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  • Temperature  (143)
  • Chemistry
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (145)
  • 2000-2004  (145)
  • 2003  (63)
  • 2002  (82)
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  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (145)
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  • 2000-2004  (145)
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  • 1
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    Patent law. Natural substances and patentable inventions (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-05-31
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Demaine, Linda J -- Fellmeth, Aaron X -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 May 30;300(5624):1375-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉RAND, Santa Monica, CA 90401, USA. demaine@rand.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12775825" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aluminum Oxide ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry ; Natural Science Disciplines ; Patents as Topic/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Plant Extracts ; Plant Roots ; Titanium ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Chloride methylation by plant pectin: an efficient environmentally significant process (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-12
    Description: Atmospheric chloromethane (CH3Cl) plays an important role in stratospheric ozone destruction, but many uncertainties exist regarding the strengths of its sources and sinks and particularly regarding the processes generating this naturally occurring gas. Evidence is presented here that CH3Cl is produced in many terrestrial environments by a common mechanism. Abiotic conversion of chloride to CH3Cl occurs readily in plant material, with the widespread plant component pectin acting as a methyl donor. Significant CH3Cl emissions from senescent and dead leaves were observed at ambient temperatures; those emissions rose dramatically when temperatures increased. This ubiquitous process acting in terrestrial ecosystems and during biomass burning could contribute the bulk of atmospheric CH3Cl.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hamilton, John T G -- McRoberts, W Colin -- Keppler, Frank -- Kalin, Robert M -- Harper, David B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 11;301(5630):206-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Agriculture and Rural Development for Northern Ireland, Newforge Lane, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK. jack.hamilton@dardni.gov.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12855805" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Biomass ; Chlorides/*chemistry ; Ecosystem ; Methyl Chloride/*chemistry ; Methylation ; Pectins/*chemistry ; Plant Leaves/*chemistry ; Poaceae/chemistry ; Temperature ; Volatilization ; Water/analysis ; Wood
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Assessing environmental changes in grasslands (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-22
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mitchell, Charles E -- Reich, Peter B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 21;299(5614):1844-5; author reply 1844-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12649464" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/pathogenicity ; Nitrogen ; *Plant Diseases ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development/*microbiology ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Biomolecular interactions at phospholipid-decorated surfaces of liquid crystals (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-20
    Description: The spontaneous assembly of phospholipids at planar interfaces between thermotropic liquid crystals and aqueous phases gives rise to patterned orientations of the liquid crystals that reflect the spatial and temporal organization of the phospholipids. Strong and weak specific-binding events involving proteins at these interfaces drive the reorganization of the phospholipids and trigger orientational transitions in the liquid crystals. Because these interfaces are fluid, processes involving the lateral organization of proteins (such as the formation of protein- and phospholipid-rich domains) are also readily imaged by the orientational response of the liquid crystal, as are stereospecific enzymatic events. These results provide principles for label-free monitoring of aqueous streams for molecular and biomolecular species without the need for complex instrumentation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brake, Jeffrey M -- Daschner, Maren K -- Luk, Yan-Yeung -- Abbott, Nicholas L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 19;302(5653):2094-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1607, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14684814" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/chemistry ; Biphenyl Compounds/*chemistry ; Calcium ; Catalysis ; Crystallization ; Fluorescence ; Glass ; Gold ; Hydrolysis ; Micelles ; Nitriles/*chemistry ; Phosphatidylcholines/chemistry ; Phospholipases A/*metabolism ; Phospholipids/*chemistry ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/chemistry ; Silanes/chemistry ; Temperature ; Water/chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 5
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    Response of a deciduous forest to the Mount Pinatubo eruption: enhanced photosynthesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: Volcanic aerosols from the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption greatly increased diffuse radiation worldwide for the following 2 years. We estimated that this increase in diffuse radiation alone enhanced noontime photosynthesis of a deciduous forest by 23% in 1992 and 8% in 1993 under cloudless conditions. This finding indicates that the aerosol-induced increase in diffuse radiation by the volcano enhanced the terrestrial carbon sink and contributed to the temporary decline in the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide after the eruption.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Lianhong -- Baldocchi, Dennis D -- Wofsy, Steve C -- Munger, J William -- Michalsky, Joseph J -- Urbanski, Shawn P -- Boden, Thomas A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2035-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Sciences Division, Building 1509, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6335, USA. lianhong-gu@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663919" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerosols ; *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Mathematics ; Models, Statistical ; Nonlinear Dynamics ; Philippines ; *Photosynthesis ; Regression Analysis ; Scattering, Radiation ; Seasons ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Comprehensive identification of human bZIP interactions with coiled-coil arrays (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-14
    Description: In eukaryotes, the combinatorial association of sequence-specific DNA binding proteins is essential for transcription. We have used protein arrays to test 492 pairings of a nearly complete set of coiled-coil strands from human basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors. We find considerable partnering selectivity despite the bZIPs' homologous sequences. The interaction data are of high quality, as assessed by their reproducibility, reciprocity, and agreement with previous observations. Biophysical studies in solution support the relative binding strengths observed with the arrays. New associations provide insights into the circadian clock and the unfolded protein response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Newman, John R S -- Keating, Amy E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2097-101. Epub 2003 Jun 12.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12805554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Circadian Rhythm ; Circular Dichroism ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Dimerization ; G-Box Binding Factors ; Humans ; *Leucine Zippers ; Peptides/chemistry/isolation & purification/metabolism ; *Protein Array Analysis ; Protein Binding ; Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Transcription Factors/*chemistry/isolation & purification/*metabolism
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  • 7
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    Coral reef death during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole linked to Indonesian wildfires (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-16
    Description: Geochemical anomalies and growth discontinuities in Porites corals from western Sumatra, Indonesia, record unanticipated reef mortality during anomalous Indian Ocean Dipole upwelling and a giant red tide in 1997. Sea surface temperature reconstructions show that although some past upwelling events have been stronger, there were no analogous episodes of coral mortality during the past 7000 years, indicating that the 1997 red tide was highly unusual. We show that iron fertilization by the 1997 Indonesian wildfires was sufficient to produce the extraordinary red tide, leading to reef death by asphyxiation. These findings highlight tropical wildfires as an escalating threat to coastal marine ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Abram, Nerilie J -- Gagan, Michael K -- McCulloch, Malcolm T -- Chappell, John -- Hantoro, Wahyoe S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):952-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. nerilie.abram@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12920295" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Atmosphere ; Biomass ; Dinoflagellida/growth & development ; *Ecosystem ; *Eutrophication ; *Fires ; Indian Ocean ; Indonesia ; Iron ; Phytoplankton/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    Catalytic reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at a single molybdenum center (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: Dinitrogen (N2) was reduced to ammonia at room temperature and 1 atmosphere with molybdenum catalysts that contain tetradentate [HIPTN3N]3- triamidoamine ligands (such as [HIPTN3N]Mo(N2), where [HIPTN3N]3- is [(3,5-(2,4,6-i-Pr3C6H2)2C6H3NCH2CH2)3N]3-) in heptane. Slow addition of the proton source [(2,6-lutidinium)(BAr'4), where Ar' is 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]and reductant (decamethyl chromocene) was critical for achieving high efficiency ( approximately 66% in four turnovers). Numerous x-ray studies, along with isolation and characterization of six proposed intermediates in the catalytic reaction under noncatalytic conditions, suggest that N2 was reduced at a sterically protected, single molybdenum center that cycled from Mo(III) through Mo(VI) states.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yandulov, Dmitry V -- Schrock, Richard R -- GM 31978/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):76-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843387" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/*chemistry ; Atmospheric Pressure ; Catalysis ; Chromium/chemistry ; Electrons ; Ligands ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molybdenum/*chemistry ; Nitrogen/*chemistry ; Nitrogenase/metabolism ; Organometallic Compounds/chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Protons ; Temperature
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  • 9
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    Demography of dietary restriction and death in Drosophila (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-09-23
    Description: Dietary restriction (DR) increases life-span in organisms from yeast to mammals, presumably by slowing the accumulation of aging-related damage. Here we show that in Drosophila, DR extends life-span entirely by reducing the short-term risk of death. Two days after the application of DR at any age for the first time, previously fully fed flies are no more likely to die than flies of the same age that have been subjected to long-term DR. DR of mammals may also reduce short-term risk of death, and hence DR instigated at any age could generate a full reversal of mortality.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mair, William -- Goymer, Patrick -- Pletcher, Scott D -- Partridge, Linda -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 19;301(5640):1731-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14500985" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aging ; Animals ; *Caloric Restriction ; Demography ; *Diet ; Drosophila/*physiology ; Female ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mortality ; Reproduction ; Risk ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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  • 10
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    From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: In the Pacific Ocean, air and ocean temperatures, atmospheric carbon dioxide, landings of anchovies and sardines, and the productivity of coastal and open ocean ecosystems have varied over periods of about 50 years. In the mid-1970s, the Pacific changed from a cool "anchovy regime" to a warm "sardine regime." A shift back to an anchovy regime occurred in the middle to late 1990s. These large-scale, naturally occurring variations must be taken into account when considering human-induced climate change and the management of ocean living resources.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chavez, Francisco P -- Ryan, John -- Lluch-Cota, Salvador E -- Niquen C, Miguel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):217-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA. chfr@mbari.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522241" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atmosphere ; Birds ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Fishes ; Pacific Ocean ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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  • 11
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    DNA: a programmable force sensor (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: Direct quantification of biomolecular interaction by single-molecule force spectroscopy has evolved into a powerful tool for materials and life sciences. We introduce an approach in which the unbinding forces required to break intermolecular bonds are measured in a differential format by comparison with a known reference bond (here, a short DNA duplex). In addition to a marked increase in sensitivity and force resolution, which enabled us to resolve single-base pair mismatches, this concept allows for highly specific parallel assays. This option was exploited to overcome cross-reactions of antibodies in a protein biochip application.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Albrecht, Christian -- Blank, Kerstin -- Lalic-Multhaler, Mio -- Hirler, Siegfried -- Mai, Thao -- Gilbert, Ilka -- Schiffmann, Susanne -- Bayer, Tom -- Clausen-Schaumann, Hauke -- Gaub, Hermann E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):367-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Nanotype GmbH, Lochhamer Schlag 12, 82166 Grafelfing, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869761" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antibodies ; *Base Pair Mismatch ; *Biosensing Techniques ; Carbocyanines ; Cross Reactions ; *DNA/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Dimethylpolysiloxanes ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Glass ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Interleukin-5/analysis/immunology ; Mice ; Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry/metabolism ; *Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Protein Array Analysis ; Protein Binding ; Silicones ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 12
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    Facilitation of spinal NMDA receptor currents by spillover of synaptically released glycine (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: In the mammalian CNS, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors serve prominent roles in many physiological and pathophysiological processes including pain transmission. For full activation, NMDA receptors require the binding of glycine. It is not known whether the brain uses changes in extracellular glycine to modulate synaptic NMDA responses. Here, we show that synaptically released glycine facilitates NMDA receptor currents in the superficial dorsal horn, an area critically involved in pain processing. During high presynaptic activity, glycine released from inhibitory interneurons escapes the synaptic cleft and reaches nearby NMDA receptors by so-called spillover. In vivo, this process may contribute to the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ahmadi, Seifollah -- Muth-Selbach, Uta -- Lauterbach, Andreas -- Lipfert, Peter -- Neuhuber, Winfried L -- Zeilhofer, Hanns Ulrich -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2094-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829784" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analgesics/pharmacology ; Animals ; Anterior Horn Cells/drug effects/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Electric Stimulation ; Evoked Potentials/drug effects ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects ; Glycine/*metabolism/pharmacology ; In Vitro Techniques ; Interneurons/metabolism ; Neural Inhibition/drug effects ; Opioid Peptides/pharmacology ; Pain Measurement ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Posterior Horn Cells/drug effects/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/*metabolism ; Serine/pharmacology ; Spinal Cord/drug effects/metabolism ; Synapses/*metabolism ; *Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Temperature
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  • 13
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    Geographic barriers isolate endemic populations of hyperthermophilic archaea (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: Barriers to dispersal between populations allow them to diverge through local adaptation or random genetic drift. High-resolution multilocus sequence analysis revealed that, on a global scale, populations of hyperthermophilic microorganisms are isolated from one another by geographic barriers and have diverged over the course of their recent evolutionary history. The identification of a biogeographic pattern in the archaeon Sulfolobus challenges the current model of microbial biodiversity in which unrestricted dispersal constrains the development of global species richness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Whitaker, Rachel J -- Grogan, Dennis W -- Taylor, John W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):976-8. Epub 2003 Jul 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. rwhitaker@nature.berkeley.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881573" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Analysis of Variance ; Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Archaeal ; Genes, rRNA ; Genetic Drift ; Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Genotype ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hot Temperature ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Phylogeny ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sulfolobus/genetics/isolation & purification/*physiology ; Temperature ; *Water Microbiology
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  • 14
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    High plant diversity in Eocene South America: evidence from Patagonia (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: Tropical South America has the highest plant diversity of any region today, but this richness is usually characterized as a geologically recent development (Neogene or Pleistocene). From caldera-lake beds exposed at Laguna del Hunco in Patagonia, Argentina, paleolatitude approximately 47 degrees S, we report 102 leaf species. Radioisotopic and paleomagnetic analyses indicate that the flora was deposited 52 million years ago, the time of the early Eocene climatic optimum, when tropical plant taxa and warm, equable climates reached middle latitudes of both hemispheres. Adjusted for sample size, observed richness exceeds that of any other Eocene leaf flora, supporting an ancient history of high plant diversity in warm areas of South America.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wilf, Peter -- Cuneo, N Ruben -- Johnson, Kirk R -- Hicks, Jason F -- Wing, Scott L -- Obradovich, John D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):122-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. pwilf@geosc.psu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677065" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Argentina ; Climate ; Ecology ; *Ecosystem ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments ; North America ; Plant Development ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology ; *Plants/classification ; Rain ; South America ; Temperature ; Tropical Climate
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  • 15
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    A sublimation model for martian south polar ice features (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-15
    Description: In their pioneering work, Leighton and Murray argued that the Mars atmosphere, which at present is 95% carbon dioxide, is controlled by vapor equilibrium with a much larger polar reservoir of solid carbon dioxide. Here we argue that the polar reservoir is small and cannot function as a long-term buffer to the more massive atmosphere. Our work is based on modeling of the circular depressions commonly found on the south polar cap. We argue that a carbon dioxide ice layer about 8 meters thick is being etched away to reveal water ice underneath. This is consistent with thermal infrared data from the Mars Odyssey mission.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Byrne, Shane -- Ingersoll, Andrew P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 14;299(5609):1051-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586939" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Dry Ice ; *Ice ; *Mars ; *Models, Theoretical ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Water
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Geology. Resources of the sea floor (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rona, Peter A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 31;299(5607):673-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences and Department of Geological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. rona@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12560541" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Ecosystem ; *Geologic Sediments/chemistry/microbiology ; Geological Phenomena ; *Geology ; Hot Temperature ; International Cooperation ; Minerals/*analysis ; Mining ; Oceans and Seas ; *Seawater/microbiology ; Temperature ; United Nations ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Mars-like soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the dry limit of microbial life (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-08
    Description: The Viking missions showed the martian soil to be lifeless and depleted in organic material and indicated the presence of one or more reactive oxidants. Here we report the presence of Mars-like soils in the extreme arid region of the Atacama Desert. Samples from this region had organic species only at trace levels and extremely low levels of culturable bacteria. Two samples from the extreme arid region were tested for DNA and none was recovered. Incubation experiments, patterned after the Viking labeled-release experiment but with separate biological and nonbiological isomers, show active decomposition of organic species in these soils by nonbiological processes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Navarro-Gonzalez, Rafael -- Rainey, Fred A -- Molina, Paola -- Bagaley, Danielle R -- Hollen, Becky J -- de la Rosa, Jose -- Small, Alanna M -- Quinn, Richard C -- Grunthaner, Frank J -- Caceres, Luis -- Gomez-Silva, Benito -- McKay, Christopher P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 7;302(5647):1018-21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratorio de Quimica de Plasmas y Estudios Planetarios, Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70-543, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14605363" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Microbiology ; Alanine/chemistry/metabolism ; Bacteria/classification/*growth & development/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Benzene/analysis ; Biodiversity ; Chile ; Colony Count, Microbial ; DNA, Bacterial/analysis/genetics ; *Desert Climate ; Formates/analysis/chemistry/metabolism ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Genes, rRNA ; Glucose/chemistry/metabolism ; Mars ; Organic Chemicals/analysis ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Photochemistry ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; *Soil Microbiology ; Stereoisomerism ; Temperature
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    Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999 (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: Recent climatic changes have enhanced plant growth in northern mid-latitudes and high latitudes. However, a comprehensive analysis of the impact of global climatic changes on vegetation productivity has not before been expressed in the context of variable limiting factors to plant growth. We present a global investigation of vegetation responses to climatic changes by analyzing 18 years (1982 to 1999) of both climatic data and satellite observations of vegetation activity. Our results indicate that global changes in climate have eased several critical climatic constraints to plant growth, such that net primary production increased 6% (3.4 petagrams of carbon over 18 years) globally. The largest increase was in tropical ecosystems. Amazon rain forests accounted for 42% of the global increase in net primary production, owing mainly to decreased cloud cover and the resulting increase in solar radiation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nemani, Ramakrishna R -- Keeling, Charles D -- Hashimoto, Hirofumi -- Jolly, William M -- Piper, Stephen C -- Tucker, Compton J -- Myneni, Ranga B -- Running, Steven W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1560-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Forestry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA. nemani@ntsg.umt.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; *Plant Development ; Rain ; Seasons ; Soil ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Tropical Climate ; Volcanic Eruptions
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. A liquid core for Mars? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dehant, Veronique -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):260-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Evolution, Planetary ; Gravitation ; *Mars ; Pressure ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. Iceball Mars? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-12
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):234-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12690163" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Planetary science. New front-runner for carving Martian gullies (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1294.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Eukaryota ; Exobiology ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; *Snow ; Temperature ; *Water
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    Climate change. Will ocean fertilization work? (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Buesseler, Ken O -- Boyd, Philip W -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):67-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. kbuesseler@whoi.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677048" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Biomass ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Iron ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/*growth & development/metabolism ; *Seawater ; Temperature
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    Comment on "Climate and management contributions to recent trends in U.S. agricultural yields" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gu, Lianhong -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1505; author reply 1505.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA. lianhong-gu@ornl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791966" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*methods/statistics & numerical data ; *Climate ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; Linear Models ; Soybeans/*growth & development ; Statistics as Topic ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; United States ; Weather ; Zea mays/*growth & development
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    Geochemistry. Minerals cooked up in the laboratory call ancient microfossils into question (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kerr, Richard A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1134.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615504" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Barium/chemistry ; Carbonates/chemistry ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Life ; Organic Chemicals/chemistry ; Silicon Dioxide/chemistry ; Temperature
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  • 25
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    Protein conformational dynamics probed by single-molecule electron transfer (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-11
    Description: Electron transfer is used as a probe for angstrom-scale structural changes in single protein molecules. In a flavin reductase, the fluorescence of flavin is quenched by a nearby tyrosine residue by means of photo-induced electron transfer. By probing the fluorescence lifetime of the single flavin on a photon-by-photon basis, we were able to observe the variation of flavin-tyrosine distance over time. We could then determine the potential of mean force between the flavin and the tyrosine, and a correlation analysis revealed conformational fluctuation at multiple time scales spanning from hundreds of microseconds to seconds. This phenomenon suggests the existence of multiple interconverting conformers related to the fluctuating catalytic reactivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Haw -- Luo, Guobin -- Karnchanaphanurach, Pallop -- Louie, Tai-Man -- Rech, Ivan -- Cova, Sergio -- Xun, Luying -- Xie, X Sunney -- R01GM61577-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):262-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551431" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Substitution ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Computer Simulation ; Electrons ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; FMN Reductase/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Flavin Mononucleotide/*chemistry/metabolism ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/*chemistry/metabolism ; Flavins ; Fluorescence ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Likelihood Functions ; Mathematics ; Models, Molecular ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Photons ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Protein Conformation ; Serine ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Tyrosine
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    Phosphadioxirane: a peroxide from an ortho-substituted arylphosphine and singlet dioxygen (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-11
    Description: We prepared the primary adduct for the reaction of singlet dioxygen (1O2) with an arylphosphine by using the sterically hindered arylphosphine tris(o-methoxyphenyl)phosphine. The resulting phosphadioxirane has a dioxygen molecule triangularly bound to the phosphorus atom. Olefin trapping experiments show that the phosphadioxirane can undergo nonradical oxygen atom-transfer reactions. Under protic conditions, two different intermediates are formed during the reaction of singlet dioxygen with tris(o-methoxyphenyl)phosphine, namely, the corresponding hydroperoxy arylphosphine and a hydroxy phosphorane. Experiments with other arylphosphines possessing different electronic and steric properties demonstrate that the relative stability of the tris(o-methoxyphenyl)phosphadioxirane is due to both steric and electronic effects.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ho, David G -- Gao, Ruomei -- Celaje, Jeff -- Chung, Ha-Yong -- Selke, Matthias -- GM 08101/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 64104/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):259-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551430" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Epoxy Compounds/*chemistry ; Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring/*chemistry ; Kinetics ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Molecular Structure ; Organophosphorus Compounds/*chemistry ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Oxygen/chemistry ; Peroxides/*chemistry ; Phosphines/chemistry ; Phosphorus ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Singlet Oxygen/chemistry ; Temperature
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  • 27
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    Fluid core size of Mars from detection of the solar tide (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-08
    Description: The solar tidal deformation of Mars, measured by its k2 potential Love number, has been obtained from an analysis of Mars Global Surveyor radio tracking. The observed k2 of 0.153 +/- 0.017 is large enough to rule out a solid iron core and so indicates that at least the outer part of the core is liquid. The inferred core radius is between 1520 and 1840 kilometers and is independent of many interior properties, although partial melt of the mantle is one factor that could reduce core size. Ice-cap mass changes can be deduced from the seasonal variations in air pressure and the odd gravity harmonic J3, given knowledge of cap mass distribution with latitude. The south cap seasonal mass change is about 30 to 40% larger than that of the north cap.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yoder, C F -- Konopliv, A S -- Yuan, D N -- Standish, E M -- Folkner, W M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 11;300(5617):299-303. Epub 2003 Mar 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. Charles.F.Yoder@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12624177" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Dry Ice ; Gravitation ; *Mars ; Mathematics ; Pressure ; Rotation ; Temperature
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    Comment on "Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule" (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Storch, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):346; author reply 346.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biodiversity and Macroecology Group, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK, and Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University, Jilska 1, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic. storch@cts.cuni.cz〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12531999" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; *Ecosystem ; Kinetics ; *Models, Biological ; Population Density ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Importance of surface morphology in interstellar H2 formation (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-12-13
    Description: Detailed laboratory experiments on the formation of HD from atom recombination on amorphous solid water films show that this process is extremely efficient in a temperature range of 8 to 20 kelvin, temperatures relevant for H2 formation on dust grain surfaces in the interstellar medium (ISM). The fate of the 4.5 electron volt recombination energy is highly dependent on film morphology. These results suggest that grain morphology, rather than the detailed chemical nature of the grain surface, is most important in determining the energy content of the H2 as it is released from the grain into the ISM.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hornekaer, L -- Baurichter, A -- Petrunin, V V -- Field, D -- Luntz, A C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 12;302(5652):1943-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark. hornekaer@fysik.sdu.dk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14671297" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; *Astronomy ; *Cosmic Dust ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Hydrogen/*chemistry ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Water
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    Chemistry. Seeing is believing (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knowles, Jeremy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):2002-3. Epub 2003 Mar 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. jeremy_knowles@harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637674" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites ; *Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Glucose-6-Phosphate/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry/metabolism ; Glucosephosphates/chemistry/metabolism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Phosphoglucomutase/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Phosphoranes/chemistry ; Phosphorus/*chemistry ; Phosphorylation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Temperature
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    Design of a novel globular protein fold with atomic-level accuracy (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-25
    Description: A major challenge of computational protein design is the creation of novel proteins with arbitrarily chosen three-dimensional structures. Here, we used a general computational strategy that iterates between sequence design and structure prediction to design a 93-residue alpha/beta protein called Top7 with a novel sequence and topology. Top7 was found experimentally to be folded and extremely stable, and the x-ray crystal structure of Top7 is similar (root mean square deviation equals 1.2 angstroms) to the design model. The ability to design a new protein fold makes possible the exploration of the large regions of the protein universe not yet observed in nature.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kuhlman, Brian -- Dantas, Gautam -- Ireton, Gregory C -- Varani, Gabriele -- Stoddard, Barry L -- Baker, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 21;302(5649):1364-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14631033" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Circular Dichroism ; Computational Biology ; Computer Graphics ; Computer Simulation ; Crystallization ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Databases, Protein ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Monte Carlo Method ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; *Protein Engineering ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Proteins/*chemistry ; *Software ; Solubility ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change. Consensus on ecological impacts remains elusive (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jensen, Mari N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):38.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Models, Statistical ; *Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Research Design ; Selection Bias ; Statistics as Topic ; Temperature
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    Self-assembled silica-carbonate structures and detection of ancient microfossils (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-11-15
    Description: We have synthesized inorganic micron-sized filaments, whose microstucture consists of silica-coated nanometer-sized carbonate crystals, arranged with strong orientational order. They exhibit noncrystallographic, curved, helical morphologies, reminiscent of biological forms. The filaments are similar to supposed cyanobacterial microfossils from the Precambrian Warrawoona chert formation in Western Australia, reputed to be the oldest terrestrial microfossils. Simple organic hydrocarbons, whose sources may also be abiotic and indeed inorganic, readily condense onto these filaments and subsequently polymerize under gentle heating to yield kerogenous products. Our results demonstrate that abiotic and morphologically complex microstructures that are identical to currently accepted biogenic materials can be synthesized inorganically.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garcia-Ruiz, J M -- Hyde, S T -- Carnerup, A M -- Christy, A G -- Van Kranendonk, M J -- Welham, N J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 14;302(5648):1194-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas Universidad de Granada, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Fuentenueva 18002, Granada, Spain.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615534" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Australia ; Barium/chemistry ; Carbonates/*chemistry ; Crystallization ; Cyanobacteria ; Exobiology ; Formaldehyde/chemistry ; *Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/*chemistry ; Hydrocarbons/*chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Life ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Molecular Conformation ; Phenol/chemistry ; Silicon Dioxide/*chemistry ; Temperature ; X-Ray Diffraction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: We report a massive region-wide decline of corals across the entire Caribbean basin, with the average hard coral cover on reefs being reduced by 80%, from about 50% to 10% cover, in three decades. Our meta-analysis shows that patterns of change in coral cover are variable across time periods but largely consistent across subregions, suggesting that local causes have operated with some degree of synchrony on a region-wide scale. Although the rate of coral loss has slowed in the past decade compared to the 1980s, significant declines are persisting. The ability of Caribbean coral reefs to cope with future local and global environmental change may be irretrievably compromised.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gardner, Toby A -- Cote, Isabelle M -- Gill, Jennifer A -- Grant, Alastair -- Watkinson, Andrew R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 15;301(5635):958-60. Epub 2003 Jul 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869698" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*growth & development ; Caribbean Region ; Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/growth & development ; Population Dynamics ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Fluids from aging ocean crust that support microbial life (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-04
    Description: Little is known about the potential for life in the vast, low-temperature (〈100 degrees C) reservoir of fluids within mid-ocean ridge flank and ocean basin crust. Recently, an overpressured 300-meter-deep borehole was fitted with an experimental seal (CORK) delivering crustal fluids to the sea floor for discrete and large-volume sampling and characterization. Results demonstrate that the 65 degrees C fluids from 3.5-million-year-old ocean crust support microbial growth. Ribosomal RNA gene sequence data indicate the presence of diverse Bacteria and Archaea, including gene clones of varying degrees of relatedness to known nitrate reducers (with ammonia production), thermophilic sulfate reducers, and thermophilic fermentative heterotrophs, all consistent with fluid chemistry.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cowen, James P -- Giovannoni, Stephen J -- Kenig, Fabien -- Johnson, H Paul -- Butterfield, David -- Rappe, Michael S -- Hutnak, Michael -- Lam, Phyllis -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 3;299(5603):120-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. jcowen@soest.hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12511653" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ammonia/analysis/metabolism ; Archaea/cytology/*genetics/isolation & purification/physiology ; Bacteria/cytology/*growth & development/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Carboxylic Acids/metabolism ; Electrons ; Fermentation ; Genes, rRNA ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hydrocarbons/metabolism ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Hydrogen Sulfide/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrates/analysis/metabolism ; Nitrogen Fixation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/chemistry/*microbiology ; Sulfates/analysis/metabolism ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ecology. An intimate knowledge of trees (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kaiser, Jocelyn -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 25;300(5619):566-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12714718" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Costa Rica ; *Ecology ; Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Publishing ; Temperature ; *Trees/growth & development/metabolism ; *Tropical Climate ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Morphology and composition of the surface of Mars: Mars Odyssey THEMIS results (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on Mars Odyssey has produced infrared to visible wavelength images of the martian surface that show lithologically distinct layers with variable thickness, implying temporal changes in the processes or environments during or after their formation. Kilometer-scale exposures of bedrock are observed; elsewhere airfall dust completely mantles the surface over thousands of square kilometers. Mars has compositional variations at 100-meter scales, for example, an exposure of olivine-rich basalt in the walls of Ganges Chasma. Thermally distinct ejecta facies occur around some craters with variations associated with crater age. Polar observations have identified temporal patches of water frost in the north polar cap. No thermal signatures associated with endogenic heat sources have been identified.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Christensen, Philip R -- Bandfield, Joshua L -- Bell, James F 3rd -- Gorelick, Noel -- Hamilton, Victoria E -- Ivanov, Anton -- Jakosky, Bruce M -- Kieffer, Hugh H -- Lane, Melissa D -- Malin, Michael C -- McConnochie, Timothy -- McEwen, Alfred S -- McSween, Harry Y Jr -- Mehall, Greg L -- Moersch, Jeffery E -- Nealson, Kenneth H -- Rice, James W Jr -- Richardson, Mark I -- Ruff, Steven W -- Smith, Michael D -- Titus, Timothy N -- Wyatt, Michael B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2056-61. Epub 2003 Jun 5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geological Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6305, USA. phil.christensen@asu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Mars ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Water
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    Deep-sea science. Cool corals become hot topic (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 10;299(5604):195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12522232" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Anthozoa/physiology ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; International Cooperation ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater ; Temperature
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    A nebular origin for chondritic fine-grained phyllosilicates (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-01-25
    Description: Hydrated minerals occur in accretionary rims around chondrules in CM chondrites. Previous models suggested that these phyllosilicates did not form by gas-solid reactions in the canonical solar nebula. We propose that chondrule-forming shock waves in icy regions of the nebula produced conditions that allowed rapid mineral hydration. The time scales for phyllosilicate formation are similar to the time it takes for a shocked system to cool from the temperature of phyllosilicate stability to that of water ice condensation. This scenario allows for simultaneous formation of chondrules and their fine-grained accretionary rims.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ciesla, Fred J -- Lauretta, Dante S -- Cohen, Barbara A -- Hood, Lon L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):549-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Planetary Sciences, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, 1629 East University Boulevard, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. fciesla@lpl.arizona.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12543970" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Ice ; *Meteoroids ; Pressure ; *Silicates ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; *Water
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    Helical conformation of alkanes in a hydrophobic cavitand (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-30
    Description: Alkanes adopt extended conformations in solution that minimize steric interactions and maximize surface area. Folding can reduce the amount of hydrophobic surface exposed to solvent, but sterically unfavorable gauche interactions result. However, we found that the alkyl chains of two common surfactants in aqueous solution adopt helical conformations when bound within a synthetic receptor. The receptor recognizes the helical alkane better than the extended conformation, even though 2 to 3 kilocalories per mole of strain is introduced. The proper filling of space and burial of hydrophobic surface drive the molecular recognition between the receptor and the coiled alkane.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Trembleau, Laurent -- Rebek, Julius Jr -- GM 27932/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 29;301(5637):1219-20.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkanes/*chemistry ; Benzimidazoles/*chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Conformation ; Phosphorylcholine/*analogs & derivatives/*chemistry ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate/*chemistry ; Solutions ; Surface Properties ; Surface-Active Agents/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Ecological consequences of a century of warming in Lake Tanganyika (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: Deep tropical lakes are excellent climate monitors because annual mixing is shallow and flushing rates are low, allowing heat to accumulate during climatic warming. We describe effects of warming on Lake Tanganyika: A sharpened density gradient has slowed vertical mixing and reduced primary production. Increased warming rates during the coming century may continue to slow mixing and further reduce productivity in Lake Tanganyika and other deep tropical lakes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Verburg, Piet -- Hecky, Robert E -- Kling, Hedy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):505-7. Epub 2003 Jun 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. pverburg@scimail.uwaterloo.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829786" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Biomass ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; *Fresh Water/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; Light ; Mollusca/physiology ; Oxygen/analysis ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Phytoplankton/physiology ; Seasons ; Silicon Dioxide/analysis ; Sulfur Compounds/analysis ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate
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    Phase change and the regulation of developmental timing in plants (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: Plants produce different types of organs at different times in shoot development. Along with the major changes in organ morphology that take place during developmental transitions, more gradual patterns of variation occur. The identity of organs produced at a particular position on the shoot is determined by interactions between several independently regulated, temporally coordinated processes. Two of these processes are organ production and the specification of organ identity. Coordination of these processes is accomplished in part by a thermal clock and by signal transduction pathways that mediate the response of plants to light.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Poethig, R Scott -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):334-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Science Institute, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. spoethig@sas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869752" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Clocks/*physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Light ; Photoperiod ; *Plant Development ; Plant Shoots/*growth & development ; Plants/genetics ; Signal Transduction ; Temperature
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    Planetary science. The surface of Mars: not just dust and rocks (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Golombek, Matthew P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 27;300(5628):2043-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA. mgolombek@jpl.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12829771" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Geologic Sediments ; Geological Phenomena ; Geology ; *Mars ; Temperature
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    Steroid control of longevity in Drosophila melanogaster (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: Ecdysone, the major steroid hormone of Drosophila melanogaster, is known for its role in development and reproduction. Flies that are heterozygous for mutations of the ecdysone receptor exhibit increases in life-span and resistance to various stresses, with no apparent deficit in fertility or activity. A mutant involved in the biosynthesis of ecdysone displays similar effects, which are suppressed by feeding ecdysone to the flies. These observations demonstrate the importance of the ecdysone hormonal pathway, a new player in regulating longevity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simon, Anne F -- Shih, Cindy -- Mack, Antha -- Benzer, Seymour -- AG16630/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 28;299(5611):1407-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Biology 156-29, California Institute of Technology, 1201 California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610309" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Weight ; Crosses, Genetic ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Ecdysone/biosynthesis/*physiology ; Ecdysterone/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Female ; Fertility ; Genes, Insect ; Ligands ; *Longevity ; Male ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; Phototropism ; Receptors, Steroid/genetics/*physiology ; Starvation ; Temperature
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    Oceanic Rossby waves acting as a "hay rake" for ecosystem floating by-products (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: Recent satellite observations of Rossby waves and chlorophyll anomalies propagating in subtropical gyres have suggested that wave-induced upwelling could stimulate photosynthesis. Instead, we show that chlorophyll maxima are located in abnormally warm water, in Rossby wave-induced convergences. This excludes inputs of nutrients from deeper water. We argue that the sea color anomalies are not caused by chlorophyll but by floating particles evolved from the ecosystem and accumulated by Rossby waves, acting as "marine hay rakes," in convergence zones. Such processes may be determinant for the distribution of living organisms in oligotrophic areas.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dandonneau, Yves -- Vega, Andres -- Loisel, Hubert -- du Penhoat, Yves -- Menkes, Christophe -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1548-51.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉IRD, IPSL/Laboratoire d'Oceanographie Dynamique et de Climatologie, 75252 Paris 05, France. yd@lodyc.jussieu.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645844" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Chlorophyll/*analysis ; Color ; Computer Simulation ; *Ecosystem ; Light ; Oceanography/*methods ; Optics and Photonics ; Pacific Ocean ; *Phytoplankton ; Scattering, Radiation ; *Seawater ; Spacecraft ; Temperature ; Water Movements ; Wind
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    Planetary science. Learning to think like Martians (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-12-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuber, Maria T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 5;302(5651):1694-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. zuber@mit.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657483" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Dry Ice ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; Seasons ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Programmed adsorption and release of proteins in a microfluidic device (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-07-19
    Description: A microfluidic device has been developed that can adsorb proteins from solution, hold them with negligible denaturation, and release them on command. The active element in the device is a 4-nanometer-thick polymer film that can be thermally switched between an antifouling hydrophilic state and a protein-adsorbing state that is more hydrophobic. This active polymer has been integrated into a microfluidic hot plate that can be programmed to adsorb and desorb protein monolayers in less than 1 second. The rapid response characteristics of the device can be manipulated for proteomic functions, including preconcentration and separation of soluble proteins on an integrated fluidics chip.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huber, Dale L -- Manginell, Ronald P -- Samara, Michael A -- Kim, Byung-Il -- Bunker, Bruce C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 18;301(5631):352-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Sandia National Laboratory, Post Office Box 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185-1413, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12869757" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acrylic Resins ; Adsorption ; Biochemistry/instrumentation/*methods ; Cytochrome c Group/chemistry ; Hemoglobins/chemistry ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Microchemistry ; Miniaturization ; Proteins/*chemistry ; Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry ; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet ; Temperature
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    Chemistry. The motions of an enzyme soloist (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-11
    Description: Dynamics of proteins are crucial to their function. In his Perspective, Orrit stresses the advantages of studying these dynamics with single-molecule methods--which require no synchronization--rather than with conventional ensemble measurements. He highlights the report by Yang et al., who follow the fluorescence of a single enzyme molecule. Electron transfer from the fluorophore to a quencher induces fluctuations of the fluorescence lifetime along with the fluorophore-quencher distance. The wide range of characteristic times of those fluctuations reveals the complexity of the protein's potential energy landscape. As a new molecular ruler, electron transfer complements other single-molecule methods such as energy transfer (FRET) for distances shorter than a few nanometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Orrit, Michel -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 10;302(5643):239-40.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉NanoOptics and Spins, Leiden Institute of Physics, Leiden University, Post Office Box 9504, Netherlands. orrit@molphys.leidenuniv.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14551425" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical ; Electrons ; Escherichia coli/enzymology ; FMN Reductase/*chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Flavin Mononucleotide/*chemistry/metabolism ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/*chemistry/metabolism ; Flavins/chemistry ; Fluorescence ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Lasers ; Likelihood Functions ; Mathematics ; Mutation ; Photons ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Protein Conformation ; Serine/chemistry ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Tyrosine
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    Equatorial retention of the contractile actin ring by microtubules during cytokinesis (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: In most eukaryotes cytokinesis is brought about by a contractile actin ring located at the division plane. Here, in fission yeast the actin ring was found to be required to generate late-mitotic microtubular structures located at the division plane, and these in turn maintained the medial position of the actin ring. When these microtubular structures were disrupted, the actin ring migrated away from the cell middle in a membrane traffic-dependent manner, resulting in asymmetrical cell divisions that led to genomic instability. We propose that these microtubular structures contribute to a checkpoint control that retains the equatorial position of the ring when progression through cytokinesis is delayed.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pardo, Mercedes -- Nurse, Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1569-74.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell Cycle Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, UK. mercedes.pardo@cancer.org.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791993" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Actins/*physiology ; Anaphase ; Benzimidazoles/pharmacology ; Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology ; *Carbamates ; Cell Cycle Proteins/physiology ; Cell Division/*physiology ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/physiology ; Interphase ; Microtubule-Organizing Center/physiology/ultrastructure ; Microtubules/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Schizosaccharomyces/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Schizosaccharomyces pombe Proteins/genetics/metabolism/physiology ; Temperature ; Thiazoles/pharmacology ; Thiazolidines ; Tubulin/metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    On the origins of morphological complexity in block copolymer surfactants (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-19
    Description: Amphiphilic compounds such as lipids and surfactants are fundamental building blocks of soft matter. We describe experiments with poly(1,2-butadiene-b-ethylene oxide) (PB-PEO) diblock copolymers, which form Y-junctions and three-dimensional networks in water at weight fractions of PEOintermediate to those associated with vesicle and wormlike micelle morphologies. Fragmentation of the network produces a nonergodic array of complex reticulated particles that have been imaged by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Data obtained with two sets of PB-PEOcompounds indicate that this type of self-assembly appears above a critical molecular weight. These block copolymers represent versatile amphiphiles, mimicking certain low molecular weight three-component (surfactant/water/oil) microemulsions, without addition of a separate hydrophobe.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Jain, Sumeet -- Bates, Frank S -- 1R21EB00989-01/EB/NIBIB NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 18;300(5618):460-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702869" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Butadienes/*chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Cryoelectron Microscopy ; Macromolecular Substances ; Micelles ; Molecular Structure ; Molecular Weight ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polyethylene/*chemistry ; Polymers/*chemistry ; Solubility ; Surface-Active Agents/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Viscosity ; Water
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    Spatiotemporal rescue of memory dysfunction in Drosophila (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-12-06
    Description: We have developed a method for temporal and regional gene expression targeting (TARGET) in Drosophila and show the simultaneous spatial and temporal rescue of a memory defect. The transient expression of the rutabaga-encoded adenylyl cyclase in the mushroom bodies of the adult brain was necessary and sufficient to rescue the rutabaga memory deficit, which rules out a developmental brain defect in the etiology of this deficit and demonstrates an acute role for rutabaga in memory formation in these neurons. The TARGET system offers general utility in simultaneously addressing issues of when and where gene products are required.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McGuire, Sean E -- Le, Phuong T -- Osborn, Alexander J -- Matsumoto, Kunihiro -- Davis, Ronald L -- GM63929/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS19904/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Dec 5;302(5651):1765-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657498" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenylyl Cyclases/*genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Drosophila/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Gene Expression ; Genotype ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; Luminescent Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Memory/*physiology ; Mushroom Bodies/*physiology ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Phenotype ; Repressor Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transgenes
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    Glacial refugia: hotspots but not melting pots of genetic diversity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-06-07
    Description: Glacial refuge areas are expected to harbor a large fraction of the intraspecific biodiversity of the temperate biota. To test this hypothesis, we studied chloroplast DNA variation in 22 widespread European trees and shrubs sampled in the same forests. Most species had genetically divergent populations in Mediterranean regions, especially those with low seed dispersal abilities. However, the genetically most diverse populations were not located in the south but at intermediate latitudes, a likely consequence of the admixture of divergent lineages colonizing the continent from separate refugia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Petit, Remy J -- Aguinagalde, Itziar -- de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis -- Bittkau, Christiane -- Brewer, Simon -- Cheddadi, Rachid -- Ennos, Richard -- Fineschi, Silvia -- Grivet, Delphine -- Lascoux, Martin -- Mohanty, Aparajita -- Muller-Starck, Gerhard -- Demesure-Musch, Brigitte -- Palme, Anna -- Martin, Juan Pedro -- Rendell, Sarah -- Vendramin, Giovanni G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jun 6;300(5625):1563-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Biodiversite, Genes et Ecosystemes, F-33612 Cestas, France. petit@pierroton.inra.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12791991" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Angiosperms/*genetics ; DNA, Chloroplast/*genetics ; *Ecosystem ; Europe ; *Genetic Variation ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Haplotypes ; Seeds ; Temperature ; Trees/*genetics
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    Samples of stars beyond the solar system: silicate grains in interplanetary dust (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-01
    Description: We have identified six circumstellar silicate grains within interplanetary dust particles (IDPs). Their extrasolar origins are demonstrated by their extremely anomalous oxygen isotopic compositions. Three 17O-rich grains appear to originate from red giant or asymptotic giant branch stars. One 16O-rich grain may be from a metal-poor star. Two 16O-poor grains have unknown stellar sources. One of the grains is forsterite, and two are amorphous silicate "GEMS" (glass with embedded metal and sulfides), which is consistent with astronomical identifications of crystalline and amorphous silicates in the outflows of evolved stars. These observations suggest cometary origins of these IDPs and underscore the perplexing absence of silicates among circumstellar dust grains from meteorites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Messenger, Scott -- Keller, Lindsay P -- Stadermann, Frank J -- Walker, Robert M -- Zinner, Ernst -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):105-8. Epub 2003 Feb 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Space Sciences and Physics Department, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12610229" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; *Astronomy ; Carbon ; *Cosmic Dust ; Meteoroids ; *Oxygen Isotopes ; *Silicates ; Solar System ; Temperature
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    Atmospheric science. Pinatubo, diffuse light, and the carbon cycle (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-03-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Farquhar, Graham D -- Roderick, Michael L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Mar 28;299(5615):1997-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting, Research School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia. michael.roderick@anu.edu.au〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663904" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; Philippines ; *Photosynthesis ; Scattering, Radiation ; Sunlight ; Temperature ; Trees/*metabolism ; *Volcanic Eruptions
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    Planetary science. Peering into stardust (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tielens, A G G M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Apr 4;300(5616):68-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Space Organization of the Netherlands (SRON)-Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands. tielens@astro.rug.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12677049" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; *Astronomy ; Carbon ; *Cosmic Dust ; Meteoroids ; *Oxygen Isotopes ; *Silicates ; Solar System ; Temperature
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    Heat and biodiversity (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-01-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Huston, Michael A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jan 24;299(5606):512-3; author reply 512-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12546005" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Ecosystem ; Geography ; Models, Biological ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Temperature ; Trees ; Tropical Climate
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    Wildlife. In search of the ivory gull (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-09-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Krajick, Kevin -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Sep 26;301(5641):1840-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512601" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Arctic Regions ; Behavior, Animal ; *Birds ; Canada ; *Cold Climate ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Ice ; Population Density ; Temperature
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    A four-base paired genetic helix with expanded size (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-11-01
    Description: We describe a new molecular class of genetic-pairing system that has a native DNA backbone but has all four base pairs replaced by new, larger pairs. The base pairs include size-expanded analogs of thymine and of adenine, both extended by the width of a benzene ring (2.4 A). The expanded-diameter double helices are more thermodynamically stable than the Watson-Crick helix, likely because of enhanced base stacking. Structural data confirm a right-handed, double-stranded, and base-paired helical form. Because of the larger base size, all the pairs of this helical system are fluorescent, which suggests practical applications in detection of natural DNA and RNA. Our findings establish that there is no apparent structural or thermodynamic prohibition against genetic systems having sizes different from the natural one.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Haibo -- Gao, Jianmin -- Lynch, Stephen R -- Saito, Y David -- Maynard, Lystranne -- Kool, Eric T -- GM52956/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM63587/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Oct 31;302(5646):868-71.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5080, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14593180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry ; *Base Pairing ; Base Sequence ; Benzene/chemistry ; Circular Dichroism ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Models, Molecular ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; *Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleic Acid Denaturation ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/*chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Thymine/*analogs & derivatives/chemistry
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    Ecology. Global climate change strikes a tropical lake (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Livingstone, Daniel A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 25;301(5632):468-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology and the Division of Earth and Ocean Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. livingst@duke.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12881557" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa South of the Sahara ; Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Diatoms/physiology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Fishes/physiology ; *Fresh Water/chemistry ; Greenhouse Effect ; Mollusca/physiology ; Photosynthesis ; Plankton/physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; *Tropical Climate
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    High deleterious genomic mutation rate in stationary phase of Escherichia coli (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-12-04
    Description: In natural habitats, bacteria spend most of their time in some form of growth arrest. Little is known about deleterious mutations in such stages, and consequently there is limited understanding of what evolutionary events occur. In a deleterious mutation accumulation experiment in prolonged stationary phase of Escherichia coli, about 0.03 slightly deleterious mutations were observed per genome per day. This is over an order of magnitude higher than extrapolations from fast-growing cells, but in line with inferences from observations in adaptive stationary phase mutation experiments. These findings may affect understanding of bacterial evolution and the emergence of bacterial pathogenicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loewe, Laurence -- Textor, Volker -- Scherer, Siegfried -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1558-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Microbial Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, Technische Universitat Munchen, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, 85354 Freising, Germany. Laurence.Loewe@evolutionary-research.net〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645846" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/*growth & development ; *Genome, Bacterial ; Likelihood Functions ; *Mutation ; Phenotype ; Selection, Genetic ; Temperature ; Time Factors
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    Acclimation capacity underlies susceptibility to climate change (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2003-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stillman, Jonathon H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Jul 4;301(5629):65.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Ocean-view Boulevard, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA. jstillman@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12843385" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Acclimatization ; Animals ; Anomura/*physiology ; Biological Evolution ; California ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; *Environment ; Heart/physiology ; Heart Rate ; Mexico ; Oregon ; Pacific Ocean ; Phylogeny ; Species Specificity ; Temperature
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    Agriculture. Study shows richer harvests owe much to climate (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-02-15
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, Erik -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Feb 14;299(5609):997.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12586915" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture/*methods ; *Climate ; Crops, Agricultural/*growth & development ; Developing Countries ; Models, Statistical ; Soybeans/*growth & development ; Temperature ; United States ; Zea mays/*growth & development
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    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Ocean exploration. Bringing 'em back alive (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-08-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, David -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Aug 22;301(5636):1036.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12933988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Marine Biology/*methods ; Pressure ; *Seawater ; Specimen Handling ; Temperature
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Climate change and latitudinal patterns of intertidal thermal stress (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: The interaction of climate and the timing of low tides along the West Coast of the United States creates a complex mosaic of thermal environments, in which northern sites can be more thermally stressful than southern sites. Thus, climate change may not lead to a poleward shift in the distribution of intertidal organisms, as has been proposed, but instead will likely cause localized extinctions at a series of "hot spots." Patterns of exposure to extreme climatic conditions are temporally variable, and tidal predictions suggest that in the next 3 to 5 years "hot spots" are likely to appear at several northern sites.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Helmuth, Brian -- Harley, Christopher D G -- Halpin, Patricia M -- O'Donnell, Michael -- Hofmann, Gretchen E -- Blanchette, Carol A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1015-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of South Carolina, Department of Biological Sciences and Marine Sciences Program, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. helmuth@biol.sc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411702" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bivalvia/*physiology ; *Body Temperature ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geography ; Pacific Ocean ; Pacific States ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; *Water Movements
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    The California Current, Devils Hole, and Pleistocene climate (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-06
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Winograd, Isaac J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 5;296(5565):7 discussion 7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉U.S. Geological Survey, 432 National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA. ijwinogr@usgs.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11934990" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: California ; *Climate ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; Nevada ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Time
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Paleoclimate. Corals, chemistry, and climate (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schrag, Daniel P -- Linsley, Braddock K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):277-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory for Geochemical Oceanography, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. schrag@eps.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/analysis ; Calcium Carbonate/*chemistry ; Chemical Precipitation ; Climate ; Cnidaria/*chemistry/growth & development/physiology ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; *Seawater ; Strontium/analysis ; *Symbiosis ; Temperature ; Time ; *Tropical Climate
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Polytype distribution in circumstellar silicon carbide (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: The inferred crystallographic class of circumstellar silicon carbide based on astronomical infrared spectra is controversial. We have directly determined the polytype distribution of circumstellar SiC from transmission electron microscopy of presolar silicon carbide from the Murchison carbonaceous meteorite. Only two polytypes (of a possible several hundred) were observed: cubic 3C and hexagonal 2H silicon carbide and their intergrowths. We conclude that this structural simplicity is a direct consequence of the low pressures in circumstellar outflows and the corresponding low silicon carbide condensation temperatures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Daulton, T L -- Bernatowicz, T J -- Lewis, R S -- Messenger, S -- Stadermann, F J -- Amari, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1852-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL, 60439-4838, USA. tdaulton@nrlssc.navy.mil〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052956" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Astronomical Phenomena ; *Astronomy ; Carbon Compounds, Inorganic/*analysis ; *Meteoroids ; Microscopy, Electron ; Pressure ; Silicon Compounds/*analysis ; Temperature
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    A heat-sensitive TRP channel expressed in keratinocytes (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Mechanical and thermal cues stimulate a specialized group of sensory neurons that terminate in the skin. Three members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of channels are expressed in subsets of these neurons and are activated at distinct physiological temperatures. Here, we describe the cloning and characterization of a novel thermosensitive TRP channel. TRPV3 has a unique threshold: It is activated at innocuous (warm) temperatures and shows an increased response at noxious temperatures. TRPV3 is specifically expressed in keratinocytes; hence, skin cells are capable of detecting heat via molecules similar to those in heat-sensing neurons.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peier, Andrea M -- Reeve, Alison J -- Andersson, David A -- Moqrich, Aziz -- Earley, Taryn J -- Hergarden, Anne C -- Story, Gina M -- Colley, Sian -- Hogenesch, John B -- McIntyre, Peter -- Bevan, Stuart -- Patapoutian, Ardem -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):2046-9. Epub 2002 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016205" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Blotting, Northern ; CHO Cells ; Capsaicin/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; *Cation Transport Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Cricetinae ; Epidermis/cytology/innervation/metabolism ; Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism ; *Hot Temperature ; Humans ; In Situ Hybridization ; Ion Channels/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Keratinocytes/*metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Endings/physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Ruthenium Red/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Spinal Cord/metabolism ; TRPV Cation Channels ; Temperature
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    Fisheries research. No more surprises from evanescent squid (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bostanci, Adam -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 10;296(5570):1000-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12004093" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Atlantic Ocean ; *Decapodiformes/physiology ; Falkland Islands ; *Fisheries ; Forecasting ; Models, Biological ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Water Movements
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    Antarctic Sea ice--a habitat for extremophiles (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-26
    Description: The pack ice of Earth's polar oceans appears to be frozen white desert, devoid of life. However, beneath the snow lies a unique habitat for a group of bacteria and microscopic plants and animals that are encased in an ice matrix at low temperatures and light levels, with the only liquid being pockets of concentrated brines. Survival in these conditions requires a complex suite of physiological and metabolic adaptations, but sea-ice organisms thrive in the ice, and their prolific growth ensures they play a fundamental role in polar ecosystems. Apart from their ecological importance, the bacterial and algae species found in sea ice have become the focus for novel biotechnology, as well as being considered proxies for possible life forms on ice-covered extraterrestrial bodies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Thomas, D N -- Dieckmann, G S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 25;295(5555):641-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Ocean Sciences, University of Wales-Bangor, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK, LL59 5EY. d.thomas@bangor.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11809961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; Biotechnology ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Eukaryota/*physiology ; Exobiology ; Freezing ; *Ice ; Light ; *Seawater/microbiology ; Sodium Chloride ; Temperature ; Ultraviolet Rays
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Timing requirements for insulin/IGF-1 signaling in C. elegans (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-26
    Description: The insulin/IGF-1 (where IGF-1 is insulin-like growth factor-1) signaling pathway influences longevity, reproduction, and diapause in many organisms. Because of the fundamental importance of this system in animal physiology, we asked when during the animal's life it is required to regulate these different processes. We find that in Caenorhabditis elegans, the pathway acts during adulthood, to relatively advanced ages, to influence aging. In contrast, it regulates diapause during development. In addition, the pathway controls longevity and reproduction independently of one another. Together our findings show that life-span regulation can be dissociated temporally from phenotypes that might seem to decrease the quality of life.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dillin, Andrew -- Crawford, Douglas K -- Kenyon, Cynthia -- 5RO1AG11816/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):830-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12399591" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/growth & development/metabolism/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/physiology ; DEAD-box RNA Helicases ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Insulin/*physiology ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/*physiology ; Life Cycle Stages/physiology ; Longevity ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; RNA Helicases/genetics/physiology ; RNA Interference ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology ; Reproduction ; *Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
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    Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polymers for potential biomedical applications (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-27
    Description: The introduction of biodegradable implant materials as well as minimally invasive surgical procedures in medicine has substantially improved health care within the past few decades. This report describes a group of degradable thermoplastic polymers that are able to change their shape after an increase in temperature. Their shape-memory capability enables bulky implants to be placed in the body through small incisions or to perform complex mechanical deformations automatically. A smart degradable suture was created to illustrate the potential of these shape-memory thermoplastics in biomedical applications.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lendlein, Andreas -- Langer, Robert -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 31;296(5573):1673-6. Epub 2002 Apr 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉mnemoScience GmbH, Pauwelsstrabetae 19, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. a.lendlein@mnemoscience.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11976407" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biocompatible Materials/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; Chemistry, Physical ; Dioxanes/chemistry ; Elasticity ; Elastomers ; Isocyanates/chemistry ; Mechanics ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Polyesters/chemistry ; *Polymers/chemical synthesis/chemistry ; *Prostheses and Implants ; Rats ; Stress, Mechanical ; *Sutures ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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    Gunter Wachtershauser profile. Between a rock and a hard place (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hagmann, Michael -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Mar 15;295(5562):2006-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11896256" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetic Acid/chemistry ; Amino Acids/chemistry ; Catalysis ; Chemistry, Physical/history ; *Evolution, Chemical ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Iron/chemistry ; Organic Chemicals/chemistry ; *Origin of Life ; Sulfides/chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; United States
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Chemistry. Catalytic degradation of chlorinated phenols (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Meunier, Bernard -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):270-1.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 31077 Toulouse cedex 04, France. bmeunier@lcc-toulouse.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951021" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodegradation, Environmental ; Catalysis ; Chlorine Compounds/chemistry ; Chlorophenols/*chemistry ; Dioxins/chemistry ; *Environmental Pollutants ; Ferric Compounds/*chemistry ; Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*chemistry ; Ligands ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pentachlorophenol/*chemistry ; Pressure ; Temperature
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    Photosynthetic light harvesting by carotenoids: detection of an intermediate excited state (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: We present the first direct evidence of the presence of an intermediate singlet excited state (Sx) mediating the internal conversion from S2 to S1 in carotenoids. The S2 to Sx transition is extremely fast and is completed within approximately 50 femtoseconds. These results require a reassessment of the energy transfer pathways from carotenoids to chlorophylls in the primary step of photosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cerullo, G -- Polli, D -- Lanzani, G -- De Silvestri, S -- Hashimoto, H -- Cogdell, R J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2395-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Laboratory for Ultrafast and Ultraintense Optical Science (INFM), Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy. giulio.cerullo@fisi.polimi.it〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493917" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carotenoids/*chemistry/*metabolism ; Chemistry, Physical ; Chlorophyll/chemistry/metabolism ; Cyclohexanes ; Energy Transfer ; *Light ; Photosynthesis ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; beta Carotene/*chemistry/*metabolism
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    Role of histone H3 lysine 27 methylation in Polycomb-group silencing (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-28
    Description: Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play important roles in maintaining the silent state of HOX genes. Recent studies have implicated histone methylation in long-term gene silencing. However, a connection between PcG-mediated gene silencing and histone methylation has not been established. Here we report the purification and characterization of an EED-EZH2 complex, the human counterpart of the Drosophila ESC-E(Z) complex. We demonstrate that the complex specifically methylates nucleosomal histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3-K27). Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that H3-K27 methylation colocalizes with, and is dependent on, E(Z) binding at an Ultrabithorax (Ubx) Polycomb response element (PRE), and that this methylation correlates with Ubx repression. Methylation on H3-K27 facilitates binding of Polycomb (PC), a component of the PRC1 complex, to histone H3 amino-terminal tail. Thus, these studies establish a link between histone methylation and PcG-mediated gene silencing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cao, Ru -- Wang, Liangjun -- Wang, Hengbin -- Xia, Li -- Erdjument-Bromage, Hediye -- Tempst, Paul -- Jones, Richard S -- Zhang, Yi -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1039-43. Epub 2002 Sep 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351676" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carrier Proteins/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Chromatin/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Homeobox ; HeLa Cells ; *Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ; Histones/*metabolism ; *Homeodomain Proteins ; Humans ; Lysine/*metabolism ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Nucleosomes/metabolism ; Peptide Mapping ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Methyltransferases ; Proteins/isolation & purification/metabolism ; RNA Interference ; Repressor Proteins/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Response Elements ; Temperature ; *Transcription Factors
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Ecology. Looking beneath the surface (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Morgan, Jack A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1903-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉USDA-ARS Rangeland Resources Research Unit, 1701 Centre Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA. morgan@lamar.colostate.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471239" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Photosynthesis ; Poaceae/*growth & development/metabolism ; Soil ; Temperature
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    Two-photon imaging of lymphocyte motility and antigen response in intact lymph node (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-23
    Description: Lymphocyte motility is vital for trafficking within lymphoid organs and for initiating contact with antigen-presenting cells. Visualization of these processes has previously been limited to in vitro systems. We describe the use of two-photon laser microscopy to image the dynamic behavior of individual living lymphocytes deep within intact lymph nodes. In their native environment, T cells achieved peak velocities of more than 25 micrometers per minute, displaying a motility coefficient that is five to six times that of B cells. Antigenic challenge changed T cell trajectories from random walks to "swarms" and stable clusters. Real-time two-photon imaging reveals lymphocyte behaviors that are fundamental to the initiation of the immune response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Miller, Mark J -- Wei, Sindy H -- Parker, Ian -- Cahalan, Michael D -- GM-41514/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM-48071/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1869-73. Epub 2002 May 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4561, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016203" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adoptive Transfer ; Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology/physiology ; Antigens/*immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/physiology ; Cell Division ; Cell Movement ; Cell Size ; Fluoresceins ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Lasers ; Lymph Nodes/cytology/*immunology ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Microscopy/methods ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Photons ; Rhodamines ; Succinimides ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Origin of life. Some like it hot, but not the first biomolecules (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bada, Jeffrey L -- Lazcano, Antonio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 14;296(5575):1982-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 02093, USA. jbada@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065824" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acids/chemistry ; *Biopolymers/chemistry ; Catalysis ; DNA/chemistry ; Earth (Planet) ; *Evolution, Chemical ; *Origin of Life ; Peptides/chemistry ; *Polymers/chemistry ; Protein Biosynthesis ; Proteins/chemistry ; RNA/chemistry ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
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  • 80
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    Microbial dehalorespiration with 1,1,1-trichloroethane (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-11-02
    Description: 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant because of its widespread use as an industrial solvent, its improper disposal, and its substantial emission to the atmosphere. We report the isolation of an anaerobic bacterium, strain TCA1, that reductively dechlorinates TCA to 1,1-dichloroethane and chloroethane. Strain TCA1 required H2 as an electron donor and TCA as an electron acceptor for growth, indicating that dechlorination is a respiratory process. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that strain TCA1 is related to gram-positive bacteria with low DNA G+C content and that its closest relative is Dehalobacter restrictus, an obligate H2-oxidizing, chloroethene-respiring bacterium.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sun, Baolin -- Griffin, Benjamin M -- Ayala-del-Rio, Hector L -- Hashsham, Syed A -- Tiedje, James M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Nov 1;298(5595):1023-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1325, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12411705" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaerobiosis ; Bacteria, Anaerobic/classification/cytology/isolation & purification/metabolism ; Base Composition ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Culture Media ; DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Electron Transport ; Energy Metabolism ; Environmental Pollutants/*metabolism ; Ethyl Chloride/metabolism ; Formates/metabolism ; Geologic Sediments/*microbiology ; Hydrogen/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Peptococcaceae/classification/cytology/growth & development/*isolation & ; purification/*metabolism ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics ; Soil Microbiology ; Temperature ; Trichloroethanes/*metabolism
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    Regulation of oceanic silicon and carbon preservation by temperature control on bacteria (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: We demonstrated in laboratory experiments that temperature control of marine bacteria action on diatoms strongly influences the coupling of biogenic silica and organic carbon preservation. Low temperature intensified the selective regeneration of organic matter by marine bacteria as the silicon:carbon preservation ratio gradually increased from approximately 1 at 33 degrees C to approximately 6 at -1.8 degrees C. Temperature control of bacteria-mediated selective preservation of silicon versus carbon should help to interpret and model the variable coupling of silicon and carbon sinking fluxes and the spatial patterns of opal accumulation in oceanic systems with different temperature regimes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bidle, Kay D -- Manganelli, Maura -- Azam, Farooq -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1980-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA. bidle@imcs.rutgers.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471255" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Antarctic Regions ; Bacteria/growth & development/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; California ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Diatoms/*metabolism ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Food Chain ; Geologic Sediments ; Hydrolysis ; Oceans and Seas ; Pacific Ocean ; Seawater/chemistry/*microbiology ; Silicon/*metabolism ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Regulation of hypoxic death in C. elegans by the insulin/IGF receptor homolog DAF-2 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-18
    Description: To identify genetic determinants of hypoxic cell death, we screened for hypoxia-resistant (Hyp) mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans and found that specific reduction-of-function (rf) mutants of daf-2, an insulin/insulinlike growth factor (IGF) receptor (INR) homolog gene, were profoundly Hyp. The hypoxia resistance was acutely inducible just before hypoxic exposure and was mediated through an AKT-1/PDK-1/forkhead transcription factor pathway overlapping with but distinct from signaling pathways regulating life-span and stress resistance. Selective neuronal and muscle expression of daf-2(+) restored hypoxic death, and daf-2(rf) prevented hypoxia-induced muscle and neuronal cell death, which demonstrates a potential for INR modulation in prophylaxis against hypoxic injury of neurons and myocytes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scott, Barbara A -- Avidan, Michael S -- Crowder, C Michael -- R01 NS045905/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2388-91. Epub 2002 Jun 13.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12065745" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Alleles ; Animals ; Anoxia/genetics ; Axons/ultrastructure ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Cell Death ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Cell Survival ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Genes, Helminth ; Intestines/cytology/metabolism ; Longevity ; Movement ; Muscles/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Mutation ; Mutation, Missense ; Neurons/cytology/metabolism/ultrastructure ; Phenotype ; *Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/physiology ; Receptor, Insulin/genetics/*physiology ; *Signal Transduction ; Temperature ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
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  • 83
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    Conformational dynamics in a dipeptide after single-mode vibrational excitation (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: The dynamics of conformational isomerization are explored in a methyl-capped dipeptide, N-acetyl-tryptophan methyl amide (NATMA), using infrared-ultraviolet (IR-UV) hole-filling and IR-induced population transfer spectroscopies. IR radiation selectively excites individual NH stretch vibrational fundamentals of single conformations of the molecule in the early portions of a gas-phase expansion, and then this excited population is collisionally recooled into its conformational minima for subsequent conformation-specific detection. Efficient isomerization is induced by the IR excitation that redistributes population between the same conformations that have population in the absence of IR excitation. The quantum yields for transfer of the population into the various conformational minima depend uniquely on which conformation is excited and on which NH stretch vibration is excited within a given conformation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dian, Brian C -- Longarte, Asier -- Zwier, Timothy S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 28;296(5577):2369-73. Epub 2002 May 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1393, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029064" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Chemistry, Physical ; Dipeptides/*chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; Infrared Rays ; Isomerism ; *Lasers ; Molecular Conformation ; Physicochemical Phenomena ; *Protein Conformation ; Spectrum Analysis ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Tryptophan/*analogs & derivatives/*chemistry ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Vibration
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    Breakthrough of the year. The runners-up (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2297-303.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493876" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astronomical Phenomena ; Astronomy ; Biological Evolution ; Cosmic Radiation ; Elementary Particles ; Genome ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Ion Channels/physiology ; Lasers ; Light ; Microwaves ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Optics and Photonics ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology ; Rod Opsins/physiology ; *Science ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Temperature ; Tomography/methods
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  • 85
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    Soil warming and carbon-cycle feedbacks to the climate system (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-14
    Description: In a decade-long soil warming experiment in a mid-latitude hardwood forest, we documented changes in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in order to investigate the consequences of these changes for the climate system. Here we show that whereas soil warming accelerates soil organic matter decay and carbon dioxide fluxes to the atmosphere, this response is small and short-lived for a mid-latitude forest, because of the limited size of the labile soil carbon pool. We also show that warming increases the availability of mineral nitrogen to plants. Because plant growth in many mid-latitude forests is nitrogen-limited, warming has the potential to indirectly stimulate enough carbon storage in plants to at least compensate for the carbon losses from soils. Our results challenge assumptions made in some climate models that lead to projections of large long-term releases of soil carbon in response to warming of forest ecosystems.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Melillo, J M -- Steudler, P A -- Aber, J D -- Newkirk, K -- Lux, H -- Bowles, F P -- Catricala, C -- Magill, A -- Ahrens, T -- Morrisseau, S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 13;298(5601):2173-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. jmelillo@mbl.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12481133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Biodegradation, Environmental ; Carbon/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/metabolism ; *Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Fertilizers ; Massachusetts ; Nitrogen/metabolism ; Plants/*metabolism ; *Soil ; Temperature ; *Trees/metabolism
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    Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-02-16
    Description: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are submarine springs where nutrient-rich fluids emanate from the sea floor. Vent and seep ecosystems occur in a variety of geological settings throughout the global ocean and support food webs based on chemoautotrophic primary production. Most vent and seep invertebrates arrive at suitable habitats as larvae dispersed by deep-ocean currents. The recent evolution of many vent and seep invertebrate species (〈100 million years ago) suggests that Cenozoic tectonic history and oceanic circulation patterns have been important in defining contemporary biogeographic patterns.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Van Dover, C L -- German, C R -- Speer, K G -- Parson, L M -- Vrijenhoek, R C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 15;295(5558):1253-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA. cindy_vandover@wm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11847331" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Genetics, Population ; Geography ; Geologic Sediments ; *Invertebrates/classification/genetics/physiology ; Oceans and Seas ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phylogeny ; *Seawater ; Temperature
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    Multiple roles of Arabidopsis VRN1 in vernalization and flowering time control (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-07-13
    Description: Arabidopsis VRN genes mediate vernalization, the process by which a long period of cold induces a mitotically stable state that leads to accelerated flowering during later development. VRN1 encodes a protein that binds DNA in vitro in a non-sequence-specific manner and functions in stable repression of the major target of the vernalization pathway, the floral repressor FLC. Overexpression of VRN1 reveals a vernalization-independent function for VRN1, mediated predominantly through the floral pathway integrator FT, and demonstrates that VRN1 requires vernalization-specific factors to target FLC.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Levy, Yaron Y -- Mesnage, Stephane -- Mylne, Joshua S -- Gendall, Anthony R -- Dean, Caroline -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):243-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12114624" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; Base Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Down-Regulation ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; MADS Domain Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Photoperiod ; Plant Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Plant Structures/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Protein Binding ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins ; Temperature
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    Direct patterning of modified oligonucleotides on metals and insulators by dip-pen nanolithography (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: The use of direct-write dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) to generate covalently anchored, nanoscale patterns of oligonucleotides on both metallic and insulating substrates is described. Modification of DNA with hexanethiol groups allowed patterning on gold, and oligonucleotides bearing 5'-terminal acrylamide groups could be patterned on derivatized silica. Feature sizes ranging from many micrometers to less than 100 nanometers were achieved, and the resulting patterns exhibited the sequence-specific binding properties of the DNA from which they were composed. The patterns can be used to direct the assembly of individual oligonucleotide-modified particles on a surface, and the deposition of multiple DNA sequences in a single array is demonstrated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Demers, L M -- Ginger, D S -- Park, S-J -- Li, Z -- Chung, S-W -- Mirkin, C A -- 1 F32 HG02463/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 7;296(5574):1836-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and Center for Nanofabrication and Molecular Self-Assembly, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052950" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adsorption ; *DNA/chemistry ; *Gold ; Humidity ; *Microscopy, Atomic Force ; *Nanotechnology ; Nucleic Acid Hybridization ; *Oligodeoxyribonucleotides/chemistry ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Oxides ; Silanes ; *Silicon Compounds ; Sulfhydryl Compounds ; Surface Properties ; Temperature
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    Dissolved organic carbon support of respiration in the dark ocean (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aristegui, Javier -- Duarte, Carlos M -- Agusti, Susana -- Doval, Marylo -- Alvarez-Salgado, Xose A -- Hansell, Dennis A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1967.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Campus Universitario de Tafira, Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain. jaristegui@dbio.ulpgc.es〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471250" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Carbon/*metabolism ; *Darkness ; Oceans and Seas ; Organic Chemicals/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Oxygen Consumption ; *Seawater ; Temperature
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  • 90
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    Grassland responses to global environmental changes suppressed by elevated CO2 (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-10
    Description: Simulated global changes, including warming, increased precipitation, and nitrogen deposition, alone and in concert, increased net primary production (NPP) in the third year of ecosystem-scale manipulations in a California annual grassland. Elevated carbon dioxide also increased NPP, but only as a single-factor treatment. Across all multifactor manipulations, elevated carbon dioxide suppressed root allocation, decreasing the positive effects of increased temperature, precipitation, and nitrogen deposition on NPP. The NPP responses to interacting global changes differed greatly from simple combinations of single-factor responses. These findings indicate the importance of a multifactor experimental approach to understanding ecosystem responses to global change.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shaw, M Rebecca -- Zavaleta, Erika S -- Chiariello, Nona R -- Cleland, Elsa E -- Mooney, Harold A -- Field, Christopher B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 6;298(5600):1987-90.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. shaw@globalecology.stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12471257" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; Biomass ; California ; *Carbon Dioxide ; Climate ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Geraniaceae/*growth & development ; Poaceae/*growth & development ; Soil ; Temperature ; Weather
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    Are cells viable at gigapascal pressures? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-07-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yayanos, A Aristides -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 19;297(5580):295.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA. ayayanos@ucsd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12130751" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmospheric Pressure ; Escherichia coli/growth & development/*physiology ; Formates/metabolism ; Ice ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Pressure ; Shewanella putrefaciens/growth & development/*physiology ; Temperature
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    Observation of a membrane fusion intermediate structure (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-09-14
    Description: We report the observation of a phase of phospholipid that contains a structure similar to the commonly postulated interbilayer state that is crucial to membrane fusion. The widely accepted model for membrane fusion suggests that there is an intermediate state in which the two contacting monolayers become continuous via an hourglass-shaped structure called a stalk. Many efforts have been made to estimate the free energy for such a state in order to understand the functionality of membrane fusion proteins and to define key parameters in energy estimates. The observation of the stalk structure supports the stalk hypothesis for membrane fusion and enables the measurement of these parameters experimentally.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yang, Lin -- Huang, Huey W -- GM55203/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Sep 13;297(5588):1877-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Synchrotron Light Source, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12228719" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Humidity ; *Lipid Bilayers ; *Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Lipids/*chemistry/physiology ; Phosphatidylcholines/*chemistry/physiology ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics ; Water ; X-Ray Diffraction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 93
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    Rapid total destruction of chlorophenols by activated hydrogen peroxide (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: A practical, inexpensive, green chemical process for degrading environmental pollutants is greatly needed, especially for persistent chlorinated pollutants. Here we describe the activation of hydrogen peroxide by tetraamidomacrocylic ligand (TAML) iron catalysts, to destroy the priority pollutants pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP). In water, in minutes, under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure, PCP and TCP are completely destroyed at catalyst:substrate ratios of 1:715 and 1:2000, respectively. The fate of about 90% of the carbon and about 99% of the chlorine has been determined in each case. Neither dioxins nor any other toxic compounds are detectable products, and the catalysts themselves show low toxicity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gupta, Sayam Sen -- Stadler, Matthew -- Noser, Christopher A -- Ghosh, Anindya -- Steinhoff, Bradley -- Lenoir, Dieter -- Horwitz, Colin P -- Schramm, Karl-Werner -- Collins, Terrence J -- GM44867-05/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):326-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951040" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Catalysis ; Chlorine Compounds/chemistry ; Chlorophenols/*chemistry ; Dioxins/chemistry ; Environmental Pollutants ; Ferric Compounds/*chemistry/toxicity ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Heterocyclic Compounds with 4 or More Rings/*chemistry/toxicity ; Hydrogen Peroxide/*chemistry ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Kinetics ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Pentachlorophenol/*chemistry ; Pressure ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 94
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    Interannual variability in the North Atlantic Ocean carbon sink (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-12-21
    Description: The North Atlantic is believed to represent the largest ocean sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide in the Northern Hemisphere, yet little is known about its temporal variability. We report an 18-year time series of upper-ocean inorganic carbon observations from the northwestern subtropical North Atlantic near Bermuda that indicates substantial variability in this sink. We deduce that the carbon variability at this site is largely driven by variations in winter mixed-layer depths and by sea surface temperature anomalies. Because these variations tend to occur in a basinwide coordinated pattern associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation, it is plausible that the entire North Atlantic Ocean may vary in concert, resulting in a variability of the strength of the North Atlantic carbon sink of about +/-0.3 petagrams of carbon per year (1 petagram = 10(15) grams) or nearly +/-50%. This extrapolation is supported by basin-wide estimates from atmospheric carbon dioxide inversions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gruber, Nicolas -- Keeling, Charles D -- Bates, Nicholas R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Dec 20;298(5602):2374-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. ngruber@igpp.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12493911" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere ; Bermuda ; Carbon/*analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; Climate ; Models, Theoretical ; Photosynthesis ; Seasons ; Seawater/*chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 95
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    Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-06-22
    Description: Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, and humidity, creating synergisms that could affect biodiversity. Climate warming can increase pathogen development and survival rates, disease transmission, and host susceptibility. Although most host-parasite systems are predicted to experience more frequent or severe disease impacts with warming, a subset of pathogens might decline with warming, releasing hosts from disease. Recently, changes in El Nino-Southern Oscillation events have had a detectable influence on marine and terrestrial pathogens, including coral diseases, oyster pathogens, crop pathogens, Rift Valley fever, and human cholera. To improve our ability to predict epidemics in wild populations, it will be necessary to separate the independent and interactive effects of multiple climate drivers on disease impact.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Harvell, C Drew -- Mitchell, Charles E -- Ward, Jessica R -- Altizer, Sonia -- Dobson, Andrew P -- Ostfeld, Richard S -- Samuel, Michael D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jun 21;296(5576):2158-62.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. cdh5@cornell.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12077394" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; *Animals, Wild ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Climate ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology/etiology/transmission/veterinary ; Disease Outbreaks ; Disease Vectors ; *Ecosystem ; Fungi/physiology ; Humans ; *Infection/epidemiology/etiology/transmission/veterinary ; Parasites/physiology ; *Plant Diseases/etiology ; Risk Factors ; Seasons ; Seawater ; Temperature ; Virus Physiological Phenomena
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Global biodiversity, biochemical kinetics, and the energetic-equivalence rule (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-08-31
    Description: The latitudinal gradient of increasing biodiversity from poles to equator is one of the most prominent but least understood features of life on Earth. Here we show that species diversity can be predicted from the biochemical kinetics of metabolism. We first demonstrate that the average energy flux of populations is temperature invariant. We then derive a model that quantitatively predicts how species diversity increases with environmental temperature. Predictions are supported by data for terrestrial, freshwater, and marine taxa along latitudinal and elevational gradients. These results establish a thermodynamic basis for the regulation of species diversity and the organization of ecological communities.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Allen, Andrew P -- Brown, James H -- Gillooly, James F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Aug 30;297(5586):1545-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. drewa@unm.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12202828" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Body Constitution ; *Ecosystem ; Kinetics ; *Models, Biological ; Plants ; Temperature ; Thermodynamics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Hydrothermal systems. Stirring the oceanic incubator (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-05-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dziak, Robert P -- Johnson, H Paul -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1406-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12029115" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Disasters ; *Ecosystem ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Hydrostatic Pressure ; Pacific Ocean ; Photosynthesis ; Pressure ; *Seawater ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Microbial activity at gigapascal pressures (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2002-02-23
    Description: We observed physiological and metabolic activity of Shewanella oneidensis strain MR1 and Escherichia coli strain MG1655 at pressures of 68 to 1680 megapascals (MPa) in diamond anvil cells. We measured biological formate oxidation at high pressures (68 to 1060 MPa). At pressures of 1200 to 1600 MPa, living bacteria resided in fluid inclusions in ice-VI crystals and continued to be viable upon subsequent release to ambient pressures (0.1 MPa). Evidence of microbial viability and activity at these extreme pressures expands by an order of magnitude the range of conditions representing the habitable zone in the solar system.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sharma, Anurag -- Scott, James H -- Cody, George D -- Fogel, Marilyn L -- Hazen, Robert M -- Hemley, Russell J -- Huntress, Wesley T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Feb 22;295(5559):1514-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5251 Broad Branch Road, N.W., Washington, DC 20015, USA. sharma@gl.ciw.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11859192" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Diamond ; Escherichia coli/cytology/metabolism/*physiology ; Formates/*metabolism ; Ice ; Methylene Blue/metabolism ; Movement ; Oxidation-Reduction ; *Pressure ; Shewanella putrefaciens/cytology/metabolism/*physiology ; Spectrum Analysis, Raman ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    Arabidopsis, the Rosetta stone of flowering time? (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-04-16
    Description: Multiple environmental and endogenous inputs regulate when plants flower. The molecular genetic dissection of flowering time control in Arabidopsis has identified an integrated network of pathways that quantitatively control the timing of this developmental switch. This framework provides the basis to understand the evolution of different reproductive strategies and how floral pathways interact through seasonal progression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Simpson, Gordon G -- Dean, Caroline -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Apr 12;296(5566):285-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11951029" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Gibberellins/metabolism ; Meristem/physiology ; Mutation ; Photoperiod ; Plant Structures/physiology ; Seasons ; Temperature ; Time Factors ; Transcription Factors/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Discussing the origin of life (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-10-29
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wachtershauser, Gunter -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 25;298(5594):747-9; author reply 747-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12400545" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biopolymers/chemistry ; *Evolution, Chemical ; Hydrolysis ; *Origin of Life ; *Polymers/chemistry ; Temperature
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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