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  • Springer  (740,906)
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (57,259)
  • 2010-2014  (453,278)
  • 1980-1984  (267,364)
  • 1955-1959  (77,523)
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  • 101
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    Geomagnetic Observations for Main Field Studies: From Ground to Space (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Direct measurements of the geomagnetic field have been made for more than 400 years, beginning with individual determinations of the angle between geographic and magnetic North. This was followed by the start of continuous time series of full vector measurements at geomagnetic observatories and the beginning of geomagnetic repeat stations surveys in the 19th century. In the second half of the 20th century, true global coverage with geomagnetic field measurements was accomplished by magnetometer payloads on low-Earth-orbiting satellites. This article describes the procedures and instruments for magnetic field measurements on ground and in space and covers geomagnetic observatories, repeat stations, automatic observatories, satellites and historic observations. Special emphasis is laid on the global network of geomagnetic observatories.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.6. Osservazioni di geomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Geomagnetic field ; Observations ; Geomagnetic observatories ; Magnetic satellite missions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 102
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    Toward Autonomous, Adaptive, and Context-Aware Multimodal Interfaces: Theoretical and Practical Issues (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This volume brings together the advanced research results obtained by the European COST Action 2102: “Cross Modal Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication.” The research published in this book was discussed at the Third EUCOGII-COST 2102 International Training School entitled “Toward Autonomous, Adaptive, and Context-Aware Multimodal Interfaces: Theoretical and Practical Issues,” held in Caserta, Italy, during March 15–19, 2010. The school was jointly sponsored by: a) COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology, www.cost.eu) in the domain of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for disseminating the advances of the research activities developed within the COST Action 2102 (cost2102.cs.stir.ac.uk) b) EUCogII: 2nd European Network for the Advancement of Artificial Cognitive Systems, Interaction and Robotics (http://www.eucognition.org/).
    Description: Published
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: open
    Keywords: TOWARDS AUTONOMOUS ; ADAPTIVE ; 05. General::05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest::05.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.06. Methods::05.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 103
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    Detecting short-term evolution of Etnean cinder cones: a LIDAR-based approach (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2001 and 2002–2003 flank eruptions on Mount Etna (Italy) were characterized by intense explosive activity which led to the formation of two large monogenetic scoria cones (one from each eruption) on the upper southern flank of the volcano. Continuous monitoring of Etna, especially during flank eruptions, has provided detailed information on the growth of these cones. They differ in genesis, shape, and size. A set of high resolution (1 m) digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from light detection and ranging (LIDAR) data collected during four different surveys (2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007) has been used to map morphology and to extract the morphometric parameters of the scoria cones. By comparing LIDAR-derived DEMs with a pre-eruption (1998) 10 m DEM, the volume of the two scoria cones was calculated for the first time. Comparison of the LIDAR-derived DEMs revealed in unprecedented detail morphological changes during scoria cone degradation. In particular, the morphologically more exposed and structurally weaker 2002–2003 cone was eroded rapidly during the first few years after its emplacement mainly due to gravitational instability of slopes and wind erosion.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1209–1222
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; Scoria cone evolution ; Erosion ; LIDAR ; DEM ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 104
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    Seismic response of L’Aquila downtown from comparison between 2D synthetics spectral ratios of SH, P-SV and Rayleigh waves and observations of the 2009 earthquake sequence (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We have studied two velocity-depth models with the aim of outlining the behavior of a velocity reversal in the top layer, which is associated with the stiff Brecce de L’Aquila unit (BrA). In this setting, the SMTH model is topped by a layer with about 2:1 impedance contrast with the underlying layer while the NORV model has no velocity reversal. We have simulated the propagation of SH and P-SV wavefields in the range 0–10 Hz for incidence 0◦ –90◦ . Earthquake spectral ratios of the horizontal and vertical components at six sites in L’Aquila downtown are compared to corresponding syn- thetics spectral ratios. The vertical component of P-SV synthetics enables us to investigate a remarkable amplification effect seen in the vertical component of the recorded strong motion. Sites AQ04 and AQ05 are best matched by synthetics from the NORV model while FAQ5 and AQ06 have a better match with synthetics spectral ratios from the SMTH model. All simulations show this behavior systematically, with horizontal and near-horizontal incident waves predicting the overall pattern of matches more clearly than vertical and near-vertical incidence. The model inferences are in agreement with new geological data reporting lateral passages in the top layer from the stiff BrA to softer sediments. Matches are good in terms of frequency of the first amplification peak and of spectral amplitude: the horizontal compo-nents have spectral ratio peaks predominantly at 0.5 Hz in the simulations and at 0.7 Hz in the data, both with amplitudes of 4, while the vertical component spectral ratios reach values of 6 at frequencies of about 1 Hz in both data and simulations. The vertical component spectral ratios are very well matched using Rayleigh waves with incidence at 90◦ . The NORV model without the velocity reversal predicts spectral ratio peaks for the horizontal components at frequencies up to 6 Hz. The reversal of velocity acts as a low-pass frequency filter on the horizontal components reducing the amplification effect of the sediment filled valley.
    Description: Published
    Description: 761-781
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: site effect, 2D synthetic seismograms, spectral ratios, reversal of velocity, L'Aquila ; 01. Atmosphere::01.02. Ionosphere::01.02.05. Wave propagation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 105
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    Source location of long period seismicity at Volcàn de Colima, México (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of seismicity associated with the volcanic activity of Volcàn de Colima (México) and recorded in the period November 2005–April 2006 during a field survey by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)–Osservatorio Vesuviano, the Observatorio Vulcanologico de Colima of Colima University and the Instituto Andaluz de Geofisica, University of Granada. Three different types of volcanic earthquakes have been identified on the basis of their spectral properties: Type A (0.3–1 Hz), Type B (1–5 Hz) and Type C (3–4 Hz). Results of polarization analysis applied to Type A events show a predominance of radial motion, indicating that the wavefield comprises compressional waves (P) and shear waves polarized in the vertical plane (SV), while the signal always begins with a negative polarity. Type A, B and C earthquakes have been located using both a flat layered model and a 3D model including topography. Hypocentre distributions indicate that the source of Type A signals is very shallow and confined to a small volume lying about 1 km below the crater. In contrast, the source of Type B and C events is significantly deeper, with most hypocentres located in a volume of about 1 km3 centred at 2.5–3 km depth. A cluster analysis based on the crosscorrelation among the waveforms of different events recorded at the same station was applied to Type A earthquakes. Only two clusters, which include only a small percentage of events were found, indicating that earthquake families were uncommon during the period of our survey.
    Description: Published
    Description: 887-898
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Colima Volcano ; Long Period Events ; Earthquake location ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 106
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    First 13C/12C isotopic characterisation of volcanic plume CO2 (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe analytical details and uncertainty evaluation of a simple technique for the measurement of the carbon isotopic composition of CO2 in volcanic plumes. Data collected at Solfatara and Vulcano, where plumes are fed by fumaroles which are accessible for direct sampling, were first used to validate the technique. For both volcanoes, the plume-derived carbon isotopic compositions are in good agreement with the fumarolic compositions, thus providing confidence on the method, and allowing its application at volcanoes where the volcanic component is inaccessible to direct sampling. As a notable example, we applied the same method to Mount Etna where we derived a δ13C of volcanic CO2 between −0.9±0.27‰ and −1.41± 0.27‰ (Bocca Nuova and Voragine craters). The comparison of our measurements to data reported in previous work values of Etna CO2 from~ −4‰, in the 1970’s and the 1980’s, to~ −1‰ at the present time (2009). This shift toward more positive δ13C values matches a concurrent change in magma composition and an increase in the eruption frequency and energy. We discuss such variations in terms of two possible processes: magma carbonate assimilation and carbon isotopic fractionation due to magma degassing along the Etna plumbing system. Finally, our results highlight potential of systematic measurements of the carbon isotopic composition of the CO2 emitted by volcanic plumes for a better understanding of volcanic processes and for improved surveillance of volcanic activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 531-542
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Volcanic plume ; Carbon isotope ; Etna ; Magmatic degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 107
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    Complex 3D Finite Element Modeling of the April 6th 2009 L'Aquila Earthquake by Inverse Analysis of Static Deformation (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: On 2009 April 6 a Mw = 6.3 earthquake struck the Abruzzi region (Central Italy) and caused severe destruction in L’Aquila and the surrounding area. In this work we present a Finite Element analysis of the event based on a realistic complex 3-D model, accounting for topographic relief and rheological heterogeneities deduced from local tomography. Finite Element computed Green’s functions were implemented in a linear inversion of GPS coseismic displacements, to retrieve the slip distribution on the rupture plane. The inverted slip models basically agree with previous studies carried out on homogeneous domains, but reveal the presence of a single high slip patch, whereas half-space or 1-D approaches obtain a more complex slip pattern. Our results point out that the introduction of 3-D features significantly influences the obtained source model, suggesting a trade-off between domain complexities and source details.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1339–1358
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Numerical approximations and analysis ; Seismicity and tectonics ; Dynamics and mechanics of faulting ; L'Aquila earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 108
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    Effects of increased CO2 levels on monsoons (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration provided warmer atmospheric temperature and higher atmospheric water vapor content, but not necessarily more precipitation. A set of experiments performed with a state-of-the-art coupled general circulation model forced with increased atmospheric CO2 concentration (2, 4 and 16 times the present-day mean value) were analyzed and compared with a control experiment to evaluate the effect of increased CO2 levels on monsoons. Generally, the monsoon precipitation responses to CO2 forcing are largest if extreme concentrations of carbon dioxide are used, but they are not necessarly proportional to the forcing applied. In fact, despite a common response in terms of an atmospheric water vapor increase to the atmospheric warming, two out of the six monsoons studied simulate less or equal summer mean precipitation in the 16xCO2 experiment compared to the intermediate sensitivity experiments. The precipitation differences between CO2 sensitivity experiments and CTRL have been investigated specifying the contribution of thermodynamic and purely dynamic processes. As a general rule, the differences depending on the atmospheric moisture content changes (thermodynamic component) are large and positive, and they tend to be damped by the dynamic component associated with the changes in the vertical velocity. However, differences are observed among monsoons in terms of the role played by other terms (like moisture advection and evaporation) in shaping the precipitation changes in warmer climates. The precipitation increase, even if weak, occurs despite a weakening of the mean circulation in the monsoon regions (‘‘precipitation-wind paradox’’). In particular, the tropical east-west Walker circulation is reduced, as found from velocity potential analysis. The meridional component of the monsoon circulation is changed as well, with larger (smaller) meridional (vertical) scales.
    Description: Published
    Description: 83-101
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: carbon dioxide forcing ; monsoon precipitation ; coupled GCMs ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.04. Processes and Dynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 109
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    Site effects observed in alluvial basins: the case of Norcia (Central Italy) (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this work, we investigate the site amplification effects observed in the Norcia plain, Central Italy. Data from 30 selected local earthquakes (2 ≤ Ml ≤ 4.1) recorded by a temporary seismic network composed by 15 stations, are analyzed to determine the spa- tial variability of site effects. Both the Horizontal-to-Vertical spectral ratio and the Standard Spectral Ratio techniques are applied to estimate the site amplification effects. The results show that most of the sites in the valley are affected by strong amplifications (up to a factor of 20) in the frequency range 0.5–5 Hz. The value of the fundamental frequency of resonance is strictly dependent on the location within the basin and on the sediment thickness. Strong amplifications also affect the vertical components. The time-frequency analysis performed on a station located inside the basin shows the presence of a large spectral amplitudes after the S-wave phase, not observed on a station located on the bedrock, suggesting the pres- ence of locally generated wave trains. Then, in agreement with earlier observations for other alluvial basins in Central Italy, 2D–3D effects play an important role in determining the site amplification effects in Norcia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1941-1959
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: site effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 110
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    A comprehensive approach for evaluating network performance in surface and borehole seismic monitoring (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The accurate determination of locations and magnitudes of seismic events in a monitored region is important for many scientific, industrial and military studies and applications; for these purposes a wide variety of seismic networks are deployed throughout the world. It is crucial to know the performance of these networks not only in detecting and locating seismic events of different sizes throughout a specified source region, but also by evaluating their location errors as a function of the magnitude and source location. In this framework, we have developed a method for evaluating network performance in surface and borehole seismic monitoring. For a specified network geometry, station characteristics and a target monitoring volume, the method determines the lowest magnitude of events that the seismic network is able to detect (Mw detect), and locate (Mw loc) and estimates the expected location and origin time errors for a specified magnitude. Many of the features related to the seismic signal recorded at a single station are considered in this methodology, including characteristics of the seismic source, the instrument response, the ambient noise level, wave propagation in a layered, anelastic medium and uncertainties on waveform measures and the velocity model. We applied this method to two different network typologies: a local earthquake monitoring network, Irpinia Seismic Network (ISNet), installed along the Campania-Lucania Apennine chain in Southern Italy, and a hypothetic borehole network for monitoring microfractures induced during the hydrocarbon extraction process in an oil field. The method we present may be used to aid in enhancing existing networks and/or understanding their capabilities, such as for the ISNet case study, or to optimally design the network geometry in specific target regions, as for the borehole network example.
    Description: Published
    Description: 793-806
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Earthquake ground motions ; Computational seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 111
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    New kinematic constraints of the western Doruneh fault, north-eastern Iran, from interseismic deformation analysis (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We used the SBAS DInSAR analysis technique to estimate the interseismic deformation along the western part of the Doruneh fault system (DFS), northeastern Iran. We processed 90 ENVISAT images from four different frames from ascending and descending orbits. Three of the ground velocity maps show a significant interseismic signal. Using a simple dislocation approach we model 2-D velocity profiles concerning three InSAR data set relative to the western part of the DFS, obtaining a good fit to the observations. The resulting model indicates that a slip rate of ∼5mmyr−1 accumulates on the fault below 10 km depth, and that in its western sector the Doruneh fault is not purely strike-slip (left-lateral) as in its central part, but shows a significant thrust component. Based on published geological observations, and assuming that all interseismic deformation is recovered with a single event, we can estimate a characteristic recurrence interval between 630 and 1400 yr.
    Description: Published
    Description: 622-628
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Image processing; Satellite geodesy; Seismic cycle; Radar interferometry; Seismicity and tectonics; Continental tectonics: strike-slip and transform. ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 112
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    Reassessment of the source of the 1976 Friuli, NE Italy, earthquake sequence from the joint inversion of high-precision levelling and triangulation data (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this study, we revisit the mechanism of the 1976 Friuli (NE Italy) earthquake sequence (main shocks M w 6.4, 5.9 and 6.0). We present a new source model that simultaneously fits all the available geodetic measurements of the observed deformation. We integrate triangulation measurements, which have never been previously used in the source modelling of this sequence, with high-precision levelling that covers the epicentral area. We adopt a mixed linear/non-linear optimization scheme, in which we iteratively search for the best-fitting solution by performing several linear slip inversions while varying fault location using a grid search method. Our preferred solution consists of a shallow north-dipping fault plane with assumed azimuth of 282◦ and accommodating a reverse dextral slip of about 1 m. The estimated geodetic moment is 6.6 × 1018 Nm (M w 6.5), in agreement with seismological estimates. Yet, our preferred model shows that the geodetic solution is consistent with the activation of a single fault system during the entire sequence, the surface expression of which could be associated with the Buia blind thrust, supporting the hypothesis that the main activity of the Eastern Alps occurs close to the relief margin, as observed in other mountain belts. The retrieved slip pattern consists of a main coseismic patch located 3–5 km depth, in good agreement with the distribution of the main shocks. Additional slip is required in the shallower portions of the fault to reproduce the local uplift observed in the region characterized by Quaternary active folding. We tentatively interpret this patch as postseismic deformation (afterslip) occurring at the edge of the main coseismic patch. Finally, our rupture plane spatially correlates with the area of the locked fault determined from interseismic measurements, supporting the hypothesis that interseismic slip on the creeping dislocation causes strain to accumulate on the shallow (above ∼10 km depth) locked section. Assuming that all the long-term accommodation between Adria and Eurasia is seismically released, a time span of 500–700 years of strain-accumulating plate motion would result in a 1976-like earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1279-1294
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic cycle; earthquake source observations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations
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  • 113
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    Magnitude scale for LP events: a quantification scheme for volcanic quakes (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The peculiar source characteristics of long-period seismic events (time persistency of the source, low-frequency peaks in the source spectrum, absence of high-frequency radiation) prevent the formation of a definite high-frequency coda in the seismograms. In contrast, this is well formed in volcano–tectonic quakes. For this reason, the widely used duration magnitude scale that is based on the proportionality between the energy and the coda duration cannot be used for long-period estimation. In observatory practice, the long-period magnitude is sometimes estimated using the same duration magnitude scale, leading to confusing results. In this report, we show a new method to estimate the magnitude of long-period events that generally occur for volcanoes, with some application examples from data for Mt Etna (Italy), Colima Volcano (Mexico) and Campi Flegrei (Italy).
    Description: Published
    Description: 911-919
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Earthquake source observations; ; Volcano monitoring ; Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 114
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    Frequency dependent Qα and Qβ in the Umbria-Marche (Italy) region using a quadratic approximation of the coda-normalization method (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The coda normalization method is one of the most used methods in the inference of attenuation parameters Qα and Qβ . Since, in this method, the geometrical spreading exponent γ is an unknown model parameter, the most part of studies assumes a fixed γ , generally equal to 1. However γ and Q could be also jointly inferred from the non-linear inversion of codanormalized logarithms of amplitudes, but the trade-off between γ and Q could give rise to unreasonable values of these parameters. To minimize the trade-off between γ and Q, an inversion method based on a parabolic expression of the coda-normalization equation has been developed. The method has been applied to the waveforms recorded during the 1997 Umbria-Marche seismic crisis. The Akaike criterion has been used to compare results of the parabolic model with those of the linear model, corresponding to γ = 1. A small deviation from the spherical geometrical spreading has been inferred, but this is accompanied by a significant variation of Qα and Qβ values. For almost all the considered stations, Qα smaller than Qβ has been inferred, confirming that seismic attenuation, in the Umbria-Marche region, is controlled by crustal pore fluids.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1726-1731
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismic attenuation ; coda normalization method ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 115
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    Coexisting tectonic settings: the example of the southern Tyrrhenian Sea (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We performed geodetic strain rate analyses in southern Italy, using new GPS velocities. Two-dimensional strain and rotation rate fields were estimated and results show that most of the shortening is distributed in the northern Sicily offshore. Extension becomes more evident and comparable with shortening on the eastern side of the same margin, and greater in the eastern Sicily offshore. Principal shortening and extension rate axes are consistent with longterm geological features: seismic reflection profiles show both active compressive and extensional faults affecting Pleistocene strata. We show evidence for contemporaneous extension and transtension in the Cefalu` Basin. Combining geodetic data and geological features point to the coexistence of independent geodynamic processes, i.e., the active E–W backarc spreading in the hangingwall of the Apennines subduction zone and shortening along the southern margin of the Tyrrhenian backarc basin operated by the NNW-motion of Africa relative to Eurasia.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1915-1924
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Southern Tyrrhenian Sea ; GPS-derived strain rate ; Seismic reflection profiles ; Coexisting tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics
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  • 116
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    Overview of the Italian strong Motion database ITACA 1.0 (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Italian Strong Motion Database, ITACA, was developed within projects 2 S6 and S4, funded in the framework of the agreements between the Italian Department of 3 Civil Protection (Dipartimento della Protezione Civile, DPC) and the Istituto Nazionale di 4 Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), starting from 2005. The alpha version of the database 5 was released in 2007 and subsequently upgraded to version 1.0 after: (i) including the most 6 recent strongmotion data (from2005 to 2007) recorded in Italy, in addition to the 2008 Parma 7 earthquake, M 5.4, and the M 4.0, 2009 Abruzzo seismic events; (ii) processing the raw 8 strong motion data using an updated procedure; (iii) increasing the number of stations with a 9 measured shear wave velocity profile; (iv) improving the utilities to retrieve time series and 10 ground motion parameters; (v) implementing a tool for selecting time series in agreement 11 with design-response spectra; (vi) compiling detailed station reports containing miscella12 neous information such as photo, maps and site parameters; (vii) developing procedures for 13 the automatic generation of station reports and for the updating of the header files. After such 14 improvements, ITACA 1.0 was published at the web site http://itaca.mi.ingv.it, in 2010. It 15 presently contains 3,955 three-component waveforms, comprising the most complete cata16 logue of the Italian accelerometric records in the period 1972–2007 (3,562 records) and the 17 strongest events in the period 2008–2009. Records were mainly acquired by DPC through its 18 Accelerometric National Network (RAN) and, in few cases, by local networks and temporary 19 stations or networks. This paper introduces the published version of the Italian StrongMotion 20 database (ITACA version 1.0) together with main improvements and new functionalities.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1723-1739
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: italian strong motion data ; web-portal ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.02. Seismological data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 117
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    Hazard assessment at Mount Etna using a hybrid lava flow inundation model and satellite-based land classification (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Using a lava flow emplacement model and a satellite-based land cover classification, we produce a map to allow assessment of the type and quantity of natural, agricultural and urban land cover at risk from lava flow invasion. The first step is to produce lava effusion rate contours, i.e., lines linking distances down a volcano’s flank that a lava flow will likely extend if fed at a given effusion rate from a predetermined vent zone. This involves first identifying a vent mask and then running a downhill flow path model from the edge of every pixel around the vent mask perimeter to the edge of the DEM. To do this, we run a stochastic model whereby the flow path is projected 1,000 times from every pixel around the vent mask perimeter with random noise being added to the DEM with each run so that a slightly different flow path is generated with each run. The FLOWGO lava flow model is then run down each path, at a series of effusion rates, to determine likely run-out distance for channel-fed flow extending down each path. These results are used to plot effusion rate contours. Finally, effusion rate contours are projected onto a land classification map (produced from an ASTER image of Etna) to assess the type and amount of each land cover class falling within each contour. The resulting maps are designed to provide a quick look-up capability to assess the type of land at risk from lava extending from any location at a range of likely effusion rates. For our first (2,000 m) vent zone case used for Etna, we find a total of area of ~680 km2 is at risk from flows fed at 40 m3 s−1, of which ~6 km2 is urban, ~150 km2 is agriculture and ~270 km2 is grass/woodland. The model can also be run for specific cases, where we find that Etna’s 1669 vent location, if active today, would likely inundate almost 11 km2 of urban land, as well as 15.6 km2 of agricultural land, including 9.5 km2 of olive groves and 5.2 km2 of vineyards and fruit/nut orchards.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1001-1027
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava flow ; Risk ; FLOWGO ; ASTER image ; Land classification ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 118
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    Extensive characterization of Italian accelerometric stations from single-station ambient-vibration measurements (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper describes the analyses of the single-station ambient-vibration measurements performed on the Italian accelerometric network to detect site resonance phenomena potentially affecting earthquake recordings. The use of low cost, high quality microtremor measurement can be helpful to discriminate among soil classes, since several classification schemes based on resonance frequencies were proposed in the last decades. Operatively, in the framework of the Italian Strong Motion Database project (DPC-INGV 2007–2009 S4; http://esse4.mi.ingv.it), soil resonance frequencies have been evaluated from more than 200 ambient vibration measurements in correspondence of accelerometric stations included in ITACA (http://itaca.mi.ingv.it/ItacaNet/). The noise recordings have been analyzed using the same numerical protocol in order to standardize the results. Particular attention has been paid to evaluate the quality of measurements and to develop an on-purpose mathematical tool to automatically estimate the peaks in the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) curve. The reliability of the resonance frequencies from HVSR has been tested by comparing estimates provided by independent methods (modeling or earthquake recordings). The test confirmed the reliability of the microtremor HVSR for assessing the resonance frequencies of the examined sites.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1821-1838
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ambient vibration measurements ; Strong motion database ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 119
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    Slug Flow: Modeling in a Conduit and Associated Elastic Radiation (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Among the eruptive styles, the Strombolian activity is one of the more easy to study because of its repetitive behavior. For this reason large amount of data can be comfortably collected. Strombolian volcanoes are like natural laborato- ries repeating the same experiment (individual explosions) many times each day. The development of quantitative models of eruptive dynamics is driven by the comparison of experimental ob- servations and synthetic data obtained through mathemat- ical, numerical or analogue modeling. Since Strombolian activity offers a profuse amount of interesting seismic signals, during the last decades there has been growing attention on seismological techniques aimed at retrieving the conduit geometry and the eruption dynamics from the seismological recordings. One of these techniques, the source function inversion, is able to re- trieve a summary of the forces acting on the volcanic con- duit during the VLP event generation [5]. The comparison of observed source functions with synthetic ones, obtained through numerical modeling, allow us to put constraints on the proposed models. Quantitative models, able to fit seismological observa- tions, are a powerful tool for interpreting seismic record- ings and therefor the seismological monitoring of active volcanoes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Strombolian activity ; Slug flow ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 120
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    Multiparametric Approach in Investigating Volcano-Hydrothermal Systems: the Case Study of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Seismic activity, ground deformation, and soil and fumarole temperatures acquired during 2004–2007 at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands) are analysed and the time relations among the different time series are discussed. Changes in temperature of fumarolic gases took place during four ‘‘anomalous’’ periods (November 2004–March 2005; October 2005–February 2006; August–October 2006; July–December 2007) at the same time as an increasing number of volcano-seismic events. In particular, the temperatures at high temperature vents and at steam heated soil ranged in time from 180 to 440 C and from 20 to 90 C, respectively. The maximum daily number of volcano-seismic events was 57, reached during the second anomalous period. This seismicity, characterised by focal depth generally lower than 1 km below sea level (b.s.l.) and composed of different kinds of events associated to both resonance and shear failure processes, is related to the shallow dynamics of the hydrothermal system. During the analysed period, very few volcano-tectonic earthquakes took place and tilt recordings showed no sharp or important changes. In light of such observations, the increases in both temperature and volcano-seismic events number were associated to increases in the release of gas from a deep and stable magma body, without magma intrusions within the shallow hydrothermal system. Indeed, a greater release of gas from depth leads to increased fluid circulation, that can promote increases in volcano-seismic events number by both fracturing processes and resonance and vibration in cracks and conduits. The different trends observed in the measured geochemical and geophysical series during the anomalous periods can be due to either time changes in the medium permeability or a changing speed of gas release from a deep magma body. Finally, all the observed variations, together with the changing temporal distribution of the different seismic event kinds, suggest that the hydrothermal system at Vulcano can be considered unsteady and dynamic.
    Description: Published
    Description: 167–182
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcano seismolog ; soil and fumarole temperatures ; tilt data ; hydrothermal system ; Vulcano Island ; volcanic unrest ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 121
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    Residual analysis of teleseismic P-wave energy magnitude estimates: inter- and intrastation variability (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Computing the magnitude of an earthquake requires correcting for the propagation effects from the source to the receivers. This is often accomplished by performing numerical simulations using a suitable Earth model. In this work, the energy magnitude Me is considered and its determination is performed using theoretical spectral amplitude decay functions over teleseismic distances based on the global Earth model AK135Q. Since the high frequency part (above the corner frequency) of the source spectrum has to be considered in computing Me, the influence of propagation and site effects may not be negligible and they could bias the single station Me estimations. Therefore, in this study we assess the inter- and intrastation distributions of errors by considering the Me residuals computed for a large data set of earthquakes recorded at teleseismic distances by seismic stations deployed worldwide. To separate the inter- and intrastation contribution of errors, we apply a maximum likelihood approach to the Me residuals. We show that the interstation errors (describing a sort of site effect for a station) are within ±0.2 magnitude units for most stations and their spatial distribution reflects the expected lateral variation affecting the velocity and attenuation of the Earth's structure in the uppermost layers, not accounted for by the 1-D AK135Q model. The variance of the intrastation error distribution (describing the record-to-record component of variability) is larger than the interstation one (0.240 against 0.159), and the spatial distribution of the errors is not random but shows specific patterns depending on the source-to-station paths. The set of coefficients empirically determined may be used in the future to account for the heterogeneities of the real Earth not considered in the theoretical calculations of the spectral amplitude decay functions used to correct the recorded data for propagation effects.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1444-1454
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: time series analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring
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  • 122
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    Strain rate computation in Northern Victoria Land (Antarctica) from episodic GPS surveys (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The monitoring of crustal motions in Northern Victoria Land (NVL) of Antarctica by means of episodic GPS stations (EGPSs) provides an accurate and dense (∼50-km spaced) velocity field. The data, gathered starting in Austral summer 1999, derive from a series of benchmarks belonging to the Victoria Land Network for DEFormation control (VLNDEF) geodetic network. The velocity uncertainties are checked on the basis of length and returning time of the episodic surveys, to obtain a meaningful strain rate field by means of a least-square computation where the contribution of a GPS station is weighted by the inverse square of its velocity error. The study shows that the NVL is characterized by a complex kinematics and that, although three subregions with different prevailing deformational behaviour can be recognized, the single blocks cannot be resolved because too few stations exist. Only features having 150–200 km size at least can be recognized. Moreover, it is demonstrated that an appropriate data processing of EGPS data can lead to an accurate evaluation of the strain rate field even in a harsh environment like Antarctica.
    Description: Published
    Description: 851-862
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Time-series analysis ; Satellite geodesy ; Geomorphology ; Antarctica ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
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  • 123
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    Marine Archaeogeophysical Prospection of Roman Salapia Settlement (Puglia, Italy): Detecting Ancient Harbour Remains (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Gulf of Manfredonia and the Tavoliere Plain have experienced intense human colonization since the neolithic times. There is past evidence in the study area of a Roman-age settlement historically known as Salapia, probably located close to the salt-production ponds. In particular, several portions of a partly submerged ancient pier-like structure were found close to Torre Pietra town. This structure has been interpreted as a portion of a dragged-ship channel that connected the town of Salapia to the sea. In this article we discuss the results of a high-resolution geophysical prospecting of the Margherita di Savoia offshore archaeological site (Puglia, Italy). We collected magnetic gradiometric and bathymetric data to map the submerged remains of Salapia harbour. We found evidence of an offshore projection of a Torre Pietra pier-like structure, identifying the direction of the ship channel and possibly the location of the harbour’s defensive post
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-101
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Marine magnetic survey; ; Manfredonia Gulf ; Roman archaeological finds ; buried ruins ; analytic signal; ; horizontal gradient ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.04. Magnetic anomalies ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.01. Data processing
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  • 124
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    Volcanic deformation and flank instability due to magmatic sources and frictional rheology: the case of Mount Etna (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The overall picture of Mount Etna deformation emerging since a couple of decades of geodetic surveys shows effects of magma accumulation, characterized by inflation/deflation cycle, accompanied by a sliding instability of the southeast flank, whose manifestation is an increase in the horizontal deformation away from the volcano summit. This is a very interesting case to test whether advanced models, taking into account topography, internal structure and frictional rheology, may contribute to a better understanding of the complex interplay among mechanical response, magmatic activity and gravitational load occurring in a volcanic system. Using finite element numerical models we make predictions of surface displacements associated with a simple expansion source and with a dike like vertical discontinuity. A new methodology is developed to initalize the lithostatic stress field according to the material and geometrical complexities of the models considered. Our results show that, while an amplification of the horizontal displacement can be easily obtained up to a maximum distance of 10 km from the source, we have not been able to find any onfiguration to extend further this signal. For the case of Mount Etna this suggests that the large horizontal displacements observed in the east flank along the coast cannot be directly related to magma accumulation below the volcano's summit.
    Description: Published
    Description: 939-953
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Numerical solutions ; Space geodetic surveys ; Elasticity and anelasticity ; Eruption mechanisms and flow emplacement ; Volcanic hazards and risks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes
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  • 125
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    High-resolution shallow seismic tomography of a hydrothermal area: application to the Solfatara, Pozzuoli (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Solfatara is one of the major volcanoes of the Phlegrean Fields (Campi Flegrei) volcanic complex, and it is located in a densely populated area a few kilometres west of the city of Naples. It is an active resurgent caldera that has been characterized by a rich history of surface–ground deformation and soil diffuse degassing and fumarolic emissions, which are indications of the top of a hydrothermal plume. A seismic survey was completed in May 2009 for the characterization of the main subsurface features of the Solfatara. Using the complete data set, we have carried out surface wave inversion with high spatial resolution. A classical minimization of a least-squares objective function was first computed to retrieve the dispersion curves of the surface waves. Then, the fitting procedure between the data and a three-sedimentlayer forward model was carried out (to a depth of 7 m), using an improved version of the neighbourhood algorithm. The inversion results indicate a NE-SW fault, which is not visible at the surface. This was confirmed by a temperature survey conducted in 2010. A passive seismic experiment localized the ambient noise sources that correlate well with the areas of high CO2 flux and high soil temperatures. Finally, considering that the intrinsic attenuation is proportional to the frequency, a centroid analysis provides an overview of the attenuation of the seismic waves, which is closely linked to the petrophysical properties of the rock. These different approaches that merge complete active and passive seismic data with soil temperature and CO2 flux maps confirm the presence of the hydrothermal system plume. Some properties of the top of the plume are indicated and localized.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1725–1733
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 2.4. TTC - Laboratori di geochimica dei fluidi
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Inverse theory ; Tomography ; Hydrothermal systems ; Europe ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.04. Measurements and monitoring ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
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  • 126
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    Prismatic magnetite magnetosomes from cultivated Magnetovibrio blakemorei strain MV-1: a magnetic fingerprint in marine sediments? (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The magnetic properties (first-order reversal curves, ferromagnetic resonance and decomposition of saturation remanent magnetization acquisition) of Magnetovibrio blakemorei, a cultivated marine magnetotactic bacterium, differ from those of other magnetotactic species from sediments deposited in lakes and marine habitats previously studied. This finding suggests that magnetite produced by some magnetotactic bacteria retains magnetic properties in relation to the crystallographic structure of the magnetic phase produced and thus might represent a ‘magnetic fingerprint’ for a specific magnetotactic bacterium. The use of this fingerprint is a non-destructive, new technology that might allow for the identification and presence of specific species or types of magnetotactic bacteria in certain environments such as sediments.
    Description: Published
    Description: 664-668
    Description: 1.8. Osservazioni di geofisica ambientale
    Description: 2.2. Laboratorio di paleomagnetismo
    Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: batteri magnetotattici ; magnetite ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.06. Paleoceanography and paleoclimatology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.09. Environmental magnetism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 127
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    Are the source models of the M7.1 1908 Messina Straits earthquake reliable? Insights from a novel inversion and a sensitivity analysis of levelling data (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: For decades, many authors have attempted to define the location, geometry and kinematics of the causative fault for the 1908 December 28, M 7.1 earthquake that struck the Messina Straits between Sicily and Calabria (southern Italy). The coseismic displacement caused a predominant downwarping of the Straits and small land uplift away from it, which were documented by levelling surveys performed 1 yr before and immediately after the earthquake. Most of the source models based on inversion of levelling data suggested that the earthquake was caused by a low angle, east-dipping blind normal fault, whose upper projection intersects the Earth surface on the Sicilian (west) side of the Messina Straits.An alternative interpretation holds that the causative fault is one of the high-angle, west-dipping faults located in southern Calabria, on the eastern side of the Straits, and may in large part coincide with the mapped Armo Fault. Here, we critically review the levelling data with the aim of defining both their usefulness and limits in modelling the seismogenic fault. We demonstrate that the levelling data alone are not capable of discriminating between the two oppositely dipping fault models, and thus their role as a keystone for modellers is untenable. However, new morphotectonic and geodetic data indicate that the Armo Fault has very recent activity and is accumulating strain. The surface observations, together with appraisal ofmacroseismic intensity distribution, available seismic tomography and marine geophysical evidence, lends credit to the hypothesis that the Armo and possibly the S. Eufemia faults are part of a major crustal structure that slipped during the 1908 earthquake.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1025-1041
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Earthquake source ; Messina Straits ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.01. Crustal deformations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.03. Inverse methods ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
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  • 128
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    A comparison of moment magnitude estimates for the European–Mediterranean and Italian regions (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: With the goal of constructing a homogeneous data set of moment magnitudes (Mw) to be used for seismic hazard assessment, we compared Mw estimates from moment tensor catalogues available online. We found an apparent scaling disagreement between Mw estimates from the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC) of the US Geological Survey and from the Global Centroid Moment Tensor (GCMT) project. We suspect that this is the effect of an underestimation ofMw 〉 7.0 (M0 〉 4.0 × 1019 Nm) computed by NEIC owing to the limitations of their computational approach. We also found an apparent scaling disagreement between GCMT and two regional moment tensor catalogues provided by the ‘Eidgen¨ossische Technische Hochschule Z¨urich’ (ETHZ) and by the European–Mediterranean Regional Centroid Moment Tensor (RCMT) project of the Italian ‘Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia’ (INGV). This is probably the effect of the overestimation of Mw 〈 5.5 (M0 〈 2.2 × 1017 Nm), up to year 2002, and of Mw 〈 5.0 (M0 〈 4.0 × 1016 Nm), since year 2003, owing to the physical limitations of the standard CMT inversion method used by GCMT for the earthquakes of relatively low magnitude. If the discrepant data are excluded from the comparisons, the scaling disagreements become insignificant in all cases. We observed instead small absolute offsets (≤0.1 units) for NEIC and ETHZ catalogues with respect to GCMT whereas there is an almost perfect correspondence between RCMT and GCMT. Finally, we found a clear underestimation of about 0.2 units of Mw magnitudes computed at the INGV using the time-domain moment tensor (TDMT) method with respect to those reported by GCMT and RCMT. According to our results, we suggest appropriate offset corrections to be applied to Mw estimates from NEIC, ETHZ and TDMT catalogues before merging their data with GCMT and RCMT catalogues. We suggest as well to discard the probably discrepant data from NEIC and GCMT if other Mw estimates from different sources are available for the same earthquakes. We also estimate approximately the average uncertainty of individual Mw estimates to be about 0.07 magnitude units for the GCMT, NEIC, RCMT and ETHZ catalogues and about 0.13 for the TDMT catalogue.
    Description: European Union research project SHARE (Seismic Hazard Harmonization in Europe), within the ambit of Task 3.1 ‘European Earthquake Database’
    Description: Published
    Description: 1733-1745
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Earthquake source observations; Statistical seismology ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
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  • 129
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    Curie isotherm depth from aeromagnetic data constraining shallow heat source depths in the central Aeolian Ridge (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) (2013)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The Salina, Lipari, and Vulcano volcanic ridge and the surrounding sea sectors (Aeolian Archipelago, Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) are characterized by vents responsible for a recent (〈40 ka—1889/1890 AD) effusive and explosive subareal activity and repeated, 56 to 7 ka in age, submarine explosive eruptions from source areas located between Lipari and Vulcano. A spectral depth estimation of the magnetic bottom using a fractal method on aeromagnetic data from Vulcano, Lipari, and Salina volcanic ridge allows us to constrain the Curie isotherm depth. The elevated portion of the isotherm is between 2 and 3 km below Salina and Vulcano and about 1 km below Lipari. The Curie depth results in the context of other geological and geophysical evidence suggest that the rise of the Curie isotherm is mainly due to the occurrence of shallow heat sources such as magma ponds and associated hydrothermal systems. The short-wavelength magnetic anomaly field reflects magnetic contrasts from highly magnetized volcanic bodies, low-magnetization sediments, and hydrothermally altered rocks. Borehole temperature data verify the Curie temperature derived from the magnetic methods on the island of Vulcano.We conclude that the whole Vulcano, Lipari, and Salina volcanic ridge is active and should be monitored.
    Description: INGV
    Description: Published
    Description: article 710
    Description: 1.10. TTC - Telerilevamento
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 3.4. Geomagnetismo
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 5.4. Banche dati di geomagnetismo, aeronomia, clima e ambiente
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Magnetic spectral depths ; Curie temperature ; volcanism ; Aeolian Islands ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.04. Magnetic and electrical methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.03. Global and regional models ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.03. Heat generation and transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 130
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    Spatial distribution of intrinsic and scattering seismic attenuation in active volcanic islands – I: model and the case of Tenerife Island (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The complex volcanic system of Tenerife Island is known to have a highly heterogeneous character, as recently confirmed by velocity tomography.We present new information derived from intrinsic quality factor inverse maps (Qi −1), scattering quality factor inverse maps (Qs −1) and total quality factor inverse maps (Qt −1) obtained for the same region. The data set used in this work is the result of the analysis of an active seismic experiment carried out, using offshore shots (air guns) recorded at over 85 onshore seismic stations. The estimates of the attenuation parameters are based on the assumption that the seismogram energy envelopes are determined by seismic energy diffusion processes occurring inside the island. Diffusion model parameters, proportional to Qi −1 and to Qs −1, are estimated from the inversion of the energy envelopes for any source–receiver couple. They are then weighted with a new graphical approach based on a Gaussian space probability function, which allowed us to create ‘2-D probabilistic maps’ representing the space distribution of the attenuation parameters. The 2-D images obtained reveal the existence of a zone in the centre of the island characterized by the lowest attenuation effects. This effect is interpreted as highly rigid and cooled rocks. This low-attenuation region is bordered by zones of high attenuation, associated with the recent historical volcanic activity. We calculate the transport mean free path obtaining a value of around 4 km for the frequency range 6–12 Hz. This result is two orders of magnitude smaller than values calculated for the crust of the Earth. An absorption length between 10 and 14 km is associated with the average intrinsic attenuation parameter. These values, while small in the context of tectonic regions, are greater than those obtained in volcanic regions such as Vesuvius or Merapi. Such differences may be explained by the magnitude of the region of study, over three times larger than the aforementioned study areas. This also implies deeper sampling of the crust, which is evidenced by a change in the values of seismic attenuation. One important observation is that scattering attenuation dominates over the intrinsic effects, Qi being at least twice the value of Qs.
    Description: This work has been partially supported by the Spanish project Ephestos, CGL2011-29499-C02-01, by the EU project EC-FP7 MEDiterranean SUpersite Volcanoes (MED-SUV), by the Basque Government researcher training program BFI09.277 and by the Regional project ‘Grupo de Investigaci´on en Geof´ısica y Sismolog´ıa de la Junta de Andaluc´ıa, RNM104’. EdP has been partly supported by DPC-INGV projects UNREST SPEED and V2 (Precursori).
    Description: Published
    Description: 1942-1956
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismic attenuation ; ; Seismic tomography; ; Volcano seismology ; Wave propagation. ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
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  • 131
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    New insights on the Messina 1908 seismic source from post-seismic sea level change (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The identification of a source model for the catastrophic 1908 December 28 Messina earth- quake (Mw = 7.2) has been the subject of many papers in the last decades. Several authors proposed different models on the basis of seismological, macroseismic and geodetic data sets; among these models, remarkable differences exist with regard to almost all parameters. We selected a subset of six models among those most cited in literature and used them to model the post-seismic sea level variation recorded at the tide gauge station of Messina (until 1923), to attempt an independent discrimination among them. For each model, we assumed a simple rheological structure and carried out a direct-search inversion of upper crust thickness and lower crust viscosity to fit the post-seismic sea level signal. This approach enabled us to iden- tify a class of fault geometries which is consistent with the post-seismic signal at the Messina tide gauge and with the known structural and rheological features of the Messina strait
    Description: Published
    Description: 611-622
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Sea level change ; Earthquake source observations ; Rheology: crust and lithosphere ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 132
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    Projections of Heavy Rainfall over the Central US based on CMIP5 Models (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The central United States is a region for which observational studies have indicated an increase in heavy rainfall. This study uses projections of daily rainfall from 20 state-of-the-art global climate models and one scenario (RCP 8.5) to examine projected changes in extreme rainfall. Analyses are performed focusing on trends in the 90th and 99th percentiles of the daily rainfall distributions for two periods (2006-2045 and 2046-2085). The results of this study indicate a large increase in extreme rainfall in particular over the northern part of the study region, with a much less clear signal over the Great Plains and the states along the Gulf of Mexico.
    Description: Published
    Description: 200-205
    Description: 3.7. Dinamica del clima e dell'oceano
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: embargoed_20160624
    Keywords: precipitation ; extreme events ; cmip5 ; climate change ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 133
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    Error analysis of subpixel lava temperature measurements using infrared remotely sensed data (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: When remote sensing users are asked to define their requirements for a new sensor, the big question that always arises is: will the technical specifications meet the scientific requirements? Herein, we discuss quantitative relationships between instrumental spectral and radiometric characteristics and data exploitable for lava flow subpixel temperature analysis. This study was funded within the framework of ESA activities for the IR GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security) element mission requirements in 2005. Subpixel temperature retrieval from satellite infrared data is a well-established method that is well documented in the remote sensing literature. However there is little attention paid to the error analysis on estimated parameters due to atmospheric correction and radiometric accuracy of the sensor. In this study, we suggest the best spectral bands combination to estimate subpixel temperature parameters. We also demonstrate that poor atmospheric corrections may vanish the effectiveness of the most radiometrically accurate instrument.
    Description: Published
    Description: 112-125
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Remote sensing, error analysis, IR sensors, sub-pixel temperature, Numerical solutions; Non-linear differential equations; Effusive volcanism; Eruption mechanisms and flow emplacement; Remote sensing of volcanoes; Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
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  • 134
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    Deformation of Ancient Buildings inferred by Terrestrial Laser Scanning methodology: the Cantalovo church case study (Northern Italy) (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The study of the health of a building connects humanistic and scientific research, and a complete characterization can be achieved by integrating all the available historical documentation, architectural and metrological studies, as well as laboratory and in situ analyses of the materials. A contactless, non-invasive surveying technique such as terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) allows the acquisition of dense and accurate geometric and radiometric (electromagnetic measurements such as signal intensity) information about the observed surface of the building, which can be easily integrated with data provided by high-resolution digital imaging. The early Christian Cantalovo church was surveyed for the first time in April 2011, by means of the ILRIS-3D ER very long range scanner. The second and last survey was performed in June 2012, after the main shocks of the Emilia earthquake seismic sequence. A very long range instrument is suitable for fast, simple and independent measurements, due to its technical characteristics and, for this reason, is easily usable for accurate surveying in emergency conditions. The main results are obtained by applying a data analysis strategy based on the creation of TLS-based morphological maps computed as point-to-primitive differences, which allow the creation of a deformation map and its evolution in time.
    Description: Published
    Description: 703-716
    Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Terrestrial Laser Scanning ; Deformation ; Earthquake ; Ancient Building ; Procedure Standardization ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring
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  • 135
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    Seismic velocity structures of southern Italy from tomographic imaging of the Ionian slab and petrological inferences (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-06
    Description: In this study we have determined detailed Vp and Vs seismic velocity models of the Ionian lithosphere subducting beneath the Tyrrhenian basin and of the surrounding mantle, by applying a post-processing technique to a large sample of local earthquake tomography studies. Our seismic velocity models permit us to infer the presence of low velocity anomalies within the slab, which we interpret as regions that are partially hydrated by fluids released during the subduction process. A petrological interpretation of the velocity anomalies gives new details on the magmatism of the volcanic Aeolian arc. Furthermore our velocity models provide a more detailed description of the boundary of the slab and its connection with the large seismically active Tindari-Letojanni strike slip system. Finally these results allow describing in detail some features of the slab as the presence of lateral and vertical tears. In conclusion, the obtained models provide some constraints for inferences on mantle circulation, and on the geodynamical evolution of the central-western Mediterranean.
    Description: Published
    Description: 751-764
    Description: 2.5. Laboratorio per lo sviluppo di sistemi di rilevamento sottomarini
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Tomography, petrology, Ionian slab ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.07. Tomography and anisotropy
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    The Other Side of the Coin: Geochemistry of Alkaline Lakes in Volcanic Areas (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-21
    Description: Among surface waters, lakes in volcanic areas display the greatest range in pH values (from negative values up to about 12). The present chapter will be a short review of the main features of alkaline lakes, which belong to the high-pH part of this range. They are characterised by saline or hypersaline waters, pH values higher than 9 and high Na+, HCO3- and CO32- and low Ca2+ concentrations. Alkaline lakes are found in quiescent or recently extinct volcanic areas where neither water vapour nor acidic magmatic gases can reach surface waters. Their occurrence depends on peculiar climatic and geologic conditions that allow evaporative concentration of the water (potentially, evaporation much higher than water inputs and endorheic basins) and on geochemical factors that favour a chemical evolution towards an alkaline environment (composition of the dilute input waters characterised by a ratio between total dissolved inorganic carbon and earth-alkaline elements much higher than 1). Such initial composition, due to evaporative concentration, after the deposition of earth-alkaline carbonate minerals, will lead to the above-mentioned typical composition. Alkaline lakes also host microbial communities sometimes characterised by extremely high productivity. These microbial communities are scientifically remarkable because they comprise some interesting extremophiles, which can grow not only at very high pH and salinity conditions but also in the presence of elevated concentrations of toxic elements (e.g. As, Se, Te).
    Description: Submitted
    Description: 4.4. Scenari e mitigazione del rischio ambientale
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcanic lake, soda lake, alkaline lake ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 137
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    GPS Permanent Network Solution: the Impact of Temporal Correlations (2012)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-09
    Description: . In this work we analysed the time series of daily solutions of 4 Italian GPS permanent stations with the aim of investigating the presence of temporal correlations and their impact on the estimation of weekly solution and velocity field precisions. We found that precisions are remarkably lower when temporal correlations are considered; in particular, the mean horizontal precisions of weekly solutions are up to 5 times lower and the horizontal velocity precisions are about 1.5-2 times lower. This topic has 2 relevant applications: the assessment of the quality of a reference system maintenance by GPS permanent stations and the coordinate differences significance test for geodynamical applications.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1.9. Rete GPS nazionale
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: GPS permanent network,temporal correlations, autocovariance functions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.08. Theory and Models
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  • 138
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    Reconstruction of the eruptive activity on the NE sector of Stromboli volcano: timing of flank eruptions since 15 ka (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: A multidisciplinary geological and compositional investigation allowed us to reconstruct the occurrence of flank eruptions on the lower NE flank of Stromboli volcano since 15 ka. The oldest flank eruption recognised is Roisa, which occurred at ~15 ka during the Vancori period, and has transitional compositional characteristics between the Vancori and Neostromboli phases. Roisa was followed by the San Vincenzo eruption that took place at ~12 ka during the early stage of Neostromboli period. The eruptive fissure of San Vincenzo gave rise to a large scoria cone located below the village of Stromboli, and generated a lava flow, most of which lies below sea level. Most of the flank eruptions outside the barren Sciara del Fuoco occurred in a short time, between ~9 and 7 ka during the Neostromboli period, when six eruptive events produced scoria cones, spatter ramparts and lava flows. The Neostromboli products belong to a potassic series (KS), and cluster in two differently evolved groups. After an eruptive pause of ~5,000 years, the most recent flank eruption involving the NE sector of the island occurred during the Recent Stromboli period with the formation of the large, highly K calc-alkaline lava flow field, named San Bartolo. The trend of eruptive fissures since 15 ka ranges from N30°E to N55°E, and corresponds to the magma intrusions radiating from the main feeding system of the volcano.
    Description: The mapping of Stromboli was supported by a grant to S. Calvari (Project V2/01, 2005–2007, funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and by the Italian Civil Protection). This work was partly supported by INGV through a research grant financed by MIUR-FIRB to G. Norini. We wish to thank the former Director of INGV-Sezione di Catania, A. Bonaccorso, for making additional funds available for field trip and datings.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Stromboli ; flank fissures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 139
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    Ocean ensemble forecasting. Part I: Ensemble Mediterranean winds from a Bayesian hierarchical model (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: A Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) is developed to estimate surface vector wind (SVW) fields and associated uncertainties over the Mediterranean Sea. The BHM–SVW incorporates data-stage inputs from analyses and forecasts of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and SVW retrievals from the QuikSCAT data record. The process-model stage of the BHM–SVW is based on a Rayleigh friction equation model for surface winds. Dynamical interpretations of posterior distributions of the BHM–SVW parameters are discussed. Ten realizations from the posterior distribution of the BHM–SVW are used to force the data-assimilation step of an experimental ensemble ocean forecast system for the Mediterranean Sea in order to create a set of ensemble initial conditions. The sequential data-assimilation method of the Mediterranean forecast system (MFS) is adapted to the ensemble implementation. Analyses of sample ensemble initial conditions for a single data-assimilation period in MFS are presented to demonstrate the multivariate impact of the BHM–SVW ensemble generation methodology. Ensemble initial-condition spread is quantified by computing standard deviations of ocean state variable fields over the ten ensemble members. The methodological findings in this article are of two kinds. From the perspective of statistical modelling, the process-model development is more closely related tophysicalbalances than inpreviousworkwithmodels for the SVW.Fromthe ocean forecast perspective, the generation of ocean ensemble initial conditions via BHM is shown to be practical for operational implementation in an ensemble ocean forecast system. Phenomenologically, ensemble spread generated via BHM–SVW occurs on ocean mesoscale time- and space-scales, in close association with strong synoptic-scale wind-forcing events. A companion article describes the impacts of the BHM–SVW ensemble method on the ocean forecast in comparisons with more traditional ensemble methods.
    Description: Published
    Description: 858–878
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: embargoed_20140501
    Keywords: QuikSCAT surface winds ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.01. General::03.01.05. Operational oceanography
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  • 140
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    Time-space variation of volcano-seismic events at La Fossa (Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy): new insights into seismic sources in a hydrothermal system (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: We investigated the relationship between volcano-seismic events, recorded at La Fossa crater of Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) during 2004-2006, and the dynamics of the hydrothermal system. During the period of study, three episodes of increasing numbers of volcano-seismic events took place at the same time as geothermal and geochemical anomalies were observed. These geothermal and geochemical anomalies have been interpreted as resulting from an increasing deep magmatic component of the hydrothermal fluids. Three classes of seismic events (long period, high frequency and monochromatic events), characterised by different spectral content and various similarity of the waveforms, have been recognised. These events, clustered mainly below La Fossa crater area at depths of 0.5–1.1 km b.s.l., were space-distributed according to the classes. Based on their features, we can infer that such events at Vulcano are related to two different source mechanisms: (1) fracturing processes of rocks and (2) resonance of cracks (or conduits) filled with hydrothermal fluid. In the light of these source mechanisms, the increase in the number of events, at the same time as geochemical and geothermal anomalies were observed, was interpreted as the result of an increasing magmatic component of the hydrothermal fluids, implying an increase of their flux. Indeed, such variation caused an increase of both the pore pressure within the rocks of the volcanic system and the amount of ascending fluids. Increased pore pressures gave rise to fracturing processes, while the increased fluid flux favoured resonance and vibration processes in cracks and conduits. Finally, a gradual temporal variation of the waveform of the hybrid events (one of the subclasses of long period events) was observed, likely caused by heating and drying of the hydrothermal system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 803-816
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcano seismology ; Vulcano Island ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology
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  • 141
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    The Miocene Costa Giardini diatreme, Iblean Mountains, southern Italy: Model for maar-diatreme formation on a submerged carbonate platform (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In this paper we present a model for the growth of a maar-diatreme complex in a shallow marine environment. The Miocene-age Costa Giardini diatreme near Sortino, in the region of the Iblei Mountains of southern Sicily, has an outer tuff ring formed by the accumulation of debris flows and surge deposits during hydromagmatic eruptions. Vesicular lava clasts, accretionary lapilli and bombs in the older ejecta indicate that initial eruptions were of gas-rich magma. Abundant xenoliths in the upper, late-deposited beds of the ring suggest rapid magma ascent, and deepening of the eruptive vent is shown by the change in slope of the country rock. The interior of the diatreme contains nonbedded breccia composed of both volcanic and country rock clasts of variable size and amount. The occurrence of bedded hyaloclastite breccia in an isolated outcrop in the middle-lower part of the diatreme suggests subaqueous effusion at a low rate following the end of explosive activity. Intrusions of nonvesicular magma, forming plugs and dikes, occur on the western side of the diatreme, and at the margins, close to the contact between breccia deposits and country rock; they indicate involvement of volatile-poor magma, possibly during late stages of activity. We propose that initial hydromagmatic explosive activity occurred in a shallow marine environment and the ejecta created a rampart that isolated for a short time the inner crater from the surrounding marine environment. This allowed explosive activity to draw down the water table in the vicinity of the vent and caused deepening of the explosive center. A subsequent decrease in the effusion rate and cessation of explosive eruptions allowed the crater to refill with water, at which time the hyaloclastite was deposited. Emplacement of dikes and plugs occurred nonexplosively while the breccia sediment was mostly still soft and unconsolidated, locally forming peperites. The sheltered, low-energy lagoon filled with marine limestones mixed with volcaniclastic material eroded from the surrounding ramparts. Ultimately, lagoonal sediments accumulated in the crater until subsidence or erosion of the tuff ring caused a return to normal shallow marine conditions.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: maar ; diatreme ; volcaniclastic ; hyaloclastite ; Iblean plateau ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
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  • 142
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    Application of a GIS-aided method for the assessment of volcaniclastic soil sliding susceptibility to sample areas of Campania (Southern Italy) (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: A significant part of Campania is extensively covered by volcaniclastic soils, deriving from the alteration of airfall-sedimented formations of layered ashes and pumices that were ejected by Campi Flegrei and Mt. Somma–Vesuvius during explosive eruptions. Where such soils cover steep slopes cut in carbonate bedrock, landforms depend essentially on the morpho-evolution of such slopes prior to the deposition of the volcaniclastic soils, because these are generally present only as thin veneers, up to a few meters of total thickness. Historical records and local literature testify that, in this part of Campania, landslides that originate on carbonate slopes covered by such soils and terminate at their foot or at gully outlets are frequent, following critical rainfall events. Such landslides can be classified as complex, occurring initially as debris slides, but rapidly evolving into debris avalanches and/or debris flows. The localization of the initial sliding areas (i.e. ‘‘sources’’) on the slopes depends on both the spatial distribution of characters of the soil cover and the spatial distribution of the triggering rainfall events. It therefore appears reasonable to separate the two aspects of the problem and focus on the former one, in order to attempt an assessment of soil sliding susceptibility in the event of landslide-triggering rainfall. In this paper, some results of the application of a method aimed at such an assessment are presented. The method, called SLIDE (from SLiding Initiation areas DEtection), is based on the concept that, for a spatially homogeneous soil cover and a spatially homogeneous landslide-triggering rainfall sequence, different values of threshold slope gradient for limit equilibrium conditions exist, depending on morphological characters of the soil cover, such as its continuity and planform curvature. The method is based on the assessment of (1) soil cover presence, (2) discontinuities within soil cover, (3) slope gradients and curvature, by means of good resolution DEMs. It has been applied to sample carbonate slopes of Campania, where landslides originated either repeatedly or recently. Results are encouraging, and a soil sliding susceptibility map of a large area, based on a simplified version of method, is also presented.
    Description: Published
    Description: 155-168
    Description: 5.5. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Debris-slide susceptibility ; Volcaniclastic soil cover ; Soil cover discontinuities ; Planform curvature ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.02. Hydrogeological risk
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  • 143
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    Intensity prediction equations for Central Asia (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In this study, new intensity prediction equations are derived for Central Asia, considering about 6000 intensity data points from 66 earthquakes encompassing the surface-wave magnitude range of 4.6–8.3. The suitability of the functional form used for constructing the model is assessed by comparing its predictions with those achieved through a non-parametric model. The parametric regressions are performed considering different measures of the source-to-site distance, namely the hypocentral, epicentral and the extended distance metrics. The latter is defined as the minimum distance from the site to a line crossing the epicentres, oriented along the strike of the earthquake and having a length estimated from the event’s magnitude. Although the extended distance is introduced as a preliminary attempt to improve the prediction capability of the model by considering the finiteness of the fault extension, the standard deviation of the residual distribution obtained considering the extended distance (σ = 0.734) does not show an improvement with respect to the results for the epicentral distance (σ = 0.737). The similarity of the two models in term of average residuals is also confirmed by comparing the interevent errors obtained for the two regressions, obtaining very similar values for all earthquakes but the 1911, M 8.2 Kemin event. In particular, different evidences suggest that the magnitude of this event could be overestimated by about half a magnitude unit. Regarding the variability of the residual distribution, all the three considered components (i.e. interevent, interlocation and record-to-record variances) are not negligible, although the largest contribution is related to the record-to-record variability, suggesting that both source and propagation as well as site effects not captured by the considered model influence the spatial variability of the intensity values.
    Description: Published
    Description: 327–337
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Earthquake ground motions ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous
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  • 144
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    Gas hydrate decomposition recorded by authigenic barite at pockmark sites of the Northern Congo Fan (2012)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Geo-Marine Letters., Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Continuous 25-years aerosol records at coastal Antarctica: 1. Inter-annual variability of ionic compounds and links to climate indices. (2011)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Tellus., Wiley-Blackwell, 63B(5), pp. 901-919
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Description: The aerosol climatology at the coastal Antarctic Neumayer Station (NM) was investigated based on continuous, 25 years long observations of biogenic sulfur components (methanesulfonate and non sea salt sulfate), sea salt and nitrate. Whilst significant long-term trends could only be detected for nitrate (-3.6±2.5% per year between 1983 and 1993 and +4.0±3.2% per year from 1993-2007), non-harmonic periodicities between 2 and 5 years were typical for all species. Dedicated time series analyses revealed that relations to sea ice extent and various circulation indices are weak at best or not significant. In particular, no consistent link between sea ice extent and sea salt loadings was evident suggesting only a rather local relevance of the NM sea salt record. Nevertheless, a higher Southern Annular Mode index tended to entail a lower biogenic sulfur signal. In examining the spatial uniformity of the NM findings we contrasted them to respective 17 years records from the coastal Dumont d’Urville Station (DDU). We found similar long term trends for nitrate, indicating an Antarctic-wide but not identifiable atmospheric signal, though any significant impact of solar activity or pollution could be ruled out. No inter-site variability on the multi annual scale was evident for the other ionic compounds.
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  • 146
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    Respiratory principles of oxygen-exchange in water breathing animals (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Oxidative Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems, Abele, D., Zenteno-Savin, T, Vasquez-Medina, J. (Eds) Oxidatve Stress in Aquatic Ecosystems, Blackwell-Wiley., Oxford UK, Wiley-Blackwell, 15 p., pp. 141 -156, ISBN: 978-1-4443-3548-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 147
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    The stability of European rocky shore assemblages: variation across a latitudinal gradient and the role of canopy-forming macroalgae. (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Oikos, Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-17
    Description: Compensatory dynamics, overyielding and statistical averaging are mechanisms promoting the temporal stability of natural communities. Using the model of European intertidal rocky shore assemblages and collating 17 datasets, we investigated how the strength of these stability-enhancing mechanisms varies with latitude and how it can be altered by the loss of habitat-formers (e.g. canopy-forming macroalgae). Community stability decreased with increasing latitude, mostly as a consequence of a greater synchronization of species fluctuations. Statistical averaging and overyielding (i.e. richness effects) promoted stability, but their strength did not vary with latitude. The experimental removal of macroalgal canopies caused a strengthening of the statistical averaging effect that was consistent across the latitudinal gradient investigated. Nonetheless, the loss of canopies depressed stability by enhancing the synchronization of species fluctuations on southernmost shores, while it had weak effects on shores at higher latitudes. Variation in life-history traits among canopy-forming species and/or in prevailing environmental conditions across a gradient of latitude could underlie variable effects of habitat-formers on species fluctuations. Our study shows i) that the stability of intertidal assemblages and strength of compensatory dynamics varies with latitude, ii) that canopy-forming macroalgae, exerting a strong control on understorey species, can influence the strength of compensatory dynamics and iii) that biological forcing (i.e. facilitation) can be as important as environmental forcing in enhancing the synchronization of species fluctuations.
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  • 148
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    The overwintering of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, from an ecophysiological perspective (2011)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer, 35(1), pp. 15-37, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: A major aim of this review is to determine which physiological functions are adopted by adults and larvae to survive the winter season with low food supply and their relative importance. A second aim is to clarify the extent to which seasonal variation in larval and adult krill physiology is mediated by environmental factors with a strong seasonality, such as food supply or day light. Experimental studies on adult krill have demonstrated that speciWc physiological adaptations during autumn and winter, such as reduced metabolic rates and feeding activity, are not caused simply by the scarcity of food, as was previously assumed. These adaptations appear to be inXuenced by the local light regime. The physiological functions that larval krill adopt during winter (reduced metabolism, delayed development, lipid utilisation, and variable growth rates) are, in contrast to the adults, under direct control by the available food supply. During winter, the adults often seem to have little association with sea ice (at least until early spring). The larvae, however, feed within sea ice but mainly on the grazers of the ice algal community rather than on the algae themselves. In this respect, a miss-match in timing of the occurrence of the last phytoplankton blooms in autumn and the start of the sea ice formation, as has been increasingly observed in the west Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region, will impact larval krill development during winter in terms of food supply and consequently the krill stock in this region.
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  • 149
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    Continuous 25-years aerosol records at coastal Antarctica: Part 2. Variability and climate implications of 7Be, 10 Be and 210Pb (2011)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Tellus., Wiley-Blackwell, 63B(5), pp. 920-934
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-12-03
    Description: We investigated the variability of 210Pb, 7Be and 10Be in coastal Antarctica aerosol samples based on continuous, monthly and annually resolved time series which we obtained from Neumayer Station over the period 1983 to 2008. Clear seasonal cycles peaking in the local summer half year stands out in being common to all three radionuclide records. However, MC-SSA time series analyses suggest that significant multi-annual changes are confined to a 4-5 years periodicity resembling that of the SAM circulation index in case of 210Pb and to the expected solar decadal cycle in case of the cosmogenic Be-isotopes. Both, changes in the meridional transport and surface inversion strength appear to drive the seasonal 210Pb cycle which generally peaks in November. In contrast, stratospheric air mass intrusion are proved to be the main reason for the Be-isotopes seasonality as revealed by enhanced 10Be/ 7Be ratios occurring broadly concurrently with the individual Be-isotopes and the 7Be/210Pb ratios during late summer/early autumn. Although both, the (annual) 10Be and the monthly 7Be records reflects the decadal solar modulated production signal the detailed pattern of their decadal changes essentially deviate for unknown reasons, though a substantial excess 7Be production by solar energetic particles could be ruled out.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 150
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    Numerical Algorithms for ESM: future perspectives for ocean modelling (2011)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Modelling - Volume 2. Algorithms, Code Infrastructure and Optimisation Series: SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, Earth System Modelling - Volume 2. Algorithms, Code, Infrastructure and Optimisation, Springer, Ed. R. Redler and R. Budich., Springer, pp. 25-34, ISBN: ISBN 978-3-642-23830
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
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  • 151
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    Related antipodes: a comparative study on digestive endopeptidases from Northern krill and Antarctic krill (Euphausiacea) (2012)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer, 35(7), pp. 1003-1012, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, and the Northern krill, Meganyctiphanes norvegica, are closely related species but occupy significantly different trophic and climatic environments. E. superba holds a key position as a phytoplankton grazer in the Southern Ocean. The omnivorous M. norvegica is an important member of plankton communities in the Northeast Atlantic. Both species expressed high proteolytic activities which were dominated by serine proteinases. In the stomachs of Antarctic krill, activities of total proteinase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin were significantly higher than in Northern krill. In the midgut glands, however, total proteinase and trypsin activities were similar in both species, but chymotrypsin activity was significantly higher in Antarctic krill. Moreover, Antarctic krill expressed four trypsin isoforms while only one isoform appeared in Northern krill. Chymotrypsin was present in either species as one single isoform. Antarctic krill adapted to the low and patchy distribution of food by elevated enzyme activities and the expression of trypsin isoforms with slightly different catalytic properties. Presumably, these enzymes facilitate in concerted action the efficient utilization of proteins from phytoplankton, the major food. Northern krill, in contrast, seems not to be equipped to face food limitation. It expresses a “simple” or “basic” set of digestive enzymes for utilizing abundant and easily digestible prey.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 152
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    Tsunami modelling with unstructured grids. Interaction between tides and tsunami waves (2011)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Computational Science and High Performance Computing IV, Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. 2010., Berlin, Springer, 380 p., pp. 191-206, ISBN: 978-3-642-17769-9
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
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  • 153
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    The impact of Arctic sea ice on the Arctic energy budget and on the climate of the Northern mid-latitudes (2012)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: The atmospheric general circulation model EC-EARTH-IFS has been applied to investigate the influence of both a reduced and a removed Arctic sea ice cover on the Arctic energy budget and on the climate of the Northern mid-latitudes. Three 40-year simulations driven by original and modified ERA-40 sea surface temperatures and sea ice concentrations have been performed at T255L62 resolution, corresponding to 79 km horizontal resolution. Simulated changes between sensitivity and reference experiments are most pronounced over the Arctic itself where the reduced or removed sea ice leads to strongly increased upward heat and longwave radiation fluxes and precipitation in winter. In summer, the most pronounced change is the stronger absorption of shortwave radiation which is enhanced by optically thinner clouds. Averaged over the year and over the area north of 70° N, the negative energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere decreases by about 10 W/m2 in both sensitivity experiments. The energy transport across 70° N is reduced. Changes are not restricted to the Arctic. Less extreme cold events and less precipitation are simulated in sub-Arctic and Northern mid-latitude regions in winter.
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  • 154
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    Expert assessment of vulnerability of permafrost carbon to climate change (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climatic Change, Springer, 119(2), pp. 359-374, ISSN: 0165-0009
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-10
    Description: Approximately 1700 Pg of soil carbon (C) are stored in the northern circumpolar permafrost zone, more than twice as much C than in the atmosphere. The overall amount, rate, and form of C released to the atmosphere in a warmer world will influence the strength of the permafrost C feedback to climate change. We used a survey to quantify variability in the perception of the vulnerability of permafrost C to climate change. Experts were asked to provide quantitative estimates of permafrost change in response to four scenarios of warming. For the highest warming scenario (RCP 8.5), experts hypothesized that C release from permafrost zone soils could be 19–45 Pg C by 2040, 162–288 Pg C by 2100, and 381–616 Pg C by 2300 in CO2 equivalent using 100-year CH4 global warming potential (GWP). These values become 50 % larger using 20-year CH4 GWP, with a third to a half of expected climate forcing coming from CH4 even though CH4 was only 2.3 % of the expected C release. Experts projected that two-thirds of this release could be avoided under the lowest warming scenario (RCP 2.6). These results highlight the potential risk from permafrost thaw and serve to frame a hypothesis about the magnitude of this feedback to climate change. However, the level of emissions proposed here are unlikely to overshadow the impact of fossil fuel burning, which will continue to be the main source of C emissions and climate forcing.
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  • 155
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    Simulation and evaluation of 2-m temperature over Antarctica in polar regional climate model (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Science China Earth Sciences, Springer, 57(4), pp. 703-709, ISSN: 1674-7313
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-14
    Description: The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis ERA40, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 20th-century reanalysis, and three station observations along an Antarctic traverse from Zhongshan to Dome-A stations are used to assess 2-m temperature simulation skill of a regional climate model. This model (HIRHAM) is from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Germany. Results show: (1) The simulated multiyear averaged 2-m temperature field pattern is close to that of ERA40 and NCEP; (2) the cold bias relative to ERA40 over all of Antarctic regions is 1.8°C, and that to NCEP reaches 5.1°C; (3) bias of HIRHAM relative to ERA40 has seasonal variation, with a cold bias mainly in the summer, as much as 3.4°C. There is a small inland warm bias in autumn of 0.3°C. Further analysis reveals that the reason for the cold bias of 2-m temperature is that physical conditions of the near-surface boundary layer simulated by HIRHAM are different from observations: (1) During the summer, observations show that near-surface atmospheric stability conditions have both inversions and non-inversions, which is due to the existence of both positive and negative sensible heat fluxes, but HIRHAM almost always simulates a situation of inversion and negative sensible heat flux; (2) during autumn and winter, observed near-surface stability is almost always that of inversions, consistent with HIRHAM simulations. This partially explains the small bias during autumn and winter.
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  • 156
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    Abrupt Climate Change Modeling (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Springer, pp. 1-30
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    Publication Date: 2015-03-10
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  • 157
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    The cockle Cerastoderma edule at Northeast Atlantic shores: genetic signatures of glacial refugia (2012)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, 159, pp. 221-230
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 158
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    Degassing, crystallization and eruption dynamics at Stromboli: trace element and lithium isotopic evidence from 2003 ashes (2011)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During its 1800-year-long persistent activity the Stromboli volcano has erupted a highly porphyritic (HP) volatile-poor scoriaceous magma and a low porphyritic (LP) volatile-rich pumiceous magma. The HP magma is erupted during normal Strombolian explosions and lava effusions, while the LP one is related to more energetic paroxysms. During the March–April 2003 explosive activity, Stromboli ejected two typologies of juvenile glassy ashes, namely highly vesicular LP shards and volatile-poor HP shards. Their textural and in situ chemical characteristics are used to unravel mutual relationships between HP and LP magmas, as well as magma dynamics within the shallow plumbing system. The mantle-normalized trace element patterns of both ash types show the typical arc-lava pattern; however, HP glasses possess incompatible element concentrations higher than LP glasses, along with Sr and Eu negative anomalies. HP shards are generally characterized by higher Li contents (to ~20 ppm) and lower δ7Li values (+1.2 to −3.8‰) with respect to LP shards (Li contents of 7–14 ppm and δ7Li ranging between +4.6 and +0.9‰). Fractional crystallization models based on major and trace element compositions, combined with a degassing model based on open-system Rayleigh distillation and on the assumption that melt/fluidDLi 〉 1, show that abundant (~30%) plagioclase precipitation and variable degrees of degassing can lead the more primitive LP magma to evolve toward a differentiated (isotopically lighter) HP magma ponding in the upper conduit and undergoing slow continuous degassing-induced crystallization. This study also evidences that in March 2003 Stromboli volcano poured out a small early volume of LP magma that traveled slower within the conduit with respect to later and larger volumes of fast ascending LP magma erupted during the April 5 paroxysm. The different ascent rates and cooling rates of the two LP magma batches (i.e., pre- and post-paroxysm) resulted in small, but detectable, differences in their chemical signatures. Finally, this study highlights the high potential of in situ investigations of juvenile glassy ashes in petrologic and geochemical monitoring the volcanic activity and of Li isotopes as tracers of degassing processes within the shallow plumbing system.
    Description: Published
    Description: 541-561
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli ; Volcanic ash ; Lithium isotopes ; Degassing-induced crystallization ; Petrologic monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.05. Mineralogy and petrology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 159
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    The microbiome of North Sea copepods (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Helgoland Marine Research, Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Copepods can be associated with different kinds and different numbers of bacteria. This was already shown in the past with culture-dependent microbial methods or microscopy and more recently by using molecular tools. In our present study, we investigated the bacterial community of four frequently occurring copepod species, Acartia sp., Temora longicornis, Centropages sp. and Calanus helgolandicus from Helgoland Roads (North Sea) over a period of two years using DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) and subsequent sequencing of 16S-rDNA fragments. To complement the PCR-DGGE analyses, clone libraries of copepod samples from June 2007 and 208 were generated. Based on the DGGE banding patterns of the two years survey, we found no significant differences between the communities of distinct copepod species, nor did we find any seasonality. Overall, we identified 67 phylotypes (〉 97% similarity) falling into the bacterial phyla of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The most abundant phylotypes were affiliated to the Alphaproteobacteria. In comparison of PCR-DGGE and clone libraries, phylotypes of the Gammaproteobacteria dominated the clone libraries, whereas Alphaproteobacteria were most abundant in the PCR-DGGE analyses
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  • 160
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    Measuring the Flow of Energy and Matter in Marine Benthic Animal Populations (2013)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    In:  EPIC3Methods for the study of marine benthos, Methods for the study of marine benthos, West Sussex, Wiley-Blackwell, 78 p., pp. 329-407, ISBN: 978-0-470-67086-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: Traditionally, the rationale for energy flow studies was found in the elucidation of energy transfers within ecosystems or within the practical context of the rational management of resources, but it is now widely recognised that its scope embodies almost all biology, including the field of population dynamics and evolutionary studies. Here, we first describe conceptual models of energy and mass budgets at the level of the individual, the population and the community. However, the emphasis is on the next part in which the practicalities of measuring the various components of these budgets in the marine zoobenthic community are described in detail. The measurement of, among other things, ingestion, absorption, defaecation, excretion, growth, reproduction and respiration is discussed. Finally, attention is paid to the estimation of secondary production of benthic populations and to community-level modelling methods.
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  • 161
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    Meere und Küsten: Klimawandel und Biodiversität (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Biodiversität und Klimawandel: Auswirkungen und Handlungsoptionen für den Naturschutz in Mitteleuropa, Springer, pp. 217-222, ISSN: ISBN 978-3-642-29691-8
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    Publication Date: 2018-02-16
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  • 162
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    Nonlinear sediment thickness increase at the western East Pacific Rise flank, 45° S (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Geo-Marine Letters, Springer, 33(5), pp. 381-390, ISSN: 1432-1157
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Sediment thickness was evaluated on the western flank of the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at 45°S, based on high-resolution seismic data gathered during cruise 213/2 of R/V Sonne in 2011. Two zones with distinctly different sediment thickness were identified, separated by a transitional zone bordering a pseudo-fault. Sediment in the more distal zone 2 is almost twice as thick (~120 m) as in zone 1 close to the EPR. This is in contrast to the expected sedimentary column thickening with seafloor age and distance from the spreading axis. The younger of two seismic units detected within the sedimentary column (EPR-2) occurs mainly in the distal zone on crust older than 9 Ma, whereas on younger crust it is present only in small isolated bodies. Both sedimentary units drape the basement. The drape is interpreted to represent particle settling from suspension and a generally low regional primary productivity. The spatial variation in sediment thickness cannot be explained by existing models, and other processes considered in the present case are (1) higher productivity in the western sector of the survey area, where thicker sediments were observed (zone 2), (2) the formation of sediment drifts near basement highs (‘seamount effect’), due to flow of Lower Circumpolar Deep Water affecting sediment deposition, and (3) erosion and/or non-deposition of the younger EPR-2 unit, due to elevated bed shear stresses associated with eddies transferring kinetic energy to the seafloor
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  • 163
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    The seaward limit of wave effects on coastal macrobenthos (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Helgoland Marine Research, Springer, 68(1), pp. 1-16, ISSN: 1438-387X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Description: Exposed sandy coasts are predominantly physically controlled environments where benthic communities are structured by the independent response of species to the physical environment, with minimal biological interactions (swash exclusion hypothesis). This prevalence of physical control may be regarded as a typical property of exposed coastal areas. In an offshore direction, the importance of wave effects on the benthos will diminish until a depth is reached where they are no longer significant [wave exclusion hypothesis (WEH)]. This loss of a coastal property may be used to define an offshore depth limit of the coastal zone. We used a large set of benthos data from the SE North Sea to test whether an offshore limit of the coast can be clearly recognised despite strong small-scale variability and how this limit would vary seasonally and from year to year. In accordance with WEH, both species density and total abundance of macrobenthos were low in the surf zone, strongly increased with depth, and averaged over all sampling dates became relatively constant below 30 m depth. Seasonally, these gradients were weaker during summer recruitment than during autumn. Species richness, by contrast, showed no significant difference with depth. In single years, the depth of the turning point from increasing abundances to constant abundances varied between 20 and 31 m (equivalent to 40–80 km off the coastline) depending on wave height. We conclude that this zone can be derived from benthic community gradients.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 164
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    The Last Interglacial as Simulated by an Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model: Sensitivity Studies on the Influence of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines Perspectives from a Multi-disciplinary Helmholtz Research School, Heidelbert, Springer, 138 p., pp. 57-64, ISBN: ISBN 978-3-642-32234
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-16
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    Simulated Caribbean Climate Variability During the Mid-Holocene (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines Perspectives from a Multi-disciplinary Helmholtz Research School, Heidelberg, Springer, 138 p., pp. 64-69, ISBN: ISBN 978-3-642-32234
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
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  • 166
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    Ocean Adjustment to High-Latitude Density Perturbations (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines Perspectives from a Multi-disciplinary Helmholtz Research School, Heidelberg, Springer, 138 p., pp. 74-79, ISBN: ISBN 978-3-642-32234
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    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
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    Spatial and seasonal variability of polygonal tundra water balance: Lena River Delta, northern Siberia (Russia) (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Hydrogeology Journal, Springer, ISSN: 1431-2174
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-19
    Description: The summer water balance of a typical Siberian polygonal tundra catchment is investigated in order to identify the spatial and temporal dynamics of its main hydrological processes. The results show that, besides precipitation and evapotranspiration, lateral flow considerably influences the site-specific hydrological conditions. The prominent microtopography of the polygonal tundra strongly controls lateral flow and storage behaviour of the investigated catchment. Intact rims of low-centred polygons build hydrological barriers, which release storage water later in summer than polygons with degraded rims and troughs above degraded ice wedges. The barrier function of rims is strongly controlled by soil thaw, which opens new subsurface flow paths and increases subsurface hydrological connectivity. Therefore, soil thaw dynamics determine the magnitude and timing of subsurface outflow and the redistribution of storage within the catchment. Hydraulic conductivities in the elevated polygonal rims sharply decrease with the transition from organic to mineral layers. This interface causes a rapid shallow subsurface drainage of rainwater towards the depressed polygon centres and troughs. The re-release of storage water from the centres through deeper and less conductive layers helps maintain a high water table in the surface drainage network of troughs throughout the summer.
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  • 168
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    Regime shifts in the marine environments: How do they affect ecosystem services? (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges, The Mediterranean Sea: Its hisory and present challenges, Springer, pp. 499-504
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    Publication Date: 2016-02-13
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Inter-annual water mass variations from GRACE in central Siberia (2012)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geodesy, Springer, ISSN: 0949-7714
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-19
    Description: Our study analyses satellite and land-based observations of the Yakutsk region centred at the Lena watershed, an area characterised mainly by continuous permafrost. Using monthly solutions of the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment satellite mission, we detect amass increase over central Siberia from 2002 to 2007 which reverses into a mass decrease between 2007 and 2011. No significant mass trend is visible for the whole observation period. To further quantify this behaviour, different mass signal components are studied in detail: (1) inter-annual variation in the atmospheric mass, (2) a possible effect of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and (3) hydrological mass variations. In standard processing the atmospheric mass signal is reduced based on the data from numerical weather prediction models. We use surface pressure observations in order to validate this atmospheric reduction. On inter-annual time scale the difference between the atmospheric mass signal from model prediction and from surface pressure observation is 〈4mm in equivalentwater height. The effect of GIA on the mass signal over Siberia is calculated using a global ice model and a spherically symmetric, compressible, Maxwell-viscoelastic earth model. The calculation shows that for the investigated area any effect of GIA can be ruled out. Hence, the main part of the signal can be attributed to hydrological mass varia-tions. We briefly discuss potential hydrological effects such as changes in precipitation, river discharge, surface and subsurface water storage.
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    Process Model Based Methodology for Impact Analysis of New Design Methods (2010)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Modelling and Management of Engineering Processes, Modelling and Management of Engineering Processes, London, Springer, pp. 53-64, ISBN: 978-1-84996-198-1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: What is the impact of new design methodologies and methods on the industrial product development process and its productivity? This is one of the key questions for today's industrial engineering companies when they decide on the introduction of new methods or tools, as well as for researchers and tool providers when they assess their ideas and work. A quantitative (at best monetary) assessment of a new design method's value and impact will increase a manager's decision basis significantly and will lead to well directed investments in process optimisations. It is not sufficient to analyse the impact of a new design method just for the specific process step it is applied to. Implications on following steps, sometimes on the whole engineering process must be considered as well. Furthermore, decisions on the use of new design methods must be made on a multi-criteria basis through the well-known cost/time/quality triangle (e.g. Burghardt, 2006).
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    Analysis of long-term changes of a sandy shoreline utilising high-resolution aerial photography (2010)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Coastal and Marine Geospatial Technologies, Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, Springer, 451 p., pp. 187-196
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-11
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Oceanic d18O Variation and its Relation to Salinity in the MPI-OM Ocean Model (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines Perspectives from a Multi-disciplinary Helmholtz Research School, Heidelberg, Springer, 138 p., pp. 70-74, ISBN: ISBN 978-3-642-32234
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
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    Multiscale modeling of coastal, shelf, and global ocean dynamics (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Dynamics, Springer, 63(11-12), pp. 1341-1344, ISSN: 1616-7341
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: In contemporary ocean science, modeling systems that integrate understanding of complex multiscale phenomena and utilize efficient numerics are paramount. Many of today's fundamental ocean science questions involve multiple scales and multiple dynamics. A new generation of modeling systems would allow to study such questions quantitatively by being less restrictive dynamically and more efficient numerically than more traditional systems.
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  • 174
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    Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Invertebrate Neuroscience, Springer, ISSN: 1354-2516
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Cephalopods have been utilised in neurosci- ence research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentia- tion) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of ‘‘live cephalopods’’ became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the ‘‘Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes’’, giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs princi- ples (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce ‘‘guidelines’’ and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare.
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    The influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on developmental parameters and their relationships in the marine isopod Idotea linearis (Crustacea) (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Hydrobiologia, Springer, 732, pp. 197-212, ISSN: 0018-8158
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-06
    Description: Developmental and reproductive parameters and their relationships were studied in the marine isopod Idotea linearis. We hypothesized that (1) the temporal patterns of molting and growth undergo complex and sex-specific changes with age as well as with the onset of sexual maturation, and that (2) sexual maturation (and dependent parameters) is controlled by the photoperiod. Both males and females were singly cultured in the laboratory at two alternative photoperiods (constant long and short days, respectively) from hatching until death. Males molted and grew throughout their life, showing a steady increase in stage duration and body size with each molt. Females, in contrast, showed much more complex modifications in molt chronology due to reproductive demands. There was some variability in the stage number, when females reached maturity. Reaching maturity early in the succession of molts was associated with smaller body size at maturity, smaller size of broods, but higher average number of broods per lifetime. Post-puberty molts in females occurred without further growth, and successive broods did not differ in size. The photoperiod strongly affected sexual maturation (and thus in turn molting and growth patterns) in females, while males remained completely unaffected by the photo regime.
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    Mass, Volume and Velocity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: Present-Day Changes and Error Effects (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Surveys in Geophysics, Springer, pp. 1-25, ISSN: 0169-3298
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: This study examines present-day changes of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) by means of different data sets. We make use of monthly gravity field solutions acquired by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to study mass changes of the AIS for a 10-year period. In addition to "standard" solutions of release 05, solutions based on radial base functions were used. Both solutions reveal an increased mass loss in recent years. For a 6-year period surface-height changes were inferred from laser altimetry data provided by the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). The basin-scale volume trends were converted into mass changes and were compared with the GRACE estimates for the same period. Focussing on the Thwaites Glacier, Landsat optical imagery was utilised to determine ice-flow velocities for a period of more than two decades. This data set was extended by means of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the TerraSAR-X mission, revealing an accelerated ice flow of all parts of the glacier. ICESat data over the Thwaites Glacier were complemented by digital elevation models inferred from TanDEM-X data. This extended data set exhibits an increased surface lowering in recent times. Passive microwave remote sensing data prove the long-term stability of the accumulation rates in a low accumulation zone in East Antarctica over several decades. Finally, we discuss the main error sources of present-day mass-balance estimates: the glacial isostatic adjustment effect for GRACE as well as the biases between laser operational periods and the volume-mass conversion for ICESat.
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    The scientific challenge of bridging the gap from the local to the earth system level: lessons from the study of mangroves and people in North Brazil (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Regional Environmental Change, Springer, ISSN: 1436-3798
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-07
    Description: This article aims to address the challenges of sustainable earth system governance from a multi-scale level perspective. The local to regional system level reviews findings from a social-ecological system (SES) approach of a mangrove ecosystem in North Brazil. Seven challenges (Glaser et al. 2010) that could provide relevant knowledge to society were identified. Their respective justification and recommendations are presented here. Further, these “challenges from the field” are linked and discussed with those challenges on earth system level elaborated by the International Council for Science in 2010. There it was stressed that sustainability problems are increasingly caused by drivers from multiple spatial and institutional levels in a single global human-nature system. The comparison between the global and local to regional challenges shows that most of these are reappearing disregarding the level of analysis, indicating that there is a universal core of global change problems. However, there are gaps are visible which hamper the effective connections across the different spatial levels. These gaps pertain to i.e. the subjects of knowledge generation and stakeholder inclusion. The final section elaborates on these recognized gaps and their science-policy dimensions. The article closes with the identification of a number of factors which currently impede global sustainability efforts: shortcomings in inter- and transdisciplinary research practice, lack of consistent structures for earth system governance and shortcomings in dealing with up-scaling challenges whilst remaining locally relevant. A blueprint for a globally focused but regionally informed social-ecological analysis framework remains to be worked out.
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    Die Geschichte der Antarktisforschung (1984)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Naturwissenschaften, Springer, 71(12), pp. 599-608, ISSN: 0028-1042
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-04
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Isolation, characterization and cross amplification of eleven novel microsatellite loci for the hydrozoan coral Millepora (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Conservation Genetics Resources, Springer, ISSN: 1877-7252
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Milleporidae are of high ecological and economic importance, as, together with the scleractinian corals, they belong to the main reef builders of tropical coral reefs. Coral reefs face severe threats mainly due to anthropogenic disturbance. Understanding their population structure and dynamics is crucial for any conservation effort. Here we report the first microsatellite loci for the Milleporidae. Eleven polymorphic markers were developed for the hydrozoan corals Millepora dichotoma from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) and tested for amplification in M. dichotoma from the Red Sea (Egypt), as well as for Millepora platyphylla from the Pacific Ocean (Moorea, French Polynesia). All loci were variable with 4–15 alleles per locus. Nine loci were transferable between geographic regions and species. These are the first microsatellites for hydrozoan corals. They will provide valuable tools for characterizing the population structure and genetic diversity of the group thereby benefitting coral reef conservation.
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    Uptake of Fluorescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Oligodendroglial OLN-93 Cells (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Neurochemical Research, Springer, 39(2), pp. 372-383, ISSN: 0364-3190
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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    Biosignatures in chimney structures and sediment from the Loki’s Castle low-temperature hydrothermal vent field at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Extremophiles, Springer, 18(3), pp. 545-560, ISSN: 1431-0651
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-12
    Description: We investigated microbial life preserved in a hydrothermally inactive silica–barite chimney in comparison with an active barite chimney and sediment from the Loki’s Castle low-temperature venting area at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) using lipid biomarkers. Carbon and sulfur isotopes were used to constrain possible metabolic pathways. Multiple sulfur (δ34S, ∆33S) isotopes on barite over a cross section of the extinct chimney range between 21.1 and 22.5 ‰ in δ34S, and between 0.020 and 0.034 ‰ in Δ33S, indicating direct precipitation from seawater. Biomarker distributions within two discrete zones of this silica–barite chimney indicate a considerable difference in abundance and diversity of microorganisms from the chimney exterior to the interior. Lipids in the active and inactive chimney barite and sediment were dominated by a range of 13C-depleted unsaturated and branched fatty acids with δ13C values between −39.7 and −26.7 ‰, indicating the presence of sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria. The majority of lipids (99.5 %) in the extinct chimney interior that experienced high temperatures were of archaeal origin. Unusual glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers (GMGT) with 0–4 rings were the dominant compounds suggesting the presence of mainly (hyper-) thermophilic archaea. Isoprenoid hydrocarbons with δ13C values as low as −46 ‰ also indicated the presence of methanogens and possibly methanotrophs.
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    Georessource Wasser - Herausforderung Globaler Wandel. Kapitel 3 - Wassernutzung und Wassereffizienz in Landschaften (2012)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, 280 p., ISBN: 978-3-642-27570
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Der Klimawandel, die Globalisierung der Märkte, der demografische Wandel, die rasanten technologischen Entwicklungen sowie die Veränderungen der Landnutzung sind verschiedene Facetten des sogenannten Globalen Wandels. Welchen Einfluss der Globale Wandel auf die verfügbaren Wasserressourcen hat, ist von Region zu Region unterschiedlich. In jedem Fall steigt der Nutzungsdruck auf die Georessource Wasser weiter an; bereits jetzt zeichnen sich regionale Konkurrenzen und Konflikte bei der Nutzung ab. So wird sich beispielsweise der Bewässerungsbedarf der Landwirtschaft durch die steigende globale Nachfrage nach Nahrungsmitteln und Rohstoffen weiter erhöhen. Infolge des Globalen Wandels und der Veränderungen der Flusslandschaften ist auch vermehrt mit Hochwasserereignissen zu rechnen. Ausreichende Wasserressourcen in hinreichender Qualität zu sichern, sowie der Gewässerschutz und die Hochwasservorsorge sind daher zentrale Anliegen unserer Gesellschaft. Innovative Anpassungsstrategien und neue Technologien können hierbei nicht nur zu einer nachhaltigen Wasser- und Bodenbewirtschaftung führen, sondern gleichzeitig auch wirtschaftliche Chancen auf dem Weltmarkt eröffnen. Gerade durch die Entwicklung und den Export von Technologien und Verfahrensweisen kann Deutschland einen Beitrag zur Lösung globaler Wasserprobleme leisten.
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    Isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite markers from the squat lobster Munida gregaria (Decapoda: Galatheidae) around the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Conservation Genetics Resources, Springer, ISSN: 1877-7252
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Understanding phylogenetic relationship and patterns of contemporary population genetic structure is a prerequisite for conservation and management of potential fishery resources. In this study we report the isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the squat lobster Munida gregaria from around the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 31, observed heterozygosity varied from 0.130 to 0.870. Cross-amplification was 100 % successfully in the species/morph M. subrugosa and 36.4 % in another congeneric species M. gracilis. This set of microsatellites is useful for studies focused on taxonomy, genetic diversity and genetic connectivity further may provide stock assessment information for monitoring this important fishery resource.
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    Distribution and characteristics of marine habitats in a subpolar bay based on hydroacoustics and bed shear stress estimates - Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Geo-Marine Letters, Springer, 34(5), pp. 435-446, ISSN: 0276-0460
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Marine habitats worldwide are increasingly pressurized by climate change, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Well-studied areas in front of rapidly retreating tidewater glaciers like Potter Cove are representative for similar coastal environments and, therefore, shed light on habitat formation and development on not only a local but also regional scale. The objective of this study was to provide insights into habitat distribution in Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica, and to evaluate the associated environmental processes. Furthermore, an assessment concerning the future development of the habitats is provided. To describe the seafloor habitats in Potter Cove, an acoustic seabed discrimination system (RoxAnn) was used in combination with underwater video images and sediment samples. Due to the absence of wave and current measurements in the study area, bed shear stress estimates served to delineate zones prone to sediment erosion. On the basis of the investigations, two habitat classes were identified in Potter Cove, namely soft-sediment and stone habitats that, besides influences from sediment supply and coastal morphology, are controlled by sediment erosion. A future expansion of the stone habitat is predicted if recent environmental change trends continue. Possible implications for the Potter Cove environment, and other coastal ecosystems under similar pressure, include changes in biomass and species composition.
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    Characterization of Ice-Binding Proteins from Sea Ice Algae (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Plant Cold Acclimation: Methods and Protocols, (Methods in Molecular Biology ; 1166), New York, Springer, 282 p., pp. 241-253, ISBN: 978-1-4939-0843-1
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-24
    Description: ICE BINDING PROTEINS FROM SEA ICE ALGAE Sea ice is mainly a two-phase system, and its porous structure is largely determinant for biological activity within ice. During ice formation, solutes in the seawater are excluded from the ice matrix and segregate into brine droplets or brine channels, generally defined as brine inclusions inside sea ice. Outflow of high salinity brine and inflow of seawater of lower salinity, as well as further cooling, cause brine inclusions to narrow and eventually separate into individual pockets divided by ice bridges. Despite the harsh conditions that govern within sea ice, where temperatures range from about -1.8°C on the bottom to -20°C or less on the top, and brine salinities can be as high as 200 on the Practical Salinity Scale, brine inclusions offer a habitat for a variety of microalgae. These algae play a crucial role for the ecology of the Polar Oceans, since they represent a concentrated food source in the low-productivity ice-covered sea, and in the months of melting they initiate blooms by seeding the water column. Algae have been found distributed within brine inclusions throughout the entire thickness of the ice column. The strategies adopted by ice microorganisms to cope with conditions in sea ice remain to be unraveled. Recent studies showed that several organisms that populate sea ice, spreading from bacteria to diatoms and a crustacean species, have ice binding proteins (IBPs). These proteins are common in polar species, but lack in temperate organisms, suggesting that IBPs play a key role in adaptation to subzero conditions. The nomenclature of these proteins varies, depending on authors, from ice binding to antifreeze or ice structuring. In the generally accepted adsorption–inhibition model describing the mechanism of action of IBPs, proteins bind to the ice lattice and locally inhibit ice growth by the Gibbs-Thomson effect. Recent publications showed that some IBPs organize water molecules into an ice-like structure that matches defined planes of the ice crystal and is then gradually frozen to the ice lattice. One of the most prominent and best described effects of IBPs is thermal hysteresis, which describes the lowering of the freezing point of a solution below the melting point. Another effect which defines IBPs is inhibition of recrystallization, which is the grain boundary migration resulting in a growth of larger crystals at the expenses of small grains. The biological role of IBPs from sea ice microalgae remains an open question. The importance of some IBP families, as observed in fishes or insects, lies in lowering the freezing point below environmental temperature, in order to avoid ice formation in cells or organs. Other IBPs have the function to inhibit recrystallization, as it has been suggested for plant IBPs. In the context of sea ice, it seems unlikely that the biological role of IBPs may be thermal hysteresis (measured in the order of 1°C) or recrystallization inhibition. Most of the IBPs from sea ice algae are active extracellularly. It has been suggested that they are trapped and accumulate within a layer of extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) secreted by several sea ice organisms. Microalgal IBPs produced recombinantly or collected from spent growth medium affect the structure of ice surface, causing pitting and characteristic microstructural features. This suggests that the proteins shape their frozen environment in order to increase their habitable space within sea ice. However, the characterization of IBPs is of relevance not only to understand their functional role in sea ice, but also in the frame of possible applications of IBPs in the medical field, in the food industry and in other fields related to a control of ice crystals. In the following we present some standard techniques to determine the protein activity in terms of thermal hysteresis (TH) and recrystallization inhibition (RI), which define the proteins as ice binding. Also, we present further methods (ice pitting assay, determination of the nucleating temperature) to characterize the activity of IBPs.
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    Cyclones and their possible changes in the Arctic by the end of the twenty first century from regional climate model Simulations (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Springer, ISSN: 0177-798X
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    Publication Date: 2019-10-23
    Description: Characteristics of cyclones (frequency, intensity and size) and their changes in the Arctic region in a warmer climate have been analyzed with the use of the HIRHAM regional climate model simulations with SRES-A1B anthropogenic scenario for the twenty first century. The focus was on cyclones for the warm (April–September) and cold (October–March) seasons. The present-day cyclonic characteristics from HIRHAM simulations are in general agreement with those from ERA–40 reanalysis data. Differences noted for the frequency of cyclones are related with different spatial resolution in the model simulations and reanalysis data. Potential future changes in cyclone characteristics at the end of the twenty first century have been analyzed. According to the model simulations, the frequency of cyclones is increasing in warm seasons and decreasing in cold seasons for a warmer climate in the twenty first century, but these changes are statistically insignificant. Noticeable changes were detected for the intensity and size of cyclones for the both seasons. Significant increase was found for the frequency of weak cyclones during cold season. Further, a general increase in the frequency of small cyclones was calculated in cold seasons, while its frequency decreases in warm seasons.
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    Impacts of climate change on growth, migration and recruitment success of Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) in the western North Pacific. (2012)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Change, Springer, 115(3-4), pp. 485-503
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 188
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    Predation of calanoid copepods on their own and other copepods’ offspring (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, ISSN: 0025-3162
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Predation of eggs and nauplii by adult copepods is often used to explain unexpected death rates in population dynamics studies, but the phenomenon has been rarely investigated or quantified. Therefore, we studied the predatory feeding of adult females (Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus, Centropages typicus, and Temora longicornis) on their own and other species’ eggs and young nauplii with different densities of single animal-prey, mixtures of animal-prey and in the presence of diatoms. All species preyed on eggs and nauplii of their own and all other species. Maximal egg predation varied between 7 and 64 eggs fem−1 day−1. Ingestion of Centropages spp. eggs was lowest, potentially due to the spiny egg surface. Maximal feeding rates on nauplii ranged from 5 to 45 nauplii fem−1 day−1. T. longicornis preferred eggs, when eggs and nauplii were offered together at the same densities, and the other predators selected for nauplii. At a diatom concentration of 60 μg C l−1 predation on eggs by C. typicus was higher than without algae, whereas A. clausi and T. longicornis did not change their uptake of eggs. Feeding on nauplii in the presence of diatoms was again enhanced in C. typicus, and unaffected in A. clausi and C. hamatus. T. longicornis reduced its feeding on nauplii in the presence of diatoms. Calculated predation rates, using field abundances of predators and prey, suggest that predation of copepods on their own young stages may account for ca. 30 % of total mortality of young stages in North Sea copepod populations.
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    The reaction of European lobster larvae (Homarus gammarus) to different quality food: effects of ontogenetic shifts and pre-feeding history (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Oecologia, Springer, 174(2), pp. 581-594, ISSN: 0029-8549
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Young larval stages of many organisms represent bottlenecks in the life-history of many species. The high mortality commonly observed in, for example, decapod larvae has often been linked to poor nutrition, with most studies focussing on food quantity. Here, we focus instead on the effects of quality and have investigated its effects on the nutritional condition of lobster larvae. We established a tri-trophic food chain consisting of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina, the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa and larvae of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. In a set of experiments, we manipulated the C:N:P stoichiometry of the primary producers, and accordingly those of the primary consumer. In a first experiment, R. salina was grown under N- and P-limitation and the nutrient content of the algae was manipulated by addition of the limiting nutrient to create a food quality gradient. In a second experiment, the effect on lobster larvae of long- and short-term exposure to food of varying quality during ontogenetic development was investigated. The condition of the lobster larvae was negatively affected even by subtle N- and P-nutrient limitations of the algae. Furthermore, younger lobster larvae were more vulnerable to nutrient limitation than older ones, suggesting an ontogenetic shift in the capacity of lobster larvae to cope with low quality food. The results presented here might have substantial consequences for the survival of lobster larvae in the field, as, in the light of future climate change and re-oligotrophication of the North Sea, lobster larvae might face marked changes in temperature and nutrient conditions, thus significantly altering their condition and growth.
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  • 190
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    Digestive enzymes of two brachyuran and two anomuran land crabs from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmentalphysiol, Springer, ISSN: 0174-1578
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The digestive ability of four sympatric land crabs species (the gecarcinids, Gecarcoidea natalis and Discoplax celeste and the anomurans, Birgus latro and Coenobita perlatus) was examined by determining the activity of their digestive enzymes. The gecarcinids are detritivores that consume mainly leaf litter; the robber crab, B. latro, is an omnivore that preferentially consumes items high in lipid, carbohydrate and/or protein; C. perlatus is also an omnivore/detritivore. All species possess protease, lipase and amylase activity for hydrolysing ubiquitous protein, lipid and storage polysaccharides (glycogen and starch). Similarly all species possess enzymes such as N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, the cellulases, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and β-glucohydrolase and hemicellulases, lichenase and laminarinase for the respective hydrolysis of structural substrates chitin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, lichenan and laminarin. Except for the enzyme activities of C. perlatus, enzyme activity could not be correlated to dietary preference. Perhaps others factors such as olfactory and locomotor ability and metabolic status may determine the observed dietary preferences. The digestive fluid of C. perlatus possessed higher endo-β-1,4-glucanase, lichenase and laminarinase activities compared to that of the other species. Thus, C. perlatus may be efficient at digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose within plant material. Zymography indicated that the majority of protease, lipase, phosphatase, amylase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, β-glucohydrolase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase isozymes were common to all species, and hence were inherited from a common aquatic ancestor. Differences were observed for the phosphatase, lipase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase isozymes. These differences are discussed in relation to phylogeny and possible evolution to cope with the adoption of a terrestrial diet.
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  • 191
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    Animating the Carbon Cycle (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Ecosystems, Springer, 17(2), pp. 344-359, ISSN: 1432-9840
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Understanding the biogeochemical processes reg- ulating carbon cycling is central to mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. The role of living organisms has been accounted for, but the focus has traditionally been on contributions of plants and microbes. We develop the case that fully ‘‘animating’’ the carbon cycle requires broader consideration of the functional role of animals in mediating biogeochemical processes and quanti- fication of their effects on carbon storage and exchange among terrestrial and aquatic reservoirs and the atmosphere. To encourage more hypothesis-driven experimental research that quantifies animal effects we discuss the mecha- nisms by which animals may affect carbon ex- changes and storage within and among ecosystems and the atmosphere. We illustrate how those mechanisms lead to multiplier effects whose magnitudes may rival those of more tra- ditional carbon storage and exchange rate esti- mates currently used in the carbon budget. Many animal species are already directly managed. Thus improved quantitative understanding of their influence on carbon budgets may create oppor- tunity for management and policy to identify and implement new options for mitigating CO2 re- lease at regional scales.
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  • 192
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    Spring-to-summer changes and regional variability of benthic processes in the western Canadian Arctic (2011)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer, 34(12), pp. 2025-2038, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-13
    Description: Seasonal dynamics in the activity of Arctic shelf benthos have been the subject of few local studies, and the pronounced among-site variability characterizing their results makes it difficult to upscale and generalize their conclusions. In a regional study encompassing five sites at 100–595 m water depth in the southeastern Beau- fort Sea, we found that total pigment concentrations in surficial sediments, used as proxies of general food supply to the benthos, rose significantly after the transition from ice-covered conditions in spring (March–June 2008) to open-water conditions in summer (June–August 2008), whereas sediment Chl a concentrations, typical markers of fresh food input, did not. Macrobenthic biomass (including agglutinated foraminifera [500 lm) varied significantly among sites (1.2–6.4 g C m-2 in spring, 1.1–12.6 g C m-2 in summer), whereas a general spring-to-summer increase was not detected. Benthic carbon remineralisation also ranged significantly among sites (11.9–33.2 mg C m-2 day-1 in spring, 11.6–44.4 mg C m-2 day-1 in summer) and did in addition exhibit a general significant increase from spring-to-summer. Multiple regression analysis suggests that in both spring and summer, sediment Chl a concentration is the prime determinant of benthic carbon remineralisation, but other factors have a significant secondary influence, such as foraminiferan biomass (negative in both seasons), water depth (in spring) and infaunal biomass (in summer). Our findings indicate the importance of the combined and dynamic effects of food supply and benthic community patterns on the carbon remineralisation of the polar shelf benthos in seasonally ice-covered seas.
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  • 193
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    Chapter 5: Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science. (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles, Springer Earth System Sciences., Heidelberg, Springer, 147 p., pp. 247-306, ISBN: 978-3-642-25642-4
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: Why a chapter on Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science in this book? SOLAS science by its nature deals with interactions that occur: across a wide spectrum of time and space scales, involve gases and particles, between the ocean and the atmosphere, across many disciplines including chemistry, biology, optics, physics, mathematics, computing, socio-economics and consequently interactions between many different scientists and across scientific generations. This chapter provides a guide through the remarkable diversity of cross-cutting approaches and tools in the gigantic puzzle of the SOLAS realm. Here we overview the existing prime components of atmospheric and oceanic observing systems, with the acquisition of ocean–atmosphere observables either from in situ or from satellites, the rich hierarchy of models to test our knowledge of Earth System functioning, and the tremendous efforts accomplished over the last decade within the COST Action 735 and SOLAS Integration project frameworks to understand, as best we can, the current physical and biogeochemical state of the atmosphere and ocean commons. A few SOLAS integrative studies illustrate the full meaning of interactions, paving the way for even tighter connections between thematic fields. Ultimately, SOLAS research will also develop with an enhanced consideration of societal demand while preserving fundamental research coherency. The exchange of energy, gases and particles across the air-sea interface is controlled by a variety of biological, chemical and physical processes that operate across broad spatial and temporal scales. These processes influence the composition, biogeochemical and chemical properties of both the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers and ultimately shape the Earth system response to climate and environmental change, as detailed in the previous four chapters. In this cross-cutting chapter we present some of the SOLAS achievements over the last decade in terms of integration, upscaling observational information from process-oriented studies and expeditionary research with key tools such as remote sensing and modelling. Here we do not pretend to encompass the entire legacy of SOLAS efforts but rather offer a selective view of some of the major integrative SOLAS studies that combined available pieces of the immense jigsaw puzzle. These include, for instance, COST efforts to build up global climatologies of SOLAS relevant parameters such as dimethyl sulphide, interconnection between volcanic ash and ecosystem response in the eastern subarctic North Pacific, optimal strategy to derive basin-scale CO2 uptake with good precision, or significant reduction of the uncertainties in sea-salt aerosol source functions. Predicting the future trajectory of Earth’s climate and habitability is the main task ahead. Some possible routes for the SOLAS scientific community to reach this overarching goal conclude the chapter.
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  • 194
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    Adaptations to semi-terrestrial life in embryos of East African mangrove crabs: a comparative approach (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, 160(9), pp. 2483-2492, ISSN: 0025-3162
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: In this experimental study, we compared the embryonic respiration rate in air and water of six East African sesarmid species with intertidal, supratidal and arboreal habits, to highlight possible adaptations in embryonic metabolism to their different lifestyles. The embryos of all analysed crabs showed bimodal respiration, but we did not find a trend towards an enhanced embryonic oxygen uptake in air from the intertidal to the arboreal and supratidal species. However, the late-stage embryos of the most land-adapted species, Chiromantes spp., showed an enhanced metabolism when immersed in sea water that we interpreted as an adaptive recovery mechanism to cope with the storage of by-products due to marine-based metabolic pathways during long emersion periods. Thus, we showed that the embryos of land-adapted species, although still strongly water dependent, are well adapted to semi-terrestrial habitats and represent a minor limiting factor for females, which are not restricted in their emersion period by the oxygen requirements of their embryos.
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  • 195
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    Advances in Predicting the Impacts of Global Warming on the Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Mediterranean Sea (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges, The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges, Springer, pp. 319-339, ISBN: 978-94-007-6704-1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis have been used as model bivalves to study the impacts of global warming on their physiological performance in Themaikos Gulf, North Greece. The studies have been conducted under laboratory and field conditions for more than 6 years and focused on the biochemical, metabolic, physiological and energetic responses of M. galloprovincialis to increases in the ambient temperature. Here we summarize the findings concerning the responses of mussels to environmental temperature, present an integrated model of their physiological performance during thermal stress and discuss these findings in the light of the predicted temperature changes in the Thermaikos Gulf from the regional climate trends and the mean global temperature projections for the period 1990–2100 based on IS92 emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). Our findings indicate that mussels in Themaikos Gulf currently face the temperatures close to their upper thermal limits, especially during the summer, and thus are likely vulnerably to any further increase in the temperature such as expected during the global warming
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  • 196
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    New insights into the genetic diversity of zooxanthellae in Mediterranean anthozoans (2014)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Symbiosis, Springer, 63(1), pp. 41-46, ISSN: 0334-5114
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-05
    Description: Symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium, also called zooxanthellae, are found in association with a wide diversity of shallow-water anthozoans. The Symbiodinium genus includes numerous lineages, also referred to as clades or phylotypes, as well as a wide diversity of genetic sub-clades and sub-phylotypes. There are few studies characterizing the genetic diversity of zooxanthellae in Mediterranean anthozoans. In this study, we included anthozoans from the Western Mediterranean Sea and by means of internal transcriber (ITS) and large sub-unit (LSU) rRNA markers we corroborate what has been previously identified, demonstrating that phylotype “Temperate A” is very common among host Cnidaria in this basin. Our finding of fixed differences in ITS and LSU markers that correspond to different host taxa, indicate that this clade may comprise several closely-related species. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of Symbiodinium psygmophilum (formerly subclade B2) associated with Oculina patagonica and Cladocora caespitosa in the Eastern Mediterranean. Here, we identify this association in O. patagonica from the Western Mediterranean but not in C. caespitosa, suggesting some differences in symbiotic combinations between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Basins.
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  • 197
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    Acclimation to UV radiation and antioxidative defence in the endemic Antarctic brown macroalga Desmarestia anceps along a depth gradient (2013)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biology, Springer, 36(12), pp. 1779-1789, ISSN: 0722-4060
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-05
    Description: The endemic Antarctic brown macroalga Desmarestia anceps colonizes the subtidal between 5 and 30 m in Potter Cove on King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Experiments were conducted to study photosynthetic activities, antioxidative enzymes and UV tolerance of field-grown individuals with respect to the light histories along different subtidal positions. Individuals collected from the upper (5.5 m) and mid-subtidal (9.0 m) are characterized by high maximum electron transport rates (ETRmax) measured by PAM-fluorometry and high activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) supported by considerable activities of glutathione reductase. Individuals of this species from the upper subtidal are able to tolerate high irradiances of UV-B radiation because its photosynthetic apparatus is putatively well protected by phlorotannins. In contrast, individuals from lower subtidal positions (13.5 and 15.5 m) showed an opposite trend: lower ETRmax and SOD activities as well as a lower UV tolerance of photosynthesis. Moreover, a non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native PAGE) of a partially purified crude extract reveals that D. anceps has probably six isoforms of SOD. These intra-specific patterns imply a high phenotypical plasticity of D. anceps with respect to its photosynthesis and photoprotective mechanisms. Overall, photosynthesis, UV tolerance and antioxidative potential are highly regulated in D. anceps corresponding to the respective light regimes along its natural growth sites.
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    Decadal-timescale estuarine geomorphic change under future scenarios of climate and sediment supply (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Authors, 2009. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 33 (2010): 15-29, doi:10.1007/s12237-009-9244-y.
    Description: Future estuarine geomorphic change, in response to climate change, sea-level rise, and watershed sediment supply, may govern ecological function, navigation, and water quality. We estimated geomorphic changes in Suisun Bay, CA, under four scenarios using a tidal-timescale hydrodynamic/sediment transport model. Computational expense and data needs were reduced using the morphological hydrograph concept and the morphological acceleration factor. The four scenarios included (1) present-day conditions; (2) sea-level rise and freshwater flow changes of 2030; (3) sea-level rise and decreased watershed sediment supply of 2030; and (4) sea-level rise, freshwater flow changes, and decreased watershed sediment supply of 2030. Sea-level rise increased water levels thereby reducing wave-induced bottom shear stress and sediment redistribution during the wind-wave season. Decreased watershed sediment supply reduced net deposition within the estuary, while minor changes in freshwater flow timing and magnitude induced the smallest overall effect. In all future scenarios, net deposition in the entire estuary and in the shallowest areas did not keep pace with sea-level rise, suggesting that intertidal and wetland areas may struggle to maintain elevation. Tidal-timescale simulations using future conditions were also used to infer changes in optical depth: though sea-level rise acts to decrease mean light irradiance, decreased suspended-sediment concentrations increase irradiance, yielding small changes in optical depth. The modeling results also assisted with the development of a dimensionless estuarine geomorphic number representing the ratio of potential sediment import forces to sediment export forces; we found the number to be linearly related to relative geomorphic change in Suisun Bay. The methods implemented here are widely applicable to evaluating future scenarios of estuarine change over decadal timescales.
    Description: This study was supported by the US Geological Survey’s Priority Ecosystems Science program, CALFED Bay/ Delta Program, and the University of California Center for Water Resources.
    Keywords: Numerical modeling ; Geomorphology ; Scenarios ; Sediment transport
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  • 199
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    More than a century of bathymetric observations and present-day shallow sediment characterization in Belfast Bay, Maine, USA: implications for pockmark field longevity (2011)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geo-Marine Letters 31 (2011): 237-248, doi:10.1007/s00367-011-0228-0.
    Description: Mechanisms and timescales responsible for pockmark formation and maintenance remain uncertain, especially in areas lacking extensive thermogenic fluid deposits (e.g., previously glaciated estuaries). This study characterizes seafloor activity in the Belfast Bay, Maine nearshore pockmark field using (1) three swath bathymetry datasets collected between 1999 and 2008, complemented by analyses of shallow box-core samples for radionuclide activity and undrained shear strength, and (2) historical bathymetric data (report and smooth sheets from 1872, 1947, 1948). In addition, because repeat swath bathymetry surveys are an emerging data source, we present a selected literature review of recent studies using such datasets for seafloor change analysis. This study is the first to apply the method to a pockmark field, and characterizes macro-scale (〉5 m) evolution of tens of square kilometers of highly irregular seafloor. Presence/absence analysis yielded no change in pockmark frequency or distribution over a 9-year period (1999–2008). In that time pockmarks did not detectably enlarge, truncate, elongate, or combine. Historical data indicate that pockmark chains already existed in the 19th century. Despite the lack of macroscopic changes in the field, near-bed undrained shear-strength values of less than 7 kPa and scattered downcore 137Cs signatures indicate a highly disturbed setting. Integrating these findings with independent geophysical and geochemical observations made in the pockmark field, it can be concluded that (1) large-scale sediment resuspension and dispersion related to pockmark formation and failure do not occur frequently within this field, and (2) pockmarks can persevere in a dynamic estuarine setting that exhibits minimal modern fluid venting. Although pockmarks are conventionally thought to be long-lived features maintained by a combination of fluid venting and minimal sediment accumulation, this suggests that other mechanisms may be equally active in maintaining such irregular seafloor morphology. One such mechanism could be upwelling within pockmarks induced by near-bed currents.
    Description: Graduate support for Brothers came from a Maine Economic Improvement Fund Dissertation Fellowship.
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    Mineralogical and geochemical features of sulfide chimneys from the 49°39′E hydrothermal field on the Southwest Indian Ridge and their geological inferences (2011)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2011. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chinese Science Bulletin 56 (2011): 2828-2838, doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4619-4.
    Description: During January–May in 2007, the Chinese research cruise DY115-19 discovered an active hydrothermal field at 49°39′E/37°47′S on the ultraslow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR). This was also the first active hydrothermal field found along an ultraslow-spreading ridge. We analyzed mineralogical, textural and geochemical compositions of the sulfide chimneys obtained from the 49°39′E field. Chimney samples show a concentric mineral zone around the fluid channel. The mineral assemblages of the interiors consist mainly of chalcopyrite, with pyrite and sphalerite as minor constitunets. In the intermediate portion, pyrite becomes the dominant mineral, with chalcopyrite and sphalerite as minor constitunets. For the outer wall, the majority of minerals are pyrite and sphalerite, with few chalcopyrite. Towards the outer margin of the chimney wall, the mineral grains become small and irregular in shape gradually, while minerals within interstices are abundant. These features are similar to those chimney edifices found on the East Pacific Rise and Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The average contents of Cu, Fe and Zn in our chimney samples were 2.83 wt%, 45.6 wt% and 3.28 wt%, respectively. The average Au and Ag contents were up to 2.0 ppm and 70.2 ppm respectively, higher than the massive sulfides from most hydrothermal fields along mid-ocean ridge. The rare earth elements geochemistry of the sulfide chimneys show a pattern distinctive from the sulfides recovered from typical hydrothermal fields along sediment-starved mid-ocean ridge, with the enrichment of light rare earth elements but the weak, mostly negative, Eu anomaly. This is attributed to the distinct mineralization environment or fluid compositions in this area.
    Description: This work was supported by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research and Development Association Program (DY115- 02-1-01) and the State Oceanic Administration Youth Science Fund (2010318).
    Keywords: Sulfide chimneys ; 49°39′E hydrothermal field ; Southwest Indian Ridge ; Mid-ocean ridge ; DY115-19 Chinese cruise
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