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  • 1
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    Angle-Resolved Electron Spectroscopy of Laser-Assisted Auger Decay Induced by a Few-Femtosecond X-Ray Pulse (2012)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-11
    Description: Author(s): M. Meyer, P. Radcliffe, T. Tschentscher, J. T. Costello, A. L. Cavalieri, I. Grguras, A. R. Maier, R. Kienberger, J. Bozek, C. Bostedt, S. Schorb, R. Coffee, M. Messerschmidt, C. Roedig, E. Sistrunk, L. F. Di Mauro, G. Doumy, K. Ueda, S. Wada, S. Düsterer, A. K. Kazansky, and N. M. Kabachnik Two-color ( x-ray+infrared ) electron spectroscopy is used for investigating laser-assisted K L L Auger decay following 1 s photoionization of atomic Ne with few-femtosecond x-ray pulses from the Linac Coherent Light Source. In an angle-resolved experiment, the overall width of the laser-modified Auger-e... [Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 063007] Published Fri Feb 10, 2012
    Keywords: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 2
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    Observation of structural inhomogeneity at degraded Fe-doped SrTiO3 interfaces (2016)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-23
    Description: We report on the detection of structural inhomogeneity across anode and cathode interfaces in electrically degraded reduced and oxidized Fe -doped SrTiO 3 (Fe:STO) single crystals by optical second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy. SHG spectra were collected from several regions across the anode and cathode interfaces in both degraded reduced and oxidized Fe:STO crystals. We identify the formation of defect concentration gradients along both degraded reduced and oxidized anode interfaces. While the broken symmetries decrease from the outer region towards the central region of the reduced anode, the opposite trend is seen in the degraded oxidized anode. These results are attributed to the formation of centrosymmetric Fe 4+ :Ti 4+ -O 6 octahedral structures in the central region of the reduced sample's degraded anode and non-centrosymmetric Jahn-Teller distortions in the central region of the oxidized sample's degraded anode. The observed changes in SHG intensity from the outer region towards the central region of the degraded cathode interfaces is accompanied by a structural phase transition in the inner and outer regions, marked by strong changes to the s- polarized intensity spectra. We explain the SHG intensity changes by the formation of lower order symmetry Fe 3+ :Ti 3+ -O 6 structures in the outer region and a modification of the second-order nonlinear susceptibility near the central regions due to the clustering of dissociated oxygen vacancies. These significant structural and spatial inhomogeneities are linked directly to the field-driven migration of oxygen ions and vacancies.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 3
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    Emittance conservation by tailored focusing profiles in a plasma accelerator (2015)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2015-05-06
    Description: Author(s): I. Dornmair, K. Floettmann, and A. R. Maier Numerical simulation approach for plasma accelerators simplifying beam optics, reducing sensitivity to positioning jitter, and enabling beam emittance from the plasma to the subsequent drift section. [Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 18, 041302] Published Thu Apr 30, 2015
    Keywords: New Acceleration Techniques
    Electronic ISSN: 1098-4402
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 4
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    Plasma-driven ultrashort bunch diagnostics (2016)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-11
    Description: Author(s): I. Dornmair, C. B. Schroeder, K. Floettmann, B. Marchetti, and A. R. Maier High fields available in a plasma can be exploited to streak an electron bunch injected off-axis, pushing temporal resolution down to sub-fs in a mm-scale device. [Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams 19, 062801] Published Fri Jun 10, 2016
    Keywords: Beam Control, Diagnostics, and Feedback
    Electronic ISSN: 1098-4402
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 5
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    Relative magnitudes of sources of uncertainty in assessing climate change impacts on water supply security for the Southern Adelaide water supply system (2013)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2013-02-22
    Description: The sources of uncertainty in projecting the impacts of climate change on runoff are increasingly well recognized; however, translating these uncertainties to urban water security has received less attention in the literature. Furthermore, runoff cannot be used as a surrogate for water supply security when studying the impacts of climate change due to the non-linear transformations in modeling water supply and the effects of additional uncertainties, such as demand. Consequently, this study presents a scenario-based sensitivity analysis to qualitatively rank the relative contributions of major sources of uncertainty in projecting the impacts of climate change on water supply security through time. This can then be used by water authorities to guide water planning and management decisions. The southern system of Adelaide, South Australia, is used to illustrate the methodology, for which water supply system reliability is examined across six greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions scenarios, seven general circulation models, six demand projections, and 1000 stochastic rainfall time series. Results indicate the order of the relative contributions of uncertainty changes through time; however, demand is always the greatest source of uncertainty and GHG emission scenarios the least. In general, reliability decreases over the planning horizon illustrating the need for additional water sources or demand mitigation, while increasing uncertainty with time suggests flexible management is required to ensure future supply security with minimum regret.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Improved understanding of the searching behavior of ant colony optimization algorithms applied to the water distribution design problem (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-09-05
    Description: Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have been applied successfully to many water resource problems, such as system design, management decision formulation, and model calibration. The performance of an EA with respect to a particular problem type is dependent on how effectively its internal operators balance the exploitation/exploration trade-off to iteratively find solutions of an increasing quality. For a given problem, different algorithms are observed to produce a variety of different final performances, but there have been surprisingly few investigations into characterizing how the different internal mechanisms alter the algorithm's searching behavior, in both the objective and decision space, to arrive at this final performance. This paper presents metrics for analyzing the searching behavior of ant colony optimization algorithms, a particular type of EA, for the optimal water distribution system design problem, which is a classical NP-hard problem in civil engineering. Using the proposed metrics, behavior is characterized in terms of three different attributes: (1) the effectiveness of the search in improving its solution quality and entering into optimal or near-optimal regions of the search space, (2) the extent to which the algorithm explores as it converges to solutions, and (3) the searching behavior with respect to the feasible and infeasible regions. A range of case studies is considered, where a number of ant colony optimization variants are applied to a selection of water distribution system optimization problems. The results demonstrate the utility of the proposed metrics to give greater insight into how the internal operators affect each algorithm's searching behavior.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 7
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    Circadian organization of human epidermis [Cell Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
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    Publication Date: 2012-07-04
    Description: Circadian clocks govern a wide range of cellular and physiological functions in various organisms. Recent evidence suggests distinct functions of local clocks in peripheral mammalian tissues such as immune responses and cell cycle control. However, studying circadian action in peripheral tissues has been limited so far to mouse models, leaving the implication for human systems widely elusive. In particular, circadian rhythms in human skin, which is naturally exposed to strong daytime-dependent changes in the environment, have not been investigated to date on a molecular level. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of circadian gene expression in human epidermis. Whole-genome microarray analysis of suction-blister epidermis obtained throughout the day revealed a functional circadian clock in epidermal keratinocytes with hundreds of transcripts regulated in a daytime-dependent manner. Among those, we identified a circadian transcription factor, Krüppel-like factor 9 (Klf9), that is substantially up-regulated in a cortisol and differentiation-state-dependent manner. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments showed strong antiproliferative effects of Klf9. Putative Klf9 target genes include proliferation/differentiation markers that also show circadian expression in vivo, suggesting that Klf9 affects keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation by controlling the expression of target genes in a daytime-dependent manner.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 8
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    TCF4-smoking interaction on P50 suppression [Neuroscience] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-18
    Description: Several polymorphisms of the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) have been shown to increase the risk for schizophrenia, particularly TCF4 rs9960767. This polymorphism is associated with impaired sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition—an established endophenotype of schizophrenia. We therefore investigated whether TCF4 polymorphisms also affect another proposed endophenotype of schizophrenia, namely sensory gating assessed by P50 suppression of the auditory evoked potential. Although sensorimotor gating and sensory gating are not identical, recent data suggest that they share genetic fundamentals. In a multicenter study at six academic institutions throughout Germany, we applied an auditory P50 suppression paradigm to 1,821 subjects (1,023 never-smokers, 798 smokers) randomly selected from the general population. Samples were genotyped for 21 TCF4 polymorphisms. Given that smoking is highly prevalent in schizophrenia and affects sensory gating, we also assessed smoking behavior, cotinine plasma concentrations, exhaled carbon monoxide, and the Fagerström Test (FTND). P50 suppression was significantly decreased in carriers of schizophrenia risk alleles of the TCF4 polymorphisms rs9960767, rs10401120rs, rs17597926, and 17512836 (P 〈 0.0002–0.00005). These gene effects were modulated by smoking behavior as indicated by significant interactions of TCF4 genotype and smoking status; heavy smokers (FTND score ≥4) showed stronger gene effects on P50 suppression than light smokers and never-smokers. Our finding suggests that sensory gating is modulated by an interaction of TCF4 genotype with smoking, and both factors may play a role in early information processing deficits also in schizophrenia. Consequently, considering smoking behavior may facilitate the search for genetic risk factors for schizophrenia.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 9
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    An integrated dynamic modeling framework for investigating the impact of climate change and variability on irrigated agriculture (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-07-13
    Description: Many hydrologic systems are likely to be affected by climate change. This is of particular importance given that agricultural production systems are inextricably linked to the hydrologic systems they rely upon. Although irrigation is often employed as a method to dampen the effect of short-term variation in climatic inputs to agricultural production, sources of irrigation water are not immune to long-term climatic change. Irrigation water use decisions are most often made at the farm level. It is at this scale that the economic and social impacts of climate change will be manifest. This paper presents an integrated stochastic dynamic modeling framework that can be used to investigate the viability of irrigated farms under alternative climate change scenarios. The framework is applied to a theoretical farm in the Murray Darling Basin, Australia, under four potential future climate scenarios. It is found that neglecting interannual variability in climatic inputs to agriculture consistently underestimates the reduction in farm viability caused by climate change and that multiyear sequences of climate states strongly influence estimates of farm profitability.
    Print ISSN: 0043-1397
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-7973
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 10
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    Brane world in non-Riemannian geometry (2011)
    American Physical Society (APS)
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    Publication Date: 2011-03-17
    Description: Author(s): R. Maier and F. T. Falciano We carefully investigate the modified Einstein’s field equation in a 4-dimensional (3-brane) arbitrary manifold embedded in a 5-dimensional non-Riemannian bulk spacetime with a noncompact extra dimension. In this context the Israel-Darmois matching conditions are extended assuming that the torsion... [Phys. Rev. D 83, 064019] Published Wed Mar 16, 2011
    Keywords: D15
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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