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  • Mice  (185)
  • Male  (166)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (327)
  • American Physical Society
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2005-2009  (327)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
  • 2006  (327)
Collection
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (327)
  • American Physical Society
  • Annual Reviews
Years
  • 2005-2009  (327)
  • 1990-1994
  • 1980-1984
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  • 1
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    Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-04
    Description: Human beings routinely help others to achieve their goals, even when the helper receives no immediate benefit and the person helped is a stranger. Such altruistic behaviors (toward non-kin) are extremely rare evolutionarily, with some theorists even proposing that they are uniquely human. Here we show that human children as young as 18 months of age (prelinguistic or just-linguistic) quite readily help others to achieve their goals in a variety of different situations. This requires both an understanding of others' goals and an altruistic motivation to help. In addition, we demonstrate similar though less robust skills and motivations in three young chimpanzees.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warneken, Felix -- Tomasello, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1301-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. warneken@eva.mpg.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; *Altruism ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; *Helping Behavior ; Humans ; Male ; Motivation ; Pan troglodytes/*psychology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    An antigen produced by splicing of noncontiguous peptides in the reverse order (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: CD8-positive T lymphocytes recognize peptides that are usually derived from the degradation of cellular proteins and are presented by class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex. Here we describe a human minor histocompatibility antigen created by a polymorphism in the SP110 nuclear phosphoprotein gene. The antigenic peptide comprises two noncontiguous SP110 peptide segments spliced together in reverse order to that in which they occur in the predicted SP110 protein. The antigenic peptide could be produced in vitro by incubation of precursor peptides with highly purified 20S proteasomes. Cutting and splicing probably occur within the proteasome by transpeptidation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Warren, Edus H -- Vigneron, Nathalie J -- Gavin, Marc A -- Coulie, Pierre G -- Stroobant, Vincent -- Dalet, Alexandre -- Tykodi, Scott S -- Xuereb, Suzanne M -- Mito, Jeffrey K -- Riddell, Stanley R -- Van den Eynde, Benoit J -- CA106512/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA18029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA018029/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1444-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960008" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; *Antigen Presentation ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Electroporation ; HLA-A Antigens/immunology ; Humans ; Interferon-gamma/metabolism ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*immunology/*metabolism ; Peptide Fragments/metabolism ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; *Protein Splicing ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Debating sexual selection and mating strategies (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ghiselin, Michael T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):689-97; author reply 689-97.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680820" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Female ; Male ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Behavior
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Molecular biology. Managing associations between different chromosomes (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Spilianakis, Charalampos G -- Flavell, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):207-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Cell Nucleus/genetics/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*genetics/metabolism ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genomic Imprinting ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics ; Mice ; Neurofibromin 1/genetics ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional ; Repressor Proteins/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Characterization of the piRNA complex from rat testes (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: Small noncoding RNAs regulate processes essential for cell growth and development, including mRNA degradation, translational repression, and transcriptional gene silencing (TGS). During a search for candidate mammalian factors for TGS, we purified a complex that contains small RNAs and Riwi, the rat homolog to human Piwi. The RNAs, frequently 29 to 30 nucleotides in length, are called Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), 94% of which map to 100 defined (〈 or = 101 kb) genomic regions. Within these regions, the piRNAs generally distribute across only one genomic strand or distribute on two strands but in a divergent, nonoverlapping manner. Preparations of piRNA complex (piRC) contain rRecQ1, which is homologous to qde-3 from Neurospora, a gene implicated in silencing pathways. Piwi has been genetically linked to TGS in flies, and slicer activity cofractionates with the purified complex. These results are consistent with a gene-silencing role for piRC in mammals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lau, Nelson C -- Seto, Anita G -- Kim, Jinkuk -- Kuramochi-Miyagawa, Satomi -- Nakano, Toru -- Bartel, David P -- Kingston, Robert E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):363-7. Epub 2006 Jun 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778019" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphatases/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Animals ; Chromosomes, Mammalian ; Conserved Sequence ; DNA Helicases/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Gene Library ; Genome ; Male ; Mice ; Proteins/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; *RNA Interference ; RNA, Untranslated/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; RecQ Helicases ; Ribonucleoproteins/chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Testis/*chemistry ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Cortical 5-HT2A receptor signaling modulates anxiety-like behaviors in mice (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurotransmission in the central nervous system modulates depression and anxiety-related behaviors in humans and rodents, but the responsible downstream receptors remain poorly understood. We demonstrate that global disruption of 5-HT2A receptor (5HT2AR) signaling in mice reduces inhibition in conflict anxiety paradigms without affecting fear-conditioned and depression-related behaviors. Selective restoration of 5HT2AR signaling to the cortex normalized conflict anxiety behaviors. These findings indicate a specific role for cortical 5HT2AR function in the modulation of conflict anxiety, consistent with models of cortical, "top-down" influences on risk assessment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Weisstaub, Noelia V -- Zhou, Mingming -- Lira, Alena -- Lambe, Evelyn -- Gonzalez-Maeso, Javier -- Hornung, Jean-Pierre -- Sibille, Etienne -- Underwood, Mark -- Itohara, Shigeyoshi -- Dauer, William T -- Ansorge, Mark S -- Morelli, Emanuela -- Mann, J John -- Toth, Miklos -- Aghajanian, George -- Sealfon, Stuart C -- Hen, Rene -- Gingrich, Jay A -- KO8 MH01711/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- P01 DA12923/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):536-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Columbia University and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873667" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anxiety/*physiopathology ; Cerebral Cortex/*metabolism ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Conflict (Psychology) ; Depression/physiopathology ; Exploratory Behavior ; Fear ; Limbic System/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Periaqueductal Gray/metabolism ; Prosencephalon/metabolism ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/metabolism ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/metabolism ; Risk-Taking ; Serotonin/physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    HIV testing and individual rights (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mills, Edward -- Rennie, Stuart -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 20;314(5798):417-9; author reply 417-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053128" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Serodiagnosis ; Female ; HIV Infections/*diagnosis/prevention & control ; *Human Rights ; Humans ; Male ; Mandatory Testing ; Prejudice
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Language control in the bilingual brain (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: How does the bilingual brain distinguish and control which language is in use? Previous functional imaging experiments have not been able to answer this question because proficient bilinguals activate the same brain regions irrespective of the language being tested. Here, we reveal that neuronal responses within the left caudate are sensitive to changes in the language or the meaning of words. By demonstrating this effect in populations of German-English and Japanese-English bilinguals, we suggest that the left caudate plays a universal role in monitoring and controlling the language in use.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Crinion, J -- Turner, R -- Grogan, A -- Hanakawa, T -- Noppeney, U -- Devlin, J T -- Aso, T -- Urayama, S -- Fukuyama, H -- Stockton, K -- Usui, K -- Green, D W -- Price, C J -- 051067/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1537-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763154" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Brain Mapping ; Caudate Nucleus/*physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Multilingualism ; Neurons/physiology ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Semantics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Society of Vertebrate Paleontology meeting. Crestfallen: sexually dimorphic no more (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):921.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alberta ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/classification ; Female ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Species Specificity
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    A one-size-fits-all flu vaccine? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):380-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Administration, Intranasal ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis/immunology ; Antigenic Variation ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical ; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics/immunology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/*immunology ; *Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage/immunology ; Influenza, Human/*prevention & control ; Mice ; Nucleoproteins/genetics/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control ; RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage/immunology ; Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage/immunology ; Viral Core Proteins/genetics/immunology ; Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 11
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    Paleoanthropology. How the hobbit shrugged: tiny hominid's story takes new turn (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Culotta, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):983-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709753" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Body Height ; Female ; *Fossils ; History, Ancient ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Indonesia ; Male ; Skeleton
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 12
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    Male fertility and sex ratio at birth in red deer (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-02
    Description: Efforts to test sex ratio theory have focused mostly on females. However, when males possess traits that could enhance the reproductive success of sons, males would also benefit from the manipulation of the offspring sex ratio. We tested the prediction that more-fertile red deer males produce more sons. Our findings reveal that male fertility is positively related to the proportion of male offspring. We also show that there is a positive correlation between the percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (a main determinant of male fertility) and the proportion of male offspring. Thus, males may contribute significantly to biases in sex ratio at birth among mammals, creating the potential for conflicts of interest between males and females.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gomendio, Montserrat -- Malo, Aurelio F -- Soler, Ana J -- Fernandez-Santos, Maria R -- Esteso, Milagros C -- Garcia, Andres J -- Roldan, Eduardo R S -- Garde, Julian -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1445-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Reproductive Ecology and Biology Group, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales [Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)], 28006-Madrid, Spain. montseg@mncn.csic.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138900" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Deer/*physiology ; Female ; *Fertility ; Fertilization ; Male ; Reproduction ; *Sex Ratio ; Sperm Motility ; Spermatozoa/cytology ; X Chromosome ; Y Chromosome
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 13
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    Homoploid hybrid speciation in an extreme habitat (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-02
    Description: According to theory, homoploid hybrid speciation, which is hybrid speciation without a change in chromosome number, is facilitated by adaptation to a novel or extreme habitat. Using molecular and ecological data, we found that the alpine-adapted butterflies in the genus Lycaeides are the product of hybrid speciation. The alpine populations possess a mosaic genome derived from both L. melissa and L. idas and are differentiated from and younger than their putative parental species. As predicted, adaptive traits may allow for persistence in the environmentally extreme alpine habitat and reproductively isolate these populations from their parental species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gompert, Zachariah -- Fordyce, James A -- Forister, Matthew L -- Shapiro, Arthur M -- Nice, Chris C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 22;314(5807):1923-5. Epub 2006 Nov 30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Population and Conservation Biology Program, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138866" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Alleles ; Altitude ; Animals ; Astragalus Plant ; Bayes Theorem ; Butterflies/anatomy & histology/*genetics/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Female ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Speciation ; Genome ; Geography ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; North America ; Ploidies ; Reproduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 14
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    Lhx2 maintains stem cell character in hair follicles (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: During embryogenesis, stem cells are set aside to fuel the postnatal hair cycle and repair the epidermis after injury. To define how hair follicle stem cells are specified and maintained in an undifferentiated state, we developed a strategy to isolate and transcriptionally profile embryonic hair progenitors in mice. We identified Lhx2 as a transcription factor positioned downstream of signals necessary to specify hair follicle stem cells, but upstream from signals required to drive activated stem cells to terminally differentiate. Using gain- and loss-of-function studies, we uncovered a role for Lhx2 in maintaining the growth and undifferentiated properties of hair follicle progenitors.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2405918/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2405918/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rhee, Horace -- Polak, Lisa -- Fuchs, Elaine -- R01 AR031737/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR031737-24/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR050452/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR050452-04/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01-AR050452/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1946-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809539" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Proliferation ; Epidermis/cytology/embryology ; Female ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Hair/embryology/growth & development ; Hair Follicle/*cytology/embryology/physiology ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; LIM-Homeodomain Proteins ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Morphogenesis ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Signal Transduction ; Skin Transplantation ; Stem Cells/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*physiology ; Up-Regulation
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 15
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    Cell biology. A metabolic push to proliferate (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brasaemle, Dawn L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1581-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. brasaemle@aesop.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973864" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Caveolae/metabolism ; Caveolin 1/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Proliferation ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Glucose/administration & dosage ; Hepatocytes/cytology/*metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; *Lipid Metabolism ; *Liver Regeneration ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Phospholipids/biosynthesis ; Triglycerides/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 16
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    A new genus of African monkey, Rungwecebus: morphology, ecology, and molecular phylogenetics (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-13
    Description: A new species of African monkey, Lophocebus kipunji, was described in 2005 based on observations from two sites in Tanzania. We have since obtained a specimen killed by a farmer on Mount Rungwe, the type locality. Detailed molecular phylogenetic analyses of this specimen demonstrate that the genus Lophocebus is diphyletic. We provide a description of a new genus of African monkey and of the only preserved specimen of this primate. We also present information on the animal's ecology and conservation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davenport, Tim R B -- Stanley, William T -- Sargis, Eric J -- De Luca, Daniela W -- Mpunga, Noah E -- Machaga, Sophy J -- Olson, Link E -- RR-16466-01/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 2;312(5778):1378-81. Epub 2006 May 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Wildlife Conservation Society, Southern Highlands Conservation Programme, Post Office Box 1475, Mbeya, Tanzania. tdavenport@wcs.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16690815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cercopithecinae/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology ; Male ; Tanzania
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The sea urchin genome: where will it lead us? (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: The sea urchin genome reveals large domains of biology heretofore unexplored at the genome level, as this is the first nonchordate deuterostome sequence. The sequence will accelerate progress toward complete understanding of the genomic regulatory system that controls developmental specification and morphogenetic function, thus illuminating basic developmental process in all animals.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davidson, Eric H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):939-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology, 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA. davidson@caltech.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095689" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Embryonic Development ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Regulator ; Genetic Speciation ; *Genome ; Genomics ; Male ; Morphogenesis ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus/embryology/*genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 18
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    Two Dobzhansky-Muller genes interact to cause hybrid lethality in Drosophila (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: The Dobzhansky-Muller model proposes that hybrid incompatibilities are caused by the interaction between genes that have functionally diverged in the respective hybridizing species. Here, we show that Lethal hybrid rescue (Lhr) has functionally diverged in Drosophila simulans and interacts with Hybrid male rescue (Hmr), which has functionally diverged in D. melanogaster, to cause lethality in F1 hybrid males. LHR localizes to heterochromatic regions of the genome and has diverged extensively in sequence between these species in a manner consistent with positive selection. Rapidly evolving heterochromatic DNA sequences may be driving the evolution of this incompatibility gene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brideau, Nicholas J -- Flores, Heather A -- Wang, Jun -- Maheshwari, Shamoni -- Wang, Xu -- Barbash, Daniel A -- R01 GM074737-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1292-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124320" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/physiology ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genes, Insect ; Genetic Speciation ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Selection, Genetic ; Transformation, Genetic ; Transgenes
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Debating sexual selection and mating strategies (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lessells, C M -- Bennett, Andrew T D -- Birkhead, Tim R -- Colegrave, Nick -- Dall, Sasha R X -- Harvey, Paul H -- Hatchwell, Ben -- Hosken, Dave J -- Hunt, John -- Moore, Allen J -- Parker, Geoff A -- Pitnick, Scott -- Pizzari, Tommaso -- Radwan, Jacek -- Ritchie, Mike -- Sheldon, Ben C -- Shuker, David M -- Simmons, Leigh W -- Stockley, Paula -- Tregenza, Tom -- Zuk, Marlene -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):689-97; author reply 689-97.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16680815" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; *Game Theory ; Male ; Reproduction ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Behavior
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Immunology. Restless T cells sniff and go (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mustelin, Tomas -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1902-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Program on Inflammatory Disease Research, Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, and Program of Signal Transduction, Cancer Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. tmustelin@burnham.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008518" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, CD ; Antigens, CD28/metabolism ; Antigens, CD80/metabolism ; Antigens, CD86/metabolism ; Antigens, Differentiation/genetics/*physiology ; *Autoimmunity ; CTLA-4 Antigen ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Movement ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Humans ; Integrins/physiology ; Ligands ; Lymph Nodes/*immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 21
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    Platelet-derived serotonin mediates liver regeneration (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: The liver can regenerate its volume after major tissue loss. In a mouse model of liver regeneration, thrombocytopenia, or impaired platelet activity resulted in the failure to initiate cellular proliferation in the liver. Platelets are major carriers of serotonin in the blood. In thrombocytopenic mice, a serotonin agonist reconstituted liver proliferation. The expression of 5-HT2A and 2B subtype serotonin receptors in the liver increased after hepatectomy. Antagonists of 5-HT2A and 2B receptors inhibited liver regeneration. Liver regeneration was also blunted in mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase 1, which is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of peripheral serotonin. This failure of regeneration was rescued by reloading serotonin-free platelets with a serotonin precursor molecule. These results suggest that platelet-derived serotonin is involved in the initiation of liver regeneration.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lesurtel, Mickael -- Graf, Rolf -- Aleil, Boris -- Walther, Diego J -- Tian, Yinghua -- Jochum, Wolfram -- Gachet, Christian -- Bader, Michael -- Clavien, Pierre-Alain -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):104-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601191" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 5-Hydroxytryptophan/pharmacology ; Amphetamines/pharmacology ; Animals ; Blood Platelets/metabolism/*physiology ; Busulfan/pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; Hepatectomy ; Hepatocytes/cytology ; Liver/metabolism/*physiology ; *Liver Regeneration ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Platelet Count ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/metabolism ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2B/metabolism ; Serotonin/blood/*physiology ; Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists ; Thrombocytopenia ; Ticlopidine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Tryptophan Hydroxylase/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Public health. HIV testing in China (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wu, Zunyou -- Sun, Xinhua -- Sullivan, Sheena G -- Detels, Roger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 9;312(5779):1475-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16763133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *AIDS Serodiagnosis/statistics & numerical data ; China/epidemiology ; Confidentiality/legislation & jurisprudence ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Female ; HIV Infections/diagnosis/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Health Care Costs ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Genetic variation affects de novo translocation frequency (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-18
    Description: Translocation is one of the most frequently occurring human chromosomal aberrations. The constitutional t(11;22)(q23;q11), which is the only known recurrent non-Robertsonian translocation, represents a good model for studying translocations in humans. Here we demonstrate polymorphisms of the palindromic sequence at the t(11;22) breakpoint that affect the frequency of de novo translocations in sperm from normal males. A typical allele consists of a perfect palindrome, producing ~10-5 de novo t(11;22) translocations. Alleles with an asymmetric center do not form the t(11;22). Our data show the importance of genome sequence on chromosomal rearrangements, a class of human mutation that is thought to be random.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818512/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2818512/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kato, Takema -- Inagaki, Hidehito -- Yamada, Kouji -- Kogo, Hiroshi -- Ohye, Tamae -- Kowa, Hiroe -- Nagaoka, Kayuri -- Taniguchi, Mariko -- Emanuel, Beverly S -- Kurahashi, Hiroki -- CA39926/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 DC002027/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- P01 DC002027-070006/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA039926/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA039926-18/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):971.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake Aichi 470-1192, Japan [corrected]〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484486" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: AT Rich Sequence ; Alleles ; Gene Frequency ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Male ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Sequence Deletion ; *Spermatozoa ; *Translocation, Genetic
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    Preventing HIV/AIDS in adolescents (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roberts, Jane -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023634" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/*prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Counseling ; Female ; Financial Support ; Health Education ; Humans ; Male ; Sexual Behavior ; *United Nations/economics ; United States
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    Role of iNOS in human host defense (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nathan, Carl -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1874-5; author reply 1874-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809512" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Infections/enzymology/*immunology ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Macrophages/cytology/*enzymology ; Mice ; Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis/*metabolism ; Tuberculosis/enzymology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 26
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    HIV decline associated with behavior change in eastern Zimbabwe (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: Few sub-Saharan African countries have witnessed declines in HIV prevalence, and only Uganda has compelling evidence for a decline founded on sexual behavior change. We report a decline in HIV prevalence in eastern Zimbabwe between 1998 and 2003 associated with sexual behavior change in four distinct socioeconomic strata. HIV prevalence fell most steeply at young ages-by 23 and 49%, respectively, among men aged 17 to 29 years and women aged 15 to 24 years-and in more educated groups. Sexually experienced men and women reported reductions in casual sex of 49 and 22%, respectively, whereas recent cohorts reported delayed sexual debut. Selective AIDS-induced mortality contributed to the decline in HIV prevalence.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gregson, Simon -- Garnett, Geoffrey P -- Nyamukapa, Constance A -- Hallett, Timothy B -- Lewis, James J C -- Mason, Peter R -- Chandiwana, Stephen K -- Anderson, Roy M -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):664-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, UK. Sajgregson@aol.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456081" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Cohort Studies ; Condoms ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Emigration and Immigration ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/mortality/prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Incidence ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk-Taking ; *Sexual Behavior ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Editorial expression of concern (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kennedy, Donald -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 27;314(5799):592.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17068242" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ectoderm/*physiology ; *Embryonic Development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/metabolism ; Trophoblasts/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 28
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    Human hair growth deficiency is linked to a genetic defect in the phospholipase gene LIPH (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: The molecular mechanisms controlling human hair growth and scalp hair loss are poorly understood. By screening about 350,000 individuals in two populations from the Volga-Ural region of Russia, we identified a gene mutation in families who show an inherited form of hair loss and a hair growth defect. Affected individuals were homozygous for a deletion in the LIPH gene on chromosome 3q27, caused by short interspersed nuclear element-retrotransposon-mediated recombination. The LIPH gene is expressed in hair follicles and encodes a phospholipase called lipase H (alternatively known as membrane-associated phosphatidic acid-selective phospholipase A1alpha), an enzyme that regulates the production of bioactive lipids. These results suggest that lipase H participates in hair growth and development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kazantseva, Anastasiya -- Goltsov, Andrey -- Zinchenko, Rena -- Grigorenko, Anastasia P -- Abrukova, Anna V -- Moliaka, Yuri K -- Kirillov, Alexander G -- Guo, Zhiru -- Lyle, Stephen -- Ginter, Evgeny K -- Rogaev, Evgeny I -- K08-AR02179/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):982-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095700" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alu Elements ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 3/genetics ; Exons ; Female ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Expression ; Genetic Markers ; Hair/*growth & development ; Hair Follicle/enzymology ; Heterozygote ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Hypotrichosis/*genetics ; Lipase/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Lod Score ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pedigree ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Recombination, Genetic ; Retroelements ; Russia ; Tandem Repeat Sequences
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    alphaE-catenin controls cerebral cortical size by regulating the hedgehog signaling pathway (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: During development, cells monitor and adjust their rates of accumulation to produce organs of predetermined size. We show here that central nervous system-specific deletion of the essential adherens junction gene, alphaE-catenin, causes abnormal activation of the hedgehog pathway, resulting in shortening of the cell cycle, decreased apoptosis, and cortical hyperplasia. We propose that alphaE-catenin connects cell-density-dependent adherens junctions with the developmental hedgehog pathway and that this connection may provide a negative feedback loop controlling the size of developing cerebral cortex.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556178/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2556178/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lien, Wen-Hui -- Klezovitch, Olga -- Fernandez, Tania E -- Delrow, Jeff -- Vasioukhin, Valeri -- P41 RR011823/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P41 RR011823-128171/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161-01A1/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161-02/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161-03/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA098161-04/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1609-12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543460" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adherens Junctions/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Adhesion ; Cell Count ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Polarity ; Central Nervous System/embryology ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*embryology/pathology/physiology ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Hyperplasia ; Mice ; Mitosis ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology/ultrastructure ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; alpha Catenin/genetics/*physiology
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    Cdx2 gene expression and trophectoderm lineage specification in mouse embryos (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-18
    Description: Controversy exists as to whether individual blastomeres from two-cell-stage mouse embryos have identical developmental properties and fate. We show that the transcription factor Cdx2 is expressed in the nuclei of cells derived from the late-dividing but not the first-dividing blastomere of two-cell embryos and, by lineage tracing and RNA interference knock-down experiments, that this lagging cell is the precursor of trophectoderm. Cdx2 mRNA is localized toward the vegetal pole of oocytes, reorients after fertilization, and becomes concentrated in the late-dividing, two-cell-stage blastomere. The asymmetrical distribution of Cdx2 gene products in the oocyte and embryo defines the lineage to trophectoderm.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Deb, Kaushik -- Sivaguru, Mayandi -- Yong, Hwan Yul -- Roberts, R Michael -- R01 HD21896/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD42201/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01 RR13438/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):992-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Animal Sciences, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484492" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/physiology ; Blastomeres/*physiology ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Polarity ; Ectoderm/*physiology ; *Embryonic Development ; Fertilization ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; In Situ Hybridization ; Mice ; Morula/physiology ; Oocytes/physiology ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic ; Trophoblasts/*physiology ; Zygote/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Cell biology. Actin discrimination (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bulinski, J Chloe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):180-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences and the Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, 1212 Amsterdam Avenue, New York, NY 10027-2450, USA. jcb4@columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840687" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin Cytoskeleton/chemistry/*metabolism ; Actins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Aminoacyltransferases/genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Arginine/*metabolism ; Cell Movement ; Cytoplasm/chemistry/metabolism ; Evolution, Molecular ; Fibroblasts ; Mice ; Myosins/metabolism ; Profilins/metabolism ; Protein Isoforms/genetics/metabolism ; Pseudopodia/chemistry/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Cell signaling. A new way to burn fat (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Neels, Jaap G -- Olefsky, Jerrold M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 23;312(5781):1756-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0673, USA. jolefsky@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16794069" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Adipocytes/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/*metabolism ; Animals ; Cell Cycle Proteins/*metabolism ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism ; Enzyme Activation ; Fasting ; Fatty Acids/metabolism ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Insulin/physiology ; Insulin Resistance ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Lipogenesis ; Liver/metabolism ; Malonyl Coenzyme A/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Nuclear Proteins/*metabolism ; Obesity/therapy ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mouse genetics. NIH knocks out key mouse house (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1863.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks/economics ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Intellectual Property ; Mice ; *Mice, Knockout ; *National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; *Organizations, Nonprofit/economics ; Stem Cells ; Texas ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    The molecular architecture of axonemes revealed by cryoelectron tomography (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-19
    Description: Eukaryotic flagella and cilia are built on a 9 + 2 array of microtubules plus 〉250 accessory proteins, forming a biological machine called the axoneme. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of rapidly frozen axonemes from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm, using cryoelectron tomography and image processing to focus on the motor enzyme dynein. Our images suggest a model for the way dynein generates force to slide microtubules. They also reveal two dynein linkers that may provide "hard-wiring" to coordinate motor enzyme action, both circumferentially and along the axoneme. Periodic densities were also observed inside doublet microtubules; these may contribute to doublet stability.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nicastro, Daniela -- Schwartz, Cindi -- Pierson, Jason -- Gaudette, Richard -- Porter, Mary E -- McIntosh, J Richard -- 2R37-GM55667/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- RR 000592/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 18;313(5789):944-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for 3D Electron Microscopy of Cells, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, CB 347, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA. nicastro@colorado.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii/ultrastructure ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Dyneins/*chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Flagella/chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Freezing ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; Male ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; Microtubules/chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Motor Proteins/chemistry/ultrastructure ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Sea Urchins ; Sperm Tail/chemistry/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Tomography
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    Global control of dimorphism and virulence in fungi (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-29
    Description: Microbial pathogens that normally inhabit our environment can adapt to thrive inside mammalian hosts. There are six dimorphic fungi that cause disease worldwide, which switch from nonpathogenic molds in soil to pathogenic yeast after spores are inhaled and exposed to elevated temperature. Mechanisms that regulate this switch remain obscure. We show that a hybrid histidine kinase senses host signals and triggers the transition from mold to yeast. The kinase also regulates cell-wall integrity, sporulation, and expression of virulence genes in vivo. This global regulator shapes how dimorphic fungal pathogens adapt to the mammalian host, which has broad implications for treating and preventing systemic fungal disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemecek, Julie C -- Wuthrich, Marcel -- Klein, Bruce S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 28;312(5773):583-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI 53792, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16645097" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastomyces/cytology/enzymology/*genetics/*pathogenicity ; Blastomycosis/microbiology ; Coccidioides/enzymology/genetics/pathogenicity ; Fungal Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; Genes, Fungal ; Genetic Complementation Test ; Histoplasma/enzymology/genetics/pathogenicity ; Histoplasmosis/microbiology ; Lung Diseases, Fungal/microbiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Open Reading Frames ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; RNA Interference ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; Spores, Fungal/physiology ; Temperature ; Virulence/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Mouse genetics. A mouse for every gene (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Grimm, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1862-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809501" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Databases, Factual ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Financial Support ; Gene Targeting ; *Genes ; Genetic Techniques ; International Cooperation ; Mice ; *Mice, Knockout/genetics ; National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ; Patents as Topic ; Stem Cells ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ca2+ entry through plasma membrane IP3 receptors (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-15
    Description: Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) release calcium ions, Ca2+, from intracellular stores, but their roles in mediating Ca2+ entry are unclear. IP3 stimulated opening of very few (1.9 +/- 0.2 per cell) Ca2+-permeable channels in whole-cell patch-clamp recording of DT40 chicken or mouse B cells. Activation of the B cell receptor (BCR) in perforated-patch recordings evoked the same response. IP3 failed to stimulate intracellular or plasma membrane (PM) channels in cells lacking IP3R. Expression of IP3R restored both responses. Mutations within the pore affected the conductances of IP3-activated PM and intracellular channels similarly. An impermeant pore mutant abolished BCR-evoked Ca2+ signals, and PM IP3Rs were undetectable. After introduction of an alpha-bungarotoxin binding site near the pore, PM IP3Rs were modulated by extracellular alpha-bungarotoxin. IP(3)Rs are unusual among endoplasmic reticulum proteins in being also functionally expressed at the PM, where very few IP3Rs contribute substantially to the Ca2+ entry evoked by the BCR.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dellis, Olivier -- Dedos, Skarlatos G -- Tovey, Stephen C -- Taufiq-Ur-Rahman -- Dubel, Stefan J -- Taylor, Colin W -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 14;313(5784):229-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16840702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/metabolism ; Bungarotoxins/metabolism/pharmacology ; Calcium/*metabolism ; Calcium Channels/genetics/*metabolism ; *Calcium Signaling ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Chickens ; Electric Conductivity ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/metabolism ; Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors ; *Ion Channel Gating ; Mice ; Nuclear Envelope/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Point Mutation ; Rats ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism ; Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transfection
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    Oligonucleotide-modified gold nanoparticles for intracellular gene regulation (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-20
    Description: We describe the use of gold nanoparticle-oligonucleotide complexes as intracellular gene regulation agents for the control of protein expression in cells. These oligonucleotide-modified nanoparticles have affinity constants for complementary nucleic acids that are higher than their unmodified oligonucleotide counterparts, are less susceptible to degradation by nuclease activity, exhibit greater than 99% cellular uptake, can introduce oligonucleotides at a higher effective concentration than conventional transfection agents, and are nontoxic to the cells under the conditions studied. By chemically tailoring the density of DNA bound to the surface of gold nanoparticles, we demonstrated a tunable gene knockdown.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rosi, Nathaniel L -- Giljohann, David A -- Thaxton, C Shad -- Lytton-Jean, Abigail K R -- Han, Min Su -- Mirkin, Chad A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 19;312(5776):1027-30.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16709779" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Line ; Deoxyribonucleases/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Glutathione/metabolism ; *Gold ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Mice ; *Nanostructures ; *Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger
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    HTRA1 promoter polymorphism in wet age-related macular degeneration (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in individuals aged older than 50 years, is classified as either wet (neovascular) or dry (nonneovascular). Inherited variation in the complement factor H gene is a major risk factor for drusen in dry AMD. Here we report that a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of HTRA1, a serine protease gene on chromosome 10q26, is a major genetic risk factor for wet AMD. A whole-genome association mapping strategy was applied to a Chinese population, yielding a P value of 〈10(-11). Individuals with the risk-associated genotype were estimated to have a likelihood of developing wet AMD 10 times that of individuals with the wild-type genotype.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dewan, Andrew -- Liu, Mugen -- Hartman, Stephen -- Zhang, Samuel Shao-Min -- Liu, David T L -- Zhao, Connie -- Tam, Pancy O S -- Chan, Wai Man -- Lam, Dennis S C -- Snyder, Michael -- Barnstable, Colin -- Pang, Chi Pui -- Hoh, Josephine -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):989-92. Epub 2006 Oct 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053108" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group/genetics ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics ; Female ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Macular Degeneration/*genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Retinal Neovascularization ; Serine Endopeptidases/*genetics ; Serum Response Factor/metabolism ; Transcription Factor AP-2/metabolism
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    Cell biology. Purinergic chemotaxis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Linden, Joel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1689-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. jlinden@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170280" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/metabolism ; Adenosine Monophosphate/metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/*metabolism ; Animals ; Apyrase/pharmacology ; *Autocrine Communication ; Blood Platelets/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine ; Neutrophils/drug effects/*metabolism/physiology ; Receptor, Adenosine A3/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic/*metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2 ; Respiratory Burst/drug effects ; Signal Transduction
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    Comment on "Cell type regulates selective segregation of mouse chromosome 7 DNA strands in mitosis" (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: Armakolas and Klar (Reports, 24 February 2006, p. 1146) suggested that segregation of mouse chromosome 7, after induction of a site-specific crossover between homologous chromosomes, is driven by a preferential inheritance of the old Watson and the old Crick DNA strands. However, this interpretation only considered half of the possible outcomes. The conjecture fails when all possible outcomes are examined.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haber, James E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1045; author reply 1045.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Rosenstiel Center and Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA. haber@brandeis.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931739" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Chromatids/physiology ; *Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/*physiology ; Crossing Over, Genetic ; DNA/metabolism ; Ectoderm/cytology ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Endoderm/cytology ; G2 Phase ; Mice ; *Mitosis ; Recombination, Genetic ; Stem Cells/cytology
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    Dual infection with HIV and malaria fuels the spread of both diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: Mounting evidence has revealed pathological interactions between HIV and malaria in dually infected patients, but the public health implications of the interplay have remained unclear. A transient almost one-log elevation in HIV viral load occurs during febrile malaria episodes; in addition, susceptibility to malaria is enhanced in HIV-infected patients. A mathematical model applied to a setting in Kenya with an adult population of roughly 200,000 estimated that, since 1980, the disease interaction may have been responsible for 8,500 excess HIV infections and 980,000 excess malaria episodes. Co-infection might also have facilitated the geographic expansion of malaria in areas where HIV prevalence is high. Hence, transient and repeated increases in HIV viral load resulting from recurrent co-infection with malaria may be an important factor in promoting the spread of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abu-Raddad, Laith J -- Patnaik, Padmaja -- Kublin, James G -- P30 AI 27757/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1603-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA. laith@scharp.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158329" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; Disease Susceptibility ; Endemic Diseases ; Female ; HIV Infections/*complications/*epidemiology/transmission/virology ; HIV-1/physiology ; Humans ; Kenya/epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/*complications/drug therapy/*epidemiology/transmission ; Male ; Mathematics ; Models, Biological ; Prevalence ; Recurrence ; Sexual Behavior ; Viral Load ; Viremia ; Virus Replication
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Defective lipolysis and altered energy metabolism in mice lacking adipose triglyceride lipase (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: Fat tissue is the most important energy depot in vertebrates. The release of free fatty acids (FFAs) from stored fat requires the enzymatic activity of lipases. We showed that genetic inactivation of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in mice increases adipose mass and leads to triacylglycerol deposition in multiple tissues. ATGL-deficient mice accumulated large amounts of lipid in the heart, causing cardiac dysfunction and premature death. Defective cold adaptation indicated that the enzyme provides FFAs to fuel thermogenesis. The reduced availability of ATGL-derived FFAs leads to increased glucose use, increased glucose tolerance, and increased insulin sensitivity. These results indicate that ATGL is rate limiting in the catabolism of cellular fat depots and plays an important role in energy homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Haemmerle, Guenter -- Lass, Achim -- Zimmermann, Robert -- Gorkiewicz, Gregor -- Meyer, Carola -- Rozman, Jan -- Heldmaier, Gerhard -- Maier, Robert -- Theussl, Christian -- Eder, Sandra -- Kratky, Dagmar -- Wagner, Erwin F -- Klingenspor, Martin -- Hoefler, Gerald -- Zechner, Rudolf -- F 3001/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- F 3002/Austrian Science Fund FWF/Austria -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):734-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adipocytes/cytology/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/anatomy & histology/*enzymology/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/enzymology ; Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Size ; *Energy Metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/blood/metabolism ; Female ; Heart Failure/pathology ; Homeostasis ; Insulin/blood ; Isoproterenol/pharmacology ; Kidney/metabolism ; Lipase/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Lipids/blood ; *Lipolysis/drug effects ; Male ; Mice ; Myocardium/metabolism/pathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology/metabolism ; Oxygen Consumption ; Testis/metabolism ; Thermogenesis ; Triglycerides/*metabolism ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/physiopathology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Immunology. Unraveling gut inflammation (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strober, Warren -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 25;313(5790):1052-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institutes of Health. Bethesda, MD 20892-1890. USA. wstrober@niaid.nih.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16931742" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, Neoplasm/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Bacteria/growth & development/*immunology ; Biomarkers, Tumor/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Crohn Disease/immunology ; Dendritic Cells/immunology/microbiology ; Gastroenteritis/*immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/*immunology/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/immunology/metabolism/microbiology ; Intestines/*microbiology ; Lectins, C-Type/*biosynthesis/metabolism ; Mice ; Paneth Cells/*metabolism ; Peptidoglycan/metabolism ; Proteins/*metabolism ; alpha-Defensins/biosynthesis/physiology
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    Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-18
    Description: Our knowledge of Neanderthals is based on a limited number of remains and artifacts from which we must make inferences about their biology, behavior, and relationship to ourselves. Here, we describe the characterization of these extinct hominids from a new perspective, based on the development of a Neanderthal metagenomic library and its high-throughput sequencing and analysis. Several lines of evidence indicate that the 65,250 base pairs of hominid sequence so far identified in the library are of Neanderthal origin, the strongest being the ascertainment of sequence identities between Neanderthal and chimpanzee at sites where the human genomic sequence is different. These results enabled us to calculate the human-Neanderthal divergence time based on multiple randomly distributed autosomal loci. Our analyses suggest that on average the Neanderthal genomic sequence we obtained and the reference human genome sequence share a most recent common ancestor approximately 706,000 years ago, and that the human and Neanderthal ancestral populations split approximately 370,000 years ago, before the emergence of anatomically modern humans. Our finding that the Neanderthal and human genomes are at least 99.5% identical led us to develop and successfully implement a targeted method for recovering specific ancient DNA sequences from metagenomic libraries. This initial analysis of the Neanderthal genome advances our understanding of the evolutionary relationship of Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis and signifies the dawn of Neanderthal genomics.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2583069/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Noonan, James P -- Coop, Graham -- Kudaravalli, Sridhar -- Smith, Doug -- Krause, Johannes -- Alessi, Joe -- Chen, Feng -- Platt, Darren -- Paabo, Svante -- Pritchard, Jonathan K -- Rubin, Edward M -- 1-F32-GM074367/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HL066681/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772-01/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG002772-1/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 17;314(5802):1113-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17110569" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones ; Cell Nucleus ; DNA/*genetics/isolation & purification ; DNA, Mitochondrial ; *Fossils ; Gene Pool ; Genome ; Genome, Human ; Genomic Library ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae/*genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Pan troglodytes/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Alignment ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Time
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    Reproductive social behavior: cooperative games to replace sexual selection (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-18
    Description: Theories about sexual selection can be traced back to Darwin in 1871. He proposed that males fertilize as many females as possible with inexpensive sperm, whereas females, with a limited supply of large eggs, select the genetically highest quality males to endow their offspring with superior capabilities. Since its proposal, problems with this narrative have continued to accumulate, and it is our view that sexual selection theory needs to be replaced. We suggest an approach that relies on the exchange of direct ecological benefits among cooperating animals without reference to genetic benefits. This approach can be expressed mathematically in a branch of game theory that pertains to bargaining and side payments.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Roughgarden, Joan -- Oishi, Meeko -- Akcay, Erol -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):965-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020, USA. joan.roughgarden@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484485" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Charadriiformes/physiology ; *Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; *Game Theory ; Male ; Mathematics ; Oviposition ; Perciformes/physiology ; *Sexual Behavior, Animal ; *Social Behavior
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    Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-04-08
    Description: Aortic aneurysm and dissection are manifestations of Marfan syndrome (MFS), a disorder caused by mutations in the gene that encodes fibrillin-1. Selected manifestations of MFS reflect excessive signaling by the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family of cytokines. We show that aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of MFS is associated with increased TGF-beta signaling and can be prevented by TGF-beta antagonists such as TGF-beta-neutralizing antibody or the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) blocker, losartan. AT1 antagonism also partially reversed noncardiovascular manifestations of MFS, including impaired alveolar septation. These data suggest that losartan, a drug already in clinical use for hypertension, merits investigation as a therapeutic strategy for patients with MFS and has the potential to prevent the major life-threatening manifestation of this disorder.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482474/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1482474/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Habashi, Jennifer P -- Judge, Daniel P -- Holm, Tammy M -- Cohn, Ronald D -- Loeys, Bart L -- Cooper, Timothy K -- Myers, Loretha -- Klein, Erin C -- Liu, Guosheng -- Calvi, Carla -- Podowski, Megan -- Neptune, Enid R -- Halushka, Marc K -- Bedja, Djahida -- Gabrielson, Kathleen -- Rifkin, Daniel B -- Carta, Luca -- Ramirez, Francesco -- Huso, David L -- Dietz, Harry C -- K08 HL067056/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):117-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601194" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antibodies/immunology ; Aorta/pathology ; Aortic Aneurysm/etiology/*prevention & control ; *Disease Models, Animal ; Elastic Tissue/pathology ; Female ; Losartan/administration & dosage/*therapeutic use ; Lung/pathology ; Lung Diseases/drug therapy/pathology ; Marfan Syndrome/complications/*drug therapy/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Microfilament Proteins/genetics ; Mutation ; Neutralization Tests ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/drug therapy ; Propranolol/administration & dosage/therapeutic use ; Pulmonary Alveoli/pathology ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/antagonists & inhibitors/immunology/*metabolism
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    Receptor activation alters inner surface potential during phagocytosis (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-22
    Description: The surface potential of biological membranes varies according to their lipid composition. We devised genetically encoded probes to assess surface potential in intact cells. These probes revealed marked, localized alterations in the charge of the inner surface of the plasma membrane of macrophages during the course of phagocytosis. Hydrolysis of phosphoinositides and displacement of phosphatidylserine accounted for the change in surface potential at the phagosomal cup. Signaling molecules such as K-Ras, Rac1, and c-Src that are targeted to the membrane by electrostatic interactions were rapidly released from membrane subdomains where the surface charge was altered by lipid remodeling during phagocytosis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yeung, Tony -- Terebiznik, Mauricio -- Yu, Liming -- Silvius, John -- Abidi, Wasif M -- Philips, Mark -- Levine, Tim -- Kapus, Andras -- Grinstein, Sergio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 21;313(5785):347-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Cell Biology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Department, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16857939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*physiology ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Ionomycin/pharmacology ; Lipid Bilayers/metabolism ; Liposomes/metabolism ; Macrophages/*physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Molecular Probes/metabolism ; Neuropeptides/metabolism ; Opsonin Proteins ; Peptides/metabolism ; *Phagocytosis ; Phagosomes/physiology ; Phospholipids/analysis/metabolism ; Receptors, Fc/immunology/metabolism ; Static Electricity ; rac GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; rac1 GTP-Binding Protein ; ras Proteins/metabolism
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    Neuroscience. Neuron, know thy neighbor (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉DiCicco-Bloom, Emanuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1560-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology/Pediatrics (Neurology), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA. diciccem@umdnj.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543446" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adherens Junctions/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Brain/cytology/*embryology ; *Cell Adhesion ; Cell Count ; Cell Death ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Movement ; Cell Proliferation ; Central Nervous System/cytology/embryology ; Cytoskeleton/physiology ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Hyperplasia ; Mice ; Mutation ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology ; Trans-Activators/*metabolism ; alpha Catenin/genetics/*physiology
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    Sequential interplay of nicotinic and GABAergic signaling guides neuronal development (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), the major inhibitory transmitter in the brain, goes through a transitory phase of excitation during development. The excitatory phase promotes neuronal growth and integration into circuits. We show here that spontaneous nicotinic cholinergic activity is responsible for terminating GABAergic excitation and initiating inhibition. It does so by changing chloride transporter levels, shifting the driving force on GABA-induced currents. The timing of the transition is critical, because the two phases of GABAergic signaling provide contrasting developmental instructions. Synergistic with nicotinic excitation, GABAergic inhibition constrains neuronal morphology and innervation. The results reveal a multitiered activity-dependent strategy controlling neuronal development.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Zhaoping -- Neff, Robert A -- Berg, Darwin K -- NS012601/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS035469/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1610-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0357, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cadmium/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Chick Embryo ; Chlorides/metabolism ; Ganglia, Parasympathetic/cytology/embryology ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Nicotine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Receptors, Nicotinic/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Sodium-Potassium-Chloride Symporters/metabolism ; Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2 ; Symporters/genetics/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Transfection ; alpha7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/*metabolism
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    ATP release guides neutrophil chemotaxis via P2Y2 and A3 receptors (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: Cells must amplify external signals to orient and migrate in chemotactic gradient fields. We find that human neutrophils release adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from the leading edge of the cell surface to amplify chemotactic signals and direct cell orientation by feedback through P2Y2 nucleotide receptors. Neutrophils rapidly hydrolyze released ATP to adenosine that then acts via A3-type adenosine receptors, which are recruited to the leading edge, to promote cell migration. Thus, ATP release and autocrine feedback through P2Y2 and A3 receptors provide signal amplification, controlling gradient sensing and migration of neutrophils.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Yu -- Corriden, Ross -- Inoue, Yoshiaki -- Yip, Linda -- Hashiguchi, Naoyuki -- Zinkernagel, Annelies -- Nizet, Victor -- Insel, Paul A -- Junger, Wolfgang G -- GM-60475/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-66232/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- PR043034/PR/OCPHP CDC HHS/ -- R01 GM-51477/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 15;314(5806):1792-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170310" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/metabolism/pharmacology ; Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists ; Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists ; Adenosine Triphosphate/analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Animals ; *Autocrine Communication ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; *Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects ; Cytoplasmic Granules/metabolism ; HL-60 Cells ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neutrophils/drug effects/metabolism/*physiology ; Purinergic P2 Receptor Antagonists ; Receptor, Adenosine A3/*metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2/*metabolism ; Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2 ; Signal Transduction ; Suramin/pharmacology
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    Genetic variant BDNF (Val66Met) polymorphism alters anxiety-related behavior (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: A common single-nucleotide polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene, a methionine (Met) substitution for valine (Val) at codon 66 (Val66Met), is associated with alterations in brain anatomy and memory, but its relevance to clinical disorders is unclear. We generated a variant BDNF mouse (BDNF(Met/Met)) that reproduces the phenotypic hallmarks in humans with the variant allele. BDNF(Met) was expressed in brain at normal levels, but its secretion from neurons was defective. When placed in stressful settings, BDNF(Met/Met) mice exhibited increased anxiety-related behaviors that were not normalized by the antidepressant, fluoxetine. A variant BDNF may thus play a key role in genetic predispositions to anxiety and depressive disorders.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1880880/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1880880/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Zhe-Yu -- Jing, Deqiang -- Bath, Kevin G -- Ieraci, Alessandro -- Khan, Tanvir -- Siao, Chia-Jen -- Herrera, Daniel G -- Toth, Miklos -- Yang, Chingwen -- McEwen, Bruce S -- Hempstead, Barbara L -- Lee, Francis S -- MH060478/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- MH068850/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- NS052819/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS30687/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS052819/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 6;314(5796):140-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA. zheyuchen@sdu.edu.cn〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023662" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Anxiety/drug therapy/*genetics ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/*genetics/*physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Dendrites/ultrastructure ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology ; Fear ; Fluoxetine/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/anatomy & histology/metabolism ; Memory ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Motor Activity ; Neurons/cytology/metabolism ; Organ Size ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/administration & dosage/pharmacology
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    A bacterial protein enhances the release and efficacy of liposomal cancer drugs (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-25
    Description: Clostridium novyi-NT is an anaerobic bacterium that can infect hypoxic regions within experimental tumors. Because C. novyi-NT lyses red blood cells, we hypothesized that its membrane-disrupting properties could be exploited to enhance the release of liposome-encapsulated drugs within tumors. Here, we show that treatment of mice bearing large, established tumors with C. novyi-NT plus a single dose of liposomal doxorubicin often led to eradication of the tumors. The bacterial factor responsible for the enhanced drug release was identified as a previously unrecognized protein termed liposomase. This protein could potentially be incorporated into diverse experimental approaches for the specific delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to tumors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cheong, Ian -- Huang, Xin -- Bettegowda, Chetan -- Diaz, Luis A Jr -- Kinzler, Kenneth W -- Zhou, Shibin -- Vogelstein, Bert -- CA062924/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1308-11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Johns Hopkins Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17124324" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Camptothecin/administration & dosage/analogs & ; derivatives/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cloning, Molecular ; Clostridium/*chemistry/genetics ; Colorectal Neoplasms/*drug therapy ; Doxorubicin/*administration & dosage/pharmacokinetics/therapeutic use ; Drug Carriers ; Humans ; Lipase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Lipid Bilayers/chemistry ; Liposomes/chemistry/*metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neoplasm Transplantation ; Protein Structure, Tertiary
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    Neurochemical modulation of response inhibition and probabilistic learning in humans (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Cognitive functions dependent on the prefrontal cortex, such as the ability to suppress behavior (response inhibition) and to learn from complex feedback (probabilistic learning), play critical roles in activities of daily life. To what extent do different neurochemical systems modulate these two cognitive functions? Here, using stop-signal and probabilistic learning tasks, we show a double dissociation for the involvement of noradrenaline and serotonin in human cognition. In healthy volunteers, inhibition of central noradrenaline reuptake improved response inhibition but had no effect on probabilistic learning, whereas inhibition of central serotonin reuptake impaired probabilistic learning with no effect on response inhibition.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867315/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867315/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chamberlain, Samuel R -- Muller, Ulrich -- Blackwell, Andrew D -- Clark, Luke -- Robbins, Trevor W -- Sahakian, Barbara J -- 076274/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- G0001354/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- G0401099/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 10;311(5762):861-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 189, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. src33@cam.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469930" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride ; Citalopram/pharmacology ; Double-Blind Method ; Feedback, Psychological ; Humans ; *Inhibition (Psychology) ; Learning/*physiology ; Male ; Neural Inhibition ; Norepinephrine/*physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Propylamines/pharmacology ; Psychomotor Performance ; Serotonin/*physiology ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
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    Neuroscience. Neurons find strength through synchrony in the brain (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alonso, Jose-Manuel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1604-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York College of Optometry, New York, NY 10036, USA. jalonso@sunyopt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Mice ; Neural Pathways ; Neurons/*physiology ; Rats ; Somatosensory Cortex/*physiology ; Synapses/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission ; Thalamus/*physiology
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    A critical role for the innate immune signaling molecule IRAK-4 in T cell activation (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-01
    Description: IRAK-4 is a protein kinase that is pivotal in mediating signals for innate immune responses. Here, we report that IRAK-4 signaling is also essential for eliciting adaptive immune responses. Thus, in the absence of IRAK-4, in vivo T cell responses were significantly impaired. Upon T cell receptor stimulation, IRAK-4 is recruited to T cell lipid rafts, where it induces downstream signals, including protein kinase C activation through the association with Zap70. This signaling pathway was found to be required for optimal activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Our findings suggest that T cells use this critical regulator of innate immunity for the development of acquired immunity, suggesting that IRAK-4 may be involved in direct signal cross talk between the two systems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Suzuki, Nobutaka -- Suzuki, Shinobu -- Millar, Douglas G -- Unno, Midori -- Hara, Hiromitsu -- Calzascia, Thomas -- Yamasaki, Sho -- Yokosuka, Tadashi -- Chen, Nien-Jung -- Elford, Alisha R -- Suzuki, Jun-Ichiro -- Takeuchi, Arata -- Mirtsos, Christine -- Bouchard, Denis -- Ohashi, Pamela S -- Yeh, Wen-Chen -- Saito, Takashi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 31;311(5769):1927-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Cell Signaling, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16574867" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Enzyme Activation ; Immunity, Innate ; Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases ; Isoenzymes/metabolism ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Membrane Microdomains/enzymology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; NF-kappa B/metabolism ; Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor)/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Evidence for a functional second thymus in mice (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-03-04
    Description: The thymus organ supports the development of T cells and is located in the thorax. Here, we report the existence of a second thymus in the mouse neck, which develops after birth and grows to the size of a small lymph node. The cervical thymus had a typical medulla-cortex structure, was found to support T cell development, and could correct T cell deficiency in athymic nude mice upon transplantation. The identification of a regular second thymus in the mouse may provide evolutionary links to thymus organogenesis in other vertebrates and suggests a need to reconsider the effect of thoracic thymectomy on de novo T cell production.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Terszowski, Grzegorz -- Muller, Susanna M -- Bleul, Conrad C -- Blum, Carmen -- Schirmbeck, Reinhold -- Reimann, Jorg -- Pasquier, Louis Du -- Amagai, Takashi -- Boehm, Thomas -- Rodewald, Hans-Reimer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):284-7. Epub 2006 Mar 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, University of Ulm, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16513945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Choristoma ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/biosynthesis ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class II ; Immunocompetence ; Lymphopoiesis ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Nude ; *Neck ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/analysis ; Self Tolerance ; T-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Thymectomy ; Thymus Gland/anatomy & histology/growth & development/*immunology/transplantation
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    Alterations in 5-HT1B receptor function by p11 in depression-like states (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-10
    Description: The pathophysiology of depression remains enigmatic, although abnormalities in serotonin signaling have been implicated. We have found that the serotonin 1B receptor [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT1B) receptor] interacts with p11. p11 increases localization of 5-HT1B receptors at the cell surface. p11 is increased in rodent brains by antidepressants or electroconvulsive therapy, but decreased in an animal model of depression and in brain tissue from depressed patients. Overexpression of p11 increases 5-HT1B receptor function in cells and recapitulates certain behaviors seen after antidepressant treatment in mice. p11 knockout mice exhibit a depression-like phenotype and have reduced responsiveness to 5-HT1B receptor agonists and reduced behavioral reactions to an antidepressant.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Svenningsson, Per -- Chergui, Karima -- Rachleff, Ilan -- Flajolet, Marc -- Zhang, Xiaoqun -- El Yacoubi, Malika -- Vaugeois, Jean-Marie -- Nomikos, George G -- Greengard, Paul -- DA10044/DA/NIDA NIH HHS/ -- MH40899/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jan 6;311(5757):77-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16400147" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Annexin A2/genetics/*metabolism ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Brain/drug effects/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Depression/genetics/*metabolism ; Electroconvulsive Therapy ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mice, Transgenic ; Middle Aged ; Neurons/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/*metabolism ; S100 Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Biomedicine. Life, the universe, and body temperature (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Saper, Clifford B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):773-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. csaper@bidmc.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082446" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; *Body Temperature ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Body Weight ; Humans ; Hypothalamus/physiology ; Ion Channels/genetics/physiology ; *Longevity ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Preoptic Area/*physiology
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    Conjunctive representation of position, direction, and velocity in entorhinal cortex (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are part of an environment-independent spatial coordinate system. To determine how information about location, direction, and distance is integrated in the grid-cell network, we recorded from each principal cell layer of MEC in rats that explored two-dimensional environments. Whereas layer II was predominated by grid cells, grid cells colocalized with head-direction cells and conjunctive grid x head-direction cells in the deeper layers. All cell types were modulated by running speed. The conjunction of positional, directional, and translational information in a single MEC cell type may enable grid coordinates to be updated during self-motion-based navigation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sargolini, Francesca -- Fyhn, Marianne -- Hafting, Torkel -- McNaughton, Bruce L -- Witter, Menno P -- Moser, May-Britt -- Moser, Edvard I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):758-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Centre for the Biology of Memory, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7489 Trondheim, Norway.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675704" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Electrophysiology ; Entorhinal Cortex/*cytology/*physiology ; Exploratory Behavior ; Locomotion ; Male ; Nerve Net/*physiology ; Neurons/*physiology ; *Orientation ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; *Space Perception
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    Clinical research. Lessons from a failed drug trial (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marshall, Eliot -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 18;313(5789):901.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16917033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage/*adverse effects ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Clinical Trials as Topic/*adverse effects/methods/standards ; Great Britain ; Humans ; Immune System/*drug effects ; Inflammation/*etiology ; Male
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    A common genetic variant is associated with adult and childhood obesity (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-15
    Description: Obesity is a heritable trait and a risk factor for many common diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension. We used a dense whole-genome scan of DNA samples from the Framingham Heart Study participants to identify a common genetic variant near the INSIG2 gene associated with obesity. We have replicated the finding in four separate samples composed of individuals of Western European ancestry, African Americans, and children. The obesity-predisposing genotype is present in 10% of individuals. Our study suggests that common genetic polymorphisms are important determinants of obesity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herbert, Alan -- Gerry, Norman P -- McQueen, Matthew B -- Heid, Iris M -- Pfeufer, Arne -- Illig, Thomas -- Wichmann, H-Erich -- Meitinger, Thomas -- Hunter, David -- Hu, Frank B -- Colditz, Graham -- Hinney, Anke -- Hebebrand, Johannes -- Koberwitz, Kerstin -- Zhu, Xiaofeng -- Cooper, Richard -- Ardlie, Kristin -- Lyon, Helen -- Hirschhorn, Joel N -- Laird, Nan M -- Lenburg, Marc E -- Lange, Christoph -- Christman, Michael F -- CA87969/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K23DK067288/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30DK46200/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD060726/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01GM046877/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01HL074166/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL54485/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01HL66289/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- R01MH59532/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01HL65899/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 14;312(5771):279-83.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston University Medical School, E613, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA. aherbert@bu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16614226" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; African Americans ; Alleles ; *Body Mass Index ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Europe ; European Continental Ancestry Group ; Female ; Gene Frequency ; Genes, Recessive ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics ; Linkage Disequilibrium ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/genetics ; Models, Genetic ; Obesity/*genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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    Role of noradrenergic signaling by the nucleus tractus solitarius in mediating opiate reward (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-18
    Description: Norepinephrine (NE) is widely implicated in opiate withdrawal, but much less is known about its role in opiate-induced locomotion and reward. In mice lacking dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), an enzyme critical for NE synthesis, we found that NE was necessary for morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP; a measure of reward) and locomotion. These deficits were rescued by systemic NE restoration. Viral restoration of DBH expression in the nucleus tractus solitarius, but not in the locus coeruleus, restored CPP for morphine. Morphine-induced locomotion was partially restored by DBH expression in either brain region. These data suggest that NE signaling by the nucleus tractus solitarius is necessary for morphine reward.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olson, Valerie G -- Heusner, Carrie L -- Bland, Ross J -- During, Matthew J -- Weinshenker, David -- Palmiter, Richard D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):1017-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484499" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Dopamine beta-Hydroxylase/genetics/metabolism ; Droxidopa/pharmacology ; Locomotion/drug effects ; Locus Coeruleus/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Knockout ; Morphine/*pharmacology ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Norepinephrine/*physiology ; *Reward ; Signal Transduction ; Solitary Nucleus/*physiology ; *Synaptic Transmission
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Cellular senescence in aging primates (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: The aging of organisms is characterized by a gradual functional decline of all organ systems. Mammalian somatic cells in culture display a limited proliferative life span, at the end of which they undergo an irreversible cell cycle arrest known as replicative senescence. Whether cellular senescence contributes to organismal aging has been controversial. We investigated telomere dysfunction, a recently discovered biomarker of cellular senescence, and found that the number of senescent fibroblasts increases exponentially in the skin of aging baboons, reaching 〉15% of all cells in very old individuals. In addition, the same cells contain activated ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase and heterochromatinized nuclei, confirming their senescent status.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Herbig, Utz -- Ferreira, Mark -- Condel, Laura -- Carey, Dee -- Sedivy, John M -- F32 CA099388/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL028972/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P20 RR015578/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- P51 RR013986/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 AG016694/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1257. Epub 2006 Feb 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456035" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*physiology ; Animals ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Biomarkers ; Cell Aging/*physiology ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Replication ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Dermis/cytology ; Female ; Fibroblasts/cytology/*physiology ; Heterochromatin/metabolism ; Male ; Oxidative Stress ; Papio/*physiology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Telomere/physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
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    The Xist RNA gene evolved in eutherians by pseudogenization of a protein-coding gene (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-17
    Description: The Xist noncoding RNA is the key initiator of the process of X chromosome inactivation in eutherian mammals, but its precise function and origin remain unknown. Although Xist is well conserved among eutherians, until now, no homolog has been identified in other mammals. We show here that Xist evolved, at least partly, from a protein-coding gene and that the loss of protein-coding function of the proto-Xist coincides with the four flanking protein genes becoming pseudogenes. This event occurred after the divergence between eutherians and marsupials, which suggests that mechanisms of dosage compensation have evolved independently in both lineages.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duret, Laurent -- Chureau, Corinne -- Samain, Sylvie -- Weissenbach, Jean -- Avner, Philip -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1653-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Biometrie et Biologie Evolutive (UMR 5558), CNRS and Universite Lyon 1, 16 rue Raphael Dubois, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. duret@biomserv.univ-lyon1.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16778056" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cattle/genetics ; Chickens/genetics ; Dogs/genetics ; *Evolution, Molecular ; Exons ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mammals/*genetics ; Mice/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Opossums/genetics ; Phylogeny ; *Pseudogenes ; RNA, Long Noncoding ; RNA, Untranslated/*genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Vertebrates/*genetics ; X Chromosome Inactivation ; Xenopus/genetics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Epidemiology. Understanding HIV epidemic trends in Africa (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hayes, Richard -- Weiss, Helen -- G0700837/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):620-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK. richard.hayes@lshtm.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456070" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Africa South of the Sahara/epidemiology ; Anti-HIV Agents/supply & distribution/therapeutic use ; Circumcision, Male ; *Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/prevention & control/transmission ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk-Taking ; *Sexual Behavior ; Zimbabwe/epidemiology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Combinatorial effects of odorant mixes in olfactory cortex (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: In mammals, each odorant is detected by a combination of different odorant receptors. Signals from different types of receptors are segregated in the nose and the olfactory bulb, but appear to be combined in individual neurons in the olfactory cortex. Here, we report that binary odorant mixes stimulate cortical neurons that are not stimulated by their individual component odorants. We propose that cortical neurons require combinations of receptor inputs for activation and that merging the receptor codes of two odorants provides novel combinations of receptor inputs that stimulate neurons beyond those activated by the single odorants. These findings may explain why odorant mixtures can elicit novel odor percepts in humans.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zou, Zhihua -- Buck, Linda B -- R03 DC008700-01/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- R21 DC008628-01/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1477-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527983" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Complex Mixtures ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neurons/physiology ; *Odors ; Olfactory Pathways/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Receptor Neurons/physiology ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Receptors, Odorant/*physiology ; Smell/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Developmental biology. The Turing model comes of molecular age (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383235/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4383235/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maini, Philip K -- Baker, Ruth E -- Chuong, Cheng-Ming -- R01 AR042177/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177-11/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR042177-12/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR047364/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR047364-04/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR047364-05/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 1;314(5804):1397-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Mathematical Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3LB, UK. maini@maths.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17138885" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Patterning ; Diffusion ; Hair Follicle/*growth & development/metabolism ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/*metabolism ; Mathematics ; Mice ; *Models, Biological ; Signal Transduction ; Wnt Proteins/*metabolism
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    Immunology. When F-actin becomes too much of a good thing (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dustin, Michael L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Aug 11;313(5788):767-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Progam in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute, New York University Medical Center, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA. dustin@saturn.med.nyu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902113" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actin-Related Protein 2-3 Complex/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Actins/*metabolism ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Binding Sites ; Cell Death ; Cell Movement ; *Chemotaxis, Leukocyte ; Homeostasis ; Intracellular Membranes/physiology ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Microfilament Proteins/chemistry/*physiology ; Mitochondria/*physiology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology/*physiology ; Voltage-Dependent Anion Channels/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Prions in skeletal muscles of deer with chronic wasting disease (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-28
    Description: The emergence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer and elk in an increasingly wide geographic area, as well as the interspecies transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans in the form of variant Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, have raised concerns about the zoonotic potential of CWD. Because meat consumption is the most likely means of exposure, it is important to determine whether skeletal muscle of diseased cervids contains prion infectivity. Here bioassays in transgenic mice expressing cervid prion protein revealed the presence of infectious prions in skeletal muscles of CWD-infected deer, demonstrating that humans consuming or handling meat from CWD-infected deer are at risk to prion exposure.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Angers, Rachel C -- Browning, Shawn R -- Seward, Tanya S -- Sigurdson, Christina J -- Miller, Michael W -- Hoover, Edward A -- Telling, Glenn C -- 2RO1 NS040334-04/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- N01-AI-25491/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1117. Epub 2006 Jan 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16439622" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Chemistry ; *Deer ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Muscle, Skeletal/*chemistry ; PrPSc Proteins/*analysis ; Prions/*analysis ; Tissue Extracts/administration & dosage ; Wasting Disease, Chronic/*metabolism/*transmission
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    New neurons follow the flow of cerebrospinal fluid in the adult brain (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-18
    Description: In the adult brain, neuroblasts born in the subventricular zone migrate from the walls of the lateral ventricles to the olfactory bulb. How do these cells orient over such a long distance and through complex territories? Here we show that neuroblast migration parallels cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow. Beating of ependymal cilia is required for normal CSF flow, concentration gradient formation of CSF guidance molecules, and directional migration of neuroblasts. Results suggest that polarized epithelial cells contribute important vectorial information for guidance of young, migrating neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sawamoto, Kazunobu -- Wichterle, Hynek -- Gonzalez-Perez, Oscar -- Cholfin, Jeremy A -- Yamada, Masayuki -- Spassky, Nathalie -- Murcia, Noel S -- Garcia-Verdugo, Jose Manuel -- Marin, Oscar -- Rubenstein, John L R -- Tessier-Lavigne, Marc -- Okano, Hideyuki -- Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo -- HD 32116/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- NS 28478/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):629-32. Epub 2006 Jan 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurological Surgery and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. sawamoto@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16410488" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain Tissue Transplantation ; Cell Movement ; Cell Polarity ; Cerebral Ventricles/cytology/physiology ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/*physiology ; Choroid Plexus/secretion ; Cilia/physiology ; Ependyma/cytology/*physiology ; Epithelial Cells/physiology ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid ; Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Olfactory Bulb/cytology/physiology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/cerebrospinal fluid
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Seed dispersal by weta (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-18
    Description: Weta are giant, flightless grasshoppers that are endemic to New Zealand. In the absence of native mammals, weta are thought to perform similar ecological functions. As such, they might be expected to be important seeds dispersers. However, insects are not known to consume fleshy fruits and to disperse seeds after gut passage. We conducted a series of observations and experiments to test whether weta form mutualistic partnerships with fleshy-fruited plants as seed dispersers, similar to small mammals elsewhere in the world. Results showed that weta are indeed effective seeds dispersers, providing an example of ecological convergence between unrelated organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Duthie, Catherine -- Gibbs, George -- Burns, K C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 17;311(5767):1575.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Post Office Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16543452" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; *Fruit ; Germination ; Grasshoppers/*physiology ; Male ; Mammals ; New Zealand ; *Seeds/growth & development
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    Dendritic cell apoptosis in the maintenance of immune tolerance (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: Apoptosis in the immune system is critical for maintaining self-tolerance and preventing autoimmunity. Nevertheless, inhibiting apoptosis in lymphocytes is not alone sufficient to break self-tolerance, suggesting the involvement of other cell types. We investigated whether apoptosis in dendritic cells (DCs) helps regulate self-tolerance by generating transgenic mice expressing the baculoviral caspase inhibitor, p35, in DCs (DC-p35). DC-p35 mice displayed defective DC apoptosis, resulting in their accumulation and, in turn, chronic lymphocyte activation and systemic autoimmune manifestations. The observation that a defect in DC apoptosis can independently lead to autoimmunity is consistent with a central role for these cells in maintaining immune self-tolerance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chen, Min -- Wang, Yui-Hsi -- Wang, Yihong -- Huang, Li -- Sandoval, Hector -- Liu, Yong-Jun -- Wang, Jin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1160-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. minc@bcm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497935" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Aging ; Animals ; Antibodies, Antinuclear/analysis ; *Apoptosis ; *Autoimmunity ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Caspase Inhibitors ; Cell Survival ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology/*physiology ; Kidney/immunology ; Lung/immunology ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; *Self Tolerance ; Spleen/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; Viral Proteins/genetics/metabolism
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    Human Behavior and Evolution Society meeting. Long-ago peoples may have been long in the tooth (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1867.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthropology ; Bolivia ; Female ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; *Indians, South American/history ; Life Expectancy ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Population Groups/history
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    Genetic polymorphism of Fc (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pandey, Janardan P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1376-7; author reply 1376-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Mice ; *Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptors, IgG/*genetics
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    Gene transposition as a cause of hybrid sterility in Drosophila (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: We describe reproductive isolation caused by a gene transposition. In certain Drosophila melanogaster-D. simulans hybrids, hybrid male sterility is caused by the lack of a single-copy gene essential for male fertility, JYAlpha. This gene is located on the fourth chromosome of D. melanogaster but on the third chromosome of D. simulans. Genomic and molecular analyses show that JYAlpha transposed to the third chromosome during the evolutionary history of the D. simulans lineage. Because of this transposition, a fraction of hybrids completely lack JYAlpha and are sterile, representing reproductive isolation without sequence evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Masly, John P -- Jones, Corbin D -- Noor, Mohamed A F -- Locke, John -- Orr, H Allen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1448-50.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA. msly@mail.rochester.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16960009" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; Chromosomes/*genetics ; Drosophila/enzymology/*genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/enzymology/*genetics/physiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Fertility/genetics ; Gene Dosage ; *Genes, Insect ; *Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Mutation ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Reproduction/genetics ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase/*genetics ; Sperm Motility
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    Hoxa2- and rhombomere-dependent development of the mouse facial somatosensory map (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-08-12
    Description: In the mouse trigeminal pathway, sensory inputs from distinct facial structures, such as whiskers or lower jaw and lip, are topographically mapped onto the somatosensory cortex through relay stations in the thalamus and hindbrain. In the developing hindbrain, the mechanisms generating such maps remain elusive. We found that in the principal sensory nucleus, the whisker-related map is contributed by rhombomere 3-derived neurons, whereas the rhombomere 2-derived progeny supply the lower jaw and lip representation. Moreover, early Hoxa2 expression in neuroepithelium prevents the trigeminal nerve from ectopically projecting to the cerebellum, whereas late expression in the principal sensory nucleus promotes selective arborization of whisker-related afferents and topographic connectivity to the thalamus. Hoxa2 inactivation further results in the absence of whisker-related maps in the postnatal brain. Thus, Hoxa2- and rhombomere 3-dependent cues determine the whisker area map and are required for the assembly of the whisker-to-barrel somatosensory circuit.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oury, Franck -- Murakami, Yasunori -- Renaud, Jean-Sebastien -- Pasqualetti, Massimo -- Charnay, Patrick -- Ren, Shu-Yue -- Rijli, Filippo M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1408-13. Epub 2006 Aug 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Genetique et de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/Universite Louis Pasteur, UMR 7104, BP 10142, Communaute Urbaine de Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch Cedex, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16902088" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Afferent Pathways ; Animals ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Face/innervation ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Lip/innervation ; Mandible/embryology/innervation ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Neurons, Afferent/cytology ; Receptor, EphA4/metabolism ; Receptor, EphA7/metabolism ; Rhombencephalon/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Somatosensory Cortex/*anatomy & histology/embryology ; Thalamus/embryology/metabolism ; Trigeminal Ganglion/embryology/metabolism ; Trigeminal Nerve/*embryology/physiology ; Ventral Thalamic Nuclei/embryology ; Vibrissae/*innervation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Development. Gene-suppressing proteins reveal secrets of stem cells (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Apr 21;312(5772):349.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16627706" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/*metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Chromatin/*physiology ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Gene Silencing ; *Genes, Regulator ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Mice ; Nuclear Proteins ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ; Polycomb-Group Proteins ; Repressor Proteins/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Prion-induced amyloid heart disease with high blood infectivity in transgenic mice (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-11
    Description: We investigated extraneural manifestations in scrapie-infected transgenic mice expressing prion protein lacking the glycophosphatydylinositol membrane anchor. In the brain, blood, and heart, both abnormal protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) and prion infectivity were readily detected by immunoblot and by inoculation into nontransgenic recipients. The titer of infectious scrapie in blood plasma exceeded 10(7) 50% infectious doses per milliliter. The hearts of these transgenic mice contained PrPres-positive amyloid deposits that led to myocardial stiffness and cardiac disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1820586/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1820586/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trifilo, Matthew J -- Yajima, Toshitaka -- Gu, Yusu -- Dalton, Nancy -- Peterson, Kirk L -- Race, Richard E -- Meade-White, Kimberly -- Portis, John L -- Masliah, Eliezer -- Knowlton, Kirk U -- Chesebro, Bruce -- Oldstone, Michael B A -- 5R01HL66424-04/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- AGO4342/PHS HHS/ -- NS041219-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- P01 AG004342/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 7;313(5783):94-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Viral-Immunobiology Laboratory, Departments of Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences and Infectology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16825571" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amyloid/*analysis ; Amyloidosis/blood/etiology/*pathology/physiopathology ; Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Cardiac Catheterization ; Coronary Vessels/chemistry/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols ; Heart Diseases/blood/etiology/*pathology/physiopathology ; Heart Function Tests ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microcirculation/chemistry/pathology ; Myocardial Contraction ; Myocardium/*chemistry/*pathology ; PrPC Proteins/chemistry ; PrPSc Proteins/*analysis/blood ; Scrapie/blood/*pathology/physiopathology ; Staining and Labeling ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    p53 regulates mitochondrial respiration (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-27
    Description: The energy that sustains cancer cells is derived preferentially from glycolysis. This metabolic change, the Warburg effect, was one of the first alterations in cancer cells recognized as conferring a survival advantage. Here, we show that p53, one of the most frequently mutated genes in cancers, modulates the balance between the utilization of respiratory and glycolytic pathways. We identify Synthesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase 2 (SCO2) as the downstream mediator of this effect in mice and human cancer cell lines. SCO2 is critical for regulating the cytochrome c oxidase (COX) complex, the major site of oxygen utilization in the eukaryotic cell. Disruption of the SCO2 gene in human cancer cells with wild-type p53 recapitulated the metabolic switch toward glycolysis that is exhibited by p53-deficient cells. That SCO2 couples p53 to mitochondrial respiration provides a possible explanation for the Warburg effect and offers new clues as to how p53 might affect aging and metabolism.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matoba, Satoaki -- Kang, Ju-Gyeong -- Patino, Willmar D -- Wragg, Andrew -- Boehm, Manfred -- Gavrilova, Oksana -- Hurley, Paula J -- Bunz, Fred -- Hwang, Paul M -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 16;312(5780):1650-3. Epub 2006 May 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cardiology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16728594" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins ; Cell Line, Tumor ; *Cell Respiration ; Cell Survival ; Electron Transport Complex IV/*genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; *Genes, p53 ; Glycolysis ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mitochondria/*metabolism ; Mitochondria, Liver/*metabolism ; Mitochondrial Proteins ; Mutation ; Oxygen Consumption ; Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Recombination, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Stem cells. Scientists create human stem cell line from 'dead' embryos (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, Constance -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 29;313(5795):1869.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17008497" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blastocyst/*cytology/physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Line ; Cell Proliferation ; *Embryo Loss ; Embryo Research/economics ; Humans ; Mice ; *Pluripotent Stem Cells/cytology ; Research Support as Topic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    A cortical region consisting entirely of face-selective cells (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-04
    Description: Face perception is a skill crucial to primates. In both humans and macaque monkeys, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) reveals a system of cortical regions that show increased blood flow when the subject views images of faces, compared with images of objects. However, the stimulus selectivity of single neurons within these fMRI-identified regions has not been studied. We used fMRI to identify and target the largest face-selective region in two macaques for single-unit recording. Almost all (97%) of the visually responsive neurons in this region were strongly face selective, indicating that a dedicated cortical area exists to support face processing in the macaque.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678572/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2678572/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tsao, Doris Y -- Freiwald, Winrich A -- Tootell, Roger B H -- Livingstone, Margaret S -- EY13025/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- EY13135/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- P41:RR14075/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY016187/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- R01 EY016187-01A2/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 3;311(5761):670-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. doris@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456083" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Brain Mapping ; Electrophysiology ; *Face ; *Form Perception ; Humans ; Macaca mulatta ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neurons/*physiology ; Photic Stimulation ; Synaptic Transmission ; Temporal Lobe/*physiology
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    Transitions to asexuality result in excess amino acid substitutions (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-18
    Description: Theory predicts that linkage between genetic loci reduces the efficiency of purifying selection. Because of the permanent linkage of all heritable genetic material, asexual lineages may be exceptionally prone to deleterious-mutation accumulation in both nuclear and organelle genes. Here, we show that the ratio of the rate of amino acid to silent substitution (Ka/Ks) in mitochondrial protein-coding genes is higher in obligately asexual lineages than in sexual lineages of the microcrustacean Daphnia pulex. Using a phylogeny-based approach to quantify the frequency of mutational-effect classes, we estimate that mitochondrial protein-coding genes in asexual lineages accumulate deleterious amino acid substitutions at four times the rate in sexual lineages. These results support the hypothesis that sexual reproduction plays a prominent role in reducing the mutational burden in populations.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Paland, Susanne -- Lynch, Michael -- GM36827/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM036827/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 17;311(5763):990-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. spaland@indiana.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16484491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Daphnia/*genetics/*physiology ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Genes, Mitochondrial ; Likelihood Functions ; Male ; Mitochondrial Proteins/*genetics ; *Mutation ; *Parthenogenesis ; Phylogeny ; Recombination, Genetic ; *Selection, Genetic ; Sex
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    Reversal of diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice without spleen cell-derived beta cell regeneration (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-25
    Description: Autoimmune destruction of beta cells is the predominant cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in humans and is modeled in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Many therapeutic interventions prevent the development of T1DM in NOD mice, but few can induce its reversal once established. Intervention with Freund's complete adjuvant, semi-allogeneic splenocytes, and temporary islet transplantation has been reported to cure NOD mice of established T1DM. Using the same approach, we report here that this treatment cured 32% of NOD mice of established diabetes (〉340 milligrams per deciliter blood glucose), although beta cells in these mice were not derived from donor splenocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chong, Anita S -- Shen, Jikun -- Tao, Jing -- Yin, Dengping -- Kuznetsov, Andrey -- Hara, Manami -- Philipson, Louis H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 24;311(5768):1774-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. achong@uchicago.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16556844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Autoimmunity ; Blood Glucose/analysis ; Cell Differentiation ; *Cell Transplantation ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology/pathology/*therapy ; Female ; Freund's Adjuvant/*therapeutic use ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/analysis ; Insulin-Secreting Cells/*cytology/physiology ; *Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Mice, Transgenic ; Regeneration ; Spleen/*cytology ; Stem Cells/cytology/physiology
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    Immunology. Foiled dendritic cell suicide may lead to autoimmunity (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, Jean -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Feb 24;311(5764):1086.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16497897" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Autoimmune Diseases/immunology ; *Autoimmunity ; Caspase 10 ; Caspase Inhibitors ; Caspases/genetics/metabolism ; Dendritic Cells/*immunology/*physiology ; Humans ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mutation ; Viral Proteins/genetics/metabolism
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    Cell biology. Balancing life-or-death decisions (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bartek, Jiri -- Lukas, Jiri -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):261-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Cancer Biology and Centre for Genotoxic Stress Research, Danish Cancer Society, Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. jb@cancer.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Apoptosis ; BRCA2 Protein/metabolism ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; DNA Repair ; DNA Replication ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Mice ; Models, Biological ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transcription, Genetic ; cdc25 Phosphatases/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 87
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    Twenty-five years of HIV/AIDS (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fauci, Anthony S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):409.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873613" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention & ; control/virology ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research/economics ; Delivery of Health Care ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Global Health ; HIV Infections/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control/virology ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Male
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 88
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    The baby deficit (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-07-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Balter, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jun 30;312(5782):1894-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809522" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; *Birth Rate ; *Developed Countries ; Developing Countries ; Emigration and Immigration ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Parental Leave ; Population Dynamics ; *Population Growth ; Pregnancy ; Public Policy ; *Reproductive Behavior
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  • 89
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    Caveolin-1 is essential for liver regeneration (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-09-16
    Description: Liver regeneration is an orchestrated cellular response that coordinates cell activation, lipid metabolism, and cell division. We found that caveolin-1 gene-disrupted mice (cav1-/- mice) exhibited impaired liver regeneration and low survival after a partial hepatectomy. Hepatocytes showed dramatically reduced lipid droplet accumulation and did not advance through the cell division cycle. Treatment of cav1-/- mice with glucose (which is a predominant energy substrate when compared to lipids) drastically increased survival and reestablished progression of the cell cycle. Thus, caveolin-1 plays a crucial role in the mechanisms that coordinate lipid metabolism with the proliferative response occurring in the liver after cellular injury.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fernandez, Manuel A -- Albor, Cecilia -- Ingelmo-Torres, Mercedes -- Nixon, Susan J -- Ferguson, Charles -- Kurzchalia, Teymuras -- Tebar, Francesc -- Enrich, Carlos -- Parton, Robert G -- Pol, Albert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 15;313(5793):1628-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departament de Biologia Cellular, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16973879" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caveolae/metabolism ; Caveolin 1/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Division ; Fatty Acids/blood/metabolism ; Glucose/administration & dosage ; Hepatectomy ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/metabolism ; Hepatocytes/cytology/*metabolism ; *Lipid Metabolism ; Lipids/blood ; Liver/metabolism/ultrastructure ; *Liver Regeneration ; Male ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; RNA, Small Interfering ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Triglycerides/blood/metabolism
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  • 90
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    HIV/AIDS: Latin America & Caribbean. Peru: a new nexus for HIV/AIDS research (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):488-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873657" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomedical Research ; Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology/*prevention & control ; *Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Male ; Peru/epidemiology ; Prevalence
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    CDK2-dependent phosphorylation of FOXO1 as an apoptotic response to DNA damage (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-10-14
    Description: The function of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) is often abolished after DNA damage. The inhibition of CDK2 plays a central role in DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. However, whether CDK2 also influences the survival of cells under genotoxic stress is unknown. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors are emerging as key regulators of cell survival. CDK2 specifically phosphorylated FOXO1 at serine-249 (Ser249) in vitro and in vivo. Phosphorylation of Ser249 resulted in cytoplasmic localization and inhibition of FOXO1. This phosphorylation was abrogated upon DNA damage through the cell cycle checkpoint pathway that is dependent on the protein kinases Chk1 and Chk2. Moreover, silencing of FOXO1 by small interfering RNA diminished DNA damage-induced death in both p53-deficient and p53-proficient cells. This effect was reversed by restored expression of FOXO1 in a manner depending on phosphorylation of Ser249. Functional interaction between CDK2 and FOXO1 provides a mechanism that regulates apoptotic cell death after DNA strand breakage.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huang, Haojie -- Regan, Kevin M -- Lou, Zhenkun -- Chen, Junjie -- Tindall, Donald J -- CA91956/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK60920/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK65236/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Oct 13;314(5797):294-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17038621" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis ; Camptothecin/pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Checkpoint Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; Forkhead Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Humans ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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    A positive feedback loop promotes transcription surge that jump-starts Salmonella virulence circuit (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: The PhoP/PhoQ two-component system is a master regulator of Salmonella pathogenicity. Here we report that induction of the PhoP/PhoQ system results in an initial surge of PhoP phosphorylation; the occupancy of target promoters by the PhoP protein; and the transcription of PhoP-activated genes, which then subsides to reach new steady-state levels. This surge in PhoP activity is due to PhoP positively activating its own transcription, because a strain constitutively expressing the PhoP protein attained steady-state levels of activation asymptotically, without the surge. The strain constitutively expressing the PhoP protein was attenuated for virulence in mice, demonstrating that the surge conferred by PhoP's positive feedback loop is necessary to jump-start Salmonella's virulence program.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shin, Dongwoo -- Lee, Eun-Jin -- Huang, Henry -- Groisman, Eduardo A -- AI49561/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1607-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Microbiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8230, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Feedback, Physiological ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Magnesium/metabolism ; Mice ; Phosphorylation ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Salmonella Infections, Animal/microbiology ; Salmonella typhimurium/*genetics/metabolism/*pathogenicity ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Virulence
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    Diminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-10-07
    Description: Humans restrain self-interest with moral and social values. They are the only species known to exhibit reciprocal fairness, which implies the punishment of other individuals' unfair behaviors, even if it hurts the punisher's economic self-interest. Reciprocal fairness has been demonstrated in the Ultimatum Game, where players often reject their bargaining partner's unfair offers. Despite progress in recent years, however, little is known about how the human brain limits the impact of selfish motives and implements fair behavior. Here we show that disruption of the right, but not the left, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) by low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation substantially reduces subjects' willingness to reject their partners' intentionally unfair offers, which suggests that subjects are less able to resist the economic temptation to accept these offers. Importantly, however, subjects still judge such offers as very unfair, which indicates that the right DLPFC plays a key role in the implementation of fairness-related behaviors.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knoch, Daria -- Pascual-Leone, Alvaro -- Meyer, Kaspar -- Treyer, Valerie -- Fehr, Ernst -- K24 RR018875/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):829-32. Epub 2006 Oct 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Empirical Research in Economics, University of Zurich, Blumlisalpstrasse 10, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland. dknoch@iew.unizh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17023614" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adult ; Decision Making ; Functional Laterality ; *Games, Experimental ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Judgment ; Male ; Prefrontal Cortex/*physiology ; *Social Behavior ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HIV/AIDS: Latin America & Caribbean. Belize: taking it to the streets (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):483.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873652" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Belize/epidemiology ; Female ; HIV Infections/epidemiology/*prevention & control ; Health Education ; Humans ; Juvenile Delinquency/*prevention & control ; Male ; Organizations ; Prevalence ; Prisons ; United Nations ; Violence/*prevention & control
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    B cell ligand discrimination through a spreading and contraction response (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-05-06
    Description: B cells recognize foreign antigens by virtue of cell surface immunoglobulin receptors and are most effectively activated by membrane-bound ligands. Here, we show that in the early stages of this process, B cells exhibit a two-phase response in which they first spread over the antigen-bearing membrane and then contract, thereby collecting bound antigen into a central aggregate. The extent of this response, which is both signaling- and actin-dependent, determines the quantity of antigen accumulated and hence the degree of B cell activation. Brownian dynamic simulations reproduce essential features of the antigen collection process and suggest a possible basis for affinity discrimination. We propose that dynamic spreading is an important step of the immune response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fleire, S J -- Goldman, J P -- Carrasco, Y R -- Weber, M -- Bray, D -- Batista, F D -- G64713/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 May 5;312(5774):738-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lymphocyte Interaction Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3PX, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16675699" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/physiology ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Antibody Affinity ; Antigen Presentation ; Antigens, Surface/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology/*physiology ; Cell Shape ; Computer Simulation ; Flow Cytometry ; Ligands ; Lipid Bilayers ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Immunological ; Muramidase/immunology ; Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/*immunology/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology ; Signal Transduction ; Stochastic Processes ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HIV/AIDS: Latin America & Caribbean. Honduras: mission possible: integrating the church with HIV/AIDS efforts (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):482.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873651" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control ; Catholicism ; *Christianity ; Female ; HIV Infections/*prevention & control ; Homosexuality, Male ; Honduras/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Prisons ; Prostitution
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Evolutionary ecology. Sex and the single killifish (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-09-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1381.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16959986" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Crustacea/physiology ; Female ; Fundulidae/*genetics/*physiology ; *Genetic Variation ; Hermaphroditic Organisms ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Reproduction ; Sex Determination Processes ; Sexual Behavior, Animal
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    HIV/AIDS: Latin America & Caribbean. Honduras: why so high? A knotty story (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):481-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873650" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; HIV Infections/*epidemiology ; Health Services Accessibility ; Homosexuality, Male ; Honduras/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Poverty ; Prevalence ; Prisoners ; Prostitution ; Risk Factors ; Transients and Migrants ; Warfare
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Protrudin induces neurite formation by directional membrane trafficking (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-04
    Description: Guanosine triphosphatases of the Rab family are key regulators of membrane trafficking, with Rab11 playing a specific role in membrane recycling. We identified a mammalian protein, protrudin, that promoted neurite formation through interaction with the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound form of Rab11. Phosphorylation of protrudin by extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in response to nerve growth factor promoted protrudin association with Rab11-GDP. Down-regulation of protrudin by RNA interference induced membrane extension in all directions and inhibited neurite formation. Thus, protrudin regulates Rab11-dependent membrane recycling to promote the directional membrane trafficking required for neurite formation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shirane, Michiko -- Nakayama, Keiichi I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 3;314(5800):818-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17082457" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/*metabolism ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; MAP Kinase Kinase 1/metabolism ; Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology/physiology ; Neurites/*physiology ; PC12 Cells ; Phosphorylation ; RNA Interference ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Vesicular Transport Proteins ; rab GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    HIV/AIDS: Latin America & Caribbean. Guatemala: struggling to deliver on promises and assess HIV's spread (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cohen, Jon -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Jul 28;313(5786):480-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16873649" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Anti-HIV Agents/supply & distribution/*therapeutic use ; Charities ; Disease Outbreaks ; Female ; Guatemala/epidemiology ; HIV Infections/*drug therapy/*epidemiology/prevention & control ; Humans ; Indians, Central American ; Male ; Prevalence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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