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  • Blackwell Publishing Ltd  (49,160)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (46,193)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • 2020-2022  (9)
  • 1990-1994  (96,713)
  • 1970-1974  (11,954)
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  • 1
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    Evaluating learning spaces in flood risk management in Germany: Lessons for governance research (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-28
    Description: Efforts to collaboratively manage the risk of flooding are ultimately based on individuals learning about risks, the decision process, and the effectiveness of decisions made in prior situations. This article argues that much can be learned about a governance setting by explicitly evaluating the relationships through which influential individuals and their immediate contacts receive and send information to one another. We define these individuals as “brokers,” and the networks that emerge from their interactions as “learning spaces.” The aim of this article is to develop strategies to identify and evaluate the properties of a broker's learning space that are indicative of a collaborative flood risk management arrangement. The first part of this article introduces a set of indicators, and presents strategies to employ this list so as to systematically identify brokers, and compare their learning spaces. The second part outlines the lessons from an evaluation that explored cases in two distinct flood risk management settings in Germany. The results show differences in the observed brokers' learning spaces. The contacts and interactions of the broker in Baden‐Württemberg imply a collaborative setting. In contrast, learning space of the broker in North Rhine‐Westphalia lacks the same level of diversity and polycentricity.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: MWK Baden‐Württemberg
    Keywords: 333.91 ; brokerage ; collaborative water governance ; comanagement ; comparative analysis ; social networks
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  • 2
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    Synthetic resampling strategies and machine learning for digital soil mapping in Iran (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: Most common machine learning (ML) algorithms usually work well on balanced training sets, that is, datasets in which all classes are approximately represented equally. Otherwise, the accuracy estimates may be unreliable and classes with only a few values are often misclassified or neglected. This is known as a class imbalance problem in machine learning and datasets that do not meet this criterion are referred to as imbalanced data. Most datasets of soil classes are, therefore, imbalanced data. One of our main objectives is to compare eight resampling strategies that have been developed to counteract the imbalanced data problem. We compared the performance of five of the most common ML algorithms with the resampling approaches. The highest increase in prediction accuracy was achieved with SMOTE (the synthetic minority oversampling technique). In comparison to the baseline prediction on the original dataset, we achieved an increase of about 10, 20 and 10% in the overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score, respectively. Regarding the ML approaches, random forest (RF) showed the best performance with an overall accuracy, kappa index and F‐score of 66, 60 and 57%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of RF and SMOTE improved the accuracy of the individual soil classes, compared to RF trained on the original dataset and allowed better prediction of soil classes with a low number of samples in the corresponding soil profile database, in our case for Chernozems. Our results show that balancing existing soil legacy data using synthetic sampling strategies can significantly improve the prediction accuracy in digital soil mapping (DSM). Highlights Spatial distribution of soil classes in Iran can be predicted using machine learning (ML) algorithms. The synthetic minority oversampling technique overcomes the drawback of imbalanced and highly biased soil legacy data. When combining a random forest model with synthetic sampling strategies the prediction accuracy of the soil model improves significantly. The resulting new soil map of Iran has a much higher spatial resolution compared to existing maps and displays new soil classes that have not yet been mapped in Iran.
    Description: Alexander von Humboldt‐Stiftung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
    Keywords: 631.4 ; covariates ; imbalanced data ; machine learning ; random forest ; soil legacy data
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  • 3
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    Impact of biochar on nutrient supply, crop yield and microbial respiration on sandy soils of northern Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: The application of biochar to agricultural soils to increase nutrient availability, crop production and carbon sequestration has gained increasing interest but data from field experiments on temperate, marginal soils are still under‐represented. In the current study, biochar, produced from organic residues (digestates) from a biogas plant, was applied with and without digestates at low (3.4 t ha−1) and intermediate (17.1 t ha−1) rates to two acidic and sandy soils in northern Germany that are used for corn (Zea mays L.) production. Soil nutrient availability, crop yields, microbial biomass and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from heterotrophic respiration were measured over two consecutive years. The effects of biochar application depended on the intrinsic properties of the two tested soils and the biochar application rates. Although the soils at the fallow site, with initially low nutrient concentrations, showed a significant increase in pH, soil nutrients and crop yield after low biochar application rates, a similar response was found at the cornfield site only after application of substantially larger amounts of biochar. The effect of a single dose of biochar at the beginning of the experiment diminished over time but was still detectable after 2 years. Whereas plant available nutrient concentrations increased after biochar application, the availability of potentially phytotoxic trace elements (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr) decreased significantly, and although slight increases in microbial biomass carbon and heterotrophic CO2 fluxes were observed after biochar application, they were mostly not significant. The results indicate that the application of relatively small amounts of biochar could have positive effects on plant available nutrients and crop yields of marginal arable soils and may decrease the need for mineral fertilizers while simultaneously increasing the sequestration of soil organic carbon. Highlights A low rate of biochar increased plant available nutrients and crop yield on marginal soils. Biochar application reduced the availability of potentially harmful trace elements. Heterotrophic respiration showed no clear response to biochar application. Biochar application may reduce fertilizer need and increase carbon sequestration on marginal soils.
    Description: German Academic Exchange Service http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001655
    Description: Institute Strategic Programme grants, “Soils to Nutrition”
    Keywords: 631.4 ; black carbon ; carbon sequestration ; corn ; digestate ; heterotrophic respiration ; marginal soils ; microbial biomass
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  • 4
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    Self‐stated recovery from flooding: Empirical results from a survey in Central Vietnam (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Social inequalities lead to flood resilience inequalities across social groups, a topic that requires improved documentation and understanding. The objective of this paper is to attend to these differences by investigating self‐stated flood recovery across genders in Vietnam as a conceptual replication of earlier results from Germany. This study employs a regression‐based analysis of 1,010 respondents divided between a rural coastal and an urban community in Thua Thien‐Hue province. The results highlight an important set of recovery process‐related variables. The set of relevant variables is similar across genders in terms of inclusion and influence, and includes age, social capital, internal and external support after a flood, perceived severity of previous flood impacts, and the perception of stress‐resilience. However, women were affected more heavily by flooding in terms of longer recovery times, which should be accounted for in risk management. Overall, the studied variables perform similarly in Vietnam and Germany. This study, therefore, conceptually replicates previous results suggesting that women display slightly slower recovery levels as well as that psychological variables influence recovery rates more than adverse flood impacts. This provides an indication of the results' potentially robust nature due to the different socio‐environmental contexts in Germany and Vietnam.
    Keywords: 333.7 ; flood recovery ; resilience ; societal equity ; vulnerability
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  • 5
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    The potential of ryegrass as cover crop to reduce soil N2O emissions and increase the population size of denitrifying bacteria (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Nitrogen (N) fertilization is the major contributor to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soil, especially in post‐harvest seasons. This study was carried out to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size. A microcosm experiment was conducted with soil planted with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and bare soil, each with four levels of N fertilizer (0, 5, 10 and 20 g N m−2; applied as calcium ammonium nitrate). The closed‐chamber approach was used to measure soil N2O fluxes. Real‐time PCR was used to estimate the biomass of bacteria and fungi and the abundance of genes involved in denitrification in soil. The results showed that the presence of ryegrass decreased the nitrate content in soil. Cumulative N2O emissions of soil with grass were lower than in bare soil at 5 and 10 g N m−2. Fertilization levels did not affect the abundance of soil bacteria and fungi. Soil with grass showed greater abundances of bacteria and fungi, as well as microorganisms carrying narG, napA, nirK, nirS and nosZ clade I genes. It is concluded that ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions in soils with moderate or high NO3− concentrations. This highlights the importance of cover crops for the reduction of N2O emissions from soil, particularly following N fertilization. Future research should explore the full potential of ryegrass to reduce soil N2O emissions under field conditions as well as in different soils. Highlights This study was to investigate whether ryegrass serving as cover crop affects soil N2O emissions and denitrifier community size; Plant reduced soil N substrates on one side, but their root exudates stimulated denitrification on the other side; N2O emissions were lower in soil with grass than bare soil at medium fertilizer levels, and growing grass stimulated the proliferation of almost all the denitrifying bacteria except nosZ clade II; Ryegrass serving as a cover crop holds the potential to mitigate soil N2O emissions.
    Description: China Scholarship Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004543
    Description: The National Science Project for University of Anhui Province
    Keywords: 551.9 ; 631.4 ; denitrification ; perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) ; soil bacteria ; soil CO2 emissions ; soil N2O emissions
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  • 6
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    ogs5py: A Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 Scientific Modeling Package (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: High‐performance numerical codes are an indispensable tool for hydrogeologists when modeling subsurface flow and transport systems. But as they are written in compiled languages, like C/C++ or Fortran, established software packages are rarely user‐friendly, limiting a wider adoption of such tools. OpenGeoSys (OGS), an open‐source, finite‐element solver for thermo‐hydro‐mechanical–chemical processes in porous and fractured media, is no exception. Graphical user interfaces may increase usability, but do so at a dramatic reduction of flexibility and are difficult or impossible to integrate into a larger workflow. Python offers an optimal trade‐off between these goals by providing a highly flexible, yet comparatively user‐friendly environment for software applications. Hence, we introduce ogs5py, a Python‐API for the OpenGeoSys 5 scientific modeling package. It provides a fully Python‐based representation of an OGS project, a large array of convenience functions for users to interact with OGS and connects OGS to the scientific and computational environment of Python.
    Description: German Federal Environmental Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100007636
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.49 ; hydrogeology ; subsurface flow ; modeling ; software
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  • 7
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    High‐Resolution Integrated Transport Model for Studying Surface Water–Groundwater Interaction (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Malden, US
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    Publication Date: 2021-06-27
    Description: Transport processes that lead to exchange of mass between surface water and groundwater play a significant role for the ecological functioning of aquatic systems, for hydrological processes and for biogeochemical transformations. In this study, we present a novel integral modeling approach for flow and transport at the sediment–water interface. The model allows us to simultaneously simulate turbulent surface and subsurface flow and transport with the same conceptual approach. For this purpose, a conservative transport equation was implemented to an existing approach that uses an extended version of the Navier–Stokes equations. Based on previous flume studies which investigated the spreading of a dye tracer under neutral, losing and gaining flow conditions the new solver is validated. Tracer distributions of the experiments are in close agreement with the simulations. The simulated flow paths are significantly affected by in‐ and outflowing groundwater flow. The highest velocities within the sediment are found for losing condition, which leads to shorter residence times compared to neutral and gaining conditions. The largest extent of the hyporheic exchange flow is observed under neutral condition. The new solver can be used for further examinations of cases that are not suitable for the conventional coupled models, for example, if Reynolds numbers are larger than 10. Moreover, results gained with the integral solver provide high‐resolution information on pressure and velocity distributions at the rippled streambed, which can be used to improve flow predictions. This includes the extent of hyporheic exchange under varying ambient groundwater flow conditions.
    Description: Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
    Description: German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.4 ; aquatic systems ; sediment-water interface ; transport model
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  • 8
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    Iron isotope fractionation in soil and graminaceous crops after 100 years of liming in the long‐term agricultural experimental site at Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Sustainable arable cropping relies on repeated liming. Yet, the associated increase in soil pH can reduce the availability of iron (Fe) to plants. We hypothesized that repeated liming, but not pedogenic processes such as lessivage (i.e., translocation of clay particles), alters the Fe cycle in Luvisol soil, thereby affecting Fe isotope composition in soils and crops. Hence, we analysed Fe concentrations and isotope compositions in soil profiles and winter rye from the long‐term agricultural experimental site in Berlin‐Dahlem, Germany, where a controlled liming trial with three field replicates per treatment has been conducted on Albic Luvisols since 1923. Heterogeneity in subsoil was observed at this site for Fe concentration but not for Fe isotope composition. Lessivage had not affected Fe isotope composition in the soil profiles. The results also showed that almost 100 years of liming lowered the concentration of the HCl‐extractable Fe that was potentially available for plant uptake in the surface soil (0–15 cm) from 1.03 (standard error (SE) 0.03) to 0.94 (SE 0.01) g kg−1. This HCl‐extractable Fe pool contained isotopically lighter Fe (δ56Fe = −0.05 to −0.29‰) than the bulk soil (δ56Fe = −0.08 to 0.08‰). However, its Fe isotope composition was not altered by the long‐term lime application. Liming resulted in relatively lower Fe concentrations in the roots of winter rye. In addition, liming led to a heavier Fe isotope composition of the whole plants compared with those grown in the non‐limed plots (δ56FeWholePlant_ + Lime = −0.12‰, SE 0.03 vs. δ56FeWholePlant_‐Lime = −0.21‰, SE 0.01). This suggests that the elevated soil pH (increased by one unit due to liming) promoted the Fe uptake strategy through complexation of Fe(III) from the rhizosphere, which favoured heavier Fe isotopes. Overall, the present study showed that liming and a related increase in pH did not affect the Fe isotope compositions of the soil, but may influence the Fe isotope composition of plants grown in the soil if they alter their Fe uptake strategy upon the change of Fe availability. Highlights Fe concentrations and stocks, but not Fe isotope compositions, were more heterogeneous in subsoil than in topsoil. Translocation of clay minerals did not result in Fe isotope fractionation in the soil profile of a Luvisol. Liming decreased Fe availability in topsoil, but did not affect its δ56Fe values. Uptake of heavier Fe isotopes by graminaceous crops was more pronounced at elevated pH.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Keywords: 551.9 ; liming ; plant‐available Fe pool in soil ; winter rye ; δ56Fe
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  • 9
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    The ‘Flood Resilience Rose’: A management tool to promote transformation towards flood resilience (2021)
    Blackwell Publishing Ltd | Oxford, UK
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    Publication Date: 2021-09-29
    Description: Coping with the growing impacts of flooding in EU countries, a paradigm shift in flood management can be observed, moving from safety‐based towards risk‐based approaches and holistic perspectives. Flood resilience is a common denominator of most of the approaches. In this article, we present the ‘Flood Resilience Rose’ (FRR), a management tool to promote harmonised action towards flood resilience in European regions and beyond. The FRR is a result of a two‐step process. First, based on scientific concepts as well as analysis of relevant policy documents, we identified three ‘levels of operation’. The first level refers to the EU Floods Directive and an extended multi‐layer safety approach, comprising the four different layers of protection, prevention, preparedness and recovery, and related measures to be taken. This level is not independent but depends both on the institutional (second level) and the wider (third level) context. Second, we used surveys, semi‐structured interviews and group discussions during workshops with experts from Belgium, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom to validate the definitions and the FRR's practical relevance. The presented FRR is thus the result of rigorous theoretical and practical consideration and provides a tool capable to strengthen flood risk management practice.
    Description: European Regional Development Fund http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100008530
    Keywords: 551.48 ; flood defence measures ; governance and institutions ; integrated flood risk management ; resilience
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  • 10
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    Premature p34cdc2 activation required for apoptosis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: Activation of the serine-threonine kinase p34cdc2 at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle leads to cell death that resembles apoptosis. Premature activation of p34cdc2 was shown to be required for apoptosis induced by a lymphocyte granule protease. The kinase was rapidly activated and tyrosine dephosphorylated at the initiation of apoptosis. DNA fragmentation and nuclear collapse could be prevented by blocking p34cdc2 activity with excess peptide substrate, or by inactivating p34cdc2 in a temperature-sensitive mutant. Premature p34cdc2 activation may be a general mechanism by which cells induced to undergo apoptosis initiate the disruption of the nucleus.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shi, L -- Nishioka, W K -- Th'ng, J -- Bradbury, E M -- Litchfield, D W -- Greenberg, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1143-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8108732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Apoptosis ; CDC2 Protein Kinase/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; Deoxyribonucleases/pharmacology ; Enzyme Activation ; Enzyme Induction ; Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Perforin ; Phosphorylation ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Serine Endopeptidases/pharmacology ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 11
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    Downward Drift For NIH Citations (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):342.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17836890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Products & materials (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2119.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17811416" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 13
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    The Met proto-oncogene mesenchymal to epithelial cell conversion (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-07
    Description: Coexpression of the human Met receptor and its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts causes the cells to become tumorigenic in nude mice. The resultant tumors display lumen-like morphology, contain carcinoma-like focal areas with intercellular junctions resembling desmosomes, and coexpress epithelial (cytokeratin) and mesenchymal (vimentin) cytoskeletal markers. The tumor cells also display enhanced expression of desmosomal and tight-junction proteins. The apparent mesenchymal to epithelial conversion of the tumor cells mimics the conversion that occurs during embryonic kidney development, suggesting that Met-HGF/SF signaling plays a role in this process as well as in tumors that express both epithelial and mesenchymal markers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsarfaty, I -- Rong, S -- Resau, J H -- Rulong, S -- da Silva, P P -- Vande Woude, G F -- N01-CO-74101/CO/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 7;263(5143):98-101.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉ABL-Basic Research Program, National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, MD 21702-1201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7505952" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Desmosomes/ultrastructure ; Epithelial Cells ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism/pharmacology ; Keratins/biosynthesis ; Kidney/embryology/metabolism ; Mesoderm/cytology ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism/*pathology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met ; *Proto-Oncogenes ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection ; Vimentin/biosynthesis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Michigan support for faculty member (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harrison, W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 21;263(5145):306.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8278798" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Michigan ; Scientific Misconduct/*legislation & jurisprudence ; *Universities
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Cosmic chemistry (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mathis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 20;264(5162):1181.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17744902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    Meeting the competition (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matlack, A S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 16;265(5179):1641.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17770877" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 17
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    LIGO Director Out in Shakeup (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 11;263(5152):1366.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17776497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    ...Tripping over one in the backyard (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):343.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17836893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 19
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    The columbian exchange (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sheridan, T E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):270.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 20
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    Panel backs pregnant women in trials (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-03-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 4;263(5151):1216.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8122099" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Advisory Committees ; *Clinical Trials as Topic ; Female ; Humans ; Informed Consent ; *Institute of Medicine (U.S.) ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Pregnancy ; *Pregnant Women ; Research Subjects ; United States ; *Women's Health
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  • 21
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    Atomic Energy vs. Eskimos (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sherwood, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 28;266(5185):663-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17793459" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 22
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    Taking stock of gamma ray bursts (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hartmann, D H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 7;263(5143):47-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17748347" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 23
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    CD26 antigen and HIV fusion? (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patience, C -- McKnight, A -- Clapham, P R -- Boyd, M T -- Weiss, R A -- Schulz, T F -- G117/547/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 20;264(5162):1159-60; author reply 1162-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7909960" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD4/*physiology ; Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cats ; Cell Line ; Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ; HIV-1/*physiology ; Humans ; Mink ; Molecular Sequence Data
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  • 24
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    Send in the clones (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kinoshita, J -- Mervis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1187.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chromosome Mapping ; *Gene Library ; *Genome, Plant ; International Cooperation ; Japan ; Oryza/*genetics ; United States
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  • 25
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    "Molecule corrals" for studies of monolayer organic films (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-08
    Description: Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies have demonstrated that monolayer-deep, flat-bottomed, circular etch pits can be grown on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite by high-temperature etching in the presence of oxygen. In this work, these graphite etch pits are used as "molecule corrals" to isolate ensembles of molecules for study by STM. The nucleation of self-assembled molecular films in the corrals took place by nucleation events separate from those leading to self-assembly on the surrounding terrace and allowed the measurement of the nucleation rate constant in the corrals. The dependence of the nucleation rate for self-assembly on pit size shows that nucleation occurs at open terrace sites and that step edges (that is, the corral's perimeter) and confinement inhibit film growth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Patrick, D L -- Cee, V J -- Beebe, T P Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):231-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Measuring what works in health care (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1080, 1082.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8108722" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Budgets ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Databases, Factual ; Humans ; Medical Records ; *Outcome Assessment (Health Care)/economics ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; United States ; *United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality/economics
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    A trans-specific agenda (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tuttle, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 22;264(5158):602-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17732743" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 28
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    Supernova clears up obscured galaxies (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):342-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17836888" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Fly culture (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pauly, P J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):445-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17836907" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 30
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    Microtubule severing by elongation factor 1 alpha (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-14
    Description: An activity that severs stable microtubules is thought to be involved in microtubule reorganization during the cell cycle. Here, a 48-kilodalton microtubule-severing protein was purified from Xenopus eggs and identified as translational elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1 alpha). Bacterially expressed human EF-1 alpha also displayed microtubule-severing activity in vitro and, when microinjected into fibroblasts, induced rapid and transient fragmentation of cytoplasmic microtubule arrays. Thus, EF-1 alpha, an essential component of the eukaryotic translational apparatus, appears to have a second role as a regulator of cytoskeletal rearrangements.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shiina, N -- Gotoh, Y -- Kubomura, N -- Iwamatsu, A -- Nishida, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 14;266(5183):282-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Kyoto University, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939665" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Guanosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Humans ; Microtubules/drug effects/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; Oocytes ; Peptide Elongation Factor 1 ; Peptide Elongation Factors/chemistry/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology ; Ribonucleoproteins/chemistry/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Sepharose/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Xenopus laevis
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    Treatment of murine lupus with CTLA4Ig (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: The interaction of B7-related molecules on antigen-presenting cells with CD28 or CTLA-4 antigens on T cells provides a second signal for T cell activation. Selection inhibition of the B7-CD28 or B7-CTLA-4 interactions produces antigen-specific T cell unresponsiveness in vitro and suppresses immune function in vivo. To determine whether selective inhibition of the B7-CD28 or B7-CTLA-4 interactions could suppress spontaneous autoimmune disease, a B7-binding protein was generated by genetic fusion of the extracellular domain of murine CTLA-4 to the Fc portion of a mouse immunoglobulin G2a monoclonal antibody (muCTLA4Ig). In lupus-prone NZB/NZW filial generation (F1) mice, treatment with muCTLA4Ig blocked autoantibody production and prolonged life, even when treatment was delayed until the most advanced stage of clinical illness. These findings suggest a possible role for human CTLA4Ig in the treatment of autoimmune diseases in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Finck, B K -- Linsley, P S -- Wofsy, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1225-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520604" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abatacept ; Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/biosynthesis ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD80/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation/immunology/metabolism/*therapeutic use ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Female ; Humans ; *Immunoconjugates ; Immunotherapy ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology/*therapy ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NZB ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/therapeutic use ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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    Simulations of Gas-Phase Chemical Reactions: Applications to SN2 Nucleophilic Substitution (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: Computer simulations and animations of the motion of atoms as a chemical reaction proceeds give a detailed picture of how the reaction occurs at a microscopic level. This information is particularly useful for testing the accuracy of statistical models, which are used to calculate various attributes of chemical reactions. Such simulations and animations, in concert with experimental and ab initio studies, have begun to provide a microscopic picture of the intimate details of a particular class of gas-phase ion-molecule bimolecular reactions known as S(N)2 nucleophilic substitution. In these reactions, a nucleophile is displaced from a molecule by another nucleophile. The dynamical model of S(N)2 reactions that emerges from the computer studies, and its relation to statistical theories, is discussed here.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hase, W L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):998-1002.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17779941" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    ATP-dependent nucleosome reconfiguration and transcriptional activation from preassembled chromatin templates (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-23
    Description: GAL4-VP16-mediated nucleosome reconfiguration and transcriptional activation were observed with preassembled chromatin templates that contained regular and physiological nucleosome spacing. Both processes were dependent on adenosine triphosphate (ATP), although binding of GAL4-VP16 to the chromatin was ATP-independent. Factor-mediated nucleosome reconfiguration was not, however, sufficient for transcriptional activation. These experiments recreate in vitro the active participation of nucleosomal cores in the regulation of transcription that occurs in vivo, and they suggest a multistep pathway for transcriptional activation in which factor- and ATP-dependent nucleosome reconfiguration is followed by facilitation by the DNA-bound activator of transcription from the repressed chromatin template.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pazin, M J -- Kamakaka, R T -- Kadonaga, J T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):2007-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0347.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801129" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Chromatin/chemistry/*metabolism ; DNA/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Drosophila ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; Nucleosomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Templates, Genetic ; Trans-Activators/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation
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    Enhancer point mutation results in a homeotic transformation in Drosophila (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-13
    Description: In Drosophila, the misexpression or altered activity of genes from the bithorax complex results in homeotic transformations. One of these genes, abd-A, normally specifies the identity of the second through fourth abdominal segments (A2 to A4). In the dominant Hyperabdominal mutations (Hab), portions of the third thoracic segment (T3) are transformed toward A2 as the result of ectopic abd-A expression. Sequence analysis and deoxyribonuclease I footprinting demonstrate that the misexpression of abd-A in two independent Hab mutations results from the same single base change in a binding site for the gap gene Kruppel protein. These results establish that the spatial limits of the homeotic genes are directly regulated by gap gene products.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shimell, M J -- Simon, J -- Bender, W -- O'Connor, M B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 13;264(5161):968-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92717.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7909957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics ; Enhancer Elements, Genetic/*genetics ; Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Insect ; Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Nuclear Proteins ; *Point Mutation ; Proteins/*genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Repressor Proteins ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
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    Requirement for intron-encoded U22 small nucleolar RNA in 18S ribosomal RNA maturation (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-02
    Description: The nucleoli of vertebrate cells contain a number of small RNAs that are generated by the processing of intron fragments of protein-coding gene transcripts. The host gene (UHG) for intro-encoded human U22 is unusual in that it specifies a polyadenylated but apparently noncoding RNA. Depletion of U22 from Xenopus oocytes by oligonucleotide-directed ribonuclease H targeting prevented the processing of 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) at both ends. The appearance of 18S rRNA was restored by injection of in vitro-synthesized U22 RNA. These results identify a cellular function for an intron-encoded small RNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tycowski, K T -- Shu, M D -- Steitz, J A -- GM26154/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 2;266(5190):1558-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7985025" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Northern ; Cell Nucleolus/*chemistry ; Humans ; *Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotide Probes ; Oocytes/metabolism ; RNA Precursors/*metabolism ; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional ; RNA, Nuclear/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; RNA, Ribosomal, 18S/*metabolism ; RNA, Small Nuclear/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Xenopus
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    High-tech turnaround (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17811399" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Sciencescope (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):335.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17836885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 38
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    Bidirectional replication from an internal origin in a linear streptomyces plasmid (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-12
    Description: Commonly, linear replicons that have protein covalently attached to 5' DNA termini replicate by protein-primed, strand-displacing, continuous synthesis of full-length strands. The synthesis of DNA in pSLA2, a 17-kilobase linear plasmid of Streptomyces rochei containing 5' terminal protein, occurs bidirectionally from an internally located replication origin. The replication intermediates are linear duplex molecules that have recessed (approximately 280 nucleotides) 5' ends rather than full-length single strands. The 3' over-hangs may serve as templates for the non-displacing synthesis of the lagging strand terminus primed by the covalently attached 5' DNA binding protein.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chang, P C -- Cohen, S N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 12;265(5174):952-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8052852" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; *DNA Replication ; DNA, Bacterial/biosynthesis/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; *Plasmids ; *Replicon ; Streptomyces/*genetics/metabolism ; Telomere ; Transformation, Bacterial
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    Recession of tropical glaciers (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hastenrath, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1790-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17797202" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Cotylorhynchus: not a mammal (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayr, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 10;264(5165):1519.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769585" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    The validity of the "diradical" hypothesis: direct femtoscond studies of the transition-state structures (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: Direct studies of diradicals, the molecular species hypothesized to be archetypal of chemical bond transformations in many classes of reactions, have been made using femtosecond laser techniques with mass spectrometry in a molecular beam. These studies are aimed at "freezing" the diradicals in time and in the course of the reaction. The passage of these species through the transition-state region was observed and the effect of total energy and alkyl substitution on the rates of bond closure and cleavage was examined. The results establish the nature of these intermediates and define their existence during reactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pedersen, S -- Herek, J L -- Zewail, A H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1359-64.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17772843" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Academic decision-making (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shinbrot, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 28;263(5146):455.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17754871" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Antecedents of Mammalian immunity (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2006.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17811398" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Catalytic site components common to both splicing steps of a group II intron (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: The splicing of group II introns occurs in two steps involving substrates with different chemical configurations. The question of whether these two steps are catalyzed by a single or two separate active sites is a matter of debate. Here, certain bases and phosphate oxygen atoms at conserved positions in domain V of a group II self-splicing intron are shown to be required for catalysis of both splicing steps. These results show that the active sites catalyzing the two steps must, at least, share common components, ruling out the existence of two completely distinct active sites in group II introns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chanfreau, G -- Jacquier, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1383-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Unite de Genetique Moleculaire des Levures, URA 1149 du CNRS, Departement de Biologie Moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973729" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Catalysis ; Electron Transport Complex IV/genetics ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Exons ; *Introns ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; *RNA Splicing ; RNA, Fungal/chemistry/*genetics ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology/genetics ; Thionucleotides/genetics
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    NIH drops bid for gene patents (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 18;263(5149):909-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8310287" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; *Federal Government ; *Genes ; Internationality ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Patents as Topic ; United States
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    Corrections and clarifications (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-15
    Description: In the Random Sample "Venuses reappear" (18 Feb., p. 923), Patricia Rice of West Virginia University is incorrectly identified as "Patricia White." Randall White of New York University is the source of quotes attributed to "White."〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 15;264(5157):331.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17836883" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Ordering systems (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mayr, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 4;266(5186):715-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17730378" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Increased recruitment of TATA-binding protein to the promoter by transcriptional activation domains in vivo (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-10-14
    Description: The rate at which the TATA-binding protein (TBP) interacts with the TATA element and promotes transcription by RNA polymerase II was determined in yeast cells. A TBP derivative with altered TATA-element specificity was rapidly induced, and transcription from promoters with appropriately mutated TATA elements was measured. Without a functional activator protein, basal transcription was observed only after a lag of several hours. In contrast, GCN4-activated transcription occurred rapidly upon induction of the TBP derivative. These results suggest that accessibility of TBP to the chromatin template in vivo is rate limiting and that activation domains increase recruitment of TBP to the promoter.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Klein, C -- Struhl, K -- GM30186/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 14;266(5183):280-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939664" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Copper/pharmacology ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Hydro-Lyases/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Protein Kinases/metabolism/pharmacology ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; *TATA Box ; TATA-Box Binding Protein ; Templates, Genetic ; Transcription Factors/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Yeasts/genetics
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    DNA loop repair by human cell extracts (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-04
    Description: An activity in human cell extracts is described that repairs DNA with loops of five or more unpaired bases. Repair is strand-specific and is directed by a nick located 5' or 3' to the loop. This repair is observed in a colorectal cancer cell line that is devoid of a wild-type hMLH1 gene and is deficient in repair of mismatches. However, a cell line with deletions in both hMSH2 alleles is deficient in repair of both loops and mismatches. Defects in loop repair may be relevant to the repetitive-sequence instability observed in cancers and other hereditary diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Umar, A -- Boyer, J C -- Kunkel, T A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 4;266(5186):814-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973637" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Extracts ; Cell Line ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*genetics ; *DNA Repair ; DNA, Satellite/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; MutS Homolog 2 Protein ; Neoplasm Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Nuclear Proteins ; Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes/*metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    The Human Genome Project: under an international ethical microscope (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knoppers, B M -- Chadwick, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2035-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Faculty of Law, University of Montreal, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8091225" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Bioethics ; Civil Rights ; Confidentiality ; Genetic Testing ; *Human Genome Project/legislation & jurisprudence ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; *Internationality ; Minors ; Patient Selection ; Personal Autonomy
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    NSF Wants an Education Think Tank (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 8;264(5156):205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749018" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Fullerene polymers from solid precursors? (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischer, J E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 10;264(5165):1548-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    AAS Position on the Space Station (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shu, F H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1789.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17797201" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    2 firms, 4 engineers win technology medals (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1807.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17797216" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Exaggerations of ancient medicine (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1807.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17797215" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Pneumococcal disease: prospects for a new generation of vaccines (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Siber, G R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 2;265(5177):1385-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories, Boston.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8073278" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Capsules/immunology ; *Bacterial Vaccines/immunology ; Child ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Infant ; Pneumococcal Infections/*prevention & control ; Pneumococcal Vaccines ; Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/prevention & control ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/*immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
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    Station's Survival Could Cramp Science (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-07-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, C -- Marshall, E -- Mervis, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):180.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750645" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Dahlem conferences' future in doubt (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koenig, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 9;266(5191):1636.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17775615" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Putting our oldest ancestors in their proper place (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischman, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 30;265(5181):2011-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8091222" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Ethiopia ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*classification ; Humans ; Paleodontology ; Pan troglodytes/*classification
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    The next steps toward a global AIDS vaccine (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Koff, W C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1335-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉United Biomedical, Hauppauge, NY 11790.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973724" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Vaccines/economics ; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control ; Clinical Trials as Topic/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Drug Approval ; Drug Industry ; Financing, Government ; Global Health ; Humans ; Immunization Programs ; International Cooperation ; Legislation, Drug ; Liability, Legal ; Licensure
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    Modulated magnetic phases in rare Earth metallic systems (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-08
    Description: Neutron scattering has played a key role in the microscopic understanding of the static and dynamic properties of magnetic materials. Modulated magnetic structures first discovered in the late fifties can no longer be referred to as exotic; more than a hundred such phases have already been found in a variety of magnetic systems. Neutron and x-ray magnetic scattering have played a complementary role in the recent discovery and understanding of the modulated magnetic phases in rare earth metallic systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chattopadhyay, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 8;264(5156):226-31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Delocalization of Vg1 mRNA from the vegetal cortex in Xenopus oocytes after destruction of Xlsirt RNA (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-19
    Description: The Xlsirts are a family of transcribed repeat sequence genes that do not code for protein. Xlsirt RNAs become localized to the vegetal cortex of Xenopus oocytes early in oogenesis, before the localization of the messenger RNA Vg1, which encodes a transforming growth factor-beta-like molecule involved in mesoderm formation, and coincident with the localization of Xcat2 transcripts, which encode a nanos-like molecule. Destruction of the localized Xlsirts by injection of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides into stage 4 oocytes resulted in the release of Vg1 transcripts but not Xcat2 transcripts from the vegetal cortex. Xlsirt RNAs, which may be a structural component of the vegetal cortex, are a crucial part of a genetic pathway necessary for the proper localization of Vg1 that leads to subsequent normal pattern formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kloc, M -- Etkin, L D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 19;265(5175):1101-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston 77030.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520603" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cells, Cultured ; Glycoproteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology ; Oogenesis ; RNA/*genetics ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics ; Xenopus ; *Xenopus Proteins ; Zinc Fingers
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    Polymerase structures and mechanism (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-12-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pelletier, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 23;266(5193):2025-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7801132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; Biological Evolution ; Catalysis ; DNA Polymerase I/*chemistry/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Secondary
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    Spatially Resolved Observation of Static Magnetic Flux States in YBa2Cu3O7-dgr Grain Boundary Josephson Junctions (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: With low-temperature scanning electron microscopy, the magnetic flux states in high critical temperature Josephson junctions have been imaged. The experiments were performed with YBa(2)Cu(3)O(7-delta) thin-film grain boundary Josephson junctions fabricated on [001] tilt SrTiO(3) bicrystals. For applied magnetic fields parallel to the grain boundary plane, which correspond to local maxima of the magnetic field dependence of the critical current, the images clearly show the corresponding magnetic flux states in the grain boundary junction. The spatial modulation of the Josephson current density by the external magnetic field is imaged directly with a spatial resolution of about 1 micrometer.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischer, G M -- Mayer, B -- Gross, R -- Nissel, T -- Husemann, K D -- Huebener, R P -- Freltoft, T -- Shen, Y -- Vase, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1112-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17831622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Structures of ternary complexes of rat DNA polymerase beta, a DNA template-primer, and ddCTP (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-06-24
    Description: Two ternary complexes of rat DNA polymerase beta (pol beta), a DNA template-primer, and dideoxycytidine triphosphate (ddCTP) have been determined at 2.9 A and 3.6 A resolution, respectively. ddCTP is the triphosphate of dideoxycytidine (ddC), a nucleoside analog that targets the reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and is at present used to treat AIDS. Although crystals of the two complexes belong to different space groups, the structures are similar, suggesting that the polymerase-DNA-ddCTP interactions are not affected by crystal packing forces. In the pol beta active site, the attacking 3'-OH of the elongating primer, the ddCTP phosphates, and two Mg2+ ions are all clustered around Asp190, Asp192, and Asp256. Two of these residues, Asp190 and Asp256, are present in the amino acid sequences of all polymerases so far studied and are also spatially similar in the four polymerases--the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, T7 RNA polymerase, and rat DNA pol beta--whose crystal structures are now known. A two-metal ion mechanism is described for the nucleotidyl transfer reaction and may apply to all polymerases. In the ternary complex structures analyzed, pol beta binds to the DNA template-primer in a different manner from that recently proposed for other polymerase-DNA models.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pelletier, H -- Sawaya, M R -- Kumar, A -- Wilson, S H -- Kraut, J -- CA17374/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- ES06839/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- GM10928/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 24;264(5167):1891-903.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, University of California, San Diego 92093-0317.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7516580" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; DNA/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Polymerase I/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA Primers/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/chemistry/metabolism ; Deoxycytosine Nucleotides/*chemistry/metabolism ; Dideoxynucleotides ; HIV Reverse Transcriptase ; Humans ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/chemistry/metabolism ; Rats ; Recombinant Proteins ; Templates, Genetic ; Thymine Nucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; Viral Proteins ; Zidovudine/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism
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    Response (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-05-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haydock, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 27;264(5163):1238.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17780822" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    U.S.-Japan collaboration. Academic biotech deals offer more promise than product (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-01-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Valigra, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 14;263(5144):168-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8284666" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biotechnology ; *International Cooperation ; Japan ; *Research ; United States
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    Ice age paleotopography (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-07-08
    Description: A gravitationally self-consistent theory of postglacial relative sea level change is used to infer the variation of surface ice and water cover since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The results show that LGM ice volume was approximately 35 percent lower than suggested by the CLIMAP reconstruction and the maximum heights of the main Laurentian and Fennoscandian ice complexes are inferred to have been commensurately lower with respect to sea level. Use of these Ice Age boundary conditions in atmospheric general circulation models will yield climates that differ significantly from those previously inferred on the basis of the CLIMAP data set.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peltier, W R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 8;265(5169):195-201.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17750657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Attenuation of fungal virulence by synthetic infectious hypovirus transcripts (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-06-17
    Description: Noninfectious, cytoplasmically transmissible viral double-stranded RNAs of the genus Hypovirus cause reduced virulence (hypovirulence) in the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica, providing the basis for virus-mediated biological control of a fungal disease. Synthetic transcripts corresponding to a full-length hypovirus RNA coding strand are infectious when introduced into fungal spheroplasts by electroporation. Hypovirus infections were readily established in Cryphonectria parasitica and in related fungal species not previously reported to harbor viruses. These results demonstrate the use of a synthetic mycovirus transcript to expand fungal host range, thereby broadening the potential application of virus-mediated hypovirulence to control fungal pathogenesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, B -- Choi, G H -- Nuss, D L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 17;264(5166):1762-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Roche Institute of Molecular Biology, Roche Research Center, Nutley, NJ 07110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8209256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ascomycota/genetics/*pathogenicity/physiology ; Base Sequence ; DNA, Complementary/genetics ; Electroporation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phenotype ; Plant Diseases ; RNA Viruses/*genetics/physiology ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*genetics ; RNA, Viral/*genetics ; Spheroplasts ; Transfection ; Virulence ; Virus Replication
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    Protecting plants (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Alfen, N K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 25;263(5150):1163-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17831634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    High-specificity DNA cleavage agent: design and application to kilobase and megabase DNA substrates (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-08-12
    Description: Strategies to cleave double-stranded DNA at specific DNA sites longer than those of restriction endonucleases (longer than 8 base pairs) have applications in chromosome mapping, chromosome cloning, and chromosome sequencing--provided that the strategies yield high DNA-cleavage efficiency and high DNA-cleavage specificity. In this report, the DNA-cleaving moiety copper:o-phenanthroline was attached to the sequence-specific DNA binding protein catabolite activator protein (CAP) at an amino acid that, because of a difference in DNA bending, is close to DNA in the specific CAP-DNA complex but is not close to DNA in the nonspecific CAP-DNA complex. The resulting CAP derivative, OP26CAP, cleaved kilobase and megabase DNA substrates at a 22-base pair consensus DNA site with high efficiency and exhibited no detectable nonspecific DNA-cleavage activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pendergrast, P S -- Ebright, Y W -- Ebright, R H -- GM41376/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 12;265(5174):959-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08855.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8052855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cyclic AMP Receptor Protein/*chemistry ; DNA/*chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Structure ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Phenanthrolines/*chemistry
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    The fortunes of an ideal (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Anderson, C W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 4;266(5186):837.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17730403" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Omission of references (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-07-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGown, L B -- Li, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jul 22;265(5171):459.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17781291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Volume holographic storage and retrieval of digital data (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-08-05
    Description: A multiple page fully digital holographic data storage system is demonstrated. This system is used to store and retrieve digital image and compressed video data with a photorefractive crystal. Architecture issues related to spatio-rotational multiplexing and novel error-correcting encoding techniques used to achieve low bit-error rates are discussed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heanue, J F -- Bashaw, M C -- Hesselink, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 5;265(5173):749-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17736271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Abnormal fear response and aggressive behavior in mutant mice deficient for alpha-calcium-calmodulin kinase II (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-10-14
    Description: Mice deficient for the gene encoding alpha-calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (alpha-CaMKII knockout mice) provide a promising tool to link behavioral and cellular abnormalities with a specific molecular lesion. The heterozygous mouse exhibited a well-circumscribed syndrome of behavioral abnormalities, consisting primarily of a decreased fear response and an increase in defensive aggression, in the absence of any measured cognitive deficits. Unlike the heterozygote, the homozygote displayed abnormal behavior in all paradigms tested. At the cellular level, both extracellular and whole-cell patch clamp recordings indicated that serotonin release in putative serotonergic neurons of the dorsal raphe was reduced. Thus, alpha-CaMKII knockout mice, in particular the heterozygote, may provide a model for studying the molecular and cellular basis underlying emotional disorders involving fear and aggression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, C -- Rainnie, D G -- Greene, R W -- Tonegawa, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Oct 14;266(5183):291-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Cambridge, MA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7939668" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aggression ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*physiology ; *Fear ; Fluoxetine/pharmacology ; Gene Dosage ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; In Vitro Techniques ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Neurons/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Raphe Nuclei/metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
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    Environmental r&d shakeup rattles the national labs (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-01-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sietmann, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jan 21;263(5145):316.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17769785" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Senate rejects overhead cost freeze (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-04-08
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 8;264(5156):205.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17749015" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Quicker ozone recovery forecast (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1806.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17797213" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    Suppression of Ras-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells by activated G alpha s (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-04
    Description: Conversion of external signals into proliferative responses may be mediated by interactions between signaling pathways that control cell proliferation. Interactions between G alpha s, the alpha subunit of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein that stimulates adenylyl cyclase, and Ras, an important element in growth factor signaling, were studied. Expression of activated G alpha s in NIH 3T3 cells increased intracellular concentrations of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and inhibited H-Ras-stimulated DNA synthesis and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Activated G alpha s and 8-Br-cAMP suppressed H-Ras-induced transformation of NIH 3T3 cells. Apparently, G alpha s inhibits proliferative signals from Ras by stimulating cAMP production and activating protein kinase A.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, J -- Iyengar, R -- CA-44998/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK-38761/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 4;263(5151):1278-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, City University of New York, NY 10029.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8122111" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Division ; Cell Line ; *Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; *Genes, ras ; Mice ; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transfection
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    Response (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-05-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perez, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 27;264(5163):1238-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17780821" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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    22nd-dynasty toothache (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1806.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17797212" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 82
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    Hominid dualism (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McHenry, H M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 19;265(5175):1116-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17832908" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 83
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    Functional consequences of posttranslational isomerization of Ser46 in a calcium channel toxin (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: The venom of the funnel-web spider Agelenopsis aperta contains several peptides that paralyze prey by blocking voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Two peptides, omega-Aga-IVB (IVB) and omega-Aga-IVC (IVC), have identical amino acid sequences, yet have opposite absolute configurations at serine 46. These toxins had similar selectivities for blocking voltage-sensitive calcium channel subtypes but different potencies for blocking P-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells as well as calcium-45 influx into rat brain synaptosomes. An enzyme purified from venom converts IVC to IVB by isomerizing serine 46, which is present in the carboxyl-terminal tail, from the L to the D configuration. Unlike the carboxyl terminus of IVC, that of IVB was resistant to the major venom protease. These results show enzymatic activities in A. aperta venom being used in an unprecedented strategy for coproduction of necessary neurotoxins that possess enhanced stability and potency.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heck, S D -- Siok, C J -- Krapcho, K J -- Kelbaugh, P R -- Thadeio, P F -- Welch, M J -- Williams, R D -- Ganong, A H -- Kelly, M E -- Lanzetti, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):1065-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NPS Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973665" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agatoxins ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channel Blockers/chemistry/*metabolism/toxicity ; Calcium Channels/*metabolism ; Isomerases/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Protein Processing, Post-Translational ; Purkinje Cells/metabolism ; Rats ; Serine/*metabolism ; Spider Venoms/chemistry/enzymology/*metabolism/toxicity ; Stereoisomerism ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Synaptosomes/metabolism
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  • 84
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    Nuclear test ban monitoring: new requirements, new resources (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van der Vink, G E -- Park, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Feb 4;263(5147):634-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17747655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 85
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    Binding of mismatched microsatellite DNA sequences by the human MSH2 protein (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-25
    Description: Alteration of the human mismatch repair gene hMSH2 has been linked to the microsatellite DNA instability found in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and several sporadic cancers. This microsatellite DNA instability is thought to arise from defective repair of DNA replication errors that create insertion-deletion loop-type (IDL) mismatched nucleotides. Here, it is shown that purified hMSH2 protein efficiently and specifically binds DNA containing IDL mismatches of up to 14 nucleotides. These results support a direct role for hMSH2 in mutation avoidance and microsatellite stability in human cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fishel, R -- Ewel, A -- Lee, S -- Lescoe, M K -- Griffith, J -- CA56542/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM31819/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM42342/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 25;266(5189):1403-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Markey Center for Molecular Genetics, University of Vermont School of Medicine, Burlington 05405.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973733" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Composition ; Base Sequence ; DNA Repair ; DNA, Satellite/*metabolism ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; MutS Homolog 2 Protein ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Heteroduplexes/metabolism ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism
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  • 86
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    Memory metal unwinds scoliosis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1806-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17797210" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 87
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    Lines of defense (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Flajnik, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1254-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17787595" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 88
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    Nanocatalysis by the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope operating inside a reactor cell (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-09-02
    Description: The platinum-rhodium tip of a scanning tunneling microscope that operates inside of an atmospheric-pressure chemical reactor cell has been used to locally rehydrogenate carbonaceous fragments deposited on the (111) surface of platinum. The carbon fragments were produced by partial dehydrogenation of propylene. The reactant gas environment inside the cell consisted of pure H(2) or a 1:9 mixture of CH(3)CHCH(2) and H(2) at 300 kelvin. The platinum-rhodium tip acted as a catalyst after activation by short voltage pulses. In this active state, the clusters in the area scanned by the tip were reacted away with very high spatial resolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McIntyre, B J -- Salmeron, M -- Somorjai, G A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 2;265(5177):1415-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17833813" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 89
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    Functional participation of the IL-2 receptor gamma chain in IL-7 receptor complexes (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-03-11
    Description: The gamma chain of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor is shared with the functional IL-4 receptor and is causatively related to X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID), which is ascribed to a profound T cell defect. Studies with monoclonal antibodies specific for the IL-2 receptor gamma chain showed that the gamma chain participates in the functional high-affinity receptor complexes for IL-7 that are involved in the differentiation of T and B cells. Participation of the gamma subunit in more than one receptor may enable the elucidation of the mechanisms of XSCID development and lymphocyte differentiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondo, M -- Takeshita, T -- Higuchi, M -- Nakamura, M -- Sudo, T -- Nishikawa, S -- Sugamura, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Mar 11;263(5152):1453-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8128231" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Genetic Linkage ; Interleukin-7/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Receptors, Interleukin/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics/immunology/*metabolism ; Receptors, Interleukin-7 ; Severe Combined Immunodeficiency/genetics/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; X Chromosome
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  • 90
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    Structure of an electron transfer complex: methylamine dehydrogenase, amicyanin, and cytochrome c551i (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-04-01
    Description: The crystal structure of a ternary protein complex has been determined at 2.4 angstrom resolution. The complex is composed of three electron transfer proteins from Paracoccus denitrificans, the quinoprotein methylamine dehydrogenase, the blue copper protein amicyanin, and the cytochrome c551i. The central region of the c551i is folded similarly to several small bacterial c-type cytochromes; there is a 45-residue extension at the amino terminus and a 25-residue extension at the carboxyl terminus. The methylamine dehydrogenase-amicyanin interface is largely hydrophobic, whereas the amicyanin-cytochrome interface is more polar, with several charged groups present on each surface. Analysis of the simplest electron transfer pathways between the redox partners points out the importance of other factors such as energetics in determining the electron transfer rates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, L -- Durley, R C -- Mathews, F S -- Davidson, V L -- GM41574/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Apr 1;264(5155):86-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8140419" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*chemistry/metabolism ; Computer Graphics ; Cytochrome c Group/*chemistry/metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Hydrogen Bonding ; *Indolequinones ; Models, Molecular ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-NH Group Donors/*chemistry/metabolism ; Paracoccus denitrificans/*chemistry/enzymology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Quinones/chemistry/metabolism ; Software ; Tryptophan/analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism
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  • 91
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    Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-08-26
    Description: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a cell-mediated autoimmune disease that serves as an animal model for multiple sclerosis. Oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP) suppresses EAE by inducing peripheral tolerance. T cell clones were isolated from the mesenteric lymph nodes of SJL mice that had been orally tolerized to MBP. These clones were CD4+ and were structurally identical to T helper cell type 1 (TH1) encephalitogenic CD4+ clones in T cell receptor usage, major histocompatibility complex restriction, and epitope recognition. However, they produced transforming growth factor-beta with various amounts of interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 and suppressed EAE induced with either MBP or proteolipid protein. Thus, mucosally derived TH2-like clones induced by oral antigen can actively regulate immune responses in vivo and may represent a different subset of T cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Y -- Kuchroo, V K -- Inobe, J -- Hafler, D A -- Weiner, H L -- AR/A143220/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- NS29352/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30843/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Aug 26;265(5176):1237-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7520605" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Administration, Oral ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Clone Cells ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/*immunology ; Epitopes/immunology ; *Immune Tolerance ; Interleukin-10/biosynthesis ; Interleukin-4/biosynthesis ; Lymph Nodes/immunology ; Major Histocompatibility Complex ; Mesentery/immunology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Myelin Basic Protein/administration & dosage/*immunology ; Myelin Proteins/immunology ; Myelin Proteolipid Protein ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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  • 92
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    Regulation of IgE responses to inhaled antigen in mice by antigen-specific gamma delta T cells (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: Indirect evidence implicates gamma delta T cells in the cross-regulation of CD4 alpha beta T cell responses. Adoptive transfer of small numbers of gamma delta T cells from ovalbumin (OVA)-tolerant mice selectively suppressed TH2-dependent immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production without affecting parallel IgG responses. Challenge of these gamma delta T cells in vitro with specific antigen resulted in production of high levels of interferon gamma. The effects of the gamma delta T cells may be mediated by direct inhibition of OVA-specific CD4+ TH2 cell proliferation or selection for specific CD4 TH2 cells.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McMenamin, C -- Pimm, C -- McKersey, M -- Holt, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1869-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cell Biology, Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Western Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7916481" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic ; *Immune Tolerance ; Immunoglobulin E/*biosynthesis ; Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis ; Interleukin-2/biosynthesis ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Ovalbumin/immunology ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/*immunology ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets/*immunology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/biosynthesis
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  • 93
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    Symmetries of hydrogen bonds in solution (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-12-09
    Description: The nuclear magnetic resonance method of isotopic perturbation can distinguish between single- and double-well potentials in intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded monoanions of dicarboxylic acids. These are classic cases of a "strong," symmetric hydrogen bond in the crystal. The observed carbon-13 isotope shifts induced by the substitution of oxygen-18 demonstrate that these monoanions exist as a single symmetric structure in a nonpolar solvent but as two equilibrating tautomers in aqueous solution. The change is attributed to the disorder of the aqueous environment. These are simple counterexamples to the hope that the crystal structure reveals the actual molecular structure in aqueous solution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perrin, C L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 9;266(5191):1665-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17775625" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 94
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    Finding the most distant galaxies (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hellemans, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 11;266(5187):974.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17779939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 95
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    Virtually a-life (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-09-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sigmund, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 23;265(5180):1900-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17797230" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 96
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    Implications for mantle dynamics from the high melting temperature of perovskite (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-06-03
    Description: Recent studies have implied that (Mg, Fe)SiO(3)-perovskite, a likely dominant mineral phase in the lower mantle, may have a high melting temperature. The implications of these findings for the dynamics of the lower mantle were investigated with the use of numerical convection models. The results showed that low homologous temperatures (0.3 to 0.5) would prevail in the modeled lower mantle, regardless of the effective Rayleigh number and internal heating rates. High-temperature ductile creep is possible under relatively cold conditions. In models with low rates of internal heating, local maxima of viscosity developed in the mid-lower mantle that were similar to those obtained from inversion of geoid, topography, and plate velocities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉van Keken, P E -- Yuen, D A -- van den Berg, A P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Jun 3;264(5164):1437-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17838427" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 97
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    Wolves, moose, and tree rings on isle royale (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-12-02
    Description: Investigation of tree growth in Isle Royale National Park in Michigan revealed the influence of herbivores and carnivores on plants in an intimately linked food chain. Plant growth rates were regulated by cycles in animal density and responded to annual changes in primary productivity only when released from herbivory by wolf predation. Isle Royale's dendrochronology complements a rich literature on food chain control in aquatic systems, which often supports a trophic cascade model. This study provides evidence of top-down control in a forested ecosystem.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McLaren, B E -- Peterson, R O -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Dec 2;266(5190):1555-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17841718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
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  • 98
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    Inhibitory CA1-CA3-hilar region feedback in the hippocampus (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1994-09-16
    Description: The organization of the hippocampus is generally thought of as a series of cell groups that form a unidirectionally excited chain, regulated by localized inhibitory circuits. With the use of in vivo intracellular labeling, histochemical, and extracellular tracing methods, a longitudinally widespread, inhibitory feedback in rat brain from the CA1 area to the CA3 and hilar regions was observed. This long-range, cross-regional inhibition may allow precise synchronization of population activity by timing the occurrence of action potentials in the principal cells and may contribute to the coordinated induction of synaptic plasticity in distributed networks.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sik, A -- Ylinen, A -- Penttonen, M -- Buzsaki, G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Sep 16;265(5179):1722-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8085161" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Dendrites/ultrastructure ; Feedback ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Interneurons/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Membrane Potentials ; *Neural Inhibition ; Neural Pathways ; Pyramidal Cells/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Rats ; Synapses/ultrastructure
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  • 99
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    Circadian clock mutants of cyanobacteria (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-11-18
    Description: A diverse set of circadian clock mutants was isolated in a cyanobacterial strain that carries a bacterial luciferase reporter gene attached to a clock-controlled promoter. Among 150,000 clones of chemically mutagenized bioluminescent cells, 12 mutants were isolated that exhibit a broad spectrum of periods (between 16 and 60 hours), and 5 mutants were found that show a variety of unusual patterns, including arrhythmia. These mutations appear to be clock-specific. Moreover, it was demonstrated that in this cyanobacterium it is possible to clone mutant genes by complementation, which provides a means to genetically dissect the circadian mechanism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kondo, T -- Tsinoremas, N F -- Golden, S S -- Johnson, C H -- Kutsuna, S -- Ishiura, M -- GM37040/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- MH43836/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 Nov 18;266(5188):1233-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Circadian Rhythm/*genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cyanobacteria/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; Darkness ; *Genes, Bacterial ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Light ; Luminescent Measurements ; Mutagenesis ; Mutation ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Direct observation of tube-like motion of a single polymer chain (1994)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1994-05-06
    Description: Tube-like motion of a single, fluorescently labeled molecule of DNA in an entangled solution of unlabeled lambda-phage DNA molecules was observed by fluorescence microscopy. One end of a 16- to 100-micrometer-long DNA was attached to a 1-micrometer bead and moved with optical tweezers. The molecule was stretched into various conformations having bends, kinks, and loops. As the polymer relaxed, it closely followed a path defined by its initial contour. The relaxation time of the disturbance caused by the bead was roughly 1 second, whereas tube-like motion in small loops persisted for longer than 2 minutes. Tube deformation, constraint release, and excess chain segment diffusion were also observed. These observations provide direct evidence for several key assumptions in the reptation model developed by de Gennes, Edwards, and Doi.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Perkins, T T -- Smith, D E -- Chu, S -- 33289/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1994 May 6;264(5160):819-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Stanford University, CA 94305.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8171335" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacteriophage lambda ; DNA, Viral/*chemistry ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Solutions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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