Soorae, Pritpal S -- Armstrong, Doug P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Jul 25;345(6195):406-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1251818.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Post Office Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. philip.seddon@otago.ac.nz. ; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Woodland Road, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK. ; Environment Agency, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. ; Institute of Natural Resources, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25061203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, Dennis -- Dayton, Leigh -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 7;346(6210):683. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6210.683.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25378598" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chapron, Guillaume -- Kaczensky, Petra -- Linnell, John D C -- von Arx, Manuela -- Huber, Djuro -- Andren, Henrik -- Lopez-Bao, Jose Vicente -- Adamec, Michal -- Alvares, Francisco -- Anders, Ole -- Balciauskas, Linas -- Balys, Vaidas -- Bedo, Peter -- Bego, Ferdinand -- Blanco, Juan Carlos -- Breitenmoser, Urs -- Broseth, Henrik -- Bufka, Ludek -- Bunikyte, Raimonda -- Ciucci, Paolo -- Dutsov, Alexander -- Engleder, Thomas -- Fuxjager, Christian -- Groff, Claudio -- Holmala, Katja -- Hoxha, Bledi -- Iliopoulos, Yorgos -- Ionescu, Ovidiu -- Jeremic, Jasna -- Jerina, Klemen -- Kluth, Gesa -- Knauer, Felix -- Kojola, Ilpo -- Kos, Ivan -- Krofel, Miha -- Kubala, Jakub -- Kunovac, Sasa -- Kusak, Josip -- Kutal, Miroslav -- Liberg, Olof -- Majic, Aleksandra -- Mannil, Peep -- Manz, Ralph -- Marboutin, Eric -- Marucco, Francesca -- Melovski, Dime -- Mersini, Kujtim -- Mertzanis, Yorgos -- Myslajek, Robert W -- Nowak, Sabina -- Odden, John -- Ozolins, Janis -- Palomero, Guillermo -- Paunovic, Milan -- Persson, Jens -- Potocnik, Hubert -- Quenette, Pierre-Yves -- Rauer, Georg -- Reinhardt, Ilka -- Rigg, Robin -- Ryser, Andreas -- Salvatori, Valeria -- Skrbinsek, Tomaz -- Stojanov, Aleksandar -- Swenson, Jon E -- Szemethy, Laszlo -- Trajce, Aleksander -- Tsingarska-Sedefcheva, Elena -- Vana, Martin -- Veeroja, Rauno -- Wabakken, Petter -- Wolfl, Manfred -- Wolfl, Sybille -- Zimmermann, Fridolin -- Zlatanova, Diana -- Boitani, Luigi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1517-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1257553.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Grimso Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden. gchapron@carnivoreconservation.org guillaume.chapron@slu.se. ; Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Savoyenstrasse 1, 1160 Vienna, Austria. ; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway. ; KORA, Thunstrasse 31, 3074 Muri bei Bern, Switzerland. ; Biology Department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. ; Grimso Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden. ; Grimso Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 73091 Riddarhyttan, Sweden. Research Unit of Biodiversity (UO/CSIC/PA), Oviedo University, 33600 Mieres, Spain. ; State Nature Conservancy of Slovak Republic, Tajovskeho 28B, 974 01 Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. ; CIBIO/InBio, Centro de Investigacao em Biodiversidade e Recursos Geneticos, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairao, Portugal. ; Harz Nationalpark, Lindenallee 35, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany. ; Nature Research Centre, Akademijos 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania. ; Association for Nature Conservation "Baltijos vilkas," Visoriu 6A-54, 08300 Vilnius, Lithuania. ; Slovak Wildlife Society, Post Office Box 72, 03301 Liptovsky Hradok, Slovakia. ; Biology Department of the Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tirana, Boulevard Zog I, Tirana, Albania. ; Wolf Project, Consultores en Biologia de la Conservacion, Calle Manuela Malasana 24, 28004 Madrid, Spain. ; KORA, Thunstrasse 31, 3074 Muri bei Bern, Switzerland. Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Langgassstrasse 122, 3012 Bern, Switzerland. ; Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 129, 165 21 Prague, Czech Republic. ; Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania, Jaksto 4/9, 01105 Vilnius, Lithuania. ; Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Viale dell'Universita 32, 00185 Roma, Italy. ; Balkani Wildlife Society, Boulevard Dragan Tzankov 8, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria. ; Lynx Project Austria Northwest, Linzerstrasse 14, 4170 Haslach/Muhl, Austria. ; Nationalpark Kalkalpen, Nationalpark Zentrum Molln, Nationalpark Allee 1, 4591 Molln, Austria. ; Provincia Autonoma di Trento - Servizio Foreste e Fauna, Via Trener no. 3, 38100 Trento, Italy. ; Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Viikinkaari 4, 00790 Helsinki, Finland. ; Protection and Preservation of Natural Environment in Albania, Rruga Vangjush Furxhi 16/1/10, Tirana, Albania. ; Callisto Wildlife and Nature Conservation Society, Mitropoleos 123, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece. ; Faculty of Silviculture and Forest Engineering, Department of Silviculture, Transilvania University, 1 Beethoven Lane, 500123 Brasov, Romania. Forest Research Institute (ICAS) Bulevardul Eroilor Number 128, Voluntari, Ilfov, 077190 Romania. ; State Institute for Nature Protection, Trg Mazuranica 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. ; University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. ; LUPUS - German Institute for Wolf Mnitoring and Research, Dorfstrasse 20, 02979 Spreewitz, Germany. ; Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute, Oulu Game and Fisheries Research, Tutkijantie 2E, 90570 Oulu, Finland. ; Department of Forest Protection and Game Management, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University of Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 20, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakia. ; Faculty of Forestry, University of Sarajevo, Zagrebacka 20, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. ; Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 3, 61300 Brno, Czech Republic. Friends of the Earth Czech Republic, Olomouc Branch, Dolni Namesti 38, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic. ; Estonian Environment Agency, Roomu tee 2, 51013 Tartu, Estonia. ; Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage, ZI Mayencin, 5 Allee de Bethleem, 38610 Gieres, France. ; Centro Gestione e Conservazione Grandi Carnivori, Piazza Regina Elena 30, Valdieri 12010, Italy. ; Macedonian Ecological Society, Arhimedova 5, Skopje 1000, FYR Macedonia. Department of Wildlife Sciences, Georg-August University, Busgenweg 3, 37077 Gottingen, Germany. ; National Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Food Safety and Veterinary Institute, Rruga Aleksander Moisiu 10 Tirana, Albania. ; Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland. ; Association for Nature "Wolf," Twardorzeczka 229, 34-324 Lipowa, Poland. ; Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava," Rigas Iela 111, Salaspils, 2169 Latvia. ; Fundacion Oso Pardo, Calle San Luis 17, 4 degrees A, 39010 Santander, Spain. ; Natural History Museum, Njegoseva 51, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia. ; ONCFS-CNERA PAD, Equipe Ours, Chef de Projet, Impasse de la Chapelle, 31800 Villeneuve de Riviere, France. ; Istituto di Ecologia Applicata, Via B. Eustachio 10, 00161 Rome, Italy. ; Macedonian Ecological Society, Arhimedova 5, Skopje 1000, FYR Macedonia. ; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Post Office Box 5685 Sluppen, 7485 Trondheim, Norway. Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Postbox 5003, 1432 As, Norway. ; St. Istvan Unversity Institute for Wildlife Conservation, Pater Karoly 1, 2103 Godollo, Hungary. ; Friends of the Earth Czech Republic, Olomouc Branch, Dolni Namesti 38, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic. ; Hedmark University College, Evenstad, 2480 Koppang, Norway. ; Bavarian Agency of Environment, Hans-Hogn-Strasse 12, 95030 Hof/Saale, Germany. ; Lynx Project Bavaria, Trailling 1a, 93462 Lam, Germany. ; Department of Zoology and Anthropology, Faculty of Biology/Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski," Boulevard Dragan Tzankov 8, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525247" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wade, Lizzie -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Dec 19;346(6216):1440. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6216.1440.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25525221" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Habitat conversion is the primary driver of biodiversity loss, yet little is known about how it is restructuring the tree of life by favoring some lineages over others. We combined a complete avian phylogeny with 12 years of Costa Rican bird surveys (118,127 detections across 487 species) sampled in three land uses: forest reserves, diversified agricultural systems, and intensive monocultures. Diversified agricultural systems supported 600 million more years of evolutionary history than intensive monocultures but 300 million fewer years than forests. Compared with species with many extant relatives, evolutionarily distinct species were extirpated at higher rates in both diversified and intensive agricultural systems. Forests are therefore essential for maintaining diversity across the tree of life, but diversified agricultural systems may help buffer against extreme loss of phylogenetic diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Frishkoff, Luke O -- Karp, Daniel S -- M'Gonigle, Leithen K -- Mendenhall, Chase D -- Zook, Jim -- Kremen, Claire -- Hadly, Elizabeth A -- Daily, Gretchen C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 12;345(6202):1343-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1254610.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. frishkol@stanford.edu dkarp@berkeley.edu. ; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Nature Conservancy, Berkeley, CA 94705, USA. frishkol@stanford.edu dkarp@berkeley.edu. ; Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Union de Ornitologos de Costa Rica, Apartado 182-4200, Naranjo de Alajuela, Costa Rica. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. ; Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Center for Conservation Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, SE-104 05 Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm Resilience Center, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25214627" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adams, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Oct 31;346(6209):549-51. doi: 10.1126/science.1255997.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK. wa12@cam.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25359952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ma, Zhijun -- Melville, David S -- Liu, Jianguo -- Chen, Ying -- Yang, Hongyan -- Ren, Wenwei -- Zhang, Zhengwang -- Piersma, Theunis -- Li, Bo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):912-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1257258.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. No. 1261 Dovedale Road, Rural Delivery 2, Wakefield, Nelson, 7096, New Zealand. Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA. College of Nature Reserve, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Marine Ecology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Post Office Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. World Wildlife Fund China Shanghai Office, No. 121 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200083, China. Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. zhijunm@fudan.edu.cn. ; No. 1261 Dovedale Road, Rural Delivery 2, Wakefield, Nelson, 7096, New Zealand. ; Center for Systems Integration and Sustainability, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA. ; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Biodiversity Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China. ; College of Nature Reserve, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China. Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Marine Ecology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Post Office Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands. ; World Wildlife Fund China Shanghai Office, No. 121 Zhongshan North Road, Shanghai 200083, China. ; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. ; Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Post Office Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, Netherlands. Department of Marine Ecology, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), Post Office Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mace, Georgina M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Sep 26;345(6204):1558-60. doi: 10.1126/science.1254704.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK. g.mace@ucl.ac.uk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25258063" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The 21st century is projected to witness unprecedented climatic changes, with greater warming often reported for high latitudes. Yet, climate change can be measured in a variety of ways, reflecting distinct dimensions of change with unequal spatial patterns across the world. Polar climates are projected to not only warm, but also to shrink in area. By contrast, today's hot and arid climates are expected to expand worldwide and to reach climate states with no current analog. Although rarely appreciated in combination, these multiple dimensions of change convey complementary information. We review existing climate change metrics and discuss how they relate to threats and opportunities for biodiversity. Interpreting climate change metrics is particularly useful for unknown or poorly described species, which represent most of Earth's biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia, Raquel A -- Cabeza, Mar -- Rahbek, Carsten -- Araujo, Miguel B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 May 2;344(6183):1247579. doi: 10.1126/science.1247579.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Calle Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786084" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandolfi, John M -- Lovelock, Catherine E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Apr 18;344(6181):266-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1252963.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24744366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wells, Jeffrey V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2014 Nov 14;346(6211):821. doi: 10.1126/science.346.6211.821-b. Epub 2014 Nov 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉International Boreal Conservation Campaign, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. jeffwells@intlboreal.org.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395530" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Native tallgrass prairie once dominated much of the midwestern United States, but this biome and the soil microbial diversity that once sustained this highly productive system have been almost completely eradicated by decades of agricultural practices. We reconstructed the soil microbial diversity that once existed in this biome by analyzing relict prairie soils and found that the biogeographical patterns were largely driven by changes in the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, a poorly studied bacterial phylum that appears to dominate many prairie soils. Shotgun metagenomic data suggested that these spatial patterns were associated with strong shifts in carbon dynamics. We show that metagenomic approaches can be used to reconstruct below-ground biogeochemical and diversity gradients in endangered ecosystems; such information could be used to improve restoration efforts, given that even small changes in below-ground microbial diversity can have important impacts on ecosystem processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fierer, Noah -- Ladau, Joshua -- Clemente, Jose C -- Leff, Jonathan W -- Owens, Sarah M -- Pollard, Katherine S -- Knight, Rob -- Gilbert, Jack A -- McCulley, Rebecca L -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 1;342(6158):621-4. doi: 10.1126/science.1243768.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24179225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Recovery of overexploited marine populations has been slow, and most remain below target biomass levels. A key question is whether this is due to insufficient reductions in harvest rates or the erosion of population resilience. Using a global meta-analysis of overfished stocks, we find that resilience of those stocks subjected to moderate levels of overfishing is enhanced, not compromised, offering the possibility of swift recovery. However, prolonged intense overexploitation, especially for collapsed stocks, not only delays rebuilding but also substantially increases the uncertainty in recovery times, despite predictable influences of fishing and life history. Timely and decisive reductions in harvest rates could mitigate this uncertainty. Instead, current harvest and low biomass levels render recovery improbable for the majority of the world's depleted stocks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neubauer, Philipp -- Jensen, Olaf P -- Hutchings, Jeffrey A -- Baum, Julia K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):347-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1230441.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. neubauer.phil@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Tropical forests continue to be felled and fragmented around the world. A key question is how rapidly species disappear from forest fragments and how quickly humans must restore forest connectivity to minimize extinctions. We surveyed small mammals on forest islands in Chiew Larn Reservoir in Thailand 5 to 7 and 25 to 26 years after isolation and observed the near-total loss of native small mammals within 5 years from 〈10-hectare (ha) fragments and within 25 years from 10- to 56-ha fragments. Based on our results, we developed an island biogeographic model and estimated mean extinction half-life (50% of resident species disappearing) to be 13.9 years. These catastrophic extinctions were probably partly driven by an invasive rat species; such biotic invasions are becoming increasingly common in human-modified landscapes. Our results are thus particularly relevant to other fragmented forest landscapes and suggest that small fragments are potentially even more vulnerable to biodiversity loss than previously thought.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibson, Luke -- Lynam, Antony J -- Bradshaw, Corey J A -- He, Fangliang -- Bickford, David P -- Woodruff, David S -- Bumrungsri, Sara -- Laurance, William F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 27;341(6153):1508-10. doi: 10.1126/science.1240495.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore. lggibson@nus.edu.sg〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072921" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aspinall, Richard -- Gregory, Peter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):421. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6157.421-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Austin, A T -- Bustamante, M M C -- Nardoto, G B -- Mitre, S K -- Perez, T -- Ometto, J P H B -- Ascarrunz, N L -- Forti, M C -- Longo, K -- Gavito, M E -- Enrich-Prast, A -- Martinelli, L A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 12;340(6129):149. doi: 10.1126/science.1231679.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universidad de Buenos Aires, IFEVA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23580515" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aerts, Raf -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):904. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6122.904-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schmidt, Charles -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1517-9. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6127.1517.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539577" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shu, Shu-Sen -- Jiang, Wan-Sheng -- Whitten, Tony -- Yang, Jun-Xing -- Chen, Xiao-Yong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 19;340(6130):272. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6130.272-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23599459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Obst, Carl -- Edens, Bram -- Hein, Lars -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):420. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6157.420-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Melbourne Sustainable Society Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010 Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159027" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grumbine, R Edward -- Pandit, Maharaj K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 4;339(6115):36-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1227211.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Biogeography, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. ed.grumbine@gmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23288526" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Galetti, Mauro -- Eizirik, Eduardo -- Beisiegel, Beatriz -- Ferraz, Katia -- Cavalcanti, Sandra -- Srbek-Araujo, Ana Carolina -- Crawshaw, Peter -- Paviolo, Agustin -- Galetti, Pedro Manoel Jr -- Jorge, Maria Luisa -- Marinho-Filho, Jader -- Vercillo, Ugo -- Morato, Ronaldo -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 22;342(6161):930. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6161.930-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, 13506-900, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24264975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Collins, Alan -- Fraser, Gavin -- Snowball, Jen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1167. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6137.1167-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744925" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chown, S L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 11;339(6116):141. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6116.141-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23307721" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Geng, Yong -- Sarkis, Joseph -- Ulgiati, Sergio -- Zhang, Pan -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 29;339(6127):1526-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1227059.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Key Laboratory on Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China. gengyong@iae.ac.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23539584" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pereira, H M -- Ferrier, S -- Walters, M -- Geller, G N -- Jongman, R H G -- Scholes, R J -- Bruford, M W -- Brummitt, N -- Butchart, S H M -- Cardoso, A C -- Coops, N C -- Dulloo, E -- Faith, D P -- Freyhof, J -- Gregory, R D -- Heip, C -- Hoft, R -- Hurtt, G -- Jetz, W -- Karp, D S -- McGeoch, M A -- Obura, D -- Onoda, Y -- Pettorelli, N -- Reyers, B -- Sayre, R -- Scharlemann, J P W -- Stuart, S N -- Turak, E -- Walpole, M -- Wegmann, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):277-8. doi: 10.1126/science.1229931.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal. hpereira@fc.ul.pt〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329036" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Mora et al. disputed that most species will be discovered before they go extinct, but not our main recommendations to accelerate species' discoveries. We show that our conclusions would be unaltered by discoveries of more microscopic species and reinforce our estimates of species description and extinction rates, that taxonomic effort has never been greater, and that there are 2 to 8 million species on Earth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Costello, Mark J -- May, Robert M -- Stork, Nigel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):237. doi: 10.1126/science.1237381.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leigh Marine Laboratory, Institute of Marine Science, University of Auckland, Post Office Box 349, Warkworth, New Zealand. m.costello@auckland.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869006" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: A paper by Wearn et al. (Reports, 13 July 2012, p. 228) yields new insights on extinction debt. However, it leaves out the area dependence of the relaxation process. We show that this is not warranted on theoretical or observational grounds and that it may lead to erroneous conservation recommendations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Halley, John M -- Iwasa, Yoh -- Vokou, Despoina -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 18;339(6117):271. doi: 10.1126/science.1231438.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. jhalley@cc.uoi.gr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23329033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Some people despair that most species will go extinct before they are discovered. However, such worries result from overestimates of how many species may exist, beliefs that the expertise to describe species is decreasing, and alarmist estimates of extinction rates. We argue that the number of species on Earth today is 5 +/- 3 million, of which 1.5 million are named. New databases show that there are more taxonomists describing species than ever before, and their number is increasing faster than the rate of species description. Conservation efforts and species survival in secondary habitats are at least delaying extinctions. Extinction rates are, however, poorly quantified, ranging from 0.01 to 1% (at most 5%) per decade. We propose practical actions to improve taxonomic productivity and associated understanding and conservation of biodiversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Costello, Mark J -- May, Robert M -- Stork, Nigel E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jan 25;339(6118):413-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1230318.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Leigh Marine Laboratory, University of Auckland, Post Office Box 349, Warkworth, New Zealand. m.costello@auckland.ac.nz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23349283" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kintisch, Eli -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):480-1. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.480.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908219" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Becker, C Guilherme -- Rodriguez, David -- Zamudio, Kelly R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Apr 26;340(6131):428. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6131.428-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23620033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hansen, M C -- Potapov, P V -- Moore, R -- Hancher, M -- Turubanova, S A -- Tyukavina, A -- Thau, D -- Stehman, S V -- Goetz, S J -- Loveland, T R -- Kommareddy, A -- Egorov, A -- Chini, L -- Justice, C O -- Townshend, J R G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):850-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1244693.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bohannon, John -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):332-3. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6144.332-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harris, Stephen E -- Bellino, Marissa -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 20;342(6165):1462-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1230006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior, The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, NY 10016, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24357310" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Regalado, Antonio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Aug 2;341(6145):450-2. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6145.450.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23908201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: The vast extent of the Amazon Basin has historically restricted the study of its tree communities to the local and regional scales. Here, we provide empirical data on the commonness, rarity, and richness of lowland tree species across the entire Amazon Basin and Guiana Shield (Amazonia), collected in 1170 tree plots in all major forest types. Extrapolations suggest that Amazonia harbors roughly 16,000 tree species, of which just 227 (1.4%) account for half of all trees. Most of these are habitat specialists and only dominant in one or two regions of the basin. We discuss some implications of the finding that a small group of species--less diverse than the North American tree flora--accounts for half of the world's most diverse tree community.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉ter Steege, Hans -- Pitman, Nigel C A -- Sabatier, Daniel -- Baraloto, Christopher -- Salomao, Rafael P -- Guevara, Juan Ernesto -- Phillips, Oliver L -- Castilho, Carolina V -- Magnusson, William E -- Molino, Jean-Francois -- Monteagudo, Abel -- Nunez Vargas, Percy -- Montero, Juan Carlos -- Feldpausch, Ted R -- Coronado, Euridice N Honorio -- Killeen, Tim J -- Mostacedo, Bonifacio -- Vasquez, Rodolfo -- Assis, Rafael L -- Terborgh, John -- Wittmann, Florian -- Andrade, Ana -- Laurance, William F -- Laurance, Susan G W -- Marimon, Beatriz S -- Marimon, Ben-Hur Jr -- Guimaraes Vieira, Ima Celia -- Amaral, Ieda Leao -- Brienen, Roel -- Castellanos, Hernan -- Cardenas Lopez, Dairon -- Duivenvoorden, Joost F -- Mogollon, Hugo F -- Matos, Francisca Dionizia de Almeida -- Davila, Nallarett -- Garcia-Villacorta, Roosevelt -- Stevenson Diaz, Pablo Roberto -- Costa, Flavia -- Emilio, Thaise -- Levis, Carolina -- Schietti, Juliana -- Souza, Priscila -- Alonso, Alfonso -- Dallmeier, Francisco -- Montoya, Alvaro Javier Duque -- Fernandez Piedade, Maria Teresa -- Araujo-Murakami, Alejandro -- Arroyo, Luzmila -- Gribel, Rogerio -- Fine, Paul V A -- Peres, Carlos A -- Toledo, Marisol -- Aymard C, Gerardo A -- Baker, Tim R -- Ceron, Carlos -- Engel, Julien -- Henkel, Terry W -- Maas, Paul -- Petronelli, Pascal -- Stropp, Juliana -- Zartman, Charles Eugene -- Daly, Doug -- Neill, David -- Silveira, Marcos -- Paredes, Marcos Rios -- Chave, Jerome -- Lima Filho, Diogenes de Andrade -- Jorgensen, Peter Moller -- Fuentes, Alfredo -- Schongart, Jochen -- Cornejo Valverde, Fernando -- Di Fiore, Anthony -- Jimenez, Eliana M -- Penuela Mora, Maria Cristina -- Phillips, Juan Fernando -- Rivas, Gonzalo -- van Andel, Tinde R -- von Hildebrand, Patricio -- Hoffman, Bruce -- Zent, Eglee L -- Malhi, Yadvinder -- Prieto, Adriana -- Rudas, Agustin -- Ruschell, Ademir R -- Silva, Natalino -- Vos, Vincent -- Zent, Stanford -- Oliveira, Alexandre A -- Schutz, Angela Cano -- Gonzales, Therany -- Trindade Nascimento, Marcelo -- Ramirez-Angulo, Hirma -- Sierra, Rodrigo -- Tirado, Milton -- Umana Medina, Maria Natalia -- van der Heijden, Geertje -- Vela, Cesar I A -- Vilanova Torre, Emilio -- Vriesendorp, Corine -- Wang, Ophelia -- Young, Kenneth R -- Baider, Claudia -- Balslev, Henrik -- Ferreira, Cid -- Mesones, Italo -- Torres-Lezama, Armando -- Urrego Giraldo, Ligia Estela -- Zagt, Roderick -- Alexiades, Miguel N -- Hernandez, Lionel -- Huamantupa-Chuquimaco, Isau -- Milliken, William -- Palacios Cuenca, Walter -- Pauletto, Daniela -- Valderrama Sandoval, Elvis -- Valenzuela Gamarra, Luis -- Dexter, Kyle G -- Feeley, Ken -- Lopez-Gonzalez, Gabriela -- Silman, Miles R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 18;342(6156):1243092. doi: 10.1126/science.1243092.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136971" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Laurance, William F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Mar 15;339(6125):1275. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6125.1275-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23493697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Most species disappear by the processes of background extinction, yet those processes are poorly understood. We analyzed the evolutionary dynamics of 19 Cenozoic terrestrial mammalian clades with rich fossil records that are now fully extinct or in diversity decline. We find their diversity loss was not just a consequence of "gamblers ruin" but resulted from the evolutionary loss to the Red Queen, a failure to keep pace with a deteriorating environment. Diversity loss is driven equally by both depressed origination rates and elevated extinction rates. Although we find diversity-dependent origination and extinction rates, the diversity of each clade only transiently equaled the implied equilibrium diversity. Thus, the processes that drove diversity loss in terrestrial mammal clades were fundamentally nonequilibrial and overwhelmed diversity-dependent processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Quental, Tiago B -- Marshall, Charles R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):290-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1239431. Epub 2013 Jun 20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Ecologia, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. tbquental@usp.br〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23788731" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Biggs, Duan -- Courchamp, Franck -- Martin, Rowan -- Possingham, Hugh P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 7;340(6137):1168-9. doi: 10.1126/science.340.6137.1168-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23744928" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deichmann, Jessica L -- Alonso, Alfonso -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Dec 13;342(6164):1316-7. doi: 10.1126/science.342.6164.1316-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337277" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, Sandra -- Zarin, Daniel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 15;342(6160):805-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1241277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Ecosystem Services Unit, Winrock International, Arlington, VA 22202, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24233710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Costello et al. (Review, 25 January 2013, p. 413) challenged the common view that many species are disappearing before being described. We suggest that their conclusion is overly optimistic because of a limited selection and interpretation of available evidence that tends to overestimate rates of species description and underestimate the number of species on Earth and their current extinction rate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mora, Camilo -- Rollo, Audrey -- Tittensor, Derek P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 19;341(6143):237. doi: 10.1126/science.1237254.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. cmora@hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23869005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morell, Virginia -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Sep 20;341(6152):1332-5. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6152.1332.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24052284" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Carrasco, Luis Roman -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jul 26;341(6144):342-3. doi: 10.1126/science.341.6144.342-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23888020" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: Human activities have increased the availability of reactive nitrogen in many ecosystems, leading to negative impacts on human health, biodiversity, and water quality. Freshwater ecosystems, including lakes, streams, and wetlands, are a large global sink for reactive nitrogen, but factors that determine the efficacy of freshwater nitrogen removal rates are poorly known. Using a global lake data set, we show that the availability of phosphorus, a limiting nutrient, affects both annual nitrogen removal rate and efficiency. This result indicates that increased phosphorus inputs from human activities have stimulated nitrogen removal processes in many lakes. Recent management-driven reductions in phosphorus availability promote water column accumulation and export of nitrogen from large lakes, an unintended consequence of single-element management that argues for greater control of nitrogen as well as phosphorus sources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finlay, Jacques C -- Small, Gaston E -- Sterner, Robert W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 11;342(6155):247-50. doi: 10.1126/science.1242575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. jfinlay@umn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24115440" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Butt, N -- Beyer, H L -- Bennett, J R -- Biggs, D -- Maggini, R -- Mills, M -- Renwick, A R -- Seabrook, L M -- Possingham, H P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Oct 25;342(6157):425-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1237261.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24159031" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lindenmayer, David B -- Laurance, William F -- Franklin, Jerry F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):905. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6122.905-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430635" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cecile, Jacob -- Silva, Lucas R -- Anand, Madhur -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Feb 22;339(6122):904-5. doi: 10.1126/science.339.6122.904-c.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23430634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉