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  • Articles  (317)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of the S/N ratio of the beat note obtained from the frequency-mixing experiments between a CO2 and an H2O laser (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 62.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The S/N ratio of the beat note obtained from the frequency mixing between a 32 THz CO2 laser, a 10.7 THz H2O laser and a 22 GHz klystron is measured as a function of incident power of both lasers and the klystron on the W-Ni point contact diode. A maximum S/N ratio of 36 dB is obtained. It is found that the S/N ratio arises from the product of the contributions due to the incident power and the fifth coefficient of the current-voltage characteristic of the W-Ni diode. These characteristics are discussed qualitatively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697947
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ninth-order nonlinear polarization and vuv generation in Hg vapor (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 171-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Interference of resonant ninth-order and nonresonant seventh-order nonlinear polarizations in Hg atoms has been studied, and direct conversion of fundamental ir radiation into the vuv has been obtained. The interference has been observed in the form of a Fano-Boitler contour. The efficiency of generation by ninth-order processes appears to be higher than that by seventh-order.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697511
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical-gyroscope application of efficient crossed-channel acoustooptic devices (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 113-118 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An acoustooptic (AO) deflector/modulator using a single-mode crossed-channel waveguide of 2Δn type and an interdigital transducer is fabricated in aY-Z LiNbO3 substrate. This module has shown a high diffraction efficiency. A 50% diffraction efficiency and a bandwidth of 13.4 MHz were obtained with 0.13 W of surface-acoustic wave power centered at 320MHz. Since the cross section of the channel waveguide and that of the optical fiber are comparable, the interfacting of the resultant acoustooptic devices with fiber optical systems would greatly simplified. In addition, the frequency-shifted optical beam can be conveniently used as a reference signal or local oscillator in heterodyne detection. Consequently, this cross-channel acoustooptic device should find a variety of applications in realizing an integrated-optics module with a 50–50% power slit, optical communication, and an optical fiber system. One of those applications, optical gyroscopes, is proposed by using this kind of crossed-channel AO device.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697430
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 297-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 32 ; 42.80 ; 33 ; 82 ; 34
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697859
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Origin of laser-output noise of cataphoretic HeSe+ lasers (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 373-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 52
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We investigated noise and fluctuations of the output power of cataphoretic HeSe+ lasers in positive column plasma. Direct coupling of laser output power noise and fluctuations of the local population inversion was found. An investigation of the positive column plasma showed moving striations being responsible for the gain fluctuations. Whereas the local plasma properties are dominated by high frequency striations in the 100 kHz range, integrated quantities such as laser gain per pass are most strongly influenced by low-frequency waves with a continuous noise spectrum below 200 kHz. External modulation of the discharge voltage or current at a frequency near thehf striations reduces laser noise and increases laser output power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686369
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bragg diffraction of gaussian beams by thick gratings: Numerical evaluations by plane-wave decomposition (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 383-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The validity of 2-D coupled-wave theory is investigated for the case of Bragg diffraction of a Gaussian beam by a thick unslanted phase grating in transmission mode. Fourier plane wave decomposition theory, as presented in a companion article, is used to test 2-D coupled-wave theory under circumstances when its validity is in question, namely when the incident distribution is very narrow or fast-varying, or when the parameterv o, due to Kogelnik (1969), which is proportional to the product of coupling rate and grating thickness, is very large. Numerical evaluations of the field patterns at output from the grating, obtained using plane-wave decomposition, are used to explore the effect of the gradual violation of the conditions (from the previous article) under which 2-D coupled-wave theory is valid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686370
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal analysis of a mode-locked Nd-glass laser by four-wave mixing (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 263-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The duration, shape, and background intensity level of pulses of a passively modelocked Nd-glass laser are determined by noncollinear phase-matched four-photon frequency mixing of time-separated fundamental and second-harmonic pulses in a KI crystal. The pulse shape is found to be slightly asymmetric with slower trailing than rising parts. The background intensity level before and behind the main pulse is about 5¢10−6 the peak pulse intensity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00689185
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory of synchronously pumped dye lasers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis of cw synchronously pumped dye lasers is presented. Under the assumption that the cavity (tuning element) bandwidth is much wider than the bandwidth of the transform limited pulses generated, the pulse forming dynamics is rigorously treated. It is shown that for a finite mismatch between the lengths of the dye and the pump lasers, a steady-state pulse develops in the dye laser cavity with a conserved pulseshape. The characteristics (energy, shape, peak power, duration) of these pulses of ultimate width are quantitatively determined as a function of cavity mismatch. An analytical solution for the pulse envelope is determined, which yieldsI(t)∝Sech2(t/t p ) to a good approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695468
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Color signal correlation detection by matched spatial filtering (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A polychromatic correlation detection technique by complex spatial filtering is presented. This technique utilizes a diffraction grating and three co-lineared (red, green, and blue) coherent sources. The technique of complex spatial filter synthesis for the polychromatic corelation detection is demonstrated. This technique offers true color correlation detection which is very suitable for color signal recognition and identification. The correlation diffraction efficiency with this technique is generally higher than that of the wavelength-multiplexed technique. Several interesting experimental demonstrations of this color signal correlation detection scheme are provided. Finally we note that this color signal detection technique is a simple and versatile processing technique which has broad range of applications of complex color signal detection, recognition and identification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688766
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Waveform of the amplitude modulated laser light by means of a mechanical chopper (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The model which reproduces accurately and conveniently the waveform of the amplitude modulated cw laser light in the TEM00 mode by a mechanical chopper is developed. It is found that its predictions are in good agreement with the strict, completely accurate but rather lengthy and inconvenient treatment and with the experiment. The criterion for the efficient amplitude modulation of the laser light by a mechanical chopper is formulated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688816
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A laser optical method for the determination of tropospheric OH concentrations (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 103-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.68 ; 42.80 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A long-path absorption procedure for the determination of tropospheric OH concentrations is described in detail. Initial measurements using this method were carried out in Frankfurt a. M. By including in the evaluation the visible radiation of a frequencydoubled dye laser used in the measurements, it was possible to mathematically reduce the signal fluctuations caused by the scattering and density fluctuations of tropospheric air. The resulting detection limit was 3×106 OH per cm3. SO2 concentrations which had to be simultaneously determined in order to eliminate an interference effect, could be detected in the range of 1–40 ppb on the absorption path.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688355
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bistable operation of a dual-wavelength synchronously mode-locked cw dye laser (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 7-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Bistable operation of a dual-wavelength synchronously mode-locked cw dye laser is reported. Wavelength switching is found to depend on the pump power and the dye laser cavity lengths.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688767
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential amplitude contrast imaging in the scanning optical microscope (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A split detector is used in a scanning optical microscope to produce high-quality differential amplitude contrast images. A slight lateral offset in the detector position is shown to introduce information about object height variations to the image. These results are compared with images obtained by electrical differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688286
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thick-grating non-divergent focussing device: 2-D analysis (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82 ; 42.10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The two-dimensional analysis of a recently reported thick grating Bragg diffraction focussing device is carried out using Solymar's coupled-wave approach. It is shown that the device is capable of operating as a non-divergent lens with beam contraction ratios of better than 100:1, and conversion efficiencies of nearly 100%. It is also shown that it can operate as a novel kind of Fourier spectrum analyser, the focussed diffracted intensity being proportional (as a function of Bragg condition violation) to the modulus squared of the Fourier transform of the incident finite beam. The focussing properties are studied as functions of incident beam profile, width and position, grating strength and Bragg condition violation. Poynting vector optics is used successfully to predict (in conjunction with the dispersion surfaces of x-ray dynamical theory) the off-Bragg behaviour in the focal plane. It is likely that the device could be used as avariable ratio beam contractor in integrated optics, where the grating strength could be controlled (interdigital electrode system) electrooptically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01284908
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherence requirement for partially coherent correlation detection (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The coherence requirement for correlation detection is determined using the theory of partially coherent light. It is shown that the requirement for temporal coherence strongly dependes on the spatial frequency and the spatial extension of the target (i.e., space bandwidth product). However, the spatial coherence requirement depends only on the extension of the target. Some numerical results are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692654
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guided waves and IR lasers (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 283-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 85.60 ; 42.80 ; 42.55 ; 33
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697857
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light-polarization modifications in a multipass cavity (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 43-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 32
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper analyses the slight change undergone by the polarization of a laser beam performing a multipass between two spherical mirrors facing each other. We replace the general 16-parameter Mueller formalism by an approximate 7-parameter one, and we give a quantitative experimental criterion for the validity of this approximation. Then we apply this formalism to the analysis of our experimental data. The results evidence:i) intrinsic birefringence in the mirror coatings (typical value per reflexion ∼2 to 4×10−4 rad);ii) birefringence due to off-normal incidence (typically 3.6×10−5 rad per reflexion for an incidence of 2×10−2 rad);iii) optical rotation, of purely geometrical origin (typically 14° for a multipass with revolution symmetry and 100 forward-backward passes under constant incidencei=2°);iv) no observable circular dichroism (≲10−6). Finally these results are discussed in connection with possible associated systematics in a parity violation experiment which motivated this work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694368
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent transient phenomena (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 179-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 34 ; 36 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688662
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous phase-lock of five CO2 lasers to a primary Cs frequency standard (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.72 ; 42.80 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The output of a CO2 laser, operating on theP I(18) transition of13C16O2 at 26941 GHz (11.128 μm) was phase-locked to a 5 MHz signal from a primary Cs frequency standard by means of a frequency chain having only CO2 lasers as infrared sources. Simultaneously, four other CO2 lasers in the chain were phase-locked to the 26941 GHz output. This provided CO2 laser frequencies at 26 450 305, 26 940 815, 28 694 625, 29 442 480, and 33 185 715 MHz having zero long-term-average frequency error relative to the Cs standard, and the ±10−13 (≃3 Hz) long-term absolute uncertainty of the standard.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697698
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resonant upconversion of λ=1.06 μm radiation in rubidium vapors (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 157-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The experimental results on upconversion of λ=1.06 μm radiation to the near ultraviolet in rubidium vapors providing 12% photon efficiency are reported under twophoton resonance of the concerted and pump sum frequency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00695472
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ambartsumian's principle of invariance and the reflection of radio waves from plane inhomogeneous slabs (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 183-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 41 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Using Ambartsumian's principle of invariance we investigate for radio waves the reflection coefficient of a plane inhomogeneous slab. We find that the reflection coefficient, as a function of slab thickness, satisfies the Riccati equation. From this equation we deduce a geometric theorem on the upper and lower bounds of the reflection coefficient. We illustrate the theorem by applying it to several special cases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00688404
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ellipsometry on magnetooptic thin film multilayer systems (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 139-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20L
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The optical and magnetooptical properties of thin film multilayer systems including a ferromagnetic absorbing layer were measured by ellipsometry. These were compared to calculations, using the ellipsometric data of each individual layer and measuring their thicknesses by FECO to determine the refractive indices and magnetooptical parameters of each layer for the calculation of the whole stack. Agreement between calculated and measured properties of the stack showed to be strongly dependent on the precision in measuring film thickness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697506
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sub-Doppler excited molecule energy transfer spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 33 ; 42.80 ; 07.65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A sub-Doppler spectroscopic technique involving the detection of vibrational energy transfer in excited molecules with selected velocity components at a microphone diaphragm is demonstrated. The technique is applied to the investigation of thev 3 R(16) transition in HCN and the results compared with a previously derived theoretical model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694641
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    F-center-laser. Superconductivity (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 306-310 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 68 ; 42.70 ; 42.60 ; 61.70 ; 61.50 ; 42.80 ; 29
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697860
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of blazed holographic gratings (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 349-353 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Various methods for the recording of blazed holographic diffraction gratings are presented and the regions in the wavelength-groove density plane for which they can be used are shown. The gratings are made in the positive photoresist Shipley AZ-1350. The diffraction efficiency for s and p polarization was measured as a function of wavelength and angle of incidence. An absolute efficiency of 80% was achieved.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686365
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conditions for the harmonic-like and efficient amplitude modulation of the cw gaussian laser beam by means of a mechanical chopper (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 34 (1984), S. 1-4 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.60
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The values of the chopping disc slot and mark space widths relative to the radius of the Gaussian beam are found, which achieve optimum harmonic-like and efficient amplitude modulation of the cw laser beam. The simple approximation for the waveform of the modulated laser power valid for these optimum or near optimum values of the chopping disc parameters is presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00697456
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparent transfer function for partially coherent optical information processing (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 359-366 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, the general formulations of the apparent transfer function for the partially coherent optical processor will be derived. Although these formulas show that the apparent transfer function is dependent upon the degree of spatial and temporal coherence, there is actually more variability in the spatial coherence. We note that the obtained formulas may also be used as a criterion in the selection of source size and spectral bandwidth of an incoherent light source. Thus a specific optical information processing operation can be carried out with an incoherent source.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00686367
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  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of an optical time scale (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 63-65 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A time standard based on the use of an optical oscillation period of a frequencystable He−Ne laser as a time scale is first described. We obtained highly frequency-stable oscillations in the SHF range that were locked to the oscillations of a He−Ne laser stabilized to an absorption resonance in methane at 3.39 μm. A direct comparison of frequency stabilities of a rubidium standard and He−Ne/CH4 laser has been made. The absolute measurement of the frequency of the He−Ne/CH4 laser we performed gave a new value of frequency.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00694370
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  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy transfer processes in two different bifluorophoric laser dyes (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 73-77 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 82 ; 78.60 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The mechanism of intramolecular energy transfer in two bifluorophoric laser dyes has been investigated by measurements of laser parameters, excited state absorption and phosphorescence spectra. The new value found for the dimethyl-POPOP triplet energy (48.0 kcal/mole) accounts for the different behaviour of the two classes of bifluorophoric dyes used in this investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00692766
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  • 30
    Electronic Resource
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    Novel quantum-electronics phenomena and devices (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 152-156 
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    ISSN: 1432-0649
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.55
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
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    Dynamical nonlinear optics and bistability (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 169-175 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.65
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    Ethylene monitoring by differential absorption with a CO2 waveguide laser (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 227-233 
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    Keywords: 86 ; 70L ; 07.60 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract In this paper we report on a differential absorption technique using a CO2 waveguide laser. The method is based on the measurement of the differential absorption between two different frequencies of the same selected CO2 laser line. The sensitivity of the technique depends strongly on the total pressure and has been estimated to be about a few tens of ppb or better over a 1 km path length in C2H4 diluted with air to a total pressure of a few tens of torrs. Its relative simplicity and high sensitivity at low total pressure enable this technique to be applied to gas detection either at high altitude or to local monitoring of a low pressure sample.
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    Harmonic detection with tunable diode lasers —two-tone modulation (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 279-285 
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    Notes: Abstract The minimum absorption detectable by a tunable diode laser spectrometer utilising harmonic techniques is often limited by interference fringes generated by scattered light. The sensitivity of the spectrometer to absorption can be increased by applying a jitter modulation. In this paper, the theory of harmonic response for single- and two-tone modulation over optical fringes and Lorentzian absorption lines is developed and compared to experimental measurements. A simple analytic expression for the two-tone harmonic line shape is derived. This expression provides a physical understanding of the effects of the second modulation, and a means to unravel the effects of the second modulation on the linewidth and line shape. For a specific choice of the jitter frequency and phase, it is possible to simultaneously minimise the fringe signal and increase the harmonic absorption signal. The results of this investigation are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic techniques are used.
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    Complete and reversible absorption of radiation (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 153-156 
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    Keywords: 44.40 ; 05.70 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Kirchhoff's law has caused confusion in the discussion about the theoretical maximum work from radiation because it permits only infinitesimal or irreversible absorption. With the aid of an optical circulator, non-Kirchhoff behaviour is possible in principle which permits at the same time complete and reversible radiation absorption. The key to overcome Kirchhoff's law seems to be the magnetic field, a condition explicitly excluded by Kirchhoff. The work extracted in complete reversible conversion of radiation is calculated. The irreversibilities connected with the emission process are discussed.
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    Effects of a lossy thin plasma-film on metal-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguides (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 23-30 
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    Notes: Abstract I intend to investigate the effects of different kinds of partially reflecting metal film (plasma layer) on the wave characteristics of a stratified titanium-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide. The mode number, the equivalent indices, the extinction coefficients, the field distributions and the powers carried in each layer are given as a function of the free-space wavelength, of the diffusion parameters, and of the opticc-axis orientation. Of course, the power of TM-like hybrid waves flows in opposite directions in the plasma and the other regions. For ac-axis varying in the transverse plane, the ith-order hybrid mode is rather complicated in the guide with an aluminum layer. There, in fact, the field mapping can be seen as an overlap of a TE i with a TM i+1, mode because of a sudden transformation of the TM0 mode into a superficial plasma wave (SPW). On the contrary, with a silver layer, the hybrid field is a simple combination of a TE i with a TM i mode with no SPW growing. The guide losses assume the lowest values (1 dB/cm) for an Ag layer which is the prime candidate for making electro-optical or acoustic-optical devices. On the other hand, the nickel film causes the highest losses (≧66 dB/cm).
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    A diffraction grating autocorrelator for measurement of single ultrashort light pulses (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 45-48 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 06.60Jn
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    Notes: Abstract A simple autocorrelation scheme for measurement of single ultrashort light pulses in the 1–500 ps range is proposed. Only a diffraction grating and a mirror are utilized to obtain a variable time delay between two collinear beams. The advantages of the proposed method and the effect of the grating dispersion on the autocorrelator performance are discussed.
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    Low threshold optical bistability with optical pumping (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 79-87 
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    Keywords: 42.50 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract By use of circularly polarized light we have exploited optical pumping within the Zeeman sublevels of the ground state to obtain optical bistability in sodium vapours with low threshold power (around 1 mW) and a wide tuning range (〉12 GHz). Experimental results are presented for different conditions of operation and compared to computer calculations, that include propagation effects and inhomogeneous broadening, based on a three-level atomic model that accounts for optical pumping.
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    The analysis of excite and probe measurements of relaxation times with fluctuating pulse duration (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 135-138 
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    Notes: Abstract The effect of fluctuations in the pulse duration of synchronously pumped modelocked pulse trains on excite and probe measurements is discussed. Relaxation times comparable with the pulse durations can be measured even when large pulse-to-pulse fluctuations in duration exist. The pump and probe pulse durations are assumed to be correlated. When the probe pulses are the second harmonic of the pump, or vice versa, the third harmonic must also be generated to permit deconvolution of experimental excite and probe data. When the pump and probe pulses have the same time dependence, the excite and probe curves consist of the desired response function convolved with the time-averaged second harmonic autocorrelation function which is easily measured. Deconvolution yields the relaxation time but fluctuations in pulse duration increase the root-mean-square voltage fluctuation at the output of the detector system and limit the accuracy with which the relaxation time can be calculated.
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    Surface spectroscopy (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 29 (1982), S. 182-185 
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    Keywords: 36 ; 42.80 ; 52
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    Anisotropic selfdiffraction in BaTiO3 (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 17-21 
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    Keywords: 42.70 ; 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Anisotropic selfdiffraction in BaTiO3 crystals utilizing the large electrooptic coefficientr 42 is described. In the absence of an external electric field the generated space charge field is determined by diffusion processes. The theory is in agreement with the experimental results. The angles between extraordinary and ordinary beams, the intensity and time dependence of transmitted and diffracted beams, and phase conjugation effects are measured and evaluated.
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    Effective upconversion of CO2-laser radiation in sodium vapors (1983)
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 53-55 
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    Notes: Abstract The effective upconversion of CO2-laser radiation to the uv spectral range has been obtained in sodium vapors, the photon efficiency being 65%, the corresponding power efficiency being 2640%.
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    Diffraction efficiencies of evanescent-wave holograms (1983)
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 87-94 
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    Keywords: 42.40 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract In contrast to previous models diffraction efficiencies of evanescent-wave holograms are calculated within the framework of a slab model that takes into account the finite thickness of the recording medium. This modification leads to characteristic diffraction efficiency oscillations with respect to reconstruction angle and medium thickness as well. One obtains higher diffraction efficiency maxima and pseudo-optical tunnelling. The analysis covers TE-polarized fields.
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    Influence of fluctuating pulse durations on the time resolution of probing experiments (1981)
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 213-216 
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    Notes: Abstract Fluctuating pulse durations considerably influence the time resolution of probing experiments. The commonly used arithmetic averaging the experimental data changes the shape of the signal curves and gives longer decay times in the wings. Methods are presented to reduce the effect of fluctuating pulse durations.
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    Three-dimensional surface measurement using the confocal scanning microscope (1982)
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 211-213 
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    Notes: Abstract The use of the depth discriminination property of the confocal scanning microscope for surface profiling has been adapted to provide a method of high-resolution three-dimensional surface profilometry. Measurements on a semiconductor specimen demonstrate the technique; depth variations of the order of 0.1 μm are clearly resolved.
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    Second-harmonic detection with tunable diode lasers — Comparison of experiment and theory (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 203-210 
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    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments are carried out by current modulating a tunable diode laser, and slowly ramping the wavelength to scan weak absorption lines in gases at pressures ranging from 2 to 60 Torr. A lock-in amplifier detects the second harmonic (2f) of the modulation frequency, and the experimental 2f signals are compared with theory. Detailed measurements are made on Lorentzian, Voigt, and Gaussian line profiles, over a wide range of modulation amplitudes. Excellent agreement between experiment and calculation is obtained in all cases. This quantitative understanding enables one to derive true lineshapes and linewidths of very weak absorption lines from measurements of 2f lineshapes only. Results are applicable to trace gas detection using tunable diode lasers, and to other areas of spectroscopy and magnetic resonance where harmonic detection techniques are routinely employed to monitor weak signals.
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    Source encoding for partially coherent optical processing (1982)
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    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 99-104 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A relation between spatial coherence function and source encoding intensity transmittance function is presented. Since the spatial coherence is depending upon the information processing operation, a strictly broad spatial coherence function may not be required for the processing. The advantage of the source encoding is to relax the constraints of strict coherence requirement, so that the processing operation can be carried out with an extended incoherent source. Emphasis of the source encodings and experimental demonstrations are given. The constraint of temperal coherence requirement is also discussed.
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    Bragg diffraction of finite beams by thick gratings: Two rival theories (1982)
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 63-72 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract Two rival techniques used in the analysis of Bragg diffraction of two-dimensional light beams by thick unslanted phase gratings, namely Fourier plane wave decomposition and 2-D coupled-wave theory, are compared. The advantages and regions of applicability of each are discussed, and the conditions found under which they yield identical results. In particular, the results of plane-wave decomposition are used to provide quantitative conditions for validity of 2-D coupled-wave theory. These conditions are not easily derived using any other technique, and set quantitative limits to how narrow or fast-varying the incident distribution may be before 2-D coupled-wave theory fails. It is also shown that 2-D coupled-wave theory is inadequate when the parameterv 0, due to Kogelnik (1969), which is proportional to the product of coupling rate and grating thickness, is very large.
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    Applications of ps-pulses (1982)
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 246-254 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.65 ; 34 ; 42.55 ; 42.70 ; 78
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    Theory II (1982)
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 255-261 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 36.20 ; 36.10 ; 02 ; 36 ; 42.80
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    Coherent transient phenomena (1982)
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 274-282 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 33 ; 36 ; 36.10 ; 14 ; 32
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    Thick grating focussing-device-design using poynting-vector-optics (1981)
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    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 37-42 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.82 ; 42.10
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    Notes: Abstract Novel thick grating focussing and de-focussing devices are described which employ uniform phase gratings with special boundary shapes. The analysis used is based upon an eigenmodal approach to Kogelnik's coupled-wave equations, akin to the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction. The relationship between the direction of phase progression of the coupled-waves at Bragg incidence, and the direction of the Poynting vector is carefully delineated. As a consequence, a new technique-Poynting Vector Optics — is suggested as potentially an important means of designing thick gratings to fulfil certain beam processing roles, especially in integrated optics applications. The two-dimensional coupled-wave equations are briefly employed to illustrate the effectiveness of a particular focussing device.
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    Modulation of radiation in nonstationary resonant media (1983)
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    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 41-45 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.10 ; 42.55
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    Notes: Abstract We study the propagation of radiation in a gas, the resonant frequency of which changes with time when affected by external electric and magnetic fields. It is shown that for an harmonic change of the resonant frequency under appreciable energy exchange between electromagnetic field and medium, deep amplitude modulation of radiation may be achieved. The analytical expressions obtained for a field in a gas allow rather accurate calculation of the space-time structure of the radiation penetrated through the medium layer. The numerical calculations are compared with the known experiment [4], good agreement is obtained. The transformation of radiation between dispersive branches with adiabatic stepwise variation of the resonant frequency has been also studied. Branch-tobranch transformation is investigated and the adiabatic invariant is found to be the total number of the high and low frequency radiation quanta corresponding to two dispersive branches.
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    A novel method of DNA transfection by laser microbeam cell surgery (1984)
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 135-140 
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    Keywords: 07.60 ; 42.80 ; 87
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    Notes: Abstract A new technique is presented to incorporate exogeneous gene materials (DNA) into cells with a microbeam irradiation from an uv pulsed laser. A frequency-multiplied Nd:YAG laser, 355 m wavelength, 5 ns pulse duration, punches a self-healing hole of submicrometer aperture in cell membrane under selected irradiation conditions. It takes a fraction of a second for the aperture to close, long enough to allow the foreign DNA, contained in the medium, to slip into the cell. The method offers a clear advantage over existing methods: increases the success rate of DNA transfection as well as the efficiency of cell modification by orders of magnitude.
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    Faraday rotation in a single-mode fiber with controlled birefringence (1984)
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    Applied physics 35 (1984), S. 145-148 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 42.10
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    Notes: Abstract Faraday rotation within a polarization non-conserving single-mode optical fiber is used for ac magnetic field measurement. For that purpose the intrinsic fiber birefringence on the path to and from the Faraday rotation section is controlled. As control devices externally applied stress birefringence and phase retarder plates were used. With respect to magnetic field measurements on high electric potentials all control devices are placed at fiber input and output only.
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    New lasers II (1982)
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 233-239 
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    Laser fusion (1982)
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    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 269-273 
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    Keywords: 52 ; 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 51
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    Generation of tunable picosecond light pulses covering the frequency range between 2700 and 32,000 cm−1 (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 113-119 
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    Keywords: 42.65 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The travelling-wave parametric process allows the generation of intense picosecond pulses tunable between 2700 and 17,000 cm−1. Angle- and temperature tuning was investigated using LiNbO3 crystals of different cuts. Various factors determining the bandwidth of the new pulses are evaluated and experimental spectra are presented. Frequency doubling readily leads to light pulses up to 32,000 cm−1. The jitter of two parametric systems operating in parallel is less than 1 ps for pump pulses of 7 ps.
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    Quasi-optics of the group delay of guided magnetic waves (1980)
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    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 141-147 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 85.70 ; 42.80
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The wave-packet of a magnetic wave on reflection at an interface between a ferrimagnetic medium and free space is shown to undergo no lateral shift but only a time delay. The time delay introduced on reflection is included to obtain a quasi-optical description for the group delay of a magnetic wave guided by a planar slab of ferrimagnet in free space for the case of the magnetizations (a) normal to the surfaces of the slab, and, (b) parallel to the surfaces of the slab and to the direction of propagation. The group delay of the guided magnetic wave is caused partly by the group delay produced in the bulk of the ferrimagnet and partly by the group delay produced on reflections. The characteristics of these two contributions to the resultant group delay of the guided magnetic wave are examined.
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    New TEA-lasers based onD′→A′ transitions in halogen monofluoride compounds: ClF (284.4 nm), BrF (354.5 nm), IF (490.8 nm) (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 283-287 
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    Keywords: 42.55 ; 42.80 ; 33
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    Notes: Abstract As an outcome of a systematic study of excitation kinetics and fluorescence spectra concerning theD′(3π2u )→A′(3π2g ) transitions in homonuclear diatomic halogens and corresponding transitions in interhalogen molecules [1], this paper describes, for the first time, TEA laser action in the three halogen monofluorides ClF, BrF, and IF. Output energies in the mJ range were demonstrated in a fast TEA discharge arrangement at the wavelengths of 284.4, 354.5, and 490.8 nm for ClF, BrF, and IF, respectively. The results suggest parameter scalability and wavelength tunability.
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    The influence of intrisic defects on the degradation and luminescence of GaAs and other III–V compounds (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 303-309 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 61.70 ; 61.80 ; 78.20
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A significant contribution to the degradation of GaAs-based lasers and light-emitting diodes arises from the formation of so-called dark line defects. It is shown that these defects are accumulations of non-radiative recombination centres around dislocations. The centres are identified as As vacancies, which are emitted by climbing dislocations, concomitantly with the absorption of Ga interstitials. From scanning deep-level transient spectroscopy observations it is concluded that the so-called DX centres are Ga interstitials. The driving force for dislocation climb and thus for dark-line-defect formation is a supersaturation of Ga interstitials originating from the growth of the GaAs crystals under Ga-rich conditions as a consequence of the high volatility of As. Phenomena in other III–V compound semiconductors related to the formation of dark line defects in GaAs are also discussed.
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    Fundamental absorption edge of evaporated amorphous WO3 films (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 55-59 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 42.80 ; 85.60
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The fundamental absorption edge of evaporated WO3 films is investigated. The optical gap of the virgin film is estimated to be 3.41 eV at room temperature and it decreases with increase of annealing temperature up to 200°C. Annealing at 300°C leads to change in the spectral shape, which is caused by crystallization. For the films annealed at 200°C, temperature coefficient of the optical gap is estimated to be −2×10−4 eV/K and the slope of Urbach's tail is found to be independent of measuring temperature up to 200°C. With electrolytic coloration, shift of the optical gap toward higher energy is observed. Magnitude of this shift is estimated to be 0.05 eV at the color center concentration of 7.5×1021 cm−3 when H+ electrolyte is used. If Li+ electrolyte is used, the magnitude of this shift is about three times larger than in the case of H+ electrolyte. This fact is interpreted by a small change in the host matrix structure owing to the injection of proton or Li+ during coloration.
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    Free-running ruby laser annealing of boron implanted silicon (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 243-246 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 61.80 ; 42.80 ; 85.30
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analytical treatment of the thermal phenomena during free-running ruby laser annealing of boron implanted silicon is presented. The heat equation was solved for a simplified shape of the pulse train consisting of a uniform succession of triangular spikes, identical in energy. During one spike the optical and thermal parameters of the sample were taken constant, but for each new spike, new values of these parameters were calculated taking into account their temperature dependence. Such a model predicts the melting of the top surface before the laser pulse has ended, for energy densities higher than 9×104 J/m2. RHEED confirms the presence of recristallization at about the same value of the laser-pulse energy densities.
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    Time delays in lead-salt semiconductor diode lasers (1984)
    Springer
    Applied physics 33 (1984), S. 181-182 
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    Notes: Abstract Time delays of typically 15–17μ have been measured directly for PbS1−xSex, Pb1−xSnxSe and Pb1−xSnxTe diode lasers at injection levels just above threshold in each case. The corresponding minority carrier lifetimes, as determined using the one-carrier injection model, were typically 2–4μ.
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    The dielectric constant of PbTe at 4.2 K and $$\tilde v$$ =84.15 cm-1, 96.97cm−1, 103.60cm−1 (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 229-233 
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    Keywords: 77 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract The dielectric constant of a PbTe epitaxial layer has been measured by surface wave spectroscopy using an optically pumped far-infrared laser and the technique of attenuated total reflection.
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    Holography with guided optical waves (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 55-64 
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    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80 ; 42.82
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    Notes: Abstract Waveguide holograms are recorded in a storage material layer covering a planar dielectric waveguide with a guided mode as reference wave. They are also read-out with a guided mode. In the storage material, assumed to have a lower refractive index than the waveguiding film, the fields of the reference and of the read-out wave are evanescent waves. We describe the preparation of the epoxy resin (Araldit) waveguides on glass substrates, their coating with a dichromated gelatin (DCG) layer as storage material, the processing of the DCG, and the recording and reconstruction techniques. Waveguide holograms of good quality with a size of several square centimeters have been realized for the first time. The holograms were recorded and read-out with wavelength λ=488 nm. They have a length of about 25 mm and a width of 17 mm. To obtain holograms that wide a special prism coupler had to be used which allowed to couple in a laser beam of elliptical cross section, and thus to excite a guided reference or read-out mode with a width of 17 mm.
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    Epitaxial growth of ferroelectric PLZT thin film and their optical properties (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 339-343 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 85.60
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    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments for growing epitaxial PLZT thin films has been made with rf sputtering. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses confirm that the fabricated films grow epitaxially on SrTiO3 and MgO crystals. A good transparency in the region above 0.4 μm to infrared with good ferroelectric properties is obtained. Propagation loss of He−Ne laser light is less than 6 dB/cm, and the PLZT thin film is a promising candidate for the optical modulator and other functional elements for integrated optics.
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    Signal statistics of laser light scattering (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 369-376 
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    Notes: Abstract After a brief survey of number fluctuations, a topic of current interest in light scattering research, the theory is developed for a particular case of this type. A laser beam of Gaussian cross section illuminates a volume in which there is a fluctuating number of identical particles. For incoherent detection the scattered intensities are additive. The interest centers on the statistics of the total scattered intensity. Starting from the moment generating function, the distribution function of scattered intensity is computed using two different methods. In an experiment designed to test the computed distributions, agreement between theory and measurement is found if the mean particle number within the scattering volume exceeds 3. The experimental procedure is described and some difficulties are explained which so far did not permit application of the theory for particle numbers much below 3.
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    Holography with guided optical waves (1980)
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    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 161-170 
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    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with “waveguide holograms” recorded in a layer of storage material covering a planar dielectric waveguide. Reference and read-out waves are guided modes of the waveguide. Their field in the storage medium is evanescent. A theory of the diffraction efficiencies of these waveguide holograms is presented fors-polarized wavefields. To calculate the hologram structure the attenuation of the reference wave caused by absorption in the light-sensitive storage material is taken into account. Analytical expressions for the local and the overall diffraction efficiencies and for the intensity profiles of the diffracted fields are derived. The dependence of these quantities on experimental parameters (the waveguide thickness, the mode numbers of the reference and read-out waves, and the angle of incidence of the plane object wave) is presented graphically, i.e., by computer plots. Grating couplers for integrated optics can be made by waveguide holography. We consider this application to be interesting because incoupling efficiencies for Gaussian beams of up to 96% can be achieved theoretically.
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    Application of pressure-tuned diode lasers to high-resolution spectroscopy (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 241-243 
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    Notes: Abstract The application of the high-pressure chamber with a pressure transmitting medium (liquid at room temperature) to diode-laser tuning was found to be a useful method for high-resolution spectroscopy. Ammonia absorbtion spectra in the 10 μm region were recorded with a resolution approaching the Doppler limit.
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    Time averaging by means of a computer controlled dye-laser spectrometer (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 361-364 
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    Notes: Abstract The noise characteristic of available laser sources limits the sensitivity of saturated absorption spectroscopy. Time averaging is one method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio. A computer controlled dye-laser spectrometer is described which has the capability to scan several times any selected frequency range with an absolute accuracy of ±200 kHz. The sensitivity of this system is demonstrated by measuring the isotope shift of the low abundant38Ar and by detecting a weak83Kr-hyperfine component.
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    Full-automatic broad-band wavelength control of a pulsed dye laser (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 331-340 
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    Notes: Abstract A full-automatic wavelength controled pulsed dye laser has been developed. With the control system, dye laser oscillations of nanosecond pulses are tuned to any wavelength in the visible or scanned in any sweep mode keeping the nearly transform-limited bandwidth of 0.45 GHz. A mechanical tuning of the wavelength is employed, such that the motion of three wavelength selectors is synchronized to give a smooth and precise wavelength control. The basic principle underlying the tuning scheme, various requirements to be met in system construction, and the practical performance of automatic wavelength control are described in this paper.
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    Transient behaviour of pulsed dye lasers (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 353-359 
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    Notes: Abstract Some aspects of the transient behaviour of pulsed dye lasers are investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Relaxation oscillations induced in the output from a dye cell by an external reflector have been observed and explained, using a rate equation approximation to the physical situation in the dye cell. These oscillations are shown to play an important part in the generation of short laser pulses from long cavity dye lasers. Finally, it is proposed that 10 ps pulses can be obtained from conventional dye lasers pumped by 100 ps pulses from a high-pressure nitrogen laser.
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    Towards an ideal photon correlator with a SAW-device (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 113-114 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 85.60 ; 07
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    Notes: Abstract The advantages and disadvantages of the clipped correlator for photoelectric correlation measurements are analysed. A scheme is suggested by which the problem of inversion (an inherent disadvantage of clipping) is obviated. With the availability of surface acustic wave (SAW) delay lines, we would like to point out that one can make an almost ideal photon correlator.
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    Imaging properties and applications of scanning optical microscopes (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 119-128 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.80 ; 72.40
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    Notes: Abstract This review paper is concerned with the imaging properties and major uses of scanning optical microscopes. It is shown that the confocal scanning microscope exhibits a form of super-resolution and that the instrument in general has great application in nonlinear microscopy and the inspection of electronic devices.
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    High precision wavelength meter with Fabry-Perot optics (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 25 (1981), S. 311-316 
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    Notes: Abstract A high precision wavelength meter in the visible is described, which is based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer with several etalons of different resolution. The interference fringe pattern projected on a photo-diode array detector is computationally processed to give a stepwise refinement of the wavelength value to any adjusted accuracy. The present model intends to provide digital and real-time values of high precision wavelength for dye-laser spectroscopy, and to serve as a monitor or as a pilot for wavelength control of a dye-laser source of nanosecond pulses. The model is, therefore, designed with particular emphasis on its short-pulse capability and on-line mode of operation as well as on its high sensitivity and resolution. Some arrangements of essential necessity are involved therein, such as to avoid an errorneous wavelength readout for a noisy incidence of pulsed field. The ultimate accuracy of wavelength measurement is prescribed by the resolving power of the thickest etalon employed. As applied to the pulsed source, the model determines the wavelength to the accuracy of ±one part in 107 for even a single shot nanosecond incidence of a fraction of μJ energy. The design and performance are described in connection to pulsed dye-laser incidence.
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    Borrmann-like anomalous effects in volume holography (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 22 (1980), S. 335-353 
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    Keywords: 42.30 ; 42.10 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract In this review, a surgey of the evidence for the appearance in volume holography of certain anomalous effects (akin to the Borrmann effect in x-ray crystallography) is conducted, with reference to both experimental observations and theoretical models. The main part of the paper is devoted to the application of a recently-developed two-dimensional coupled-wave theory (an extension of Kogelnik's one-dimensional theory) to the modelling of such anomalous phenomena. Extensive calculations based upon this theory, for the case of Gaussian wave incidence on a uniform mixed grating for various boundary conditions, are presented in a unified two-dimensional description of Borrmann-like effects in volume holography. In particular, certain qualitative predictions of the dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction are expressed quantitatively in the two-dimensional theory.
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    Brewster window and windowless resonant spectrophones for intracavity operation (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 319-326 
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    Keywords: 06 ; 07.65 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract We report a new design for an acoustically resonant spectrophone well suited for intracavity operation with widely tunable lasers. Operation with Brewster angle windows or in a windowless mode is possible, and high quality factors (560 and 509, respectively) are achieved. Windowless operation permits continuous monitoring of ambient air. We discuss factors limiting the sensitivity, ∼10−7 cm−1, and present a double chopping scheme capable of significantly reducing the acoustical background encountered in windowless operation. The sensitivity of the spectrophone's performance to misalignment is also examined.
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    Formation of holographic diffraction gratings in photoresist (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 26 (1981), S. 143-149 
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    Notes: Abstract The exposure-development process for the fabrication of holographic diffraction gratings for integrated optics in the positive photoresist Shipley AZ-1350 is theoretically and experimentally investigated. An analysis of the light intensity distribution is carried out, taking into account the reflectivity at the photoresist-substrate interface and the attenuation in the photoresist for two holographic exposure arrangements. The influence of the exposure energy, the development time for a fixed concentration of the developer and the initial photoresist thickness are described. Various grating profiles are calculated for photoresist films, coated on matched and reflective substrates. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrate very good agreement between the actual and calculated gratings profiles.
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    Effects of a magnetic field on the optical properties of dielectric mirrors (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 63-67 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 78.20 ; 78.65
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    Notes: Abstract We have measured the changes in the polarization state of a monochromatic (λ=514.5 nm) light beam on reflection at normal incidence by a multilayer dielectric mirror placed in a time-modulated magnetic field. The dominant effect is a Faraday rotationΦ≃3.7×10−10 rad/G. The sensitivity (around 40Hz) obtained is $$ \simeq 6 \times 10^{ - 9} {\text{ rad/}}\sqrt {{\text{Hz}}} $$ which is dominated by the shot-noise limit (100 mW of light power).
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    Refractive index profiles of LiNbO3: Ti waveguides (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 32 (1983), S. 125-127 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 66.30 ; 85.60
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    Notes: Abstract Eight LiNbO3: Ti waveguides have been fabricated under differing conditions. The effective refractive indices of guided modes have been measured and successfully fitted to Gaussian index profiles. The change of refractive index and titanium concentration are related by a power law, the exponents being different for the extraordinary and the ordinary beam.
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    Photoconducting tellurium for submillimeterwave detectors (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 35-38 
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    Keywords: 42.80 ; 72.40 ; 78.20
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    Notes: Abstract Undoped tellurium single crystals show at low temperatures (2.2 K) strong photoeffect under submillimeter irradiation. Therefore, tellurium was used as a FIR-detector. For a comparison with other detectors signal-to-noise ratio, response time, and noise equivalent power were determined. Tests were carried out with HCN-laser radiation (λ = 337 μm,≈ν = 30 cm- t). The sensitivity of the Tc-photoconductor is comparable to that of a TGS-bolometer but lower than that of a Ge-bolometer. The Te-detector is much faster than the bolometers.
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    Experimental method for the measurement of hyperfine transition saturation intensities in a gaseous medium (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 21 (1980), S. 135-140 
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    Keywords: 35 ; 42.55 ; 42.80
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    Notes: Abstract A saturated absorption technique, using an actively stabilized cw dye laser has been developed to measure the saturation intensities of hyperfine transitions in a gaseous medium. Hyperfine lines belonging to theB-X system of molecular iodine have been investigated. The experimental method proposed, provides a means for measurement of the absolute value of the saturation parameter of the transition with an accuracy better than 10%. The behavior of the saturation intensity of some transitions with iodine pressure has been investigated in the range 30 m Torr→90mTorr.
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    Influence of the solvent matrix on the overlapping of the absorption and emission bands of solute fluorescent dyes (1980)
    Springer
    Applied physics 23 (1980), S. 369-372 
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    Notes: Abstract It has been observed that the separation between the absorption and the emission bands of a fluorescent dye is smaller in a rigid polymer matrix than in the liquid monomer. Low temperature measurements have been carried out in order to understand this phenomena. It has been found, that the molecular mobility of the matrix, in which the dye is dissolved, plays an important role. By doping the rigid matrix with molecules of high mobility, the separation between the absorption and emission bands can be increased. A nearly complete separation can be achieved by this doping method if the difference of the dipole moments in the ground and excited states of the dye molecules is very large. This allows, for example, to increase the brightness of the fluorescence-activated liquid-crystal display (FLAD) and the efficiency of solar collectors based on fluorescent dyes.
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    Laser amplification in an optical fiber by evanescent field coupling (1981)
    Springer
    Applied physics 24 (1981), S. 201-203 
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    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 42.50
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    Notes: Abstract A laser signal propagating in an optical fiber is amplified by the evanescent field interacting with the excited Rhodamine 6 G solution surrounding the fiber. A small signal gain of 430 at 600 nm has been measured in a long fiber with a 2 cm long fiber optic amplifier.
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    Optical properties determination at 10.6 μm of thin semiconducting layers (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 30 (1983), S. 23-26 
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    Notes: Abstract An optical characterization of thin semiconducting multilayers in the infrared range, using a combination ofm-lines and reflection spectroscopy techniques is exposed. Such a method, non-destructive, allows to determine the thickness and the refractive index of each component of a multilayer multimodal planar waveguide.
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  • 86
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    Measuring the Magnetooptic Kerr effect by diffraction (1983)
    Springer
    Applied physics 31 (1983), S. 59-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 L ; 42.80 ; 75.70
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A method is presented to measure the Magnetooptic Kerr Effect (MOKE) by diffraction. This is accomplished by giving the magnetized surface a magnetization distribution which functions like a linear diffraction grating. It is shown that the first and higher orders of the light diffracted by such a grating are produced by MOKE whereas the zero order approximately represents the reflectivity of the surface (given by the Fresnel formulae assuming zero magnetization). The procedure used here to form a grating is restricted to thin soft magnetic films, and has been demonstrated on evaporated Fe-Ni films. It uses the magnetic field of a pulse-driven meandered stripe-conductor placed in close contact with the film in the presence of a homogeneous external magnetic field. Experimentally determined Kerr intensities were compared with those measured by ellipsometric methods. Good agreement was found in the case of films with uniaxial anisotropy. For films with no anisotropy, the relative dependence of Kerr intensity vs wavelength, polarisation and angle of incidence could be derived.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616305
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  • 87
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    Optical method for measuring the coupling constant of surface acoustic waves (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 95-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.80 ; 62
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The coupling constant of common or thin-layered-piezoelectric interdigital transducers for surface acoustic waves up to the highest frequencies can be determined in an optical way with reproducibility better than 3%. Being a nondestructive and noncontact method one can apply it in the technological process for fabricating uniform piezoelectric layered transducers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615811
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  • 88
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    Space-time resolved reflectivity measurements of picosecond laser-pulse induced phase transitions in (111) silicon surface layers (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 27 (1982), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 78.20 ; 81 ; 42.80
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The changes in reflectivity of a silicon surface, irradiated by a green picosecond pulse, are probed during and following that pulse with a spatial resolution of 10 μm. The data indicate the development of a liquid phase, and a resolidification either into a single crystal or an amorphous phase. The latter has a characteristic ring-type pattern, and occurs only at locations where the incident picosecond laser fluence lies between 0.2 and 0.26 J/cm2. The reflectivity data appear to be in good quantitative agreement with a “simple heating” model, in which the electrons and phonons maintain a local thermodynamic equilibrium on a picosecond time scale.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00616666
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  • 89
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    Radiation sensitivity of thick core all-glass fibers in reactor radiation fields (1982)
    Springer
    Applied physics 28 (1982), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0630
    Keywords: 42.10 ; 42.80 ; 78.20
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Radiation induced losses and the recovery behavior of several optical fibers have been determined by in situ steady state and by pulse measurements in a nuclear reactor. Agreement with the literature was found for Suprasil and Fibropsil core fibers in ionizing radiation, but our results on Suprasil-W core fibers show an appreciably higher radiation hardness of this material than reported elsewhere. Additionally, increased long term losses were observed, when the mixed radiation flux contained a noticeable content of neutrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617781
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  • 90
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    The lithosphere in the central-eastern Mediterranean area (1982)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 120 (1982), S. 389-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Lithosphere ; Mediterranean ; Rayleigh waves
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The lithosphere beneath the central-eastern Mediterranean area has been investigated by the inversion of the regional dispersion relations derived from analysis of surface waves. It is possible to distinguish several types of crust with average S-wave velocities in the range 3.0–3.8 km/sec, and thicknesses varying from a minimum of about 30 km, which corresponds to the Apennines, Crete and Otranto Channel regions, to a maximum of about 51 km beneath the Ionian Sea, which can be considered as a submerged continent. Associated with these crustal features, large lateral variations have been detected in the lithosphere thickness, which varies from a minimum of about 30 km corresponding to the Tyrrhenian Sea and south of Crete to a maximum of about 130 km corresponding to south-eastern Alps and north-central Greece, while the sub-Moho S-wave velocity varies in the range 4.2–4.8 km/sec. The constraint furnished by our results to the geological-tectonic setting of the investigated area, characterized by the continent continent collision between Africa and Europe, is pointed out.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00877044
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    The gross features of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe from seismic surface waves and body waves (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 1209-1213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Seismology ; Phase velocity dispersion ; Rayleigh waves ; ‘Hedgehog’ inversion method ; Lithosphere-asthenosphere system in Europe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Long-period recordings of dispersive Rayleigh waves along numerous station lines, or ‘profiles’, in Europe have for the first time permitted a uniform inversion of these observations based on a new method of phase velocity regionalization. Regional dispersion relations obtained by this method have then been subjected to a complete inversion procedure commonly known as the ‘hedgehog’ method. The results are presented in a map outlining the thickness of the lower lithosphere (‘lid’) and the shear (S) velocities in both the ‘lid’ and the asthenosphere ‘channel’. A comparison of these results with the minimum compressional (P) wave velocities in the asthenosphere and their corresponding depths provides an estimate of theV p /V s ratio for the asthenosphere in the European area.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01593061
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  • 92
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    Quantitative use of Rayleigh waves to locate and size subsurface holes (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 3 (1982), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: ultrasonics ; Rayleigh waves ; subsurface defects ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An ultrasonic inspection method is used to obtain the circumference of a subsurface hole and the depth of the hole below the surface. A pitch-catch Rayleigh wave transducer set-up was used to launch a Rayleigh surface wave at the flaw and to capture and record the scattered waves. The frequency spectrum of the scattered waves can be used to obtain the depth of the hole. The ligament of material between the hole and the surface is sent into resonance, and this feature can be extracted from the scattered waves' frequency spectrum. The frequency is a function of the ligament length; thus the hole depth can be obtained. The circumference of the hole is found from a time of flight measurement. A Rayleigh wave is formed that travels around the hole's surface. The length of time required for the wave to travel around the hole is a measure of the circumference.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00566955
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    Application of metal single crystal wedges to high frequency rayleigh wave propagation (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 2 (1981), S. 231-239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: Rayleigh waves ; Ge and Al surfaces ; high frequency ultrasonic surface waves ; nondestructive evaluation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Techniques for propagating Rayleigh waves with frequencies varying from 〈1 to 270 MHz were developed for the purpose of nondestructive evaluation of composition or defect gradients near the surface of nonpiezoelectric solids. The surface waves with frequencies greater than 15 MHz were obtained from a novel technique using single crystal wedges, whereas the low frequency waves were produced by a previously used high voltage impulse. Measurements of Rayleigh wave velocities on single crystals of Ge and Al were performed as a test of accuracy and precision and are compared with calculated values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00570735
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    Surface acoustic wave measurements of surface cracks in ceramics (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of nondestructive evaluation 2 (1981), S. 219-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4862
    Keywords: acoustics ; surface acoustic waves ; Rayleigh waves ; ceramics ; surface cracks ; residual stresses ; crack extension ; NDE
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract An investigation of scattering from surface cracks has been conducted. In particular, the change in the reflection coefficient of a Rayleigh wave incident on a surface indentation crack has been measured as the sample is stressed to fracture. The acoustic measurements have been correlated with the stable crack extension that precedes final failure. The crack extension behavior of as-indented specimens was found to differ appreciably from that of annealed specimens. Cracks in the annealed samples exhibited partial crack tip closure, but little stable extension, whereas cracks in the as-indented samples displayed both crack closure and irreversible crack growth. This behavior has been rationalized by invoking concepts based upon the residual stresses created by indentation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00570734
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  • 95
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    Experimental results contradicting claimed 1009-MHz influence on erythrocyte mobility (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: erythrocytes ; electrophoretic mobility ; UHF radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: An attempt was made to detect the influence of ultrahigh frequency radiation (1009 MHz) on the electrophoretic mobility of human erythrocytes. Ines. In contradiction to an earlier report by Ismailov no effect was observed.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020111
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    Effect of short electromagnetic pulses on brain acetylcholine content and spontaneous motor activity of mice (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 89-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave pulse ; motor activity ; brain acetylcholine ; 2,450 MHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Mice were exposed to a single 15-ms or 25-ms pulse of 2,450-MHz microwaves which increased brain temperature by 2 °C or 4 °C, respectively. Immediately after exposure, the mice became hypokinetic but began recovering within 5 minutes. The 25-ms pulse (18.7 j deposited in the brain) caused a significant decrease in acetylcholine content of the whole brain, probably owing to increased permeability of the membrane.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020112
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. II. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 141-150 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; scanning electron microscopy ; transmission electron microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Both thermal and athermal effects of millimeter-wave radiation on BHK-21/C13 cells were sought using scanning and transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with an in vitro technique that allows direct exposure of monolayer cultures to high average power densities. Culture dishes were irradiated by placing them on the open end of an E- or U-band wave guide. This technique exposes different regions of the cell monolayer lying along the longer axis of the wave guide aperture to varying power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center.Cell ultrastructure was unaffected by microwave radiation for 1 hour (41.8 or 74.0 GHz, average power densitites = 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively) with or without cooling by rapid recirculation of the culture medium. Temperature in recirculated cultures was held at 37.2 °C, and that in noncooled cultures never exceeded 42 °C during irradiation at either power density. In contrast, cell morphology was affected by microwave exposure whenever irradiation conditions were altered so that the temperature of the monolayer reached or exceeded 44.5 °C. Ultrastructural alterations included breakage of cell processes, progressive detachment of cells from the substrate, increased clumping of heterochromatin in the nuclei, and the appearance of large empty vesicles in the cytoplasm. Such morphological changes resulted from either application of higher average power densities or irradiation at the power densities described above at a higher ambient temperature (〉38.5°C).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020205
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. I. Design and validation of a novel exposure system (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 123-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter-wave radiation ; BHK-21/C13 cells in monolayer culture ; quantitative autoradiography ; ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis ; protein synthesis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method has been devised whereby both the thermal and possible athermal biological effects resulting from microwave radiation can be assessed. Monolayer cultures of BHK-21/C13 cells were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed directly on the open end of a wave guide, and irradiated for 1 hour. In experiments seeking athermal biological effects of millimeter waves, culture medium was continuously recirculated over the cells to prevent temperature increases greater than 0.1 °C. Incorporation of 3H-uridine into RNA and of 3H-methionine into protein was quantified by measurement of optical densities of the autoradiographs in contiguous rectangular regions corresponding to portions of the cell monolayer immediately above the wave guide aperture and lying along its longer axis. Since power density was shown to vary with position along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship, it was possible to assess the extent of microwave effects on macromolecular synthesis at power densities ranging from zero at each edge to twice the average power density at the center of the waveguide.Monolayer cultures maintained at 37.2 °C by recirculation of the medium did not show microwave-induced changes in synthesis of RNA and protein (41.8 or 74.0 GHz at average power densities of 320 or 450 mW/cm2, respectively). Since macromolecular synthesis was examined both during and after irradiation, our results exclude both transient and persistent athermal biological effects of acute exposure to millimeter waves. In contrast, irradiation of cultures incubated in a small volume of nonrecirculated medium resulted in 1) marked heating of the monolayer, 2) a graded decline in macromolecular synthesis with increasing incident power, and 3), in some cases, destruction of the cell monolayer in the region immediately above the center of the waveguide aperture.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020204
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    Effects of millimeter-wave radiation on monolayer cell cultures. III. A search for frequency-specific athermal biological effects on protein synthesis (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 151-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: protein synthesis ; quantitative autoradiography ; BHK-21/C13 cells ; millimeter-wave radiation ; frequency-specific biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A method recently developed in this laboratory has been used to directly expose BHK-21/C13 cells to high levels of microwave radiation without significant microwave-induced heating (≤ 0.1 °C). Monolayer cultures were grown on microwave-transparent polystyrene coverslips, placed on the open end of a wave guide, and maintained at 37.2 °C during irradiation at frequencies in both the E- and U-bands (average power densities 292 and 177 mW/cm2, respectively). Effects of microwave radiation were assessed at 0.1 GHz increments in the ranges of 38-48 GHz and 65-75 GHz. Protein synthesis was measured in quadruplicate cultures that were allowed to incorporate labeled methionine during the 15-minute period of microwave irradiation. Autoradiographs of each monolayer culture were scanned along the region corresponding to the longer axis of the wave guide aperture using a microdensitometer to quantify incorporation. Since microwave power incident on the cells was previously shown to vary along this axis according to a cosine2 relationship from zero at each edge of the wave guide to twice the average power density at the center of the wave guide, this technique should reveal biological effects that might only be manifested in narrow amplitude domains or “power windows.” Observations of protein synthesis in monolayer cultures irradiated at 202 closely spaced frequencies in the E- and U-bands failed to reveal changes associated with microwave exposure. Thus no evidence was obtained in support of the existence of frequency-specific athermal biological effects of microwaves. In addition, no support was found for the existence of amplitude-specific “power windows”.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020206
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    In vitro study of microwave effects on calcium efflux in rat brain tissue (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 2 (1981), S. 161-167 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave effects on CNS ; pulsed microwaves ; brain calcium efflux ; 1 GHz ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In this study we investigated the prospect of microwave-induced alteration of 45Ca2+ efflux from rat neural tissue at low pulse repetition frequencies and low power densities under in vitro conditions. Rat cerebral tissue, preloaded with 45Ca2+, was exposed to pulsed-microwave radiation (1-GHz carrier frequency) according to one of several PRF-power density exposure schemes: 16 Hz at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 15 mW/cm2, or 32 Hz at 1.0 or 2.0 mW/cm2 average power density. Measurements of radioactivity in the efflux medium and in the tissue sample were used to calculate an efflux value for each sample. The results indicate that the radiation conditions used did not alter calcium efflux in rat brain tissue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250020207
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